To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Communicative constraints.
Journal articles on the topic 'Communicative constraints'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Communicative constraints.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Benazzo, Sandra. "Communicative potential vs. structural constraints." EUROSLA Yearbook 2 (August 8, 2002): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.2.12ben.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the acquisition of scope items such as ‘only’, ‘even’, ‘also’, ‘still’, ‘again’, ‘already’ etc. in the longitudinal data of untutored second language learners of English, French and German. These items are found to appear in a fixed sequence: additive/restrictive > iterative > contrastive, which correlates crosslinguistically with the development of learner varieties from a prebasic to a postbasic level. Analysis of the discourse behaviour of these particles suggests that while the communicative potential of these items justifies their early appearance, their use is constrained by the global organisation of learner varieties. In other words, appearance of particular items is constrained by the learner’s developmental stage.
2
Sørensen, Jannick Kirk. "Exploring Constrained Creative Communication." International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications 9, no. 4 (October 2017): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijesma.2017100101.
Full textAbstract:
Creative collaboration via online tools offers a less ‘media rich' exchange of information between participants than face-to-face collaboration. The participants' freedom to communicate is restricted in means of communication, and rectified in terms of possibilities offered in the interface. How do these constraints influence the creative process and the outcome? In order to isolate the communication problem from the interface- and technology problem, we examine via a design game the creative communication on an open-ended task in a highly constrained setting, a design game. Via an experiment the relation between communicative constraints and participants' perception of dialogue and creativity is examined. Four batches of students preparing for forming semester project groups were conducted and documented. Students were asked to create an unspecified object without any exchange of communication except the placement of LEGO™ bricks.
3
Kuzomenska, Lidiya. "THE COMMUNICATIVE HORIZON OF MODERN SOCIETY AS A REFLECTION OF PROSPECTS AND CONSTRAINTS." Educational Discourse: collection of scientific papers, no. 12(4) (May 7, 2019): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.33930/ed.2019.5007.12(4)-9.
Full textAbstract:
The dynamics of social processes have always been substantially determined by the level, efficiency, and peculiarities of communicative interaction between people. The reason for the communication difficulties that arise when people communicate in a culturally heterogeneous society is in such characteristics of speech as intonation, rhythm, choice of lexical, phonetic and syntactic options.
4
Karfa, Abderrahim El. "The Communicative Orientation of English Language Teaching Classrooms in Moroccan Secondary Schools." English Language Teaching 12, no. 11 (October 31, 2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n11p97.
Full textAbstract:
The present paper addresses the issue of theory and practice in the implementation of the communicative approach in the context of English as a foreign language teaching in Morocco. It set to evaluate the communicative orientation of English language teaching classrooms in Moroccan secondary schools. This evaluation incorporates the investigation of the constraints imposed on teaching English for communicative purposes in this context. The results reveal the dominance of non-communicatively oriented practices and classrooms over their communicatively oriented counterparts. However, the dominance of communicative features in forty-one of the classes observed (34.16%) is relatively high given the current state of communicative language teaching in Morocco and the constraints that were found to impede its implementation in this context. These constraints are related essentially to the foreign language context, the formal nature of the classroom environment, the traditional nature of students’ personality traits and their conceptions of classroom participation and role-relationships, the nature of assessment procedures, lack of adequate and varied teaching materials and equipment, and the large size of classes. These findings suggest that English language teaching in Moroccan secondary schools has undergone important changes from the dominance of traditional and teacher-centred classrooms towards more communicative language teaching. They would also imply that the implementation of the communicative approach in foreign language contexts is not impossible, but rather feasible. To this end, this article presents some suggestions to enhance communicatively oriented attitudes and practices in English as a foreign language teaching classrooms in Morocco.
5
Gong, Tao, Andrea Puglisi, Vittorio Loreto, and William S. Y. Wang. "Conventionalization of Linguistic Knowledge Under Communicative Constraints." Biological Theory 3, no. 2 (June 2008): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/biot.2008.3.2.154.
Full text
6
de Beer, Carola, Jan P. de Ruiter, Martina Hielscher-Fastabend, and Katharina Hogrefe. "The Production of Gesture and Speech by People With Aphasia: Influence of Communicative Constraints." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 12 (December 18, 2019): 4417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-l-19-0020.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose People with aphasia (PWA) use different kinds of gesture spontaneously when they communicate. Although there is evidence that the nature of the communicative task influences the linguistic performance of PWA, so far little is known about the influence of the communicative task on the production of gestures by PWA. We aimed to investigate the influence of varying communicative constraints on the production of gesture and spoken expression by PWA in comparison to persons without language impairment. Method Twenty-six PWA with varying aphasia severities and 26 control participants (CP) without language impairment participated in the study. Spoken expression and gesture production were investigated in 2 different tasks: (a) spontaneous conversation about topics of daily living and (b) a cartoon narration task, that is, retellings of short cartoon clips. The frequencies of words and gestures as well as of different gesture types produced by the participants were analyzed and tested for potential effects of group and task. Results Main results for task effects revealed that PWA and CP used more iconic gestures and pantomimes in the cartoon narration task than in spontaneous conversation. Metaphoric gestures, deictic gestures, number gestures, and emblems were more frequently used in spontaneous conversation than in cartoon narrations by both participant groups. Group effects show that, in both tasks, PWA's gesture-to-word ratios were higher than those for the CP. Furthermore, PWA produced more interactive gestures than the CP in both tasks, as well as more number gestures and pantomimes in spontaneous conversation. Conclusions The current results suggest that PWA use gestures to compensate for their verbal limitations under varying communicative constraints. The properties of the communicative task influence the use of different gesture types in people with and without aphasia. Thus, the influence of communicative constraints needs to be considered when assessing PWA's multimodal communicative abilities.
7
Misyak, Jennifer, Takao Noguchi, and Nick Chater. "Instantaneous Conventions." Psychological Science 27, no. 12 (October 29, 2016): 1550–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797616661199.
Full textAbstract:
Humans can communicate even with few existing conventions in common (e.g., when they lack a shared language). We explored what makes this phenomenon possible with a nonlinguistic experimental task requiring participants to coordinate toward a common goal. We observed participants creating new communicative conventions using the most minimal possible signals. These conventions, furthermore, changed on a trial-by-trial basis in response to shared environmental and task constraints. Strikingly, as a result, signals of the same form successfully conveyed contradictory messages from trial to trial. Such behavior is evidence for the involvement of what we term joint inference, in which social interactants spontaneously infer the most sensible communicative convention in light of the common ground between them. Joint inference may help to elucidate how communicative conventions emerge instantaneously and how they are modified and reshaped into the elaborate systems of conventions involved in human communication, including natural languages.
8
Subramonian, G., and D. Hallen. "Requirements And Constraints Of B.Ed. Trainees In Communicative English." i-manager’s Journal on English Language Teaching 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2012): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jelt.2.1.1617.
Full text
9
Scott-Phillips, Thomas C., and Richard A. Blythe. "Why is combinatorial communication rare in the natural world, and why is language an exception to this trend?" Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 88 (November 6, 2013): 20130520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0520.
Full textAbstract:
In a combinatorial communication system, some signals consist of the combinations of other signals. Such systems are more efficient than equivalent, non-combinatorial systems, yet despite this they are rare in nature. Why? Previous explanations have focused on the adaptive limits of combinatorial communication, or on its purported cognitive difficulties, but neither of these explains the full distribution of combinatorial communication in the natural world. Here, we present a nonlinear dynamical model of the emergence of combinatorial communication that, unlike previous models, considers how initially non-communicative behaviour evolves to take on a communicative function. We derive three basic principles about the emergence of combinatorial communication. We hence show that the interdependence of signals and responses places significant constraints on the historical pathways by which combinatorial signals might emerge, to the extent that anything other than the most simple form of combinatorial communication is extremely unlikely. We also argue that these constraints can be bypassed if individuals have the socio-cognitive capacity to engage in ostensive communication. Humans, but probably no other species, have this ability. This may explain why language, which is massively combinatorial, is such an extreme exception to nature's general trend for non-combinatorial communication.
10
Mascheroni, Giovanna, and Jane Vincent. "Perpetual contact as a communicative affordance: Opportunities, constraints, and emotions." Mobile Media & Communication 4, no. 3 (June 22, 2016): 310–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050157916639347.
Full text
11
Ferreira, Marília Mendes. "Constraints to peer scaffolding." Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada 47, no. 1 (June 2008): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-18132008000100002.
Full textAbstract:
Several studies, usually carried out in settings that are conducive to interaction, demonstrate peers can provide mutual scaffolding effectively. In contrast, this article focuses on constraints to peer scaffolding which, possibly, happened because of participants' demotivating learning environment. Analysis is based on the video and audio recordings of the performance of two beginning Brazilian students carrying out two oral tasks in an EFL class. Task one consists of an information gap and task two, of a communicative drill. The following constraints were identified: 1) the less capable peer's object-regulation, 2) the more capable peer's hindrance to scaffolding, 3) the more capable peer's lack of L2 knowledge. These hindrances can be explained by the students' pervasive and frustrating foreign language learning experience in the Brazilian public school and by the lack of socialization into scaffolding.
12
Chang, Ming, and Jaya S. Goswami. "Factors Affecting the Implementation of Communicative Language Teaching in Taiwanese College English Classes." English Language Teaching 4, no. 2 (May 31, 2011): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v4n2p3.
Full textAbstract:
Foreign language teaching in many Asian-Pacific countries in recent decades has shifted toward communicative-focused instruction. However, researchers have reported a gap between policy and practice. To incorporate teachers’ voices in adopting the communicative approach in the curriculum, this study explores factors that promote or hinder EFL teachers’ implementation of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in Taiwanese college English classes. The findings indicated that the factors that impacted implementation of CLT related to teachers, students, the educational system, and suitability of CLT in the local context. Also, certain situational constraints were found to hinder the implementation of CTL. The article provides practical recommendations for teachers, educators, and policy makers to further improve teacher training, curriculum design, and situational constraints to ensure success in implementing the CLT approach.
13
Romero-Trillo, Jesús, and Ana Llinares García. "Communicative Constraints in EFL Pre-School Settings: A Corpus-Driven Approach." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 6, no. 1 (December 17, 2001): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.6.1.02tri.
Full textAbstract:
The present article investigates the use of interrogatives made by teachers and the responses given by learners in two different (bilingual and non-bilingual) English language classroom contexts in two Spanish nursery schools. The analysis shows the relevance of the type of functions made by the teachers through interrogatives, rather than the quantity of input in the target language. The study classifies the functions of interrogatives in the pre-school context and makes a statistical corpus-driven analysis of the questions and responses in the two schools. Finally, the article makes some suggestions, based on the data, about the kind of questions than can lead to a more natural L2 development in the classroom context.
14
Hammond, Michael. "Communication within on-line forums: the opportunities, the constraints and the value of a communicative approach." Computers & Education 35, no. 4 (December 2000): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1315(00)00037-3.
Full text
15
St. Peter, Hilary A. Sarat. "Communicating User Experience." International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development 7, no. 2 (April 2015): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijskd.2015040102.
Full textAbstract:
Research in the ICT4D field implicates lack of user-centered design in the high rate of ICTD project failure. The field of user experience (UX) offers potentially fruitful approaches for user-centered design. In the ICTD context, these principles and methods clash with the triple constraints of project management (time, scope and funding). This paper introduces the user persona from UX design as a powerful tool for considering the user's perspective within resource-constrained ICTD projects. Although personas appear simple, they introduce complex communicative affordances, pragmatic benefits, and risks to ICTD projects. A brief conclusion revisits the larger problem of ICTD project failure, and considers the potential role of personas in addressing this problem.
16
Vallauri, Edoardo Lombardi, and Viviana Masia. "L’information implicite entre économie d’effort et esquive du jugement critique." Faits de Langues 50, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05002013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The implicit transmission of contents in a message is one of the most effective means of persuasive communication. In both commercial and political propaganda, discursive strategies such as presuppositions, implicatures and topicalisations (which we propose to recast as implicit communicative devices) are frequently used. This trend may hinge on the fact that these strategies conceal the actual communicative intention of the speaker (implicature) or his responsibility for the truth of the content conveyed (presuppositions and topicalisations). The paper proposes a reflection on the use of presuppositions, implicatures and topicalisations to achieve persuasive aims in communication. A discussion will be devoted to the cognitive constraints underlying the brain response to the processing of these categories, as well as to their influence on the receiver’s mental representation of the discourse model.
17
Yu, Yayan. "Problems in and Solutions to Oral English Teaching in Rural Middle School—A Case Study in ZhaoCheng Middle School." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 10, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1002.20.
Full textAbstract:
As a key skill for language learners, oral communication ability is one of the most important factors to measure one person’s overall quality. Being a widely used language, English has become an important communicative medium between countries. However, the purpose of learning English is to communicate. One can really master the language only by putting it into flexible use. However, English teaching in our country has been the problem of “dumb English” for a long time, especially oral English teaching in rural middle school. Due to the various constraints, oral English teaching still takes the traditional teaching methods. Students have no necessary English environment to exercise English. This kind of “dumb English” makes students lack language communicative ability. So it is urgent to improve the oral English teaching in rural school. In this paper, the investigation and questionnaire survey were aimed at investigating students’ oral English in the Middle School of Zhaocheng Town in Linfen, Shanxi Province, in order to find out the insufficiency of spoken language and give the recommendations, so as to improve the interest of speaking English for rural students and cultivate their communicative competence in spoken English. Finally, it can promote the students’ overall quality and overall performance for our society.
18
Kuperberg, Gina R., Trevor Brothers, and Edward W. Wlotko. "A Tale of Two Positivities and the N400: Distinct Neural Signatures Are Evoked by Confirmed and Violated Predictions at Different Levels of Representation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 1 (January 2020): 12–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01465.
Full textAbstract:
It has been proposed that hierarchical prediction is a fundamental computational principle underlying neurocognitive processing. Here, we ask whether the brain engages distinct neurocognitive mechanisms in response to inputs that fulfill versus violate strong predictions at different levels of representation during language comprehension. Participants read three-sentence scenarios in which the third sentence constrained for a broad event structure, for example, { Agent caution animate–Patient}. High constraint contexts additionally constrained for a specific event/lexical item, for example, a two-sentence context about a beach, lifeguards, and sharks constrained for the event, { Lifeguards cautioned Swimmers}, and the specific lexical item swimmers. Low constraint contexts did not constrain for any specific event/lexical item. We measured ERPs on critical nouns that fulfilled and/or violated each of these constraints. We found clear, dissociable effects to fulfilled semantic predictions (a reduced N400), to event/lexical prediction violations (an increased late frontal positivity), and to event structure/animacy prediction violations (an increased late posterior positivity/P600). We argue that the late frontal positivity reflects a large change in activity associated with successfully updating the comprehender's current situation model with new unpredicted information. We suggest that the late posterior positivity/P600 is triggered when the comprehender detects a conflict between the input and her model of the communicator and communicative environment. This leads to an initial failure to incorporate the unpredicted input into the situation model, which may be followed by second-pass attempts to make sense of the discourse through reanalysis, repair, or reinterpretation. Together, these findings provide strong evidence that confirmed and violated predictions at different levels of representation manifest as distinct spatiotemporal neural signatures.
19
Gallant, Linda M., and Gloria M. Boone. "Communicative Informatics: An Active and Creative Audience Framework of Social Media." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 9, no. 2 (September 6, 2011): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v9i2.253.
Full textAbstract:
Communicative informatics reflects the interactive complexity of web-based communication and a paradigm shift away from mass communication. Three discursive spheres (database and information systems, human computer interaction, and active audiences) work together to control online communication openness and its consequences for post-mass media society’s public common. This has implications for communication freedom, creativity, and constraints in an information-based society. Four propositions shed light on how online audience activity is encouraged by and imperative to corporate interests; how audience creativity can create, accept, or reject messages; how the online audience is monitored; and how online rhetoric can produce or inhibit public commons. Evidence shows that social media’s corporate interests can be at odds with online privacy and citizen communication. This tension is explored with a unique focus on rhetoric, argument, and the communication between audience members and Internet-based corporate media by way of digitized communication feedback loops.
20
Gallant, Linda M., and Gloria M. Boone. "Communicative Informatics: An Active and Creative Audience Framework of Social Media." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 9, no. 2 (September 6, 2011): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/vol9iss2pp231-246.
Full textAbstract:
Communicative informatics reflects the interactive complexity of web-based communication and a paradigm shift away from mass communication. Three discursive spheres (database and information systems, human computer interaction, and active audiences) work together to control online communication openness and its consequences for post-mass media society’s public common. This has implications for communication freedom, creativity, and constraints in an information-based society. Four propositions shed light on how online audience activity is encouraged by and imperative to corporate interests; how audience creativity can create, accept, or reject messages; how the online audience is monitored; and how online rhetoric can produce or inhibit public commons. Evidence shows that social media’s corporate interests can be at odds with online privacy and citizen communication. This tension is explored with a unique focus on rhetoric, argument, and the communication between audience members and Internet-based corporate media by way of digitized communication feedback loops.
21
Caffarra, Sendy, Arman Motamed Haeri, Elissa Michell, and Clara D. Martin. "When is irony influenced by communicative constraints? ERP evidence supporting interactive models." European Journal of Neuroscience 50, no. 10 (July 16, 2019): 3566–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14503.
Full text
22
van Eemeren, Frans H. "Strategic maneuvering in argumentative discourse in political deliberation." Argumentation in political deliberation 2, no. 1 (May 13, 2013): 10–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.2.1.01eem.
Full textAbstract:
In this essay, first the pragma-dialectical theory of strategic maneuvering is explained. Then the focus is on the conventionalization of communicative practices in communicative activity types and the institutional constraints it imposes on strategic maneuvering. Thus, an adequate background is created for discussing, on the basis of several recent projects, pragma-dialectical research of argumentative discourse in the political domain.
23
Butler, Yuko Goto. "The Implementation of Communicative and Task-Based Language Teaching in the Asia-Pacific Region." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 31 (March 2011): 36–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190511000122.
Full textAbstract:
Communicative language teaching (CLT) and task-based language teaching (TBLT) have been widely adopted in the Asia-Pacific region, with a number of Asian countries strongly promoting CLT and TBLT in their curricula and English language education policies. Despite their popularity, a number of challenges have arisen in connection with implementing CLT and TBLT in Asian classrooms. The challenges that have emerged include (a) conceptual constraints (e.g., conflicts with local values and misconceptions regarding CLT/TBLT); (b) classroom-level constraints (e.g., various student and teacher-related factors, classroom management practices, and resource availability); and (c) societal-institutional level constraints (e.g., curricula and examination systems). These constraints have led some to argue that successfully implementing CLT and TBLT in Asia requires adaptation to local environments, such that CLT and TBLT become embedded in local practices. Although there have been a growing number of reports of various CLT/TBLT implementation efforts in different Asia-Pacific regions, we still have only a limited understanding of how best to achieve contextually embedded adaptations and how they affect students’ English learning. After reviewing relevant studies, this article suggests potential options for moving forward, including (a) employing more contextually feasible and flexible interpretations of CLT and TBLT, (b) implementing decentralized or innovative language-in-education policies, and (c) creating communities of learning outside of the classroom as well as in the classroom.
24
Woldag, Hartwig, Nancy Voigt, Maria Bley, and Horst Hummelsheim. "Constraint-Induced Aphasia Therapy in the Acute Stage." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 31, no. 1 (August 20, 2016): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968316662707.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Constraint-induced aphasia therapy (CIAT) has proven effective in patients with subacute and chronic forms of aphasia. It has remained unclear, however, whether intensity of therapy or constraint is the relevant factor. Data about intensive speech and language therapy (SLT) are conflicting. Objective. To identify the effective component of CIAT and assess the feasibility of SLT in the acute stage after stroke. Method. A total of 60 patients with aphasia (68.2 ± 11.7 years) were enrolled 18.9 days after first-ever stroke. They were randomly distributed into 3 groups: (1) CIAT group receiving therapy for 3 hours per day (10 workdays, total 30 hours); (2) conventional communication treatment group, with same intensity without constraints; and (3) control group receiving individual therapy twice a day as well as group therapy (total 14 hours). Patients were assessed pretreatment and posttreatment using the Aachener Aphasia Test (primary end point: token test) and the Communicative Activity Log (CAL). Results. Pretreatment, there were no between-group differences. Posttreatment, all groups showed significant improvements without between-group differences. Conclusion. It was found that 14 hours of aphasia therapy administered within 2 weeks as individual therapy, focusing on individual deficits, combined with group sessions has proven to be most efficient. This approach yielded the same outcome as 30 hours of group therapy, either in the form of CIAT or group therapy without constraints. SLT in an intensive treatment schedule is feasible and was well tolerated in the acute stage after stroke.
25
Macktoobian, Matin, and Mahdi Aliyari Sh. "Optimal distributed interconnectivity of multi-robot systems by spatially-constrained clustering." Adaptive Behavior 25, no. 2 (April 2017): 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059712317700500.
Full textAbstract:
A spatially-constrained clustering algorithm is presented in this paper. This algorithm is a distributed clustering approach to fine-tune the optimal distances between agents of the system to strengthen the data passing among them using a set of spatial constraints. In fact, this method will increase interconnectivity among agents and clusters, leading to improvement of the overall communicative functionality of the multi-robot system. This strategy will lead to the establishment of loosely-coupled connections among the clusters. These implicit interconnections will mobilize the clusters to receive and transmit information within the multi-agent system. In other words, this algorithm classifies each agent into the clusters with the lowest cost of local communication with its peers. This research demonstrates that the presented decentralized method will actually boost the communicative agility of the swarm by probabilistic proof of the acquired optimality. Hence, the common assumption regarding the full-knowledge of the agents’ primary locations has been fully relaxed compared to former methods. Consequently, the algorithm’s reliability and efficiency is confirmed. Furthermore, the method’s efficacy in passing information will improve the functionality of higher-level swarm operations, such as task assignment and swarm flocking. Analytical investigations and simulated accomplishments, corresponding to highly-populated swarms, prove the claimed efficiency and coherence.
26
Fetzer, Anita. "“Our Chief Political Editor reads between the lines of the Chancellor’s Budget speech”." Internet Pragmatics 1, no. 1 (May 28, 2018): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ip.00003.fet.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper examines the multilayeredness of computer-mediated political discourse, focussing on the interdependencies between the contextual constraints and requirements of the medium on the one hand, and contextualisation, indexicality of communicative action and conversational implicature on the other. Particular attention is given to implicit and entextualised references to differences between what is said and what is meant in the communicative act of follow-up, to the importation of context and provision of background information, to their function with respect to the interactional organisation of (non)credibility and argumentative (non)coherence, and to the co-construction of discourse common ground. Within the context of computer-mediated political discourse, these references are used strategically to accommodate the contextual constraints and requirements of a multilayered reception format and their multilayered felicity conditions, and to support speaker-intended interpretation of multilayered discourse on the production side.
27
Kupferberg, Feiwel. "Transformative agency as social construction: Overcoming knowledge constraints in science, art and technology." Social Science Information 56, no. 3 (July 18, 2017): 454–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018417719429.
Full textAbstract:
A core problem of social constructivist theories of knowledge is the lack of theoretical clarity about the role of knowledge constraints and how they are overcome in practice, by what type of social agency. Knowledge constraints are both special – rules constituting and/or regulating such distinct intellectual fields as science, art and technology – and general – laws working across the nature/culture divide. In order to sort out this complexity of knowledge constraints in science, we need to start by recognizing the existence of knowledge constraints in the first place. Advance of knowledge is not contingent, as claimed by the Strong Program inaugurated by David Bloor. The latter reduces the problem of knowledge constraints to reputational work. But reputational work is what all humans engage in; this is one reason why networking is so crucial for the human species. Moreover, it requires the special form of communicative competence, talk, which only humans possess. It is also because humans can talk that they have managed to invent the coherent argument, the core of the special constraint that constitutes science, giving it a law-like character. Arguments are both competitive and cooperative at the same time, reputational work contains both elements. This strongly social element of science is missing in Latour’s concept of the social. Latour reduces the social (both networking and agency) to naked competition. But the model for this thinking is not sociology, it is literature. As a social construction it possibly reflects the psychological effect of the French system of elite education.
28
Feldman, Laurie Beth, Vidhushini Srinivasan, Rachel B. Fernandes, and Samira Shaikh. "Insights into codeswitching from online communication: Effects of language preference and conditions arising from vocabulary richness." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728921000122.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTwitter data from a crisis that impacted many English–Spanish bilinguals show that the direction of codeswitches is associated with the statistically documented tendency of single speakers to prefer one language over another in their tweets, as gleaned from their tweeting history. Further, lexical diversity, a measure of vocabulary richness derived from information-theoretic measures of uncertainty in communication, is greater in proximity to a codeswitch than in productions remote from a switch. The prospects of a role for lexical diversity in characterizing the conditions for a language switch suggest that communicative precision may induce conditions that attenuate constraints against language mixing.
29
Lettinga, Aafke, Carel van Wijk, and Peter Broeder. "The use of English in Dutch text messages as a function of communicative constraints." Taal en Tongval 69, no. 1 (September 1, 2017): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tet2017.1.lett.
Full text
30
Labov, William. "The child as linguistic historian." Language Variation and Change 1, no. 1 (March 1989): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000120.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThough the diachronic dimension of linguistic variation is often identified with linguistic change, many stable linguistic variables with no synchronic motivation show historical continuity with little change over long periods of time. Children acquire at an early age historically transmitted constraints on variables that appear to have no communicative significance, such as the grammatical conditioning of (ing) in English. Studies of (td) and (ing) in King of Prussia families show that children have matched their parents' patterns of variation by age 7, before many categorical phonological and grammatical rules are established. Some dialect-specific and socially marked constraints are acquired before constraints with general articulatory motivation. Constraints on (td) appear in the speech of a 4-year-old, but there is no evidence in the productions of a 2-year-old child in the same family.
31
Liao, Sixin, and Li Pan. "Interpreter mediation at political press conferences." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 20, no. 2 (September 24, 2018): 188–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.00009.lia.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Political press conferences, while playing a significant role in international communication by heads of state and government, are still largely underexplored in interpreting studies. More scholarly attention is needed, particularly to examine the interpreter’s mediating role in these uniquely constrained communicative settings. Drawing on narrative theory and Wadensjö’s model of renditions, this paper investigates the interpreter’s mediating role at a 2011 joint press conference with the American and Chinese Presidents, at that time Barack Obama and Hu Jintao respectively. Specifically, the study examines how the interpretation comprises reduced, expanded and summarized renditions of the speakers’ narratives, and how the resulting mediation can affect not only their image, but also the outcome of the diplomatic communication between their respective countries. Here, the interpreter’s performance is subject not only to his language competence, but also to a number of other factors. On the one hand, his mediation can be facilitated rather than restricted by the constraints of the setting where the interpreting occurs, such as technical problems and time limitations. On the other hand, the mediation can also reflect the interpreter’s institutional role and the public narratives within the socio-cultural context.
32
Lascarides, Alex, and Matthew Stone. "Discourse coherence and gesture interpretation." Gesture 9, no. 2 (September 30, 2009): 147–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.9.2.01las.
Full textAbstract:
In face-to-face conversation, communicators orchestrate multimodal contributions that meaningfully combine the linguistic resources of spoken language and the visuo-spatial affordances of gesture. In this paper, we characterise this meaningful combination in terms of the COHERENCE of gesture and speech. Descriptive analyses illustrate the diverse ways gesture interpretation can supplement and extend the interpretation of prior gestures and accompanying speech. We draw certain parallels with the inventory of COHERENCE RELATIONS found in discourse between successive sentences. In both domains, we suggest, interlocutors make sense of multiple communicative actions in combination by using these coherence relations to link the actions’ interpretations into an intelligible whole. Descriptive analyses also emphasise the improvisation of gesture; the abstraction and generality of meaning in gesture allows communicators to interpret gestures in open-ended ways in new utterances and contexts. We draw certain parallels with interlocutors’ reasoning about underspecified linguistic meanings in discourse. In both domains, we suggest, coherence relations facilitate meaning-making by RESOLVING the meaning of each communicative act through constrained inference over information made salient in the prior discourse. Our approach to gesture interpretation lays the groundwork for formal and computational models that go beyond previous approaches based on compositional syntax and semantics, in better accounting for the flexibility and the constraints found in the interpretation of speech and gesture in conversation. At the same time, it shows that gesture provides an important source of evidence to sharpen the general theory of coherence in communication.
33
Vlăduţescu, Ştefan. "Actants of Manipulative Communication." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 40 (September 2014): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.40.41.
Full textAbstract:
The study starts from assumption that together with disinfomation, intoxication, and propaganda, the manipulation is a form of persuasion, a form of persuasive communication. The manipulation is a communicative action. By the way of meta-analytical method, we emphasize some ideas. The royal way of promoting the decisive interests is manipulation-, often accompanied by constraints and violence. The world is divided into amateur manipulators and professional manipulators. Professionals are those whose job is exactly to get something from the others. The action of manipulation is not an activity performed on inspiration, randomly and by ear. Manipulation is a structured, organised and planned persuasive intervention. As actants of manipulative communication are retained journalists, priests, businessmen, sellers, scholars, teachers, artists, writers, notabilities.
34
Nghia, Vu Nguyen Dinh, and Nguyen Nhat Quang. "Task-Based Language Teaching to Enhance Learner Communicative Competence in Vietnam: A Matter of Opinion?" International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.8.22.
Full textAbstract:
This critical review investigates the efficacy in using Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) to boost learner communicative competence as TBLT is taking a pioneering role in developing communicative language in Asia and Vietnam. The application of TBLT in Vietnam has faced several problems, including exam-based learning programs, classroom constraints, and teachers' willingness for innovative approaches. Our in-depth analysis exposed why Vietnamese and Asian teachers cannot initially trust TBLT, and overcome these challenges to enhance communicative competence. The thorough review of research works in Asia evinced that (1) TBLT can holistically improve communicative competence and (2) the criticisms against TBLT can be solved with patience, flexibility, strategic task design, and openness. Then, the authors suggested a table for TBLT practitioners to consider based on students’ level of proficiency to cater to different teaching contexts and other pedagogic suggestions to implement TBLT in exam-oriented classes. Finally, we also introduce some research gaps for further investigation.
35
Piantadosi, Steven T., and Evelina Fedorenko. "Infinitely productive language can arise from chance under communicative pressure." Journal of Language Evolution 2, no. 2 (April 7, 2017): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jole/lzw013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Human communication is unparalleled in the animal kingdom. The key distinctive feature of our language is productivity: we are able to express an infinite number of ideas using a limited set of words. Traditionally, it has been argued or assumed that productivity emerged as a consequence of very specific, innate grammatical systems. Here we formally develop an alternative hypothesis: productivity may have rather solely arisen as a consequence of increasing the number of signals (e.g. sentences) in a communication system, under the additional assumption that the processing mechanisms are algorithmically unconstrained. Using tools from algorithmic information theory, we examine the consequences of two intuitive constraints on the probability that a language will be infinitely productive. We prove that under maximum entropy assumptions, increasing the complexity of a language will not strongly pressure it to be finite or infinite. In contrast, increasing the number of signals in a language increases the probability of languages that have—in fact—infinite cardinality. Thus, across evolutionary time, the productivity of human language could have arisen solely from algorithmic randomness combined with a communicative pressure for a large number of signals.
36
Tomasello, Michael. "The social-pragmatic theory of word learning." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.10.4.01tom.
Full textAbstract:
Some researchers have tried to explain early word learning via garden-variety learning processes and others by invoking linguistically specific “constraints” that help children to narrow down the referential possibilities. The social-pragmatic approach to word learning argues that children do not need specifically linguistic constraints to learn words, but rather what they need are flexible and powerful social-cognitive skills that allow them to understand the communicative intentions of others in a wide variety of interactive situations. A series of seven word learning studies demonstrate something of the range of communicative situations in which children can learn new words. These situations include many non-ostensive contexts in which no one is intentionally teaching the child a new word and the intended referent is not perceptually present at the time of the new word’s introduction. Language acquisition in general, and word learning in particular, is best seen as a special case of cultural learning in which children attempt to discern adults’ intentions toward their intentions toward things in the world.
37
BARJIS, JOSEPH, SAMUEL CHONG, JAN L. G. DIETZ, and KECHENG LIU. "DEVELOPMENT OF AGENT-BASED E-COMMERCE SYSTEMS USING SEMIOTIC APPROACH AND DEMO TRANSACTION CONCEPT." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 01, no. 03 (September 2002): 491–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622002000312.
Full textAbstract:
As software agents get more sophisticated, it becomes difficult to understand and model such systems. This paper contends that all developers bring to the task of development some implicit or explicit assumptions of the agent communication pattern. This issue is not readily addressed in current literature and represents a gap in knowledge. For this purpose, a generic pattern of inter-agent communication is introduced and discussed in this paper. For better understanding and modelling of agent-based e-commerce systems, the semiotic approach and the DEMO transaction concept are briefly introduced. It is shown that the semiotic approach offers a unifying framework for identifying the roles of agents, the responsible human agents and the right/constraints associated with each role. The DEMO transaction concept is applied to model the communicative interaction between agents.
38
Song, Bao e. "The Research on Effectiveness of Communicative Language Teaching in China." Asian Culture and History 11, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v11n1p1.
Full textAbstract:
Since China initiated Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) practice, it has enjoyed increasing popularity amongst educational practitioners as well as professional researchers. This paper undertakes an in-depth and all-around analysis of pedagogical practices of English class so as to ascertain the feasibility and effectiveness of CLT in China. Although China’s educational system is centrally-controlled, the top-down intervening policy of CLT fails to improve students’ interactive competence. Due to the contextual constraints including excessive class size, limited class hours, Confucian heritage culture, teacher equalizations as well as norm-referenced assessment, current situation of English Language Teaching (ELT) nevertheless is far from aligning with the tenet of CLT. This paper reveals that direct transfer of western–originated CLT practice is infeasible and ineffectual without considering the specific contextual factors in China and doomed to be a failure. Based on this argument, a combination of traditional pedagogy and CLT with an eclectic and dichotomous perspective is proposed and recommended to put into practice in the hope of adapting CLT paradigm to the particular Chinese contexts.
39
Fetzer, Anita, and Marjut Johansson. "‘I’ll tell you what the truth is’." Journal of Language and Politics 6, no. 2 (December 13, 2007): 147–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.6.2.03fet.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this article is to examine the context-dependent nature of acts of confiding in political interviews and to identify its genre-specific constraints and requirements. It looks at their distribution in British and French political interviews with regard to form, function and possible perlocutionary effects. The communicative act of confiding is compared and contrasted with disclosure, self-disclosure and revelation, and the necessary and sufficient conditions required for confiding in a felicitous manner are examined. Particular attention is given to the genre’s status as mediated and public discourse with public and political information. The most prominent strategies for realizing acts of confiding are analyzed by comparing and contrasting implicit and explicit realizations as well as their communicative functions in the British and French data.
40
Brown-Schmidt, Sarah, and Joy E. Hanna. "Talking in another person’s shoes: Incremental perspective-taking in language processing." Dialogue & Discourse 2, no. 1 (May 3, 2011): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5087/dad.2011.102.
Full textAbstract:
Language use in conversation is fundamentally incremental, and is guided by the representations that interlocutors maintain of each other’s knowledge and beliefs. While there is a consensus that interlocutors represent the perspective of others, three candidate models, a Perspective-Adjustment model, an Anticipation-Integration model, and a Constraint-Based model, make conflicting predictions about the role of perspective information during on-line language processing. Here we review psycholinguistic evidence for incrementality in language processing, and the recent methodological advance that has fostered its investigation—the use of eye-tracking in the visual world paradigm. We present visual world studies of perspective-taking, and evaluate each model's account of the data. We argue for a Constraint-Based view in which perspective is one of multiple probabilistic constraints that guide language processing decisions. Addressees combine knowledge of a speaker’s perspective with rich information from the discourse context to arrive at an interpretation of what was said. Understanding how these sources of information combine to influence interpretation requires careful consideration of how perspective representations were established, and how they are relevant to the communicative context.
41
Herouach, Sofian. "Applying the Communicative Approach in Teaching English Language: Impediments and challenges, Taza and Taounante Regions as a Case Study." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 11, no. 01 (January 2, 2020): 20674–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v11i01.774.
Full textAbstract:
The present study is an attempt to investigate the impediments that stand against implementing the communicative approach among high school students. The study focuses on 2ndyear baccalaureate students: their prospective year of graduation, taking two regions as case studies Taza and Taounante cities. This paper tends to tackle the approaches that English language teachers tend to apply, the reasons that prevent English language teachers from implementing the Communicative Language Approach (CLA) and the measures that can be applied to enable teachers so as to execute the CLA. The review of literature is inclusive and refers to English theories that first introduced the communicative approach to learning. The field work is conducted through distributing a representative number of questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires were distributed for both second baccalaureate students and English teachers and conducted interviews with them. This research paper argues that overcrowded classes, time constraints, lack of appropriate materials and the students’ low level of English are the main reasons that make English teachers abstain from implementing the CLA. Additionally, based on the findings, the study argues that having limited number of students, maintaining in-service trainings for the teachers and the availability of appropriate materials are the measures that should be met to implement the communicative approach in teaching.
42
Gong, Lili, and Yongping Ran. "Discursive Constraints of Teasing: Constructing Professionality via Teasing in Chinese Entertainment Interviews." Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 43, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 64–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2020-0005.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTeasing can be approached as a linguistic resource for examining the interpersonal issues of im/ politeness and face, or as a discursive strategy for displaying relationships or constructing social identities. However, studies have underestimated the discursive constraints of teasing in specific contexts. Meanwhile, a majority of teasing studies were based on Western cultures and did not pay sufficient attention to the variety of teasing across cultures. By collecting data from two Chinese entertainment interviews, where the interviewer employs teasing frequently for performing institutional roles, this study examined how teasing functions to assist the interviewer to complete communicative goals, and explored the discursive constraints of teasing in media context. Data analysis exemplified how teasing helped the interviewer to manage an interview event, obtain the guest’s disclosure and seek audience involvement, helping to construct the interviewer’s professionality. Implications for understanding the discursive features of teasing in the Chinese media context were addressed.
43
Solé, Ricard V., Bernat Corominas-Murtra, and Jordi Fortuny. "Diversity, competition, extinction: the ecophysics of language change." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 53 (June 30, 2010): 1647–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0110.
Full textAbstract:
As indicated early by Charles Darwin, languages behave and change very much like living species. They display high diversity, differentiate in space and time, emerge and disappear. A large body of literature has explored the role of information exchanges and communicative constraints in groups of agents under selective scenarios. These models have been very helpful in providing a rationale on how complex forms of communication emerge under evolutionary pressures. However, other patterns of large-scale organization can be described using mathematical methods ignoring communicative traits. These approaches consider shorter time scales and have been developed by exploiting both theoretical ecology and statistical physics methods. The models are reviewed here and include extinction, invasion, origination, spatial organization, coexistence and diversity as key concepts and are very simple in their defining rules. Such simplicity is used in order to catch the most fundamental laws of organization and those universal ingredients responsible for qualitative traits. The similarities between observed and predicted patterns indicate that an ecological theory of language is emerging, supporting (on a quantitative basis) its ecological nature, although key differences are also present. Here, we critically review some recent advances and outline their implications and limitations as well as highlight problems for future research.
44
Fischer, Julia. "Primate Vocal Communication and the Evolution of Speech." Current Directions in Psychological Science 30, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721420979580.
Full textAbstract:
Studies of nonhuman primate communication are often motivated by the desire to shed light on the evolution of speech. In contrast to human speech, the vocal repertoires of nonhuman primates are evolutionarily highly conserved. Within species-specific constraints, calls may vary in relation to the internal state of the caller or social experience. Receivers can use signalers’ calls to predict upcoming events or behavioral dispositions. Yet nonhuman primates do not appear to express or comprehend communicative or informative intent. Signalers are sensitive to the relation between their own actions and receivers’ responses, and thus, signaling behavior can be conceived as goal directed. Receivers’ ability to integrate information from multiple sources renders the system flexible and powerful. Researchers who take a linguistic or biological perspective on nonhuman primate communication should be aware of the strengths and limitations of their approaches. Both benefit from a focus on the mechanisms that underpin signaling and responses to signals.
45
Aljadani, Anwar S. "L2 Arabic Teachers’ Attitude toward the Communicative Language Teaching at King Abdulaziz University." International Journal of Contemporary Education 3, no. 2 (June 17, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijce.v3i2.4877.
Full textAbstract:
Second language acquisition (SLA) researchers, language teachers and teacher trainers aim to develop an approach through which languages are effectively taught in the classroom. This paper provides an overview of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) including its definition, advantages and disadvantages as well as some criticisms made against it. It aims to investigate L2 Arabic teachers’ attitude towards CLT at King Abdulaziz University. The current data were assembled via teachers’ questionnaire. It was found out that in spite of revealing the agreements in the majority of the statements which infers a positive attitude towards CLT, the participants stated that CLT is not suitable and preferable. Several explanations were provided to justify this statement. The provided explanations led to assume that the unsuitability and the dispreference of CLT are built on practical constraints which could be overcome.
46
Jahn, Jody L. S., and Anne E. Black. "A Model of Communicative and Hierarchical Foundations of High Reliability Organizing in Wildland Firefighting Teams." Management Communication Quarterly 31, no. 3 (February 1, 2017): 356–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0893318917691358.
Full textAbstract:
Organizational hierarchy is an inescapable aspect of many exemplary high reliability organizations (HROs). As organizations begin to adopt HRO theorizing to improve practice, it is increasingly important to explain how HRO principles—which assume the hallmarks of a flat hierarchy—can be understood and enacted in rigidly stratified organizations. We propose a preliminary theoretical model suggesting how various supervisor–subordinate and work group communication patterns and practices enable members to navigate hierarchy to achieve high reliability. We test the model using structural equation modeling on a sample of N = 574 U.S. wildland firefighters from three federal agencies. Results suggest how organizational members might overcome common hierarchy-based constraints to HRO through considering how leaders throughout a chain of command communicate to cultivate the necessary cross-level awareness of an operation, and ways in which supervisors, members, and groups might cultivate interactional cultures with respectful affect.
47
Thomas, Bronwen E. "'It's good to talk'?1 An analysis of a telephone conversation from Evelyn Waugh's Vile Bodies." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 6, no. 2 (May 1997): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394709700600202.
Full textAbstract:
In the days of email and the intemet, the alienating effects of the 'instrument' of the telephone may appear minimal. Yet a form of communication which proceeds without any visual aid and is subject to all kinds of mechanical distortion can still present its own confusions and sources of embarrassment. Literary representations of the medium have tended to focus on the muddles and misunderstandings, often exploiting their comic potential. Employing terms and models derived from conversational analysis, this article analyses a telephone conversation from Vile Bodies by Evelyn Waugh, published in 1930. I will argue that while Waugh exploits to the full the comedy of the communicative situation he represents, he is also sensitive to the extent to which the constraints and the freedoms of the medium affect his characters' ability to interact with one another.
48
Kayser, Klaus, Stephan Borkenfeld, and Gian Kayser. "How to Introduce Virtual Microscopy (VM) in Routine Diagnostic Pathology: Constraints, Ideas, and Solutions." Analytical Cellular Pathology 35, no. 1 (2012): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/859489.
Full textAbstract:
Context: Virtual microscopy which is the diagnostic work with digitized microscopic images in tissue – based diagnosis is in its childhood in being implemented in routine diagnosis. Until today, only a few pathology institutions take use of this new technology, although it is available since several years. Why?Design: Virtual microscopy requires a new workflow organisation in the pathologist's diagnostic procedure. At a first view, the laboratory workflow seems to remain untouched to a high degree. However, the used laboratory information system (LIS), which is commonly built in a hierarchic order, has to be adjusted at its highest levels, i.e., diagnosis statement, quality evaluation, submission to the clinician (hospital information system), and feedback to the laboratory. Therefore, the laboratory's workflow is involved at all levels too, and the LIS has to be changed or adjusted to the requirements of VM. VM systems are usually equipped with a viewer that mimics the viewing of a conventional microscope, and do not offer access to sensitive nodes of the LIS. Similar, LIS are usually closed and fixed systems because of data security and certification demands. Thus, VM systems have to possess communication access at different LIS levels together with steering commands for the LIS in close association with the diagnostic quality and efficiency (for example demands for additional stains, immunohistochemical or quantitative image methods, etc.), as well as expert consultation, or panel discussion.Outcome: An implementation of an open and active LIS – VM management system could significantly promote the introduction of VM into routine diagnostic surgical pathology. The management system has to coordinate and translate the demands of VM to LIS (and vice versa), and to assure the communication with HIS. Mandatory features include streaming of the laboratory workflow, feedback commands to LIS, as well as regulation of temporary priority levels.Conclusion: A successful implementation of VM systems in routine tissue-based diagnosis requires communicative management systems as long as VM is considered to be a “stand alone system” that just mimics a conventional microscope.
49
Lyu, Chun-Mei, and Li Zhang. "Critical emancipatory reflection on a practice-based issue in relation to nurses’ communicative role with unsatisfied clients in Chinese hospitals." Frontiers of Nursing 6, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fon-2019-0008.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to use reflective theory and critical emancipatory theory to explore nurses’ communicative role with unsatisfied clients.MethodsThis paper begins with the broad issue, and the analysis will engage Smyth’s cycle, which includes describing, analyzing, exploring, and reconstructing.ResultsCritical emancipatory reflection is essential to make changes in the professional practice of nursing, because it is of primary importance for the professional learning and development of a nurse.ConclusionsCritical emancipatory reflection helps a nurse to analyze the constraints, including historical, sociocultural, political, and personal aspects.
50
Coulson, Seana, and Esther Pascual. "For the sake of argument." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 4 (October 25, 2006): 153–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.4.07cou.
Full textAbstract:
Attested instances of persuasive discourse were examined from the perspective of conceptual blending theory to reveal that serious argumentative points are often made via the construction of unrealistic blended cognitive models. The unrealistic character of these models is often related to compression, a process by which complex relationships are reconstrued with simpler, more familiar concepts. These examples show how speakers’ compressions enable them to strategically frame controversial issues, and to evoke particular sorts of affective responses consistent with their argumentative goals. Analysis points to various constraints on blending. Besides the constitutive and governing principles outlined by Fauconnier & Turner (2002), conceptual integration operations are greatly constrained by the frames and cultural models of a particular community, together with overall knowledge of the communicative event, the cognitive task, the issues dealt with, and the discursive goal. The paper focuses on pre-natal and post-mortem blends in “pro-life” rhetoric and judicial argumentation.