Academic literature on the topic 'Communication and media studies, n.e.c'

Balleys C., Coll S. (2017). Being publicly intimate: Teenagers managing online privacy. Media, Culture &amp; Society, Vol. 39(6), pp. 885–901.<br /><br />Bond R. M., Fariss C. J., Jones J. J., Kramer A. D. I., Marlow C., Settle J. E., Fowler J. H. (2012). A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization, Nature, Vol. 489, pp. 295–298.<br /><br />Dencik L., Jansen F., Metcalfe, P. (2018). A conceptual framework for approaching social justice in an age of datafication, DATAJUSTICE project, https://datajusticeproject.net/2018/08/30/aconceptual-framework-for-approaching-social-justice-in-an-age-of-datafication/, 01.02.2019.<br /><br />Fuchs C. (2011). The Political Economy of Privacy on Facebook. Television &amp; New Media, Vol. 13(2), pp. 139–159.<br /><br />Helmond A. (2015). The platformization of the web: Making web data platform ready. Social Media + Society, Vol. 1(2), pp. 1–11.<br /><br />Hillygus D. S., Shields T. G. (2009). The Persuadable Voter. Wedge Issues in Presidential Campaigns. Princeton University Press: Princeton.<br /><br />Hintz A., Dencik L., Wahl-Jorgensen K. (2019). Digital citizenship in a datafied society. Polity Press: Medford.<br /><br />Kramp L., Loosen W. (2017). The transformation of journalism: from changing newsroom cultures to a new communicative orientation? In A. Hepp, U. Hasebrink, A. Breiter (Eds.), Communicative Figurations: Rethinking mediatized transformations, Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke. pp. 205–239.<br /><br />Kruschinski. S., Haller A. (2017). Restrictions on data-driven political micro-targeting in Germany. Internet Policy Review, Vol. 6(4), pp. 1–23.<br /><br />Kunelius R., Heikkilä H., Russell A., Yagodin D. (Eds.). (2017). Journalism and the NSA Revelations:<br />Privacy, security, and the press. I.B. Tauris: London.<br /><br />Livingstone S. (2008). Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: Teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media &amp; Society, Vol. 10(3), 393–411.<br /><br />Lokot T. (2018). Be Safe or Be Seen? How Russian Activists Negotiate Visibility and Security in Online Resistance Practices. Surveillance &amp; Society, Vol. 16 (3), 332–346.<br /><br />Loosen W., Reimer J.; De Silva-Schmidt F. (2017). Data-Driven Reporting – an On-Going (R) Evolution? A Longitudinal Analysis of Projects Nominated for the Data Journalism Awards 2013–2015. Working Paper Series Hans-Bredow-Institut No. 41.<br /><br />Lyon D. (2002). Surveillance society: Monitoring everyday life (Repr). Issues in society. Open Uniersity Press: Buckingham.<br /><br />Marwick A. E., boyd d. (2014). Networked privacy: How teenagers negotiate context in social media. New Media &amp; Society, Vol. 16(7), pp. 1051–1067.<br /><br />Möller J., von Rimscha M. B. (2017). (De)Centralization of the Global Informational Ecosystem. Media and Communication, Vol. 5(3), pp. 37–48.<br /><br />Nissenbaum H. (2004): Privacy as contextual integrity. Washington Law Review, Vol. 79(1), pp. 101–139.<br /><br />Nissenbaum H. (2010). Privacy in context: Technology, policy, and the integrity of social life. Stanford Law Books: Stanford.<br /><br />Nowak J., Möller J. E. (2018, November). Don’t hate the media. Act on media., Paper presented at the 7th ECREA Conference, Lugano, Switzerland.<br /><br />Sifry M. Facebook Wants You to Vote on Tuesday. Here’s How It Messed With Your Feed in 2012, Mother Jones, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/10/can-voting-facebook-button-improve-voter-turnout, 31.10.2018.<br /><br />Trepte S. (2016). The paradoxes of online privacy. In M. Walrave, K. Ponnet, E. Vanderhoven, J. Haers, B. Segaert (Eds.), Youth 2.0: Social media and adolescence. Connecting, Sharing and Empowering, Springer International Publishing: Cham, pp. 103–115.<br /><br />Trepte S., Reinecke L., Ellison N. B., Quiring O., Yao M. Z., Ziegele M. (2017). A Cross-Cultural Perspective on the Privacy Calculus. Social Media + Society, Vol. 3(1), pp. 1–13.<br /><br />Von Pape T., Trepte S., Mothes C. (2017). Privacy by disaster? Press coverage of privacy and digital technology. European Journal of Communication, Vol. 32(3), pp. 189–207.<br /><br />Wahl-Jorgensen K. (2017). A manifesto of failure for digital journalism. In P. J. Boczkowski, C. W. Anderson (Eds.), Remaking the News: Essays on the Future of Journalism Scholarship in the Digital Age, Inside Technology, MIT Press, Cambrdige MA, pp. 251–266.<br /><br />Wahl-Jorgensen K., Bennett L., Taylor G. (2017). The normalization of surveillance and the invisibility of digital citizenship: Media debates after the Snowden revelations. International Journal of Communication, Vol. 11, pp. 740–762.<br /><br />Westin A. F. (2015). Privacy and Freedom. IG Publishing: New York.<br /><br />Whittaker Z. Facebook won’t let you opt out of its phone number ‘look up’ setting, Techcrunch, https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/03/facebook-phone-number-look-up/?guccounter=1&amp;-guce_referrer_us=aHR0cHM6Ly9uZXR6cG9saXRpay5vcmcvMjAxOS9mYWNlYm9vay-1taXNzYnJhdWNodC1oYW5keW51bW1lcm4tenUtd2VyYmV6d2Vja2VuLw&amp;guce_referrer_cs=qtabV8dO1eMJbuNvjSOyJQ, 03.03.2019.

The article is devoted to the evolution, present state and perspectives of development of the Ukrainian linguo-folklore studies that are conducted by Sv. Yеrmolenko, N. Zhuravliova, A. Moisiienko, T. Betsenko, Y. Diadyshcheva-Rosovetska, N. Kolesnyk, R. Serdeha and others. The main aspects of the analysis of the language of the Ukrainian folk poetic texts of the period from the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century were considered. They are historical linguistic, linguo-stylistic, linguo-didactic, linguo-cultural, ethnolinguistic, linguo-conceptual, linguo-semiotic. Two stages in the development of linguo-folklore studies were distinguished: 1) 60s — 80s of the 20th c., and 2) 90s of the 20th c. — the early 21st c. It was pointed out that the Ukrainian linguo-folklore studies had already evolved into a separate branch of philology and an educational course with its own object (a linguostructural, artistic-figurative organization of folkloristic texts of various genres, peculiar features of a folkloristic style formation), and subject of research, tasks and trends. There were mentioned the present day approaches to the analysis of folk poetic texts, being based on the language layers (folklore stylistics of language units), language expressive means (folklore stylistics of language expressive means), genres (folklore stylistics of genres) and separate parts of linguistics. The following perspectives of the linguo-folklore studies were defined: the analysis of understudied language units and figurative means, used in the texts of various genres (not only the traditional but new ones as well), development of a folklore lexicography, folklore dialectology, folklore linguo-cognitology, folklore linguosemiotics, folklore communication, linguo-genderology, contrastive linguo-folklore studies, and other trends, as well as a wider application of modern systems of an automatic analysis of texts, dictionaries’ compilation, and data creation.

Social media platforms, such as Instagram, are regularly misused for spreading covert (Islamic) extremist propaganda. Affect and emotion are central tools used in extremist propaganda, but there is little research into the combined employment of different social media elements, such as hashtags, visuals, and texts, in the context of propaganda. This study contributes to closing this gap. Using the German group Generation Islam as a case study, we examined the group’s Instagram activity ( N = 1,187 posts) over the course of 2 years. To reflect the platform users’ logic, we (a) examined affect in hashtag networks in which users can come across propagandistic content, (b) employed deep learning to examine the emotional valence transmitted in the visuals, and (c) used automated linguistic analysis to describe collective action cues contained within the texts. The results are novel, as they provide nuanced insights into extremist propaganda’s employment of affect and emotions across Instagram’s affordances.

Conspiracy theories on social media have been suspected of contributing to mobilization and radicalization. Yet, few studies have examined the prevalence of psychological variables that may serve to motivate normative and non-normative collective action in this material. Drawing from the “social identity model of collective action,” the current study uses a mixed-methods approach to examine the prevalence of collective action cues in conspiracy theory-endorsing social media spaces. Towards this end, I examined four German Facebook groups (Covid-19-Skeptic, Far-Right, Chemtrail, and Political Affairs) during the first months of the Covid-19 pandemic<em>. </em>The results of qualitative content analysis (<em>N</em> = 828 posts), a hierarchical cluster analysis, and the examination of popularity cues showed that: (a) collective action cues were frequent; (b) most posts transmitted alternative views (Cluster 1) or<em> </em>absolutist ideologies (Cluster 2) with few collective action cues—yet, more than one-third of the posts were either mobilizing (Cluster 3) or wrathful (Cluster 4), entailing multiple collective action cues including cues theoretically linked to non-normative action; (c) mobilizing and wrathful posts were more engaging than alternative views and absolutist ideologies; (d) the types of posts and levels of engagement varied between the examined groups such that the Chemtrail and the Far-Right group disseminated more content with a higher mobilizing potential. The Far-Right group was also the most active in responding to its members. The results of this study are novel in that they demonstrate the prevalence of cues that have been linked to non-normative collective action in psychological research within conspiracy theory-endorsing Facebook groups.

Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) not only provides access to authentic learning resources and facilitates second language (L2) learning anytime and anywhere but also offers scope for informal learning beyond the classroom. Social media with instant messaging and multi-modal communication and information sharing provide platforms for interaction with peers and collaborative learning to hone their L2 skills. There is little research on informal learning through WhatsApp in enhancing L2 speaking skills. This paper studies the impact of interaction and informal learning in a WhatsApp group on improving a) fluency and coherence, b) lexical resource, c) grammatical range and accuracy and d) pronunciation which form the criteria for assessing speaking skills in IELTS. It also studies how participants perceive the changes in their speaking skills based on the band descriptors of IELTS. Mixed methods approach was adopted to obtain data from the group consisting of mixed ability participants (n=110) with pre and post speaking assessments and pre and post surveys. The participants were given collaborative learning activities and problem solving tasks at regular intervals for over two semesters. The results indicated statistically significant difference in their speaking skills and considerable change in their perceptions. The study has implications for both teachers and researchers of second language acquisition (SLA) for incorporating social media for interaction in the target language beyond the classroom.

Language skills are essential for early childhood, being able to speak clearly and process speech sounds, understand others, express ideas, and interact with others are the building blocks for a child's development. Therefore, this study will examine the effect of the Inside Outside Circle (IOC) instructional strategies with media images on children's language skills. This research is a quasi-experimental design with a posttest only and using a control group. The sample in this study were children in two kindergartens in the village of Banjar Tegal. Data analysis in this study was carried out by quantitative descriptive methods using t-test analysis techniques. The results of this study in kindergarten students in Banjar Tegal Village show that there is an influence of the IOC learning model with picture media on children's language skills (tcount = 6.28> ttable = 2.00). This shows that language skills achieved by groups of children participating in learning with the IOC model with drawing media are better than groups of children who attend learning without the IOC model. The implication is that further research is expected to develop other aspects of child devel- opment through the IOC model. Keywords: Children Language skills, Image media, Inside-Outside Circle Instructional Strategies Reference: Afrida, Ni., & Mahriza, R. (2019). Visual and Cognitive Media : The Language Acquisition of Children With Dyslexia in Aceh. IJLRES - International Journal on Language , Research and Education Studies, 3(1), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.30575/2017/IJLRES-2019010409 Al Otaiba, S., & Fuchs, D. (2006). Who are the young children for whom best practices in reading are ineffective? An experimental and longitudinal study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39(5), 414–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194060390050401 Asrifan, A. (2015). The Use of Pictures Story in Improving Students’ Ability to Write Narrative Composition. International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 3(4), 244. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijll.20150304.18 August, Diane Shanahan, T. (2006). Developing Literacy in Second-Language Learners : Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth Edited by. Center for Applied Linguistics, 1–9. Barbot, B., Randi, J., Tan, M., Levenson, C., Friedlaender, L., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2013). From perception to creative writing: A multi-method pilot study of a visual literacy instructional approach. Learning and Individual Differences, 28, 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.09.003 Bierman, K. L., Nix, R. L., Greenberg, M. T., Blair, C., & Domitrovich, C. E. (2008). Executive functions and school readiness intervention: Impact, moderation, and mediation in the Head Start REDI program. Development and Psychopathology, 20(3), 821–843. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000394 Blanden, J. (2006). ‘Bucking the trend’: What enables those who are disadvantaged in childhood to succeed later in life? Pensions, (31), 36. Cabell, S. Q., Justice, L. M., Piasta, S. B., Curenton, S. M., Wiggins, A., Turnbull, K. P., & Petscher, Y. (2011). The impact of teacher responsivity education on preschoolers’ language and literacy skills. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(4), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2011/10-0104) Clark, R. C., & Lyons, C. (2011). Graphics for learning: Proven guidelines for planning, designing, and evaluating visuals in training materials (2nd ed.). San Francisco: CA: Pfiffer. Davoudi, A. H. M., & Mahinpo, B. (2013). Kagan Cooperative Learning Model: The Bridge to Foreign Language Learning in the Third Millennium. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(6), 1134–1140. Dockrell, J. E., Stuart, M., & King, D. (2010). Supporting early oral language skills for English language learners in inner city preschool provision. British Journal of Educational Psychology, V ol. 80, pp. 497–515. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709910X493080 Dunlosky, J., Rawson, K. A., Marsh, E. J., Nathan, M. J., & Willingham, D. T. (2013). Improving students’ learning with effective learning techniques: Promising directions from cognitive and educational psychology. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Supplement, 14(1), 4–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612453266 Gilles, G. (2015). Language Skills in Children: Development, Definition & Types. Retrieved from © copyright 2003-2020 Study.com. website: https://study.com/academy/lesson/language-skills-in-children-development- definition-types.html#transcriptHeader Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., ... Thompson, P. M. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(21), 8174–8179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402680101 Gutiérrez, K. G. C., Puello, M. N., & Galvis, L. A. P. (2015). Using pictures series technique to enhance narrative writing among ninth grade students at institución educativa simón araujo. English Language Teaching, 8(5), 45–71. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n5p45 Hadfield, J., & Hadfield, C. (2002). Simple Speaking Activities. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Haley, A., Hulme, C., Bowyer-Crane, C., Snowling, M. J., & Fricke, S. (2017). Oral language skills intervention in pre-school—a cautionary tale. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 52(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12257 Hoff, E. (2013). Interpreting the Early Language Trajectories of Children from Low SES and Language Minority Homes: Implications for Closing Achievement Gaps. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027238.Interpreting Jin, S. H., & Boling, E. (2010). Instructional Designer’s Intentions and Learners’ Perceptions of the Instructional Functions of Visuals in an e-Learning Context. Journal of Visual Literacy, 29(2), 143–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/23796529.2010.11674678 Johanson, M., & Arthur, A. M. (2016). Improving the Language Skills of Pre- kindergarten Students: Preliminary Impacts of the Let’s Know! Experimental Curriculum. Child and Youth Care Forum, 45(3), 367–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-015-9332-z Justice, L. M., & Pence, K. L. (2004). Addressing the Language and Literacy Needs of Vulnerable Children: Innovative Strategies in the Context of Evidence-Based Practice. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 25(4), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/15257401040250040201 Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development, 1459–1473. Kamaliah, N. (2018). Applying The Inside-Outside Circle (IOC) Towards Students’ Speaking Abilityat The Second Grade of SMA Inshafuddin. Getsempena English Education Journal (GEEJ), 5(2), 106–115. Kleeman, D. (2017). Media exposure during infancy and early childhood: the effects of content and context on learning and development. Journal of Children and Media, 11(4), 504–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2017.1375219 Krčelić, P., & Matijević, A. S. (2015). A Picture and a Thousand Words: Visual Tools in ELT. The International Language Conference on The Importance of Learning Professional Foreign Languages for Communication between Cultures 2015, 53(3/4), 110–114. Croatia. Lavalle, P., & Briesmaster, M. (2017). The Study of the Use of Picture Descriptions in Enhancing Communication Skills among the 8th- Grade Students--Learners of English as a Foreign Language. I.E.: Inquiry in Education, 9(1). Law, J., Rush, R., Schoon, I., & Parsons, S. (2009). Modeling Developmental Language Difficulties From School Entry Into Adulthood: Literacy, Mental Health, and Employment Outcomes. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52(December), 1401–1416. Mayer, R. E. (2009). Multi-Media Learning : Prinsip-Prinsip dan Aplikasi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. NICHD. (2000). The relation of child care to cognitive and language development. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network. Child Development, 71(4), 960–980. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11016559 Noble, C., Sala, G., Peter, M., Lingwood, J., Rowland, C., Gobet, F., & Pine, J. (2019). The impact of shared book reading on children’s language skills: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.100290 28(September), 100290. Oades-Sese, G. V., & Li, Y. (2011). Attachment Relationships As Predictors Of Language Skills For At-Risk Bilingual Preschool Children. Psychology in the Schools, 48(7), 274–283. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits Pace, A., Alper, R., Burchinal, M. R., Golinkoff, R. M., & Hirsh-Pasek, K. (2019). Measuring success: Within and cross-domain predictors of academic and social trajectories in elementary school. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 46, 112– 125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.04.001 Pelli, D. G., Burns, C. W., Farell, B., & Moore-Page, D. C. (2006). Feature detection and letter identification. Vision Research, 46(28), 4646–4674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.04.023 Perfetti, C. A., Liu, Y., & Tan, L. H. (2005). The lexical constituency model: Some implications of research on chinese for general theories of reading. Psychological Review, 112(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.112.1.43 Puriniawati, N. K., Putra, M., & Putra, D. K. N. S. (2014). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Inside Outside Circle Berbantuan Media Balok Untuk Meningkatkan. 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Indonesia is a country that has a high potential for natural disasters. Picture story book is a form of disaster management learning that can help children from an early age to prepare for a natural disaster. The aims of this study to develop story books as a disaster management learning media, to improve knowledge and skills of children and teacher about the understanding, principles, and actions of rescue when facing the natural disasters, to increase the teacher’s learning quality in disaster management. Developmental research approach is used to execute the study. A total of 48 children aged 5-6 years have to carry out pre-test and post-test. Pre-test data shows that children's knowledge about disaster management with an average of 47.92% and its improved at post-test with 76,88%. Five theme of story books involves floods, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, lands and forest fires is the product. Dissemination of five story books are proper for children and improve their understanding of disaster management. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Management Disaster, Storybooks Reference: Abulnour, A. H. (2013). Towards efficient disaster management in Egypt. Housing and Building National Research Center. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.07.004 Adiyoyoso, W. (2018). Manajemen Bencana. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Anderson, T., & Shattuck, J. (2012). Design-based research: A decade of progress in education research? Educational Researcher, 41(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11428813 Batič, J. (2019). Reading Picture Books in Preschool and Lower Grades of Primary School. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, (November), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.554 Bosschaart, A., van der Schee, J., Kuiper, W., & Schoonenboom, J. (2016). Evaluating a flood- risk education program in the Netherlands. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 50, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2016.07.002 Codreanu, T. A., Celenza, A., & Jacobs, I. (2014). Does disaster education of teenagers translate into better survival knowledge, knowledge of skills, and adaptive behavioral change? A systematic literature review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 29(6), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X14001083 Delicado, A., Rowland, J., Fonseca, S., & Nunes, A. (2017). Children in Disaster Risk Reduction in Portugal : Policies , Education , and ( Non ) Participation. 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-017-0138-5 Demiroz, F., & Haase, T. W. (2019). The concept of resilience: a bibliometric analysis of the emergency and disaster management literature. Local Government Studies, 45(3), 308–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2018.1541796 Efthymis, L., Michael, S., Alexia, G., Panagiotis, P., Vassiliki, A., Kate, V., & Spyros, P. (2014). Disaster Data Centre — An Innovative Educational Tool for Disaster Reduction through Education in Schools. (September), 35–40. Faber, M. H., Giuliani, L., Revez, A., Jayasena, S., Sparf, J., & Mendez, J. M. (2014). Interdisciplinary Approach to Disaster Resilience Education and Research. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18(September), 601–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212- 5671(14)00981-2 Frankenberg, E., Gillespie, T., Preston, S., Sikoki, B., & Thomas, D. (2011). Mortality, the family and the Indian Ocean Tsunami. Economic Journal, 121(554), 162–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02446.x Fujioka, T., & Sakakibara, Y. (2018). School education for disaster risk reduction in Japan after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET). Terrae Didatica, 14(3), 313– 319. https://doi.org/10.20396/td.v14i3.8653531 Guha-Sapir, D., Van Panhuis, W. G., & Lagoutte, J. (2007). Short communication: Patterns of chronic and acute diseases after natural disasters - A study from the International Committee of the Red Cross field hospital in Banda Aceh after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(11), 1338–1341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 3156.2007.01932.x Haggstrom, M. (2020). The art of read-aloud, body language and identity construction: A multimodal interactional analysis of interaction between parent, child and picture book. International Journal of Language Studies, 14(1), 117–140. Halim, L., Abd Rahman, N., Zamri, R., & Mohtar, L. (2018). The roles of parents in cultivating children’s interest towards science learning and careers. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(2), 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.05.001 Hamele, M., Gist, R. E., & Kissoon, N. (2019). 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Sharenting is a habit of using social media to share content that disseminates pictures, videos, information, and parenting styles for their children. The purpose of this article is to describe the sharenting phenomenon that occurs among young parents, and the importance of parenting programs, rather than protecting children's privacy. Writing articles use a qualitative approach as a literature review method that utilizes various scientific articles describing the sharenting phenomenon in various countries. The findings show that sharenting behaviour can create the spread of children's identity openly on social media and tends not to protect children's privacy and even seems to exploit children. Apart from that, sharenting can also create pressure on the children themselves and can even have an impact on online crime. 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Abstract During the COVID–19 pandemic, maintaining connectedness was difficult for caregivers. Family caregivers represent multiple generations whose experience with and use of social technology to maintain connectedness can vary and differentially impact critical health outcomes. The aims of this study were to examine caregiver connectedness and technology preferences across three generations of caregivers who provide care to older adults with chronic illnesses. The semi-structured focus-groups/interviews conducted in August of 2020 with family caregiver participants including Millennials (n=6), Generation X (n=5), and Boomer (n=8). Two researchers analyzed the transcribed content via thematic analysis. Similarities and differences across generations were assessed via comparative analysis. The themes that emerged from the data were: (1) Millennials (a) Altered stage of life, (b) Altered connectedness, (c) Need others to understand, (d) Stay away from social network sites; (2) Generation X (a) Altered connectedness, (b) Need others to understand, (c) Burden, (d) Fear-of-failure; and (3) Baby Boomer (a) Altered connectedness, (b) Technology builds connectedness, (c) Information seeking. All generations expressed alterations in connectedness with caregiver role. Millennials and Generation X caregivers emphasized need for others to understand that caregiving altered their lives with unique responsibilities. Technology use differed across the generations, with Millennial texting for confidential communications. Millennial and Generation X caregivers do not use social media due to envy of others’ fun. Baby Boomers expressed increased connectedness with the use of Zoom. Understanding the variation in the experience of caregiver connectedness and technology use by generation may identify targets for future caregiver connectedness intervention studies.

This research examines the rise of Islamic populism in Indonesia and understands it as an instrument to clear a new pathway for populism movement into popular culture. Ummi magazine is one of the religious media used to be political vehicles of stablishing constituencies, especially for the Tarbiyah movement in the Soeharto era to the current tendency to popularize the Tarbiyah identity as a new lifestyle. Historically, The Tarbiyah movement in Indonesia is a social and political movement among Indonesian Muslimah students, especially activists in the Suharto period. Muslim middle class entrepreneurs launched a campaign of ‘economic jihad. This research uses a qualitative approach by interpreting and studying the data contained in Ummi Magazine. Media studies were carried out in the January 2017 to 2018 editions. The data obtained were described and associated with the magazine's transformation as an ideological medium and Muslim women's lifestyle today. 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Varje år bidrar mörkret till att nästan varannan person i norra Europa mår sämre. Det slår oftast till i november och varar tills det blir ljusare i mars. Vissa är känsligare för mörkret än andra och drabbas av Seasonal Affective Syndrome, SAD. Orsaker och behandlingsmetoder till SAD tas upp i den här artikelserien om vinterdepression.

Uppsatsens syfte är att analysera hur genus är konstruerat i fyra relationer i TV-serierna Buffy och vampyrerna och Angel. Målet är att ta reda på om karaktärerna har en traditionell, delad eller omvänd genuskonstruktion. Uppsatsen kommer att undersöka både hur maskulinitet och femininitet är konstruerat textuellt och hur relationerna uppfattas av en grupp fans. Studien kommer att redogöra för skillnader och likheter mellan de fyra paren. Paren som ingår i analysen är Buffy & Angel, Willow & Tara, Buffy & Spike liksom Angel & Cordy.

Studien är baserad på feministiska teorier av Liesbet Van Zoonen, Judith Butler och Lena Gemzöe. Men kommer också att inkludera en tillbakablick på hur genus representerades på TV under 1970 och 1980-talet som är presenterat av Barrie Gunter och hur uppfattningen av genus har ändrats sen dess. Några specifika teman som kommer att analyseras i uppsatsen är tv våld, sexualitet och egenskaper som anses mer manliga eller kvinnliga. Göran Erikssons teorier om receptionsstudier spelar också en viktig roll i detta kapitel. Teorikapitlet innehåller dock även några teorier om fankultur av John Fiske, Henry Jenkins, Lawrence Grossberg, John B. Thompson och Joli Jenson.

Metoden som används i uppsatsen är att göra en receptionsstudie med två lika stora delar. Den första delen är en semiotisk text analys baserad på teorier om TV koder av John Fiske. De valda koderna är utseende, kamera, handlingar och ljud och dialog. Urvalet för den semiotiska text analysen var totalt 35 scener från elva avsnitt av serierna. Den andra delen utgjordes av en kvalitativ intervjustudie med 16 fans av serierna och är baserad på metoder av Thomas R Lindlof och Larsåke Larsson. Metodkapitlet tar också hänsyn till några metodproblem och etiska frågor som uppstår när man intervjuar människor för en studie.

Uppsatsens semiotiska analys visade att TV koderna ger Buffy & Angel och Cordy & Angel en traditionell genus konstruktion där hon är kvinna och han är man. Även fast karaktärerna också har vissa drag som normalt tillskrivs det andra könet. Karaktären Buffy i synnerlighet har en delad genuskonstruktion, då hennes manliga sida kommer ut i hennes relation med Spike. Buffy & Spike och Willow & Tara har en delad genuskonstruktion där Willow och Buffy har flest manliga drag. Koderna av utseende och kamera reproducerar patriarkat mest medan koder som ljud, dialog, händelser och narrativ ger en mer komplex delad genuskonstruktion. Intervjustudien visade att de flesta fansen delade min tolkning av karaktärernas genuskonstruktion, men att de mediala texterna är öppna för motsatta och förhandlade tolkningar med. Det fanns vissa skillnader från mina tolkningar då fansen tillskrev Spike högre nivåer av kvinnlighet och Willow mer maskulinitet än jag gjort. Deras uppfattning av de specifika paren varierar också mycket beroende på deras egna åsikter och värderingar och alla fansen gör en tolkning som de föredrar.

Mina resultat ger stöd till tidigare forskning om genus på Buffy av Arwin Spicer, Susan A. Owens och Frances Early. De ger också stöd till tidigare forskning om fankultur och jag tycker att teorierna av John Fiske och Liesbet Van Zoonen i synnerlighet har varit användbara under uppsatsskrivandet. Trots att karaktären Buffy är mer kvinnlig än man först hade kunnat tro och att vissa fördomar lever kvar sedan 1970-talet så har Buffy hjälpt till att utveckla tv-landskapet. Intervjupersonerna i den här uppsatsen accepterar homosexualitet på TV. Serien visar även att det är okej för kvinnor att slås tillbaks och skickar ut ett feministiskt meddelande i det avseendet att intervjupersonerna anser att kvinnlig frigörelse är en bra sak och att Buffy är en förebild. För fortsatta studier vore det intressant att ta reda på hur feministiska nyare TV-serier är och vilken effekt serier som Buffy haft på den generationen som växte upp medan de tittade på den.

Upphovsrättsdirektivet, Digital Single Market-direktivet, befinner sig idag i en implementeringsprocess i EU-länderna. Implementeringen syftar till att harmonisera upphovsrätten mellan medlemsstaterna och att upprätthålla en väl fungerande inre marknad. Direktivet medför ett antal dilemman vid harmoniseringen av medlemsländernas lagstiftningar. Somliga länder är positiva till direktivet, medan andra anmärker en ordalydelse som är otydlig, abstrakt och svår att konkretisera. Frankrike var första land inom unionen att lägga fram ett lagförslag baserat på direktivet. Samtliga medlemsländer, däribland Sverige, har fortfarande tid på sig att införliva direktivet i sin lagstiftning. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda DSM-direktivets artikel 17 och dess implementering i fransk rätt med utgångspunkt i Frankrikes framställda lagförslag. Vidare är ändamålet att göra en konkret jämförelse mellan förevarande upphovsrättsliga normer i Sverige respektive Frankrike, för att således kunna analysera det franska lagförslagets lämplighet i svensk rättsordning. Lämpligheten ska försöka bedömas utifrån kulturella värderingar bakom nationell lagstiftning och upphovsrättspolitik. För att besvara frågeställningen huruvida det franska lagförslaget på implementering av DSM-direktivets artikel 17 kan vara en förebild för den svenska lagstiftaren, har framställningen disponerats enligt följande: vi har (1) utrett svensk upphovsrätt, (2) redogjort för DSM-direktivet och härrörande kritik, (3) uppgivit Regeringskansliets resonemang och frågeställningar gällande direktivets genomförande i svensk rätt, (4) utrett fransk upphovsrätt samt (5) översatt och tolkat förevarande lagförslag med tillhörande kritik. Utöver rättskällor, har framställningen till övervägande del grund i debattartiklar, tidskrifter samt inlägg online för att klargöra den aktuella problematiken rörande DSM-direktivet. Slutsatsen är att svensk respektive fransk upphovsrätt visserligen framstår som snarlika i stort sett. Däremot kan det franska lagförslaget på implementering av direktivet enbart framstå som en förebild i viss mån. Av artikel 17:s tre huvudområden kan vägledning av det franska lagförslaget endast ges gällande införandet av en klagomåls- och avhjälpningsmekanism.

Det här är den slutgiltiga examensuppsatsen, en nedskuren version av en mer omfattande och djupgående version. För intressenter finns den första versionen tillgänglig via kontakt med författarna. 

This thesis articulates theoretical views on science fiction in relation to our world as viewed from a postmodern perspective. Inherent herein, is the exploration of the ambivalent nature of the theme of the apocalyptic and its pervasive influence in contemporary science fiction texts, in particular the selected canonical works of Arthur C. Clarke and contemporary film. The pertinent idea inherent in these texts is its concerns regarding the future of humanity. The social anxieties of our postmodern age are foregrounded thereby bridging the intersection of apocalyptic narrative with the concept of the postmodern. Of particular significance is the presentation of social degeneration, the collapse of civilized society through advanced technologies as well as the ending and transcendence of human time. This study sheds important light on the need and search for meaning in a world plunged by chaos and incoherence. This is imbued in the way science fiction texts mirror and develop such concerns in our postmodern period. In an attempt to construct meaning it thereby renders an exploratory examination of our postmodern world in relation to its dreams, visions and anxieties.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

AbstractThe power of social media influencers (SMIs) as effective endorsers for destinations and tourism products have been widely acknowledged. Despite being characterised as content generators by prior research, little has been done to examine how consumers perceive content produced by SMI, a key component of destination marketing campaigns. Moreover, parasocial relationship between SMI and the follower has been proven to enhance the persuasive impact of SMIs. Hence, this study aims to shed light on how consumers would assess the SMI and the content the SMI produced, as well as the effect of parasocial relationship on processing SMI destination marketing campaigns. Findings (N = 501) have highlighted that argument quality of SMI content has a stronger direct impact on campaign attitude, destination image and travel intention, as compared to source credibility. With the application of the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) as a framework, this study illuminates consumers’ interaction with the SMI destination marketing campaign and extends prior studies in understanding the importance of SMI content and parasocial relationship as a significant tool for future destination marketing.

Taking up the suggestion at the end of Chapter 4, this one proposes that an important effect of the concerted futurological project was to place a novel emphasis in the series on everyday life; and that this in turn contributed to the development—already in embryo—of cultural and media studies. After a discussion of these emerging disciplines, volumes are analysed dealing with advertising, the press, communication and travel, the home and the family, law, the environment, and leisure. A key volume in this discussion is C. E. M. Joad’s Diogenes; or, The Future of Leisure (1928), which moves wittily between a satire of contemporary pastimes and a consideration—via G. B. Shaw’s ‘metabiological’ suite of plays, Back to Methusaleh, of a possible evolutionary future that informs the one imagined by Bernal. The chapter ends by discussing the volumes on labour and sport, and concluding that the series’ vision of everyday life is one profoundly conditioned by the experience of the recent war as giving a new valuation of life in all its forms.

Within the theoretical framework of social representations this chapter features the web-based multi-faced sources of information about three European capitals: London, Madrid, and Warsaw. In line with the “modelling approach to social representations”, the research verifies a set of three hypotheses concerning each considered web-based media source (a: institutional municipal websites; b: social networks; c: Google Earth) and its relationship with more traditional forms of communication. The communicative capacity of the municipal websites and the manner of creating virtual itineraries by Google Earth are related to the overall self-rated importance of sources of information about cities; while exchanges about the same target cities through social networks reflect the interactive nature of interpersonal communication. The results from web-based media studies will be also compared with those based on the field study, involving 420 first-time visitors from France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, UK, and USA, contacted before and after their first-time visit.

This chapter explains content analysis, which is a social science research method that involves the systematic analysis of text, media, communication, or information. The source, the message, the receiver, the medium, and the influence of the message are all topics that have been studied using content analysis and in combination with other methods. There are deductive and inductive approaches to content analysis. Two widely cited studies using content analysis take a deductive approach: using predefined categories and variables based on findings and best practices from prior research. Studies taking an inductive approach to content analysis, by contrast, have an open view of the content, usually involve a small-N sample, and are often based on a qualitative approach. Meanwhile, much has been written on methods and approaches to measuring reliability with human coders. Traditional content analysis uses human coders, whereas a variety of software has emerged that can be used to download and score or code vast amounts of textual news data. The chapter then identifies key benefits and challenges associated with new computational social science tools such as text analysis.

In addition to the coordination of the calcium to the n electron pairs, some examples of coordination to the π electron pairs are observed resulting from calcium interactions with highly conjugated systems. The complex structures vary from ordinary to close to the unexpected organocalcium inverse sandwich. The organocalcium Ca-C bond containing compounds are highly reactive. They degrade and act as degrading agents on the solvent. The study of the effect of five factors: temperature, concentration, organic group, counter ion and coordinated donor solvent, shows an intramolecular degradation mechanism. Organocalcium complexes are more stable in the THP than in the THF ethereal media. Calcium and organocalcium Ca-Cσ-bond containing derivatives are described as efficient pre-catalysts for catalytic conversions of alkenes by polymerization, hydroamination, hydrosilylation, hydrogenation, and hydrophosphination. The activation process is suggested as an electrostatic interaction between the alkene and Lewis acidic calcium metallic species, leading to both vertical and horizontal polarization of the π bond electron density, resulting in an incentive for nucleophilic attack. Some researchers illustrate that the organocalcium derivatives may be described as “Trojan horses” X-ray constitutes the most efficient technique to characterize the organocalcium structures for crystalized compounds, affording interesting information about angle values and bond lengths. The 43Ca, 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy constitutes an alternative, secondary and complementary tool for characterizing both soluble, and even insoluble compounds, monitoring the reaction progress and making specific experimental manipulations. The coupling constants 1 JCa-C, and 2 JCa-C-H are not mentioned and there is no mass spectrometry nor IR spectroscopy studies

Calorimetric studies of combustion reactions in oxygen and fluorine atmospheres have been a major source of enthalpy of formation data, particularly for organic and inorganic compounds. As referred to in the previous chapter, in bomb combustion calorimetry the reaction proceeds inside a pressure vessel—the bomb—at constant volume, and in this case the derived quantity is ΔcUo. In flame calorimetry the reaction occurs in a combustion chamber, which is in communication with the atmosphere, and the measurements lead to ΔcHo. The methods of combustion calorimetry will be described in the following paragraphs. “Conventional” combustion calorimeters operate on a “macro” scale, that is, they require samples of 0.5–1.0 g per experiment. Unfortunately, many interesting compounds are available only in much smaller amounts. In the case of oxygen combustion calorimetry, however, several combustion microcaloriemeters that only demand 2–50 mg samples have been developed in recent years. The achievements and trends in this area through 1999 have been reviewed, and interested readers are directed to these publications. Since then, a few new apparatus have been reported. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that the general principles and techniques used to study compounds at the micro scale are not greatly different from those used in macro combustion calorimetry. Static-bomb combustion calorimetry is particularly suited to obtaining enthalpies of combustion and formation of solid and liquid compounds containing only the elements C, H, O, and N. The origins of the method can be traced back to the work of Berthelot in the late nineteenth century. Most static-bomb calorimeters used are of the isoperibol type, such as the one in figure 7.1. Here, the bomb A is a pressure vessel of ∽300 cm3 internal volume. Combustion bombs are usually made of stainless steel and frequently have an internal platinum lining to prevent corrosion. In a typical high-precision experiment, the platinum ignition wire B connects the two electrodes C, which are affixed to the bomb head. A cotton thread fuse D (other materials such as polyethene are also used), of known energy of combustion, is weighed to a precision of±10−5−10−6 g and tied to the platinum wire.

For many applications, peptides should be conjugated to carriers. An important example is the conjugation of peptides to proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids for immunological studies. Further examples are the preparation of peptide affinity media and the conjugation of peptides to suitable coating compounds on surfaces for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and plasma resonance. The most important consideration in designing conjugates is that the peptide part of the conjugate must retain its biological activity. This means that the site of activity of the peptide must not be involved in the conjugation reaction. However, the active part of the peptide is often not precisely known, which complicates the design of a proper conjugation strategy. In addition, if the peptide is a fragment of a larger biologically active protein, the small peptide will frequently not adopt the conformation (for instance, a loop structure) of the corresponding sequence in the native protein. This might also abolish desired biological properties, such as the possibility to induce functional antibodies recognizing the native protein. In that case, appropriate artificial conformational restrictions should be introduced into the peptide - if possible. From the numerous conjugation methods available, only a few are described in this chapter. One example concerns the application of the homobifunctional cross-linker glutaraldehyde. Heterobifunctional cross-linking is illustrated by coupling of thiol-containing peptides or carriers to sulphydryl-reactive carriers or peptides, respectively. A general and easy method of conjugating peptides to proteins is to make use of homobifunctional cross-linkers. An example of a homobifunctional cross-linker is glutaraldehyde. This bis-aldehyde reacts with amine groups at neutral or basic pH to yield enamines, which can be reduced optionally to amines with sodium cyanoborohydride. The peptide and the protein react selectively via their N-terminus and/or lysine side chains to give not only a very complex mixture of products—peptide-peptide, peptide-protein, and protein-protein conjugates—but also large constructs containing peptide and protein. Typically, several peptide molecules per protein molecule are coupled. In view of the complex reaction pathway, the batch-to-batch reproducibility of the conjugate is difficult to control. If the peptide contains a lysine in the active part, it is recommended to extend the peptide N- or C-terminally with some additional lysines during synthesis in order to provide more amine groups for conjugation.

Due to high organic loading rates, several chemicals in distillery spent wash have high B.O.D. and C.O.D. values. The cost of treating and disposing of spent wash is expensive. Hence Composting is one of the most effective methods for achieving this. Sugarcane farms agricultural waste is used as a raw material. The goal of this study is to figure out how to compost agricultural waste utilizing aerobic and windrow composting techniques. Pits should be 3m long, 1.5m wide and 1m high for aerobic composting, and 3m long, 1.5m wide, and 1.2m high for windrow composting (Composting, W.H.O Book). Turning should be done on the 5th, 17th, and 30th days of the interval for aerobic composting. For windrow composting, it should be provided after 2-4 weeks. To decompose the agricultural waste cow dung and spent wash were utilized as a media. The study research indicates that it should be cost-effective. The quality of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the mass of carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) were analyzed. The parametric values, such as nitrogen 0.8 percent, phosphorous 0.4 percent, potassium 0.4 percent, and C/N ratio = 20 to 30, are all within acceptable ranges, and the results show that the compost is ideal for plant growth.

Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are seen as a critical path to ending the pandemic. This synthesis brings together data related to public perceptions about COVID-19 vaccines collected between March 2020 and March 2021 in 22 countries in Africa. It provides an overview of the data (primarily from cross-sectional perception surveys), identifies knowledge and research gaps and presents some limitations of translating the available evidence to inform local operational decisions. The synthesis is intended for those designing and delivering vaccination programmes and COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement (RCCE). 5 large-scale surveys are included with over 12 million respondents in 22 central, eastern, western and southern African countries (note: one major study accounts for more than 10 million participants); data from 14 peer-reviewed questionnaire surveys in 8 countries with n=9,600 participants and 15 social media monitoring, qualitative and community feedback studies. Sample sizes are provided in the first reference for each study and in Table 13 at the end of this document. The data largely predates vaccination campaigns that generally started in the first quarter of 2021. Perceptions will change and further syntheses, that represent the whole continent including North Africa, are planned. This review is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on COVID-19 vaccines. It was developed for SSHAP by Anthrologica. It was written by Kevin Bardosh (University of Washington), Tamara Roldan de Jong and Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), it was reviewed by colleagues from PERC, LSHTM, IRD, and UNICEF (see acknowledgments) and received coordination support from the RCCE Collective Service. It is the responsibility of SSHAP.

Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are seen as a critical path to ending the pandemic. This synthesis brings together data related to public perceptions about COVID-19 vaccines collected between March 2020 and March 2021 in 22 countries in Africa. It provides an overview of the data (primarily from cross-sectional perception surveys), identifies knowledge and research gaps and presents some limitations of translating the available evidence to inform local operational decisions. The synthesis is intended for those designing and delivering vaccination programmes and COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement (RCCE). 5 large-scale surveys are included with over 12 million respondents in 22 central, eastern, western and southern African countries (note: one major study accounts for more than 10 million participants); data from 14 peer-reviewed questionnaire surveys in 8 countries with n=9,600 participants and 15 social media monitoring, qualitative and community feedback studies. Sample sizes are provided in the first reference for each study and in Table 13 at the end of this document. The data largely predates vaccination campaigns that generally started in the first quarter of 2021. Perceptions will change and further syntheses, that represent the whole continent including North Africa, are planned. This review is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on COVID-19 vaccines. It was developed for SSHAP by Anthrologica. It was written by Kevin Bardosh (University of Washington), Tamara Roldan de Jong and Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), it was reviewed by colleagues from PERC, LSHTM, IRD, and UNICEF (see acknowledgments) and received coordination support from the RCCE Collective Service. It is the responsibility of SSHAP.

To cause disease, plant viruses must replicate and spread locally and systemically within the host. Cell-to-cell virus spread is mediated by virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs), which modify the structure and function of plasmodesmata (Pd), trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels that interconnect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) employ a single MP for cell- cell spread and for which CP is not required. The PIs, Beachy (USA) and Epel (Israel) and co-workers, developed new tools and approaches for study of the mechanism of spread of TMV that lead to a partial identification and molecular characterization of the cellular machinery involved in the trafficking process. Original research objectives: Based on our data and those of others, we proposed a working model of plant viral spread. Our model stated that MPᵀᴹⱽ, an integral ER membrane protein with its C-terminus exposed to the cytoplasm (Reichel and Beachy, 1998), alters the Pd SEL, causes the Pd cytoplasmic annulus to dilate (Wolf et al., 1989), allowing ER to glide through Pd and that this gliding is cytoskeleton mediated. The model claimed that in absence of MP, the ER in Pd (the desmotubule) is stationary, i.e. does not move through the Pd. Based on this model we designed a series of experiments to test the following questions: -Does MP potentiate ER movement through the Pd? - In the presence of MP, is there communication between adjacent cells via ER lumen? -Does MP potentiate the movement of cytoskeletal elements cell to cell? -Is MP required for cell-to-cell movement of ER membranes between cells in sink tissue? -Is the binding in situ of MP to RNA specific to vRNA sequences or is it nonspecific as measured in vitro? And if specific: -What sequences of RNA are involved in binding to MP? And finally, what host proteins are associated with MP during intracellular targeting to various subcellular targets and what if any post-translational modifications occur to MP, other than phosphorylation (Kawakami et al., 1999)? Major conclusions, solutions and achievements. A new quantitative tool was developed to measure the "coefficient of conductivity" of Pd to cytoplasmic soluble proteins. Employing this tool, we measured changes in Pd conductivity in epidermal cells of sink and source leaves of wild-type and transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) plants expressing MPᵀᴹⱽ incubated both in dark and light and at 16 and 25 ᵒC (Liarzi and Epel, 2005 (appendix 1). To test our model we measured the effect of the presence of MP on cell-to-cell spread of a cytoplasmic fluorescent probe, of two ER intrinsic membrane protein-probes and two ER lumen protein-probes fused to GFP. The effect of a mutant virus that is incapable of cell-to-cell spread on the spread of these probes was also determined. Our data shows that MP reduces SEL for cytoplasmic molecules, dilates the desmotubule allowing cell-cell diffusion of proteins via the desmotubule lumen and reduces the rate of spread of the ER membrane probes. Replicase was shown to enhance cell-cell spread. The data are not in support of the proposed model and have led us to propose a new model for virus cell-cell spread: this model proposes that MP, an integral ER membrane protein, forms a MP:vRNAER complex and that this ER-membrane complex diffuses in the lipid milieu of the ER into the desmotubule (the ER within the Pd), and spreads cell to cell by simple diffusion in the ER/desmotubule membrane; the driving force for spread is the chemical potential gradient between an infected cell and contingent non-infected neighbors. Our data also suggests that the virus replicase has a function in altering the Pd conductivity. Transgenic plant lines that express the MP gene of the Cg tobamovirus fused to YFP under the control the ecdysone receptor and methoxyfenocide ligand were generated by the Beachy group and the expression pattern and the timing and targeting patterns were determined. A vector expressing this MPs was also developed for use by the Epel lab . The transgenic lines are being used to identify and isolate host genes that are required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV/tobamoviruses. This line is now being grown and to be employed in proteomic studies which will commence November 2005. T-DNA insertion mutagenesis is being developed to identify and isolate host genes required for cell-to-cell movement of TMV.