Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Communautés phytoplanctoniques'
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Ardyna, Mathieu. "Les communautés phytoplanctoniques dans un océan arctique en mutation : iogéographie, phénologie, productivité." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25832.
Full textThe Arctic Ocean is currently experiencing major and abrupt changes in its atmospheric and oceanic compartments due to climate change. The first emerging ecological consequences to the loss of sea ice are undeniable, such as increasing annual primary production (PP) globally in the Arctic Ocean. However, in some areas, studies suggest a decrease in productivity in response to a local intensification of the vertical stratification of the upper water column. The response of phytoplankton communities to climate change remains complex and difficult to predict, with potential dramatic impacts extending through all trophic levels of marine ecosystems. The primary objective of this thesis explores this fundamental question, with a particular emphasis on biogeography, phenology (i.e., the study of annual recurring biological cycles) and productivity of Arctic phytoplankton communities. More specifically, this study is based on two complementary research approaches: (1) the compilation and analysis of historical databases covering the vertical and spatial distribution, productivity and ecology of Arctic phytoplankton, and (2) the use of remote sensing data describing the biogeography, phenology and ongoing changes in Arctic phytoplankton communities. Based on a unique compilation of vertical profiles of chlorophyll a (chl a; i.e., 5206 stations), we documented the spatio-temporal variability of the vertical distribution of phytoplankton and the range of productivity regimes (from oligotrophic to eutrophic regions) across the Arctic Ocean. An empirical model has also been developed to predict the vertical distribution of chl a based on surface chl a values depending on season and the province of the Arctic Ocean. The benefits of this model allow us to improve satellite-derived PP estimates and improve our understanding of the ecology and phenology of phytoplankton communities. Particular attention has been focused on the mechanisms of formation and maintenance of subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) and their contribution to annual PP. On account of their vertical position, dictated by the depths of both the nitracline and Atlantic (in the Eastern Arctic) and Pacific (in the Western Arctic) waters, these SCMs appear important to PP, particularly in oligotrophic regions and during post-bloom periods. In a second step, the use of remote sensing could reveal an unexpected consequence of Arctic ice loss on Arctic phytoplankton. Regions that experienced a single annual bloom only a decade ago now develop a second bloom in the fall. This new bloom, which coincides with delayed freeze-up and increasing exposure of the sea surface to winds in the fall, implies that the Arctic Ocean may be shifting from a polar to a temperate mode. Biogeographic scenarios for the future of the annual PP, which is closely related to phenology, can thus be defined in response to the current receding sea-ice cover. These predictions will allow us to better anticipate the possible changes in phytoplankton productivity and community structure and the potential cascading repercussions on the carbon cycle and marine Arctic ecosystems.
Napoléon, Camille. "Évolution spatio-temporelle de la production primaire et des communautés phytoplanctoniques en Manche." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2067.
Full textThe chlorophyll a concentration, usually used in marine ecosystemic models for the estimation of primary production (PP), merely gives a fixed image of the phytoplankton compartment. Yet, all trophic levels taken into account within the models depend on the PP. Thus, a good modelisation of food webs in the English Channel requires a reliable estimation of PP on the whole ecosystem. In order to follow the PP dynamics at a high spatio-temporal scale, surveys have been conducted onboard ferry boats (Britanny Ferries), in the central English Channel on the Ouistreham (Fr)/Portsmouth (GB) transect, and in the occidental English Channel on the Roscoff (Fr)/Portsmouth (GB) transect. In order to measure the photosynthetic parameters at a high frequency, PAM measurements have been carried out. On the one hand, these measurements have been associated to the measurements of physicochemical parameters, with a view to define which parameters controlled the PP in the English Channel. On the other hand, pico, nano and microphytoplankton species have been identified in order to study the link between the variability of the community, the diversity, and the production and productivity levels. On the Ouistreham/Portsmouth transect, these measurements have been coupled with carbon incorporation measurements (13C) at low frequency. The coupling of PAM data with those of 13C has made it possible to create a multi-parametric model, thereby transforming the PAM data into carbon incorporation data, depending on physicochemical and biological data. This approach was also performed in laboratory on phytoplankton species
Ligorini, Viviana. "Trajectoires d’évolution des communautés phytoplanctoniques et des lagunes côtières du littoral corse et applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Corte, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023CORT0005.
Full textCoastal lagoons are of high ecological, economic and social importance. Nevertheless, they are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressure and climate change, especially in the Mediterranean region. Lagoons’ conservation is hence fundamental for the protection of littoral systems and the well-being of human populations. This thesis aims to provide support for public policies for the restoration and conservation of coastal lagoons, but also to look for potential resources’ valorisation. The works aim to deepen knowledge on the evolution trajectories of phytoplankton communities and coastal lagoons of the Corsican coast, (i) by questioning the evolutions of seasonal variations linked to abiotic factors, but also the impact of salinity variations, particularly in the context of climate change, on large and/or small lagoons, and (ii) by testing different integrated approaches taking into account the human impact, from the watershed to the sea.Phytoplankton communities of six Corsican lagoons (Diana, Urbino, Biguglia, Arasu, Santa Giulia, Balistra) are studied in this framework. Analysis of long term historical datasets available, in situ monitoring and experimental essays performed allowed the identification of marked seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton communities and central elements for coastal lagoons’ management. The trend towards the dominance of dinoflagellates, the emergence of stress-tolerant (e.g. extreme salinities), sometimes potentially toxic, the increase in phytoplankton blooms as well as changes in the seasonal cycles have been highlighted in large and small sized lagoons. These phenomena are mainly linked to anthropogenic impacts (pollution, urban wastewater, water use, tourism…), hydrogeological alterations caused by human interventions, and climate change.The study of other biotic and abiotic compartments of the ecosystem, like biological invasion, fish production or hydrogeological functioning, has confirmed the need to apply an ecosystem-based approach, from the watershed to the sea, in order to understand the overall functioning of the system. The consideration of Humans in the study of ecological trajectories has also been highlighted, emphasizing that lagoons should be considered as social-ecological systems. This holistic vision is fundamental to consider an optimal integrated management of the complexity of the system.Moreover, this thesis provides a new perspective on small surfaced lagoons on the Mediterranean coast scale, which are very reactive to change and can thus be considered as sentinels of climate change.At the same time, the study of a diatom strain from the Diana lagoon has demonstrated promising ecophysiological and chemical characteristics for potential biotechnological applications in the aquaculture domain, due to its lagoon origin.The overall results on the past and future evolution trajectories have highlighted the complexity and vulnerability of coastal lagoons (and those of small surface areas in particular) in the face of growing threats and some questions about their future. This work provides hence some supporting elements for the lagoon management and the valorisation of resources linked to these environments, by proposing an integrated and interdisciplinary management for the sustainable conservation of these ecosystems and of the services provided, particularly in the climate change context
Leruste, Amandine. "Trajectoires d’évolution des communautés phytoplanctoniques au cours du processus de restauration écologique des milieux lagunaires méditerranéens." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT143/document.
Full textLocated at the interface between marine and continental systems, coastal lagoons are among the most diverse and productive ecosystems. These semi-enclosed ecosystems are very vulnerable to nutrient enrichment. In the Languedoc-Roussillon region, anthropogenic pressures have profoundly damaged the coastal lagoons, especially those belonging to the Palavasian complex close to Montpellier. The latter lagoons have been affected by high nutrient loadings from the sewage treatment plant of the Montpellier agglomeration. This resulted in a trophic gradient among the eight lagoons in the complex, from mesotrophy to hypertrophy, with altered primary producer communities by favoring the predominance of the phytoplankton compartment.The phytoplankton responds very fast to environmental variability. The high specific and functional diversity of the phytoplankton carries information regarding the different ecological processes and ecosystem functioning. Hence, phytoplankton has been widely used as an efficient indicator of aquatic ecosystems functioning.In December 2005, the effluents responsible of the eutrophication of the Palavasian lagoons were diverted into the Mediterranean Sea. This measure resulted in a reduction of the inorganic phosphorous and nitrogen loadings to the lagoons from 70 to 83 %, respectively, and initiated a process of ecological restoration. This thesis aimed to improve the understanding of the restoration process of Mediterranean coastal lagoons by studying phytoplankton communities’ trajectories.The analysis of a database comprising fourteen years of observations from 2000 to 2013 established that the restoration of coastal lagoons gave rise to an improvement of the water quality, linked to a drastic reduction of phytoplankton biomass. The time series showed a sharp drop of the Diatoms (3-5 µm), which before the diversion had been particularly enhanced by the nutrient inputs from the effluents. The analysis of phytoplankton trajectories since the nutrient inputs reduction showed a modification of phytoplankton community composition characterized by an increase of the abundances of Green algae and Dinophytes. This modification reflects the change of the origin and the form of available nutrients caused by the re-oligotrophication. It especially emphasizes the importance of benthic fluxes of phosphate and ammonium, for which Green algae are the most competitive. In addition, the benthic stocks of organic matter may represent a resource for mixotrophic species. Picophytoplankton, which was exclusively dominant in the Palavasian lagoons before the diversion, is now temporarily replaced by nano- and microphytoplankton during seasonal blooms. This is related to their specific strategies to acquire and use nutrients. The seasonal variability of taxonomic and functional phytoplankton diversity (cell size, trophic regime, growth) of two lagoons from the Palavasian complex with contrasted trophic status was studied in more detail, and compared to that of an oligotrophic lagoon. This study showed some particularities of the phytoplankton communities to fit to distinct ecosystem functioning, which can be linked to the degradation caused by eutrophication. The restoration is still unfinished today. The phytoplankton biomass increases since 2012 in response to suitable climatic conditions. The phytoplankton of the Palavasian lagoons still quickly responds to a nutrient pulse, highlighting the lagoon vulnerability to an anthropogenic nutrient input
Cadier, Mathilde. "Diversité des communautés phytoplanctoniques en relation avec les facteurs environnementaux en mer d'Iroise : approche par la modélisation 3D." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0030/document.
Full textPhytoplankton diversity depends on physical, chemical and biological local conditions. Moreover, physical transport could also impact the distribution of autotrophic organisms/species within phytoplankton communities. Therefore, phytoplanktonic assemblages exhibit significant spatial (bioregionalization) and temporal (successions) variability in terms of species diversity as well as productivity. Coastal regions are particularly contrasted area with sharp environmental gradients underlying strong heterogeneity in phytoplankton communities' composition. In this context, the Iroise Sea presents a seasonal, highly productive, tidal front, which separates two distinctregimes. Eastside, continental shelf waters are regularly mixed by tidal currents while offshore waters remain stratified throughout the whole summer period.Thus, the Iroise Sea may be an opportune region to study the processes linking the frontal structure dynamic and its impact on phytoplanktonic diversity.This thesis aims, more specifically, at characterizing phytoplankton communities in the Iroise Sea interms of both functional and phenotypic diversity over a seasonal cycle in general and during the summer at the frontal interface in particular. This work is based on a 3D numerical modeling approach using a physical/biogeochemical coupled model. As a first part of this thesis, the implementation of a regional configuration for the Iroise Sea has been conducted, including the technical coupling between the hydrodynamical model (ROMS-AGRIF) and the phytoplankton diversity model (DARWIN). This work was the first necessary step to simulate and study the Iroise sea phytoplanktonic diversity.Our results show a pronounced seasonal cycle of the phytoplankton functional composition, driven by the surface mixed layer depth that influenced light and nutrients' availabilty. Indeed, during winter, the biomass is dominated by picoplankton in the Iroise Sea. Then, as water column becomes stratified offshore, in April, a characteristic phytoplankton bloom occurs with a larger contribution of microphytoplancton (mainly diatoms). During summer, the nutrient-replete coastal well-mixed area remains highly productive and dominated by diatoms while surface stratified offshore waters (where phytoplankton growth is nutrient-limited) show higher coexistence between phytoplankton functional types.We also examined the phytoplankton phenotypic diversity simulated within the frontal region in relation with the surrounding areas in September (summer conditions). The results highlight a diversity maximum located at the surface slightly westward from the biomass maximum of the front. This diversity maximum is suggested to be the result of the upward transport of typical phenotypes from the offshore Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM) toward the Surface at the west warm side of the front. Indeed, picoplanktonic phenotypes growing in the DCM coexist, in this diversity maximum, with those from the surface oligotrophic waters and ubiquitous ones growing in the eastside mixed coastal waters.Finally, the effect of tidal spring/neap tide cycle has been investigated and shows, for the first time, how this cycle impacts the phytoplankton biomass and the phenotypic community composition within the coastal well-mixed, homogeneous system. Indeed, the neap-tide conditions of reduced vertical mixing and stabilization lead to an increase in total phytoplankton biomass associated with the rapid development of fast-growing, opportunistic, diatoms species and a decrease in phenotypic diversity
Garrido, Marie. "Structure et fonction des communautés phytoplanctoniques en milieux côtiers marin et lagunaire (Méditerranée - Corse) dans une optique de gestion." Corté, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CORT0030.
Full textCoastal ecosystems contibute in a significant way to oceans’ primary production. By their geographical position, they are particulary sensitive to eutrophication. Phytoplanktonic compartment plays a predominant role with regards its position as primary producer, but also in terms of diversity. It is also able of integrating and/or reflecting the environmental changes that take place in the short , medium and long term. (. . . /. . . )
Del, Amo Yolanda. "Dynamique et structure des communautés phytoplanctoniques dans un écosystème côtier pertrubé : cinétiques de l'incorporation de silicium par les diatomées." Brest, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BRES2027.
Full textUitz, Julia. "Structure des communautés phytoplanctoniques et propriétés photophysiologiques dans l'océan ouvert : paramétrisation en vue d'applications à la couleur de l'océan." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22052.pdf.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis focuses on the structure of phytoplankton communities and their photophysiological properties in the world ocean, in view of satellite applications. In the first part, we studied the relationships between near-surface chlorophyll content, [Chla]surf, as it can be assessed from ocean color and (i) the phytoplankton biomass, (ii) its vertical distribution and (iii) its taxonomic composition in terms of phytoplankton groups (micro-, nano- and picophytoplankton). In this objective, we analyzed more than 21 000 pigment measurements, collected in various regions of the world ocean. Corroborating well known general trends (e. G. Microphytoplankton are mostly found in eutrophic zones, while small cells predominate in oligotrophic regions), this study lead to a global empirical relationship, allowing the quantification of the biomass, as well as the vertical distribution, of each of the three phytoplankton groups, from the [Chla]surf. In the second part, we studied the variability of the phytoplankton photophysiological properties as a function of (i) the trophic status and (ii) the composition of phytoplankton communities. Based on the analysis of 994 measurements of P vs E curves parameters, this study points to a possible alternative to present parameterizations of photophysiological properties, which usually rely on one (or more) environmental factor. This also allowed us to extract photophysiological properties specific to each of the phytoplankton groups, a priori representative of the world ocean. Finally, the tools developed here were used in conjunction with a bio-optical primary production model, coupled with ocean color data, in order to estimate, for the first time, the primary production specific to the three phytoplankton groups
Guiselin, Natacha. "Etude de la dynamique des communautés phytoplanctoniques par microscopie et cytométrie en flux, en eaux côtière de la Manche orientale." Littoral, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DUNK0258.
Full textThe coastal areas contribute in an important way to the primary production of the oceans. The compartment phytoplanctonic plays there a paramount role from its position of primary producer at the base of the trophic networks, but also in term of diversity. The goal of this work was to characterize phytoplanctonic coastal water dynamics, by using a technique of traditionel analysis (microscopy) and a technique of automated analysis (the cytometry in flow). The coastal area of the Eastern English Channel was selected like site workshop characterizing by the recurrence of massive blooms of Phaeocystis globosa. During the work of thesis, a sampling rate appropriate to the scale of observation was used, from monthly samples to daily. The primary goal consisted to the study of the temporal variability of the phytoplanctonic communities to long term (1992-2007) and medium term (2005-2007), with different temporal resolutions, with an aim of apprehending their relationship to the environmental factors. The second objective aimed at determining the structure of the communities during these various scales. Within a short term study, it proved to be useful to apply an alternative methodology to microscopy. The cytometry in flow is a technique developed for the enumeration of the individual cells, identified from the analysis of their optical properties (diffusion and fluorescence). A cytometer in flow of “scanning” (CytoSense Benshtop-CytoBuoy) was used, especially adapted to the detection and the enumeration of the phytoplanctonic cells between 1µm and 800µm
Mangolte, Inès. "Effet des fronts océaniques sur les communautés de plancton." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS489.pdf.
Full textOceanic fronts are transition zones between water masses with different physico-chemical properties that are associated with a very dynamic horizontal and vertical circulation. Empirical observations and modeling studies have shown that the vertical input of nutrients by the cross-frontal circulation stimulates primary production and causes an increase in the biomass of a group of opportunistic phytoplankton, the diatoms, at the fronts. However, the consequences of this nutrient input on the rest of the planktonic community are still poorly understood. In this thesis, I use both empirical data and numerical simulations to characterize the effect of fronts on the entire planktonic community, including other phytoplankton groups (such as cyanobacteria, coccolithophores and dinoflagellates) and zooplankton. The model is a simplified high-resolution representation of a Western Boundary Current (such as the Gulf Stream or the Kuroshio) coupled with the DARWIN ecosystem model, which includes 30 phytoplankton types in four functional groups and 16 zooplankton types. The empirical data was collected in the California upwelling region during transects across fronts, and consist of 24 plankton groups including heterotrophic bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton. I show that the taxonomic and spatial structure of planktonic frontal communities is extremely complex, and cannot be explained solely by increased growth in response to nutrient supply. Using numerical simulations, I show that two types of biotic interactions cause a decrease in the biomass of certain phytoplankton groups in fronts: self-shading, which is a form of competition for light, and shared predation, which is a form of indirect competition between two prey sharing a common predator. Using the in-situ data, I highlight two characteristics of the fronts that were absent from the numerical simulations. First, the spatial scale of planktonic community organization across fronts is much finer than previously thought: the biomass peaks of the various plankton groups are very narrow and are offset by a few kilometers from each other. This result suggests that the structure of the frontal plankton communities is strongly influenced by biotic interactions and transport. The role of transport will be explored through a collaboration on the Lagrangian trajectories of water masses. Second, fronts have a dramatic effect on some filter-feeding zooplankton organisms that are not represented in traditional plankton models, suggesting that these models will need to be made more complex in order to properly simulate the effect of fronts. Thus, the results I obtained during this thesis complement and complicate the mechanistic model established during the last two decades: far from being limited to the production of diatom blooms, fronts are the scene of complex biophysical couplings between top-down and bottom-up biotic interactions and transport by currents that generate planktonic communities with an original taxonomic and spatial structure. The modification of the structure of planktonic communities at ocean fronts could have important consequences on the upper trophic levels and on biogeochemical fluxes that will have to be clarified in the future
Bonato, Simon. "Étude de la variabilité spatiale et temporelle des communautés phytoplanctoniques en Manche Orientale - Utilisation de la cytométrie en flux de scanning." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0379/document.
Full textPhytoplankton micro-organisms play a key role in marine ecosystems as main primary producers, being responsible for most of carbon uptake, but also due to their fast division rates which allow them to effectively react to environmental changes and which make them potentially good bio-indicators. Most previous studies have based their observations on low frequency sampling, only considering one fraction of phytoplankton communities, resulting in a significant loss of information on the dynamics of phytoplankton abundance and diversity. This thesis was carried out in the frame of the European cross-border DYMAPHY project, which main objective was to improve the understanding and the evaluation of the quality of marine waters in the English Channel and the North Sea, through the study of the whole phytoplankton compartment and related environmental parameters. A high frequency and/or high resolution approach, through the use of semi-automated flow cytometry, allowed us to reduce this loss of information and to better characterize the phytoplankton spatial and temporal variability in coastal water of the eastern English Channel.Three approaches were applied, leading to the ollowing results : (i) A high frequency study, performing one analysis every 10 minutes, which revealed a strong phytoplankton variability at the regional scale, with community assemblages that were not governed by hydrology ; (ii) A seasonal monitoring of the whole phytoplankton size-spectrum, which revealed the seasonal successions and the main factors governing them : nutrient concentrations and the daily light level which structured the transition of most phytoplankton groups ; (iii) A three-year follow-up at a coastal station, which made it possible to relate the traits-based characterization of each functional phytoplankton group to the environmental conditions, in order to better understand phytoplankton community assembly in response to environmental variability. The results have revealed a functional differentiation mainly due to the use of resources and the growth strategies, both of them driven by a resource gradient. This study confirms the importance of the "mass ration hypothesis", which predicts that the dominant life traits of the most abundant species, would be the main driver of the key ecosystem processes
Larroudé, Solène. "Impact relatif des changements locaux et globaux sur les communautés phytoplanctoniques des écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux et sur la dynamique des populations de cyanobactéries." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066128.
Full textGlobal changes can significantly impact phytoplankton communities. These global pressures are combined with local pressures specific from each ecosystem. This project aimed to evaluate the relative contribution of these two types of pressures in the response of freshwater phytoplankton communities, with a particular attention in the populations of cyanobacteria. Two time-series were analyzed: a 24-year survey on the phytoplankton community of the Loire and 11-years one on the population of Planktothrix rubescens (cyanobacteria) in Lake Bourget. We have also conducted a review of the impact of herbicides on phytoplankton communities because data available on this topic were very limited and it appeared that this pollution could be involved in some of the changes observed in the Loire. It has been shown that global climate changes had exerted strong selection pressures on the phytoplankton community of the Loire and the dynamics of cyanobacteria in the Bourget. These pressures have resulted in an increase in the relative importance of cyanobacteria in the community of the Loire and in a major influence on the importance of cyanobacteria blooms in the Bourget. It also appared that local pressures such as nutrient availability, weather events or local pesticides pollutions, also had a strong influence on communities and their combination to global pressures had sometimes led to complex and unexpected phytoplankton responses
Georges, Clément. "Les communautés de protistes au sein d'un bloom phytoplanctonique dans la région naturellement fertilisée en fer des îles de Kerguelen (Océan Australe)." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0415.
Full textSince the 90s, studies on different HNLC areas allowed to investigated the biological and biogeochemical effects due to artificial or natural iron-enrichment. It is now well documented that iron enrichment induced phytoplankton blooms and more specifically diatom blooms. With the exception of diatoms, very few information is available concerning other protists groups e. g. heterotrophic protists which are consumers of phytoplankton.This work was performed is a natural iron-fertilization context in the Kerguelen Island area (Southern Ocean) during the KEOPS 2 (Kerguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study 2) cruise at the beginning of the phytoplankton bloom and focused specifically on heterotrophic protists. Molecular (tag-pyrosequencing 454) and morphological (microscopy) approaches were used to characterize the structure of protist communities in the HNLC reference area and in the phytoplankton blooms. The molecular approach allowed (i) to provide a complete picture of the protist communities (ii) to evidence significant differences in protists structures between HNLC and the naturally iron-fertilized area, but also between the different blooms. Microscopic observation revealed similar trends between regions but also significant links between microzooplanctonic communities and their phytoplankton preys. Microscopic observations also provided biomass values from different compartments allowing an estimation of the potential of microzooplankton as phytoplankton consumer or as a nutrient source for mesozooplankton. Above all, this work represents the first study characterizing the global planktonic protists community in the context of natural iron fertilization
Dadaglio, Laëtitia. "Dynamique des communautés bactériennes en réponse au bloom phytoplanctonique dans l’océan Arctique et identification des acteurs microbiens impliqués dans la dégradation de la matière organique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS488.
Full textGlobal warming leads to a drastic decrease in the coverage and thickness of the ice pack leading to longer and more intense Arctic phytoplankton blooms. The increase in primary production associated to the phytoplankton bloom could induce pronounced changes in the functioning of the Arctic ecosystem, in particular the bacterial communities (BC) implicated in the degradation of organic matter (OM). The objectives of the present thesis were to (1) describe the in situ temporal and spatial dynamics of the BC during the ice retreat and the spring phytoplankton bloom, and (2) identify experimentally the bacterial players responsible for the degradation of OM excreted by different Arctic microalgae. The results show a rapid response of the BC to the phytoplankton bloom during the ice retreat, with simultaneous maxima in chla and bacterial abundance. Modifications in the BC composition (BCC) appear prior and during the phytoplankton bloom with a decrease in the bacterial diversity. The rapid acclimation of the BC to the fresh phytoplankton OM could be due to preceding OM production by ice microalgae or by algal mats attached to the ice. Ice retreat and phytoplankton bloom development lead to a BC dominated by Oceanospirillales and Flavobacteriaceae. Field and experimental results highlight Polaribacter as a key player in the degradation of OM produced during diatom dominated phytoplankton blooms in the Arctic Ocean. Our results also suggest a modification in the phytoplankton community composition (towards picoeukaryotes) linked to global warming could have consequences on the activity and composition of the associated BC
RACHIQ, SAAD. "Activites photolithotrophes, photo- et chemoheterotrophes des communautes phytoplanctoniques lacustres." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CLF21391.
Full textBénard, Robin. "Impact de l'acidification et du réchauffement sur les communautés planctoniques de l'estuaire du Saint-Laurent et la production de diméthylsulfure." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32488.
Full textAnthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have increased since the industrial revolution, leading to modifications in atmospheric CO2 content and an increase in oceanic CO2 partial pressures (pCO2). The uptake of CO2 by the oceans has resulted in a lowering of surface water pH, corresponding to an increase in the acidity of the oceans by ~30 % compared with pre-industrial times. Furthermore, climate change resulting from the accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere is responsible for the observed warming of sea surface temperatures since the mid 20th century. The fate of planktonic communities in the face of these changes in the marine environment over the next century remains uncertain. Even less understood are the possible interactions of acidification and warming on the production of dimethylsulfide (DMS), a sulfur-containing gas produced by planktonic communities and involved in climate regulation. The aim of this thesis is to determine the impact of heightened pCO2 on the development of the phytoplanktonic blooms in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary (LSLE), and their production of DMS, as well as to evaluate how concomitant warming could modulate the effects of acidification. Two intricate experiments were carried out during this study. First, a microcosm experiment (~20 L) was conducted in the summer of 2013 to assess the effects of pCO2 on the development of the LSLE spring diatom bloom, paying special attention to the microbial processes governing the production of DMS. Second, a multifactorial mesocosm experiment (~2600 L) was carried out in the fall of 2014 to investigate the combined effects of pCO2 and temperature on the development of the fall bloom in the LSLE and the production of DMS. Results from our microcosm experiment show that the blooming phytoplankton community of the LSLE during spring is resistant to pCO2 increases superior to the expected values for 2100. This resistance likely reflects its adaptation to the estuarine setting, an environment known for rapid and intense fluctuations of pCO2. This first experiment has also highlighted a reduction of the average concentrations of DMS by 15 and 40 % in planktonic assemblages respectively subjected to pCO2 of ~1850 μatm and ~2700 μatm compared to the control (~775 μatm). Parallel incubations have shown, using 35S-DMSPd, that the negative effect of acidification on DMS mostly stemmed from a decrease in the conversion efficiency of DMSP to DMS by bacteria. The second experiment has also highlighted a strong resistance of the diatom Skeletonema costatum to a wide range of pH (~8.0–7.2), and corresponding pCO2 (~90–3000 μatm). In this study, a warming of 5 °C accelerated the development and decline of the bloom, but did not affect the integrated primary production over the duration of the experiment. As in the first experiment, heightened pCO2 resulted in a decrease of average concentrations of DMS of ~66 % in the most acidified mesocosms compared to the least acidified mesocosms at in situ temperature (10 °C). However, the negative effect of an increase in pCO2 on the net production of DMS could be mitigated by a warming of surface waters. Indeed, my results reveal that the net production of DMS was higher at 15 °C compared to 10 °C over the whole pCO2 gradient in our mesocosm study. These novel results suggest that warming of surface waters could mitigate, at least partly, the negative effect of acidification on DMS net production in the LSLE and perhaps in the world’s oceans.
BUSTILLOS-GUZMAN, JOSE-JESUS. "Hydrographie et broutage dans la dynamique des communautes phytoplanctoniques : approches par les marqueurs pigmentaires." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066067.
Full textBrunet, Christophe. "Analyse des pigments photosynthetiques par hplc : communautes phytoplanctoniques et productivite primaire en manche orientale." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066068.
Full textBeker, Béatriz. "Communautés phytoplanctoniques en milieu côtier à salinite variable, Etang de Berre, Golfe de Fos." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37595794c.
Full textGlé, Corine. "Structure et dynamique des communautés microbiennes autotrophes et production primaire planctonique dans une lagune côtière macrotidale, le Bassin d'Arcachon : facteurs de contrôle de type bottom-up." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13556.
Full textTerrats, Louis. "Le flux de carbone particulaire et le lien avec la communauté phytoplanctonique : une approche par flotteurs-profileurs biogéochimiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS550.pdf.
Full textThe ocean plays a key role in the climate by exchanging large quantities of carbon with the atmosphere. Atmospheric carbon is fixed at the ocean surface by phytoplankton that transforms it into biogenic carbon, part of which is transported to the deep ocean by physical and biological mechanisms; this is the Biological Carbon Pump (BCP). A tiny fraction of this biogenic carbon reaches sufficient depths to be sequestered for several centuries before it returns to the atmosphere, thus regulating concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Today, we know enough about the BCP to recognize its importance in climate, but our knowledge of its functioning is limited due to insufficient sampling of biogenic carbon fluxes. Here, we used BioGeoChimical-Argo floats, observational platforms designed to solve the undersampling problem, to explore a major mechanism of the BCP called the gravitational pump. The gravitational pump is the transport of biogenic carbon in the form of organic particles (POC) that sink from the surface into the deep ocean. Our study of the gravitational pump is divided into three axes. The first axis consisted of developing a method to detect blooms of coccolithophores, a major phytoplankton group that potentially has an important control on the transport of POC at depth. The second axis focused on the seasonal and regional variability of POC fluxes in the Southern Ocean, an undersampled area in which several floats have been deployed with an optical sediment trap (OST). Only ten floats were equipped with an OST, which is low compared to the whole BGC-Argo fleet (i.e. several hundred floats). Therefore, in the third axis, we developed a method to estimate the POC flux with the standard sensors of BGC-Argo floats. This method was then applied to hundreds of floats to describe the seasonal variability of the POC flux in many regions. In this study, we also highlighted the link between the POC flux and the nature of surface particles. For example, we calculated relationships between phytoplankton community composition and POC flux at 1000m. Using these relationships, we then used satellite observations to extrapolate POC flux to large spatial scales, such as the entire Southern Ocean and the global ocean
Laurion, Isabelle. "La pénétration de la radiation solaire ultraviolette dans la colonne d'eau et ses effets sur la communauté phytoplanctonique lacustre." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/NQ39366.pdf.
Full textFraisse, Stéphane. "Structure de la communauté phytoplanctonique des fleuves côtiers en réponse aux contraintes hydrodynamique : une approche basée sur les traits morpho-fonctionnels." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00911634.
Full textLouchart, Arnaud. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle des communautés phytoplanctoniques côtières et de leurs caractéristiques intrinsèques, à partir d'une approche automatisée à haute résolution Phytoplankton distribution from Western to Central English Channel, revealed by automated flow cytometry during the summer-fall transition Spatial niches of phytoplankton functional groups assessed during a spring bloom development in two temperate coastal seas Untangling the vertical distribution of phytoplankton groups along a salinity gradient through the Baltic Sea and the Skagerrak-Kattegat straits." Thesis, Littoral, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020DUNK0556.
Full textIn coastal ecosystems, phytoplankton composition, distribution and dynamics are strongly influenced by spatial and temporal variations of hydrological structures and biogeochemical parameters, consequences of natural and anthropogenic pressures. Reference monitoring, due to its low spatial and temporal resolution, may fail to detect key events as the initiation and end of phytoplankton outbursts or harmful algal blooms (HABs). By increasing the spatial and/or temporal resolution as well as completing taxonomical counting by investigating the phytoplankton whole size spectra, the use of automated sensors may allow contributing to a better understanding of the distribution and dynamics of this major player in biogeochemichal cycles, at the basis of most foof webs. This thesis consists in studying the characteristics of phytoplankton functional groups defined from their optical properties at the single-cell level, in relation to spatio-temporal variability encountered in contrasting marginal seas, applying the pulse shape-recording automated flow cytometry. This functional classification reflects the diversity of particles according to morphological and physiological properties. First of all, the distribution of phytoplankton groups and their traits where explored in the Western and Central English Channel during the summer period. Most groups formed patches of abundance and biomass near the Ushant front and were structured at the sub-mesoscale. Secondly, phytoplankton functional groups dynamics was characterized in the Eastern English Channel and Southern North Sea during the development period of diatoms and Phaeocystis globosa spring groups, by calculating LCBD and SCBD, wich allowed the observation of spatial segregation between phytoplankton groups. Their distribution was explained by the niche parameters (marginality and tolerance). Finally, the vertical distribution of phytoplankton functional groups in a salinity gradient was addressed in the Baltic Sea, in relation to the biogeochemical properties of the water masses and the characteristics of each PFGs. The variations of the traits are thus stand out as the best predictors of the horizontal and vertical distribution of phytoplankton groups with the respect to niche parameters and spatial descriptors (dispersion, physical and biological parameters). The functional approach, derived from phytoplankton optical properties addressed by automated flow cytometry, coupled to the niche analysis, make it possible to better explain and predict community responses to environmental gradients, such responses being detected in parallel by diversity indices. This work benefited from the support of local (MARCO State-Region Plan Contract), national (CNRS-MTES convention) and international European H2020 JERICO-NEXT projects
Jouenne, Fabien. "Dynamique de la production primaire phytoplanctonique et structure de la communauté microalgale au sein d'un écosystème estuarien microtidal : la Baie des Veys (Manche Est)." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2002.
Full textTilliette, Chloé. "Influence du fer et autres éléments traces issus des sources hydrothermales peu profondes sur la biogéochimie marine dans le Pacifique Sud-Ouest." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS046.
Full textThe Western Tropical South Pacific Ocean has been identified as a hotspot for dinitrogen (N2) fixation by diazotrophic organisms, with some of the highest rates recorded in the global ocean. The success of these species relies on non-limiting concentrations of dissolved iron (DFe) in the photic layer of the region, whose origin remains unclear. In this thesis work, the distribution of DFe was studied along a 6100-km transect from Noumea to the gyre waters, crossing the Lau Basin and the Tonga Arc (175°E to 166°W, along 19-21°S). Combined with an optimal multiparametric water mass analysis, DFe anomalies were determined over the transect area, the most notable being present along the Tonga Arc. The results demonstrated that water masses of remote origin entering the Lau Basin could not explain the concentrations observed at the surface in this region, leading to the confident conclusion that DFe originates from shallow hydrothermal sources present along the arc. Although a non-negligeable portion of this DFe input is transported over long distances, a large majority is rapidly removed near the sources through a variety of processes highlighted by a box model. Besides iron, hydrothermal fluids are enriched in numerous other metals that may be toxic to organisms. These fluids, introduced directly into the photic layer, could have an impact on phytoplankton. Their effect was evaluated in an innovative experiment during which natural plankton communities were subjected to an enrichment gradient of hydrothermal fluids. Despite an initial toxic effect of a few days, hydrothermal inputs ultimately induced N2 fixation, productivity and organic matter export rates two to three times higher than those of the non-enriched control. This fertilizing effect probably results from the detoxification of the environment, rich in numerous potentially toxic elements, by resistant ecotypes able to produce strong ligands, such as thiols, limiting the bioavailability of certain metals. The additional supply of fertilizing elements by the fluids, in particular DFe, thus allowed the subsequent growth of the most sensitive species. These experimental results, faithfully reproducing the in-situ observations, confirm the involvement of shallow hydrothermal fluids in the high productivity observed in the region. Hydrothermal sources could be traced at different spatial and temporal scales through the deployment of drifting (for a few days, along the Tonga Arc) and fixed (for a year, along the Lau Ridge) sediment traps and through the coring of seafloor sediments at the trap deployment sites (geological time scale). Al-Fe-Mn tracing revealed that the lithogenic material exported at small and large spatial scales in the region originated from shallow and/or deep hydrothermal sources located along the Tonga Arc. This hydrothermal signature has also been detected in the seafloor sediments, particularly in the vicinity of the Lau Ridge where the presence of a major active source is strongly suspected. Finally, the similar patterns observed for the export of biological and hydrothermal particles suggest that surface production is closely linked to hydrothermal inputs into the photic layer. In conclusion, this thesis work has demonstrated the influence of shallow hydrothermal sources on the fate of trace elements, particularly iron, in the water column and seafloor sediments, and their link to biological productivity in the Western Tropical South Pacific region
Dufossé, Fabien. "Effets de la limitation en sels nutritifs, de la température et de leurs interactions sur la réponse de cinq espèces phytoplanctoniques : approche multifactorielle expérimentale en monoculture et en communauté." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10174/document.
Full textThe effects of nitrogen and phosphorus depletion, temperature and their interaction were studied on five microalgae which differ in terms of phenology and size. By a multifactorial experimental approach, we demonstrated that nutrient effects override temperature effects, and that species from a same classical functional group could show different responses. Our results suggest that size matters for the responses of microalgae in our different conditions. Indeed, an interactive effect of temperature and nutrients was observed leading to decrease of photosynthetic activity of the small sized algae. These species also showed a high variability in their responses compared to larger ones. Furthermore, particular and dissolved carbohydrates per cell was positively influenced by nutrient limitation, temperature or their interaction, independently of cell size but rather in a specific way. Lastly, in order to highlight the relationship between productivity and diversity three experimental communities were done under nitrogen or phosphorus depletion. Our results demonstrated a better efficiency of nutrient and light absorption of communities compared to monocultures. However these communities were overall less productive than monocultures in terms of carbohydrate and biomass formation. No clear trend between diversity and productivity was shown in our study. Our results provide useful information about the responses of phytoplankton to environmental gradients and consequently of several ecosystem processes taking into accounts the modifications expected through global change
Bouchard, Josée Nina. "Étude de l'effet du rayonnement ultraviolet-B (UVB; 280-320 nm) sur la protéine D1 impliquée dans le cycle de réparation du photosystème II de communautés phytoplanctoniques naturelles." Thèse, [Rimouski, Québec] : Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2005.
Find full textTitre de lʹécran-titre (visionné le 1er septembre 2006). Thèse présentée à l'Université du Québec à Rimouski comme exigence partielle du programme de doctorat en océanographie. CaQRU CaQRU Bibliogr.: f. 167-187. Paraît aussi en éd. imprimée. CaQRU
Bertrand, Céline. "Réponses de la communauté phytoplanctonique et de la population de la Diatomophycée, Asterionella formosa Hassal, à la variabilité physique, chimique, biotique de l'environnement à l'échelle d'un complexe hydraulique composé de 9 retenues artificielles en région méditerranéenne (Sud-Est de la France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30034.
Full textIntensive impoundments have been built on southeastern France Rivers, Durance and Verdon, to satisfy human needs in energy and water resources. The course of both rivers is interrupted by reservoirs with quite different morphometric and hydrodynamic characteristics. Phytoplanktonic responses to physical and chemical environmental variability has been studied along a series of reservoirs from the Durance-Verdon complex. The "Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis" concept has been tested on phytoplanktonic communities (taxonomic richness) and Asterionella formosa populations (architectural richness) subjected to human disturbances. This diatom induces dysfunctions on water supply companies treatment (Societe des Eaux de Marseille). An experimental study has been conducted on A. Formosa cultures to determine effects of density and architectural modifications on the efficiency of floculation treatment