Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Communautés dépendantes des ressources'
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Fundulaki, Irini. "Intégration et interrogation de ressources XML pour communautés web : s." Paris, CNAM, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CNAM0432.
Full textIn this thesis we study the problem of the integration and querying of heterogeneous and autonomous XML sources. Our contribution is two-fold. In a first time we have worked on the problem of theconstruction of metadata schemas by the integration of ontologies which describe generic structures in the domain of interest and thesauri which are structured vocabularies of terms withprecise semantics. The metadata schema constructed using our approach allows one to describe a large number of different resources using the ontology and their precise semantics using the thesaurus terms. In a second time we have worked on the STYX approach for the integration and querying of heterogeneous and autonomous XML resources which is based on the mediator/wrapperarchitecture where the mediator schema is an ontology. We have defined a simple but expressive model for the description of XML resources and a rewriting algorithm which transforms a user query to one or more XQuery expressions
Violle, Cyrille. "Compétition, réduction des ressources et traits fonctionnels dans les communautés herbacées." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20015.
Full textGiroux, Marie-Andrée. "Comment un herbivore surabondant bénéficie des ressources dépendantes, indépendantes ou découplées de la pression de broutement." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25364.
Full textHerbivores can induce major modifications to plant communities that can reduce forage abundance and lead to a retroaction between the size of herbivore populations and their growth rates. Such a feedback loop can be generated by a reduction in body mass at high herbivore density, followed by a reduction in survival and reproduction. Despite the lasting deterioration of plant communities on Anticosti Island (Québec, Canada) following the introduction of a white-tailed deer population in absence of natural predation, the size of this population has remained high during the last decades. One of the mechanisms suggested to explain this situation is the use of sources of forage independent or temporally uncoupled from deer browsing pressure. Two types of forage used by deer on Anticosti Island are considered independent or temporally uncoupled from deer browsing, namely drifted seaweed and balsam fir. We determined how body mass of deer on Anticosti Island is influenced by sources of forage that are dependent, independent and temporally uncoupled from deer browsing. First, we demonstrated experimentally that deer density had a negative effect on the summer abundance of preferred forbs and shrubs, which in turn had a positive effect on body mass in the fall. Second, we demonstrated that the contribution of seaweed to diet outside winter was smaller than 23% and did not explain variations in body mass in the fall. Fall body mass rather increased with the contribution of plants from open habitat to diet. Third, we demonstrated that overwinter mass loss decreased with the use of balsam fir stands during a harsh winter. Our findings provide a better understanding of how overabundant herbivores can benefit from sources of forage influenced to varying degrees by browsing. The next step would be to determine the impact of these different resources on the growth rate of overabundant herbivore populations.
Nzomono, Macaire. "Communautés halieutiques et pêche artisanale maritime en République populaire du Congo." Montpellier 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON30024.
Full textThe first part of our thesis deals with the physical and human frame of the congolese maritime littoral. The second part stresses on the means and engines of production of the craft fishing and the organisation of the fishing activity toward each port, by insisting on the three principal ports which have been the subject of our survey by questionnaire : pointe-noire, matombi and pointe-indienne. The commercialisation and soncuption of the sea-fish have been analysed in the third part of our thesis. The survey which we have conducted with the consumers of pointe-noire has confirmed the primordial place of the sea-fish in the diet of the congolese people. At last, the fourth part sets up the place of the craft fishing and the exploitation of the congolese halieutic ressources vefore questioning ourselves about the different possibilities of its developing
Mariat-Roy, Émilie. "Si les quotas m'étaient contés : les conséquences économiques et sociales des politiques islandaises de gestion des ressources marines : ethnologie de communautés littorales." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0483.
Full textMy doctoral research brings together diverse aspects -social, economic, political and symbolic - of the transformations in the system of property ownership and regulation of access to marine resources following the implementation in 1991 of individual transferable quotas (ITQ). With a view to gaining a comprehensive understanding of the organization of a system of halieutic production, as well as the conditions determining its evolution, I seek to ientify an occupational group across a wide geographical and temporal extent. The aim is to capture, on the one hand, the diversity and fullness of meaning of meaning which fishing as both an idustry and way of life embodies whilst, on the other, to chart its transformation across the past, present and envisaged future fromboth a material and an ideal perspective. With these gols in mind, I consider, firstly, the historical development of the fishing industry in order to shed lighton the process through which marine resources came to be considered as national property, one which involves a comples nexus of interrelated technical, social and economic factors. Secondly, I carry out a comparative analysis of the practices and discourses structuring the forms of mobilization as well as the individual and collective strategies of the coastal populations of seven fishing ports in response to national policies for the management of marine resources. Within this framework, I give detailed consideration to the manner in which the industry's independent fishermen, the flourishing of whom had gone hand in hand with that of commercial fishing, attempt to counteract the effects of national reforms, observing the conditions, forms and consequences of such attempts on both local and national level. This analysis seeks to give due emphasis to the individualization process of fishing and fish processing practices variations in fishing practices which varies from one region to the next, as well as on making sense of the evolution of juridical practices for the regulation of the industry in the wake of the implementation of the ITQ. I bring to light, furthermore, the fashion in which the process of the privatization and commercialization of fishing rights, initiated by public authorities and subsequently pursued by diverse members of the industry, contradicts the principals embodied in fishing laws, a contradiction the significance of which cannot be overlooked
Saharaoui, Lounes. "Les coccinelles algériennes (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) : analyse faunistique et structure des communautés." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30246/document.
Full textThe study led during four consecutive years (on 2003-2007) shed light on the species composition, and habitat characteristics of the communities of ladybirds in Algeria. 48 species were listed among which 46 are biological control agents. They divide up in 8 sub-families, 12 tribes and 23 genera. The specific richness is very high in the sectors of the North of Algeria (41 species). This zone is characterized by bioclimates wet, sub-wet and semi-dry grouping. It is very low on the other hand in the sector of the Saharan Atlas and the Algerian South with respectively 12 and 16 species. The study of trophic interactions, spatial and temporal distribution of the main species, led us to define their ecological niches in the various agro-ecosystems of Algeria. So, the spatial distribution of the species can appear as something static. It is in reality a dynamic process the engine of which is the availability of favorable habitats that shelter ladybird preferential prey. Communities of ladybird works on the principle of division (sharing) of the resources and the interactions between species organize the community in trophic networks. The analysis of the distribution of ladybirds through the various geographical areas shows that the C. septempunctata, H. variegata, S. punctillum, and, H. argus present strong ecological valence. On the other hand, P. ovoideus, P. numidicus, E. pubescens forme apicalis, H. marmottani, and Pullus sp are specific to the Saharan regions and more particularly to northern Sahara
Bernatets, Claire. "Les Bijagos : des communautés oubliées, des îles magnifiées." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0030.
Full textBédard, Marc-Olivier. "Conditions pour une gestion en commun des ressources forestières : entre les communautés, l'État et les marchés, construire de nouveaux communs." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6614.
Full textLogez, Maxime. "Traits fonctionnels, variabilité environnementale et bioindication : les communautés piscicoles des cours d'eau européens." Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX1A082.
Full textThe water framework directive (WFD) establishes a framework for protecting and managing the waterbodies and quickened the development of multimetric indices. The ecological status is assessed by comparing the observed communities to communities expected in absence of pressures. The first European fish index was developed within the European fame project. Several hypotheses underlying the development of a multimetric index were not addressed in the fame project. The first part of this thesis tested some of these hypotheses and developed new metrics specific to low-species rivers. The assemblage's functional structure was shown to vary along river's physical and thermal gradients. Three metrics combining species traits and body size were successfully developed. All these investigations served to develop the new European fish index conceived within the European efi+ project. The second part proposes solutions to estimate the uncertainty related to metric and index scores. Two approaches were proposed to estimate the prediction interval associated with expected metric values. The third part consists in evaluating the potential effect of global climate change on the assessment of the stream's ecological status. It was shown that temperature plays a major role on brown trout young of the year and species distribution. These results suggest long-term consequences on how streams are currently assessed, especially on the reference states
Laurans, Martial. "Ressources et exploitations " démersales " en Afrique de l'ouest : évaluation des stocks, dynamique des populations et approche écosystémique." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NSARH057.
Full textMestre, Irene. "La contribution de la gestion communautaire des ressources pastorales à la résilience des communautés rurales post-soviétiques, le cas du Kirghizistan." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3006.
Full textMy research looked at pastoral resources and agropastoral systems after the implementation in 2009 of community-based pasture management over all the territory of Kyrgyzstan. I investigated how the community-based pasture management contributes to the resilience of rural communities. I used multiple embedded case-studies in order to comprehensively embrace the linkages between land-use, resource dynamics and governance. The case-studies were three rural municipalities and their pastures, which form socio-ecological systems. National level was also examined. Data-collection was conducted through extensive field-work in the rural communities, participant observation in NGOs implementing projects in the domain of pasture management at national level, and literature review. I used qualitative data analysis through thematization and basic statistic analysis for quantitative data. The theoretical framework combines the approach of Common-pool resource management by Ostrom (1990) and the resilience of spatial socio-ecological systems by Aschan-Leygonie (2000). Based on them I elaborated a qualitative framework to analyze the contribution of Community-Based Pasture Management (CBPM) on spatial resilience of socio-ecological systems. As pasture, I understand the pastures them-selves as well as all the other resources necessary for their use, e.g. water and access infrastructure. My results show that community-based management fails to create feed-back loops between the environment, the practices and the management measures. Pasture Committees do not carry out formal data collection on resource dynamics, neither on the impacts of use. Their actions merely follow pasture user interests which are potentially led by indigenous knowledge on pasture condition, although there is a need for more research on this point. However, in general, community-based pasture management positively affects the resilience of rural communities. First, by its open-nature, remote and marginalized households can take part in the decision-making. Second, the investment generated allows for repair and maintenance of infrastructure (roads, bridges) giving access to remote pasture, thereby limiting livestock concentration on most accessible pastures. Third, it creates interactions of a new type between agropastoral and non-agropastoral pasture users, as well as between local stakeholders and national-level stakeholders. Thus, community-based pasture management is a factor of the expansion of local socio-ecological systems and of the diversification and intensification of their interactions, within the systems, as well as across scales
Gounand, Isabelle. "Intéractions multi-échelles entre ressources abiotiques, réseaux trophiques et propriétés des écosystèmes : Nouveaux jalons théoriques pour une écologie intégrative." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20180.
Full textThis thesis participates to the current effort towards the construction of an integrative ecology. I study the feedback mechanisms between abiotic resources, food webs and ecosystem properties, through an evolution experiment, a model of metaecosystem, and a bioenergetic ecosystem assembly model. Organisms modify resource availability by consuming them for their growth. Conversely, resource availability influences the species diversity and composition of the food web, by acting as a selection pressure on traits for resource acquisition (chap. 1, 5). Ecosystem properties, such as stability and productivity, derive from the interactions between resource and food web dynamics (chap. 2). Finally, ecosystem functioning feeds back on abiotic resources through the recycling of biomass (chap. 2 and 5). These processes occur during the food web assembly and drive the development of ecosystems (chap. 3-5). In this thesis I analyze these biotic-abiotic feedback mechanisms on several scales of organization, space and time. The models developed here provide innovative tools to study the mechanisms of ecosystem construction by pointing out the links between species metabolism, food web structure and ecosystem functioning, and their variation through time. This work opens wide research perspectives, as it combines the most recent progress of an integrative ecology into a mechanistic framework of ecosystem development
Guyonnet, Julien. "Effet de la stratégie de gestion des ressources des plantes sur l’investissement dans l’exsudation racinaire, et les conséquences sur les communautés bactériennes." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1008.
Full textRoot exudation is known to influence microbial communities functioning, in particular those involve in nitrogen cycle. (Haichar et al, 2012). It’s linked to plant physiology, which can be evaluated with functional traits, allowing a plant distribution in function of their performance in their environment. Thus, we can distinguish competitive species, with higher photosynthetic capacity and rapid rates of N acquisition, conservative species with the opposite characteristics (Aerts & Chapin, 1999) and intermediate plants, with intermediate characteristics.The objective of this work is to determinate the influence of nutrient management strategiy of 6 poaceae, along a strategies gradient from conservative strategy (Sesleria caerulea and Festuca paniculata), intermediate (Antoxanthum odoratum and Bromus erectus) to competitive strategy (Dactylis glomerata and Trisetum flavescens), on diversity and functioning of total and denitrifying communities.I) Firstly, we studied the link between the plant nutrient management strategy and the root exudates quantity in the root adhering soil (RAS). Then, we determined the influence of the rate of root exudation on potential microbial activities (respiration and denitrification), and with a DNA-SIP (Stable Isotope Probing) approach coupled to high-throughput sequencing, the influence of root exudation on the bacterial structure and diversity of communities colonizing the RAS and the root system. II) Secondly, we studied the link between the plant nutrient management strategy and the nature of molecules exuded in RAS and present in root extracts by analyzing primary metabolites profile to Festuca paniculata, Bromus erectus and Dactylis glomerata, respectively a conservative, an intermediate and a competitive plant. Then, we determined the influence of primary metabolites profile of each plant on semi-real denitrification of communities colonizing RAS of plants. III) Finally, an mRNA-SIP approach is in progress to determine the influence of exuded metabolites on active bacterial communities functioning and the expression of genes involved in denitrification process in RAS and root system. Our results show an influence of the nutrient management strategy on the rate of carbon exudation, the competitive plants exuding more than conservatives ones
Garrido, Marie. "Structure et fonction des communautés phytoplanctoniques en milieux côtiers marin et lagunaire (Méditerranée - Corse) dans une optique de gestion." Corté, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CORT0030.
Full textCoastal ecosystems contibute in a significant way to oceans’ primary production. By their geographical position, they are particulary sensitive to eutrophication. Phytoplanktonic compartment plays a predominant role with regards its position as primary producer, but also in terms of diversity. It is also able of integrating and/or reflecting the environmental changes that take place in the short , medium and long term. (. . . /. . . )
Pelisson, Pierre-François. "Ressources pulsées et coexistence d’espèces en compétition : le cas d’insectes phytophages." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10250.
Full textUnderstanding the organization of communities composed of competing species, and notably their biodiversity, has led to two theories that sharply contrast with each other about the role primarily assigned either to the differences in ecological traits among the species (niche theory) or to the demographic stochasticity (neutral theory of biodiversity). Species competing for a pulsed resource allow testing the two theories in short-term studies: the niche theory predicts that differences should exist in the traits of such species, which should allow them taking advantage of the resource in various ways; the species should thus respond differently to the fluctuations in the availability of the resource, resulting in asynchronous population dynamics. In contrast, the neutral theory predicts that the trait differences possibly existing between the species should not impact the way they use the variable resource; the species should then respond similarly to the pulses and their population dynamics should be synchronized. Our work, focusing on four phytophagous insect species (Curculio spp.) that compete for oak acorns (Quercus spp.), (i) show evidence of a clear, global niche partitioning combined with asynchronous population dynamics (ii) but points out that two of these species show similar ecological traits and display synchronized population dynamics. Overall, these results therefore provide one of the first empirical arguments in favor of a unified theory of biodiversity
Laossi, Kam-Rigne. "Effet de vers de terre sur les plantes : du fonctionnement individuel à la structure des communautés végétales." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066067.
Full textFort, Florian. "Stratégies d’acquisition des ressources des plantes prairiales sous contraintes hydrique et minérale - Rôle du système racinaire dans la réponse aux facteurs structurant les communautés." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/10428/1/Fort.pdf.
Full textDiop, Mor. "Aménagement de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal : formation paysanne et processus de responsabilisation." Montpellier 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON30025.
Full textSummary : a brief presentation of the physical and human environment to delimit the context of the study is followed by an analysis of the historical development of the area. The work them focuses on the difficulties and constraints that have delayed participation and responsabilisation of the farmers in the operation and management of differents types of perimeters in the delta and the senegal river valley. The study is particularly concerned with issues related to agricultural extension through the analysis of the relations between extension workers and farmers. The work concludes by giving a fameworh of the basis of smallholder agriculture development well structured and self sustained in the dynamics of the post-dams era
Doitteau, Gaelle. "De l'organisation du vivant aux assemblages fossiles : comparaison des communautés de bivalves modernes et anciennes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4747/document.
Full textThe thesis explores how the properties of biodiversity are preserved in the sedimentary archives. Discussions are supported by the analysis of the modern tropical fauna of the Touho Lagoon (New Caledonia), collected during the Montrouzier expedition in 1993. The differences between live bivalve assemblages and dead shell assemblages are quantified with various indices (taxonomic richness, PIE index of evenness, rarefaction curves, fidelity indices) and classification tools (Cluster analyses, NMDS).Environmental parameters, such as the type of substrate or the water-depth, are responsible for variations among live species associations. The composition of dead shell assemblages differs from the living communities but environmental informations arepreserved. Generally, the dead shell assemblages are more diversified than live fauna of the same sites because of the accumulation of rare species. The higher diversity of dead shell assemblages can be explained by 1) the preservation of autochthonous bivalve shells, 2) the input of allochthonous shells and 3) the time-averaging. The fidelity of dead shell assemblages to the biological communities varies according to the environmental conditions. For example, dead shell assemblages found on hard substrate environments may be very different from the living communities. Allochthonous species tend to accumulate in deep outer shelf environments... Salinity, substrate or water-depth are main perturbation factors, as they imply loss or gain of taxa.The preservation of living communities varies according to the biological caracteristics, such as ecology, population structure or shells mineralogy
Charron, Catherine, and Catherine Charron. "Eau, patrimoine et communautés : le cas du Tribunal des eaux de Valence (Espagne)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37662.
Full textCe mémoire étudie le fonctionnement et les processus de patrimonialisation du Tribunal des eaux de Valence (Espagne), ainsi que les mécanismes de la participation des communautés autonomes d'irrigants dans sa conservation, sa transmission et sa mise en valeur. Il s'intéresse aux perceptions des acteurs du milieu agricole, des juges (syndics) du Tribunal et des agriculteurs de la huerta valencienne, quant à la fonction sociale actuelle du Tribunal et à son rôle dans la sauvegarde des savoir-faire d'irrigations traditionnels. Le mémoire permet en outre de comprendre les impacts de la patrimonialisation de l'UNESCO sur le patrimoine culturel immatériel du point de vue des individus impliqués dans le Tribunal et du point de vue des agriculteurs sur le terrain.
This master thesis proposes an in-depth analysis of the functioning and heritage processes of the Valencia Water Tribunal (Spain), included in the Lift of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2009. In doing so, it provides new empirical evidence of the ways the participation of autonomous communities of irrigators impact its conservation, transmission and enhancement. The study details the actors’ perceptions of the role played by the judges of the Tribunal and the farmers in the huerta in safeguarding traditional irrigation knowhow and into current social functions of the Tribunal. One notable contribution this dissertation defends consists in better understanding the impacts of UNESCO's designation on intangible cultural heritage from the point of view of the actors (e.g. judges, farmers) involved in the Tribunal.
This master thesis proposes an in-depth analysis of the functioning and heritage processes of the Valencia Water Tribunal (Spain), included in the Lift of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2009. In doing so, it provides new empirical evidence of the ways the participation of autonomous communities of irrigators impact its conservation, transmission and enhancement. The study details the actors’ perceptions of the role played by the judges of the Tribunal and the farmers in the huerta in safeguarding traditional irrigation knowhow and into current social functions of the Tribunal. One notable contribution this dissertation defends consists in better understanding the impacts of UNESCO's designation on intangible cultural heritage from the point of view of the actors (e.g. judges, farmers) involved in the Tribunal.
Mi tesis se centra en el estudio del funcionamiento y del proceso de patrimonializacion del Tribunal de las Aguas de la vega de Valencia, nominado por la Lista del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad de la UNESCO en 2009. También trata sobre los mecanismos de participación de las comunidades autonómicas de regantes de la huerta valenciana en su conservación, transmisión y mejora. Me intereso en las percepciones de los actores agrícolas, los síndicos del Tribunal y los regantes respecto alas funciones sociales actuales del Tribunal y su rol en la conservación, transmisión y mejora de los conocimientos tradicionales de riego. Mi tesis también permite de entender los impactos de la patrimonializacion por la UNESCO de un patrimonio cultural inmaterial desde el punto de vista de los actores implicados en la institución del Tribunal y desde el punto de vista de los agricultores.
Mi tesis se centra en el estudio del funcionamiento y del proceso de patrimonializacion del Tribunal de las Aguas de la vega de Valencia, nominado por la Lista del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad de la UNESCO en 2009. También trata sobre los mecanismos de participación de las comunidades autonómicas de regantes de la huerta valenciana en su conservación, transmisión y mejora. Me intereso en las percepciones de los actores agrícolas, los síndicos del Tribunal y los regantes respecto alas funciones sociales actuales del Tribunal y su rol en la conservación, transmisión y mejora de los conocimientos tradicionales de riego. Mi tesis también permite de entender los impactos de la patrimonializacion por la UNESCO de un patrimonio cultural inmaterial desde el punto de vista de los actores implicados en la institución del Tribunal y desde el punto de vista de los agricultores.
Rakotoarijaona, Razafimbelo Niry Minohery. "Les enjeux de la gestion communautaire des ressources naturelles et les politiques environnementales malgaches : l’exemple de la région Alaotra-Mangoro." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU1031/document.
Full textAccording to ongoing research, the management of forest areas on Madagascar's east side is currently undergoing a significant evolution, though it differs from one place to another. In the case of the study region (Alaotra-Mangoro), it is limited to an ancestral mode of organization and management where the traditional authorities, the elders (Ray aman-dreny) and the communities are the prime contractors. This traditional management consists of a right to exploit natural resources for the needs of the community. In Madagascar, the imperative of biodiversity conservation is the focus of international attention. New territories are being created with the extension of protected areas; however, the practices of conservation NGOs, supported by donors, mainly exclude local communities and local populations from decision-making processes. But at the same time, new conservation projects are being launched, with the main objective of setting up community-based forest management through the intermediary of the Basic Communities (COBA). We support the idea that a "skillful" integration of local customs within conservation projects will enable the population to derive greater benefit from the rational exploitation of local resources
Tallec, Tiphaine. "Effets d'un double gradient azote/soufre sur la structure des communautés végétales de prairies bas-normandes : dynamique de l'acquisition des ressources minérales et des interactions compétitives." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2011.
Full textThe importance of soil S depletion, due to an increased export from plant harvest combined with a decreased atmospheric S deposition, requires to study its impact on the dynamics of grassland communities, under different N supplies. A pluri-scale study was carried out in situ, and in mesocosm consisting of populations or of model communities with 4 dominant species. Before and after defoliation, the relative production, the abundance and the competitiveness of the species were analyzed through their N and S use efficiency using a simultaneous 15N/34S labelling. Their response was conditioned by their physiological ability to mobilize resources, but also to compete for the latter in N-rich soil. A strong co-regulation between N and S metabolisms was highlighted. An increased S availability enhanced production for all scale situations. The S effects on Poaceae appeared only at high N availability, by a stimulation of their soil N use efficiency, optimizing N fertilizer use. Those on clover induced the stimulation (i) of the atmospheric N fixation, even at high N availability, (ii) of its vegetative multiplication and (iii) of N reserves accumulation in stolons. In situ and in community, S input increased the abundance of dominated species and, with high N fertilization, maintained or increased specific diversity. Overall, a rational S input appeared as an important tool for grassland management
Leroy, Clémentine. "Sensibilité des abeilles sauvages face aux transformations du paysage dans les agroécosystèmes : Utilisation d'une approche écophysiologique pour évaluer l'influence des ressources florales sur la condition corporelle des abeilles sauvages." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023AVIG0616.
Full textThe actual context of bee species decline raises the actual needs of finding and thinking about more proactive and relevant conservation and restoration measures. In this initiative, the use of new biological metrics that can link individual bee responses to environmental alteration with populationlevel responses could represent an interesting opportunity. We hypothesized that physiological indicators could communicate the actual individual bee sensitivity to environmental changes and act as early warning signals of bee population decline or sustainability. Physiological markers can for example, provide helpful information on the interface between bee populations and their resources. Those indicators are indeed very promising and already show benefits and success for numerous organisms and numerous environmental perturbations they have to cope with, namely chemicals, climate change and landscape resources. In that extent, we used such ecophysiological approach to measure the effects of floral resources abundance, availability and richness on female’s bee body condition. We approximate bee body condition as a compilation of body mass, and nutritional healthindicators (proteins, triglycerides and proteins) contents. Firstly, we examined the effect of seminatural elements (temporary and permanent grasslands, fallows and woody moorlands) on the reproductive success and the body condition of a mason bee in apple orchards from south of France. Parallelly, we tested the effect of a land-use index (compilation of farmers practices including mowing, grazing and fertilizing) and floral diversity from agroecosystems habitats on the health state of wild bee communities in Belgium and Germany thanks to the multilevel approach of the European NutriB² project. This thesis work shows that metrics of body condition can be useful to improve our understanding of pollinator responses to habitat quality with a focus on nutrition. In particular, the measure of body mass and proteins content seem to be of particular interest to attest for individual sensitivity. Additional physiological health parameters including stoichiometry and pathogen loads also provide valuable information on the health state of wild bees and are also the focus of working groups within the european project. We can optimistically assume that the acquisition of this knowledge and its application in practice, in conjunction with these other disciplinary fields and with players involved in pollinator conservation, could enable us to refine and co-construct wild bee conservation or restoration strategies to combat bee decline
Galman, Gaëtan. "Suivi spatio-temporel des communautés d'arthropodes : effets de l'éradication des rats et tentative de réintroduction d'un insecte rare dans des îles en cours de réhabilitation des Seychelles." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0009.
Full textThis work aims primarily at studying the impact of various factors, and particularly the eradication of rats, on Arthropod assemblages in a sample of islands. We monitored populations of invertebrates using mainly pitfall traps and leaf point counts. Island geographical location and type of substrate seem important, although no factor appears dominant, hence microfactors (at microhabitat level) might well have an unsuspected influence. On granitic islands, invertebrate abundance, richness and diversity decreased sharply after rat eradication, suggesting a likely indirect facilitation on the invertebrate populations by rodents, particularly for Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera) (P<0,001). On the coralline island studied, however, eradication resulted in a significant increase (p <0. 05) in the abundance of Spiders (P <0. 01), Coleoptera (P <0. 05) and Formicidae (P <0. 05). These opposite reactions are probably related to the structure of the disturbed ecosystems, particularly to the presence of insectivorous animals which may be limited by rats (birds, reptiles, large insects). Our second objective was to attempt a first conservation introduction of the rare endemic Seychelles leaf-insect Phyllium bioculatum (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae). There were difficulties during the captive breeding phase and the released leaf-insects, reintroduced with a semi-captive procedure, disappeared or were found killed by unknown predators. However, this experience, which was the first documented conservation introduction attempt in the Indian Ocean, can serve as a basis for future similar projects. Finally, we discovered two species of Cratopus (Curculionidae) new to science and thus contributed to the inventory of the local entomofauna
Kiszka, Jérémy. "Ségrégation écologique au sein d'une communauté de delphinidés tropicaux : utilisation de l'espace et des ressources et fonctionnement social." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00555571.
Full textRichard, Emmanuelle. "Réponse des communautés de Coléoptères carabiques à la conversion en futaie régulière de chêne : aspects écologiques et méthodologiques." Paris, ENGREF, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENGR0006.
Full textThe thesis aims at evaluating short and mid-term impacts, on carabid communities, of converting mature stands previously managed as coppice-with-standards (exCWS) into even-aged high oak forest (EHF). On 68 plots in the Montargis state forest, we trapped and compared carabid communities in exCWS and in 5 stages of the first 100 years of an EHF silvicultural cycle. An original statistical method, the multi-species parametric model, allowed us to use one and the same approach (i) to test and characterize the response patterns at the levels of species, community and ecological groups based on habitat preference and flight ability, (ii) to identify which community level best sums up the species response. Regeneration felling disturbed carabid communities and particularly penalized the forest species for up to 20 years. However, thanks to a relay succession, species reached or exceeded their exCWS level of abundance within the first half of the EHF silvicultural cycle
Georget, Jean-Philippe. "Activités de recherche et de preuve entre pairs à l'école élémentaire : perspectives ouvertes par les communautés de pratique d'enseignants." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00426603.
Full textCucherousset, Julien. "Rôle fonctionnel des milieux temporairement inondés pour l’ichtyofaune dans un écosystème sous contraintes anthropiques : approches communautaire, populationnelle et individuelle." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S139.
Full textTemporary waters, transitional zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, are key habitats for many organisms. In the present study, the use of these habitats by fish has been investigated in the Brière marsh (Northwest, France). The results demonstrate that fish a restricted use, in time and space, of these habitats by fish and the role of several environmental parameters and fish individual characteristics. Regarding three crucial species of the community, the results demonstrate that temporary waters play an important role in their population functioning, and more particularly with regards to management policies. Nevertheless, the current management tools are not sufficient to efficiently manage the fish community of this threatened ecosystem. Complementary management prospects are discussed
Delbac, Lionel. "Effet de la succession temporelle des ressources végétales à l’échelle des paysages sur les communautés de drosophiles : Cas d’étude en agrosystème viticole suite à l'invasion par Drosophila suzukii." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0261.
Full textDrosophila suzukii is an invasive species, native to Asia, which has expanded very rapidly since its introduction in 2008 in Europe. This species poses serious ecological and agronomic problems by attacking the fruits of many non-cultivated or cultivated host plants such as grapes. It is now present in the Drosophilidae community found in wine-growing landscapes. This drosophila community remains largely unknown and no studies have been carried out so far to characterise it. We also lack data on the effects of resource fragmentation (wintering sites, shelter and food resources), in space and time, on the population dynamics of D. suzukii in the wine-growing agrosystem. To address all these shortcomings, we set up an observational study based on a network of twenty vineyard plots located in the Bordeaux vineyard along different gradients of spatial continuity of resources. We sought to assess 1) the effect of landscape composition on the structure of the Drosophilidae community in vineyard landscapes, 2) the temporal dynamics of D. suzukii on the fruits of different wild host plant species present in the landscape, and 3) the effect of the spatial and temporal distribution of food resources on the pest's population levels. In this work, we showed that the abundance of the different species of fruit flies found in vineyards, and not their species richness, is positively dependent on the proportion of semi-natural habitat in the surrounding landscape. We highlighted a temporal differentiation between the two dominant species of this community, Drosophila subobscura in winter and D. suzukii in summer and autumn. Furthermore, we characterised the temporal dynamics of D. suzukii on five fruits of host plants present in the landscape (mistletoe, cherry, black elder, wild blackberry and grape) which ensure temporal continuity of food resources on a year-round scale. Nevertheless, our work shows that taking into account the spatial and temporal distribution of these food resources in the landscape does not improve the predictive qualities of the statistical model seeking to predict the insect's population levels on the basis of land use around the vineyard plots. This work has demonstrated that an invasive pest, which integrates a native insect community, can establish itself in the wild habitat at the edge of agricultural plots in a given region by passing over different resources during its life cycle before attacking the cultivated plant. These landscape ecology approaches represent interesting levers for understanding the population dynamics of a new invasive species and thus enable the possible definition of areas favourable to its abundance
Fallon, Catherine S. "Autonomie alimentaire dans les communautés côtières de l’Est du Québec : co-conception d'un prototype de site Web visant à soutenir des choix éclairés quant aux ressources comestibles du Saint-Laurent." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67792.
Full textBackground: Despite the abundance of local edible marine resources (fish, molluscs, crustaceans, algae, seashore plants, and marine mammals), people living in coastal communities along the St. Lawrence System in Eastern Quebec consume these local foods less often than they did in the past. Making informed decisions about consumption is difficult because although these foods have many health benefits, some environmental contaminants also pose health risks, especially during pregnancy and infancy. Within a community-based food sovereignty project, Sustenance from our St. Lawrence (Manger notre Saint-Laurent), members of participating communities (three non-Indigenous and one Indigenous) identified a need for a web-based decision tool to help them make informed consumption choices bringing together health, sustainability, food safety, and the pleasure of eating. We aimed to co-design a web-based prototype that facilitates informed decisions about consuming local edible marine resources. Method: Guided by a user-centered design methodological framework, we co-designed a prototype website by engaging a variety of community members, regional stakeholders, and experts in user experience design and web development, all co-designers of the prototype. We conducted a total of 48 co-designing sessions (13 men, 30 women [5 participated twice], aged from 18 to 73) over three iterative cycles, in which we conducted user testing and collected perspectives and observations. The third cycle was an expert standalone critique. We assessed the prototype’s ease of use with a validated measure, the System Usability Scale (SUS), for cycle 2 and 3. Results: By engaging co-designers in the process from the beginning, we were able to integrate their priorities and perspectives into a prototype website to serve their needs. Various components used to organize content were added or improved over the three cycles according to user testing results. Usability was rated at “best imaginable” for both the second and the third versions. Usability scores did not differ significantly between sociodemographic groups. The final prototype includes a tool to explore each species and index cards to regroup accurate evidence relevant to each species. Evidence addresses regional and seasonal availability, food system sustainability, food quality — especially contaminants, food safety, nutrition and taste properties — and responsible fishing, hunting, picking, and preparation methods. Conclusion: Engaging co-designers with different socio-demographic characteristics brought together a variety of perspectives for the co-design of a prototype website to support informed decisions about eating local foods that offer health benefits and risks. Several components would not have been included without users’ input; other components were greatly improved thanks to their feedback. The same goes for the public health field; codesign approaches in research projects and intervention development are preferable to include of a variety of people. Once the prototype is programmed and available online, we hope to evaluate the website to determine its effects on food choices.
Kiszka, Jérémy. "Ségrégation écologique au sein d’une communauté de delphinidés tropicaux : utilisation de l’espace et des ressources et fonctionnement social." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LAROS302/document.
Full textThe study of communities and ecological segregation is of primary importance, especially for its contribution to the field of evolutionary biology and its applications to conservation. The present study aims to assess ecological segregation of tropical delphinids of the island of Mayotte (Mozambique Channel, SW Indian Ocean) at two scales: interspecies and intra-species level. Around Mayotte, a diverse community of delphinids can be found within a restricted range. Thirteen species have been recorded, among which five species regularly occur: the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus), the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris), the pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), the melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra) and the Fraser’s dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei). In species living in sympatry, segregation mechanisms should be observed along the three main dimensions of the ecological niche: habitat, resource and time. In inter-specific comparisons, analyses of habitat defined by physiographic variables at sighting locations, resource use expressed as carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures, and activity budgets revealed that each species occupies its own ecological niche. At the same time, sibling species form mixed-species associations that place them in situation of apparent competition for habitats. It has been shown that these mixed-species associations, especially among dolphins of the genus Stenella, do associate for anti-predator vigilance rather than for trophic benefits. Finally, the last approach of this study aims to investigate fine scale population structure and intra-species segregation in the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, the main delphinid occurring in the inner lagoon. The combination of approaches over temporal scales: from the genetic population structure to the community characteristics at individual life-scale (home range), showed that a single panmictic group of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins was segmented into communities (defined by a common home range). At least two bottlenose dolphin communities were found, using a common home range and within which genetically unrelated individuals are preferentially associated. The whole study underlines that ecological segregation can be observed inter- and intra-specifically in delphinids, and this segregation can only be assessed by using multi-scale and multidisciplinary approaches
Allombert, Sylvain. "Effets des cervidés sur les communautés animales en forêt tempérée : Intéractions complexes dans une expérience naturelle." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20191.
Full textOlivry, Didier. "Participation des communautés locales et groupes d'intérêts à la planification et la gestion des projets hydrauliques." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1985. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00569479.
Full textAnne, Clément. "Beyond the resource curse : Macroeconomic strategies in resource dependent economies." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD024.
Full textAs a response to the intensive literature regarding the direct or indirect impacts of natural resources on economic development, this thesis intends to analyze resource dependent economies beyond the scope of the resource curse and provide analyses on 3 key macroeconomic challenges faced by those countries. Unlike the trend to focus only on a set of countries depending on their resources produced or their level of economic development, this thesis does not discriminate according to these factors to include countries sharing their exposure to international commodity price volatility as a major threat, while analyzing countries which may have had various successes in their management of resource wealth.First, it empirically analyzes the determinants of fiscal procyclicality which is the tendency of fiscal authorities to give fiscal policy responses in the same direction as the economic cycle, restrictive in case of a decrease of economic growth and expansionary in the periods of sustained economic growth. Based on a sample of 81 countries over 1992-2012, this study assesses a variety of potential candidates and find an importance of political-economy determinants in limiting fiscal procyclicality especially in the higher part of the business cycle. It also provides some support to the idea that Sovereign Wealth Funds are more effective than Fiscal Rules to limit fiscal procyclicality especially through a limitation of expenditure growth in good economic periods.The next chapter provides an empirical study to the relationship between commodity prices and export diversification, a challenge especially important to assess whether resource dependent economies used commodity price booms as opportunities to diversify their economy away from the resource sector. Based on a panel of 78 countries over 1970-2012 it finds a strong empirical support to the impact of commodity price booms on export concentration especially through a concentration of the mix of already exported products (intensive margin) during periods of commodity price booms and an increase of export diversification during periods of commodity price busts. It also highlights the higher concentration of exports during the 2000s commodity price boom than following the 1970s boom, which may have complicated the recovery of those countries since the reversal of commodity prices to a low level.Finally, it provides a critical analysis to the concept of Sovereign Wealth Funds which has been a trendy recommendation for countries to manage their resource wealth. After providing a critical review to what this notion may cover, it provides a framework to understand funds labeled as Sovereign Wealth Funds in a continuum of public funds. This enables to give some recommendations regarding the macroeconomic challenges those funds may help managing in the context of resource dependent economies as well as the factors which could limit a fund's relevance or effectiveness.This thesis highlights the relevance of studying key challenges faced by resource dependent countries instead of focusing to the long-lasting debate of the resource curse and calls for future works to help policymakers in those countries to implement sound macroeconomic strategies for their economies
Laffon, Ludivine. "Caractérisation des relations trophiques des communautés de parasitoïdes et de syrphes avec les plantes et les insectes ravageurs en vergers de pommiers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024AVIG0620.
Full textAphidiphagous hoverflies and parasitoid wasps are involved in the regulation of two main apple pests, the rosy apple aphid (RAA) and the codling moth (CM). Once adult, they feed mainly on floral resources. Providing nectar and pollen may thus favour hoverflies and parasitoid wasps, and improve pest biological control. Here, we studied the contribution of flowering plant species to biological control services provided by hoverflies and parasitoid wasps in apple orchards. Botanical and entomological surveys were conducted in commercial and experimental orchards: floristic surveys, hoverfly and parasitoid sampling, and observations of apple pests and associated damages. Barcoding and metabarcoding were used to characterise the relationships between flowering plants and hoverflies or parasitoid wasps. Only 6% of parasitoid wasps collected on flowering plants belonged to species involved in RAA regulation. Among the hoverflies collected on orchard vegetation, three genera were identified as major contributors to RAA regulation, as their larvae were also observed in RAA colonies. These three taxa accounted for 20% of the total adult hoverfly abundance. Other hoverfly taxa collected on flowering plants also predate apple aphids, but less consistently. Moreover, only the abundance of hoverflies observed on spontaneous vegetation had a significant effect on the infestation of RAA. Concerning parasitoid wasps, we observed a higher parasitism rate of CM and RAA on apple trees associated with some flowering plant species (i.e. Veronica persica, Ocimum basilicum). However, the higher parasitism rates did not translate into a reduction in the number of apple pests or apple damage. Preserving spontaneous vegetation or adding flowering infrastructures in apple orchards may promote parasitoid wasp and hoverfly abundances, but cascading effects on insect pest regulation and damage reduction remain low. Further studies are needed to better understand interactions between these two strategies and other crop management practices to promote sustainable apple pest regulation
Jézéquel, Céline. "Les communautés de poissons du bassin de l'Amazone : habitats aquatiques, gradients de diversité, facteurs et processus associés et options de conservation." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30182.
Full textThe aquatic biodiversity of the Amazon basin, the largest and most species rich river basin on Earth, is still relatively poorly documented despite all the attention received from the international scientific community. Knowledge about the spatial distribution of species, and in particular of freshwater fishes, is very fragmented and dispersed between countries and institutions. The distribution of river forms has been also poorly explored at the scale of the entire basin, its continental dimension limiting the acquisition of field data. Improving the knowledge on the distribution of biodiversity and aquatic habitats in the basin is however a crucial step to better understand the factors and processes behind species diversification, identify priority areas for conservation (biodiversity hotspots) and assess the species vulnerability to global changes. This thesis work aims to reduce these significant knowledge gaps
Alfonsi, Elsa. "Processus d’assemblage des communautés végétales dans les zones humides de Gironde : du diagnostic aux services écosystémiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0092/document.
Full textWetlands are dynamic ecosystems, constantly changing in time and space, and remaining among the most threatened ecosystems in the world. This thesis contribute to wetland knowledge and conservation. We studied the vegetation of different communities belonging to a network of wetlands in Gironde and ranging from wet heathlands to alluvial meadows. Wetlands were selected from the department council historical interest and management issues. We used several descriptive and experimental approaches. The first part aims to study the organization of the communities of the two major systems, heathlands and alluvial grasslands, along environmental gradients. Then, in a second time, an approach combining old and recent data allowed us to characterize long-term vegetation changes according to different strategies of vegetation study. The third part was conducted on a plant community with a strong conservation issue: Molinia caerulea wet meadow (Code 6410 of the Natura 2000 Directive) with an experimental approach. We highlight here the importance of stochastic filters (seed dispersion) and deterministic filters (competition) in a community controlled by environmental constraints (flooding). Finally, within a prospective analysis, we considered biodiversity issues and supply in ecosystems services at the departmental level. This analysis investigate tools to develop for a multi-taxon and multi-service approach in any Gironde wetlands. This work allowed us to create a monitoring device for plant biodiversity in the department. These results lead to consider nowadays the management of these plant communities in an integrated way and offer tools of decision support for the management of these communities
Le, Goff Pourias Marie-Annick. "Les communautés de pratique à l'hôpital, un espace de valorisation des compétences. Leçons issues de trois études de cas longitudinales." Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT4003/document.
Full text“Communities of practice (CoP) are groups of people who share a concern, a set of problems or a passion about a topic and deepen their knowledge and expertise in this area by interacting on an ongoing basis” (Wenger, 2002, p.4)They are considered as an efficient way to develop new competencies and financial resources in industrial sector. The finality of this Thesis is to explore communities of practice in public sector, particularly in public hospital sector, which is characterised by complexity and sensitive situations.The research observes and explores three communities of practice, situated in three different public hospitals. This thesis throws light on the contribution of CoP to institutional functioning. Unknow or clearly identified by the institutional hierarchy, these areas allowed language interactions, situated learning and favour appropriate superior's injunctions. They are favourable to develop sensemaking. Especially, the analysis marks the influence of the patient, who transforms the relation between health professionals and hierarchy. It proposes three models, each one is built on verbatims exploration. It questions the management of communities of practice. Finally, it invites to include the presence of institutional paradoxes, rather than try to eliminate them
Mebarki, Lamine. "Communautés de pratique et performance dans les relations de service, cas des "front-office" : Quels enseignements pour la GRH ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24017.
Full textThe Communities of Practice (CP) are identified as conductive structures for learning and knowledge transfer between members of the organization. Besides practitioners in management, many researchers were interested in these groups. Some have highlighted their operational roles in organizations (Lave et Wenger 1991 ; Brown et Duguid, 1991 ; Wenger 1998 ; Smith et Farquhar 2000 ; Lesser et Stork 2001 ; Mc Dermott 2002 ; Guérin 2005 ; Schenkel et Teigland, 2008 ; Hemmasi et Csanda, 2009), and others have tried to identify their structural and epistemic characteristics (Wenger 1998 ; Chanal 2000 ; Cohendet et al., 2003 ; Blunt, 2003 ; Josserand et St Leger, 2004 ; Guérin 2005 ; Thompson 2005.). However, the link between such communities and employee performance is seldom investi¬gated, especially in service firms. This has encouraged us to conduct our study on the relationship between CP and member’s performance in the context of service relationships and more specifically in the front office of these companies. Furthermore, our thesis is part of the Human Resource Management sciences, and we aim to draw some lessons for HRM practices in organizations. This is an attempt to bring the concept of CP and HRM that gives a certain originality in our work. This allows us to get some current common and dominant in the field of study of CP, where contributions are often recorded mainly in the approach to Knowledge Management in organization. • Our problemOur problem is based on the understanding and analysis of the CP's links with the performance of its members. The CP does contribute to the performance of its members in service relationships? To develop these questions, we decided to decompose it as follows:- Is there link between membership of an employee to a CP and its performance in the context of service relationships?- If this link exists, how this last one is built? What are the different mechanisms by which it was constuct in service relationships?- If this link exists, what are the lessons that may have drawn some HRM practices in organizations? • Our Method Following several authors’ advices, we turned in our empirical part to the case study approach. Un empirical work investigating a contemporary phenomenon in its context of real life (Yin, on 1994; Eisenhardt, on 1989 ; Baumard and Ibert, on 1998; Hoepfl, on 2007; Giordano, 2003) Our study is led in the front-office of two public organizations and in a bank (private sector). Eight units composing these devices of reception were studied : four call centers and four reception desks. Our study revealed interesting results. They have greatly enriched the knowledge in the various areas covered, as well as lessons for certain practices in organizations
D'agata, Stéphanie. "Vulnérabilité des communautés de poissons coralliens aux pressions humaines et importance des sites références pour l'évaluation des outils de conservation." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS067.
Full textBeyond species loss, human activity may cause the decrease of phylogenetic and functional diversity carried by species. One of the major issue, particularly in marine ecology, is to understand the effects of human activities on all aspects biodiversity related to ecosystem functioning and assess conservation tools.The objectives of the thesis are i) to assess human impacts on the diversity of phylogenetic lineages and functions within the coral reef fish communities regardless of natural environmental factors, ii) to evaluate the ability of marine protected areas to conserve these facets efficiently and produce baselines values for ecosystem management and iii) to measure the intrinsic functional vulnerability, without human pressure, of fish communities. For this we had sampled very remote sites across the Indo-Pacific and we used statistical tools that take into account thresholds effects and interactions to extract the marginal effect of human activities.First, we show that across the South West Pacific, parrotfish species richness decreases linearly but only of 12% along a gradient of human impact while the phylogenetic and functional diversity decrease of 36% and 47%, respectively, with strong threshold effects. Secondly, considering the human impact gradient and a wide range of marine protected areas (MPAs) in New Caledonia, we demonstrate that very remote sites from human activities (> 20 hours of travel time from Noumea, the regional capital) have greater fish functional diversity and biomass of apex predators than the largest and oldest MPA.Finally, considering four remote sites across the Indo-Pacific, we have found that the diversity of functions carried by fish communities is very vulnerable, showing that 60% of functions were only worn by one species, even without human impact. Our work shows that the functional and phylogenetic aspects of biodiversity are highly vulnerable to human activities, with a lack of ability of MPAs to restore all of the functional roles of fish and a very limited redundancy for these functions even in the most isolated locations
Gaget, Élie. "Importance des politiques de conservation pour faciliter l'ajustement des communautés d'oiseaux d'eau hivernants au réchauffement climatique en Méditerranée." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0016/document.
Full textHuman activities seriously threaten biodiversity. In terms of global changes, overexploitation of populations and habitat destruction/degradation are at the top of the list of factors responsible for biodiversity loss. Climate change is increasing in magnitude and adding additional pressure on species. In response to the increase in global temperatures, communities are changing as a result of the shift in the geographical distribution of species towards the poles. But the accumulation of anthropogenic pressures is likely to produce interaction effects that limit community adjustment to global warming. In this critical context, conservation biology aims to reconcile human activities with biodiversity conservation. In this thesis I have investigate how the accumulation of anthropogenic pressures can limit the adjustment of communities to global warming and to identify solutions that could be put in place to facilitate their adaptation to this warming. I have used the wintering waterbird species in the countries of the Mediterranean basin as a model for my study. These iconic species benefit from an international census to monitor their populations in response to hunting and the degradation of the wetlands on which they depend. The Mediterranean is a highly anthropized region where the use of natural resources exerts significant pressures on wetlands and their biodiversity. In response, countries have different strategies to protect these ecosystems, making this region an interesting experimental plan to measure the impact in global changes on species assemblage based on conservation measures implemented. By studying the response of communities to global warming under a gradient of habitat loss/degradation, I show that community adjustment is reduced or even prevented by wetland degradation. The Ramsar Convention aims to protect wetlands and their biodiversity by maintaining a rational use of natural resources. In assessing the effect of this convention, I show that its effectiveness in conserving bird populations depends on the implementation of other protection tools, but that its role is crucial in countries where environmental legislation is weak. Finally, I assess the capacity of international conventions to facilitate community adjustment to global warming by reducing population pressures. I compared the communities' response between countries that have ratified the Bern Convention, those that have started its strictly regulatory application under the Birds Directive (European Union) and those that have not ratified these conventions. The result is clear, the more precise and strictly regulatory the regulations, the more communities and strictly protected species adjust to the increase in temperatures.In conclusion, human activities are a threat to biodiversity, but conservation measures, by reducing pressures on populations, facilitate their adaptation to climate change. Waterbird conservation requires international collaboration and the establishment of strictly regulatory laws to protect wetlands and species, while ensuring sustainable use of resources
Mclean, Matthew. "Functional responses of fish communities to environmental gradients in the North Sea, Eastern English Channel, and Bay of Somme." Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0532/document.
Full textThe ensemble of biological, geochemical, and physical processes that occur within ecosystems is driven by the interplay between biological communities and the abiotic environment. Explaining the spatial and temporal dynamics of biological communities in relation to environmental conditions is therefore essential for understanding ecosystem functioning, and ultimately for achieving sustainable development. In marine ecosystems, fish communities are key to ecosystem functioning, and fisheries provide livelihoods for over 10% of the world’s population. However, understanding the processes structuring fish communities remains difficult because community structure varies with both natural environmental fluctuations and, increasingly, human pressures. Effectively managing fisheries and marine ecosystems under global change therefore requires better characterizing fish community dynamics over time and space and disentangling the underlying drivers and mechanisms. While fish ecologists have traditionally relied on species-based approaches (i.e., taxonomic approaches) to study community structure, trait-based approaches (i.e., functional approaches) are increasingly used because they can provide better insight into community assembly and the mechanisms driving community responses. To meet this need for a better understanding of biodiversity dynamics, the present thesis took advantage of long-term scientific monitoring data to characterize the functional responses of fish communities to environmental gradients in the North Sea, Eastern English Channel, and Bay of Somme. All three ecosystems experienced temperature rises and oceanographic changes associated with a warming phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), which rapidly impacted fish community structure. Consistent biological responses were observed across the three ecosystems despite their different spatial scales, demonstrating that fish communities were affected by environmental change through bio-ecological traits associated with habitat preference and life history. In the North Sea and Eastern Channel, pelagic species were the most responsive and contributed largely to community dynamics, which is likely explained by their greater mobility, higher dispersal rates, and fewer habitat requirements. However, beyond habitat preference, species with r-selected life histories (e.g., low size and age at maturity, low parental investment, small offspring) had the fastest environmental responses whether or not they were pelagic, likely due to their rapid population turnover and generation time. Importantly, the way these species’ responses shaped community structure depended on environmental context. R-selected, pelagic species rapidly declined in the Bay of Somme and Eastern Channel, but rapidly increased in the North Sea. This likely reflects environmental suitability, indicating that after the phase change of the AMO, the Eastern Channel became a less favorable environment for these species, while the North Sea became more favorable. Thus, species with high mobility and fast life history cycles appear capable of rapidly tracking environmental conditions, shifting in abundance in response to environmental suitability. Additionally, as these ecosystems have warmed over the last 30 years, community responses were characterized by increases in mean thermal preference. Importantly, the amplitude of community changes was partially determined by communities’ initial structure and redundancy of bio-ecological traits, showing that community responses depended not only on environmental changes but also on biodiversity itself. Lastly, while fish community responses were consistently associated with climatic changes, historical fishing pressure on large-bodied, demersal species appeared to render fish communities more sensitive to environmental changes by increasing the relative of abundance of pelagic and r-selected species
Martin-Blangy, Soline. "Interactions des espèces d’arbres en peuplements mélangés : effets sur la réponse à la sécheresse des arbres et rôle des mécanismes de partage des ressources en eau et en lumière." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0214.
Full textBiodiversity, through tree species interactions, can support many ecosystem functions and services in forest ecosystems. However, in the current context of climate change, the influence of these interactions on the response of forest ecosystems to extreme climatic events, such as drought, is still under debate. Moreover, evidence for the underlying above-ground and below-ground interaction mechanisms that can explain these relationships between diversity and forest ecosystem functioning is still rare.The first objective of my thesis work was to determine the effect of tree species interactions in mixed stands on tree water relations and drought response. My second objective was to identify below-ground or above-ground mechanisms related to resource partitioning that could explain mixture effects on functioning, such as depth of water uptake by roots or canopy space filling by tree crowns.This work was carried out, within the framework of the ANR DiPTICC project, in two distinct experimental systems: an observational network in mature natural forests in the south-east of France (GMAP) and a young experimental plantation near Bordeaux (ORPHEE). I worked on three types of two-species mixtures: beech (Fagus sylvatica) - fir (Abies alba) and beech - downy oak (Quercus pubescens) along the GMAP network and birch (Betula pendula) - maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) at ORPHEE. My work is based on an empirical approach, with ecophysiological and light interception measurements, under contrasting conditions of soil water availability. Functions such as transpiration or water use efficiency (estimated by measuring carbon isotopic composition) were studied.My work shows that in young and old stands, the water relations and drought response of the species studied are little impacted by species interactions. Differences among species in water extraction depths, when present, did not necessarily result in higher water availability for species in mixed stands under drought conditions. Contrary to hypotheses often made in the literature, this suggests that belowground mechanisms would seldom drive the effects of species interactions. In contrast, I observed that the mechanisms of crown complementarity generated changes in stand structure and light interception and appeared to have a strong impact on the functioning of mixed stands.My work confirms that, for the same combination of tree species, the species-mixing effects on tree functioning are highly dependent on local environmental conditions. It is therefore essential for forest managers to take these local conditions into account when making choices about the species composition of future forests. Overall, we found no negative mixture effects on water relations, suggesting that managing forests in favor of mixed stands remains an interesting option for managers to maintain many other forest ecosystem functions and services under climate change
Rolet, Céline. "Les communautés macrozoobenthiques des sédiments meubles intertidaux du littoral Nord – Pas-de-Calais : structure, relations avec les limicoles hivernants et enjeux de conservation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10052/document.
Full textSoft intertidal areas are recognized as major interface ecosystems providing permanent or transitory habitat for reproduction, feeding and migration of many species. However, in the context of increasing human impact on coastal areas, beaches and estuaries are highly threatened. Studying their biodiversity and ecological functioning is therefore required to implement effective management and conservation strategies. As a contribution to achieve this goal, the relationship between benthic macrofauna (preys) and shorebirds (among their most important predators) were studied at the scale of Northern France. The main questions of this study were: (1) What are the macrobenthic communities found in soft intertidal areas (beaches and estuaries)? (2) What are their relationships with wintering shorebirds in a spatial context? (3) Do human forcings potentially affect these two biological compartments (i.e. benthic communities and shorebirds)? This work enabled, in a first step, the characterization of macrozoobenthic communities located in soft intertidal areas (diversity, abundance, biomass and spatial distribution) according to the EUNIS habitat classification. The relationship (functional approach) between these communities and their major predators (shorebirds) in winter has been investigated in a second step. Ecologically important sites have been identified and should be targeted as a priority for the implementation of management and conservation strategies at the regional scale
Charbonneau, Marion. "Gestion des ressources et peuplement des espaces pastoraux au défi de la modernité : le cas des pasteurs de la puna péruvienne." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00457546.
Full textSibille, Romain. "Modes de gestion des offreurs et déterminants de l'offre dans le secteur des EHPAD." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090018.
Full textIn France, 75% of the establishments specialized in the care for dependant people are EHPADs. These structures were created with the aim to rationalize the offer in this sector, but remain economically inefficient. Throughout this thesis we attempt to identify how the nursing homes’ directors could be used as a lever to improve performances. We assumed that, facing similar constraints, directors adopt alternative strategies because they have different preferences, correlated with their professional characteristics. We carried out an exploratory survey that shows the directors make different management choices. The data of an original survey among a sample of EHPAD managers matched to the EHPA database was then mobilized. We identified four types of managers: the “nurses”, the “moderns”, the “bureaucrats” and the “conformists”. Finally, we focused on three management options concerning the nurses’ timetables, the bonus policy and the training policy. In all three cases, the choices are determined by the managers’ characteristics. These results open up new perspectives for public authorities to improve the efficiency of EHPADs
Diallo, Mariama. "Au cœur de la nature et de l’Etat : une ethnographie de la cogestion de l’Aire Marine Protégée du Bamboung au Sénégal." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0173.
Full textHow are protected areas in Senegal managed in the light of conservation field reforms related to the introduction of multi-stakeholder governance modes ? This work answers this question through an ethnography of the interactions generated by the implementation and operationalization of co-management agreements in the Bamboung Marine Protected Area (MPA), in the geographical region of the Saloum Delta in Senegal. Negotiated between citizens, State administrations and the Oceanium Association, co-management agreements are promoted as instruments for the joint management of the GPA. Their operationalization implies the intervention of institutions of a different nature giving rise to the observation of institutional and legal pluralism and the mobilization of several normative repertoires likely to be complementary, contradictory or in competition. Similarly, the production of GPA prohibition rules and access rights is no longer the responsibility of a single institution, whether legal or legitimate. Conflicts, competitions, tacit or explicit alliances are emerging whose stakes go beyond environmental issues. Although the new conservation methods hoped for in Bamboung contribute to the disengagement of State administrations or the fragmentation of its sovereignty, they do not systematically reflect a loss of sovereignty or its dispossession of public action. On the other hand, they are at the origin of other dynamics that deserve to be explored, halfway between international inputs, local socio-political dynamics and the preservation or even expansion of State power. Co-management agreements not only fill a gap, but also provide information on the relationship between the state and alternative modes of service delivery, its presence and redeployment. In this sense, do co-management agreements tend to blur or strengthen the boundaries between state prerogatives and those attributed to other stakeholders ? What do they tell us about the transformation of the role of state administrations, their evolution on the ground and their current dynamics ? How do they inform us, moreover, about the socio-political reconfigurations within "local communities", the factory of access to resources and citizenship ?
Van, Halder Inge. "Conservation des communautés de papillons de jour dans les paysages forestiers hétérogènes : effets de la qualité, de la diversité et de la fragmentation des habitats." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0001/document.
Full textWhile the area of plantation forests continues to increase worldwide, their contribution to theconservation of biodiversity is still controversial. The aim of this thesis is to identify key habitat andlandscape factors that drive butterfly diversity in mosaic landscapes dominated by pine plantations.Butterfly communities were sampled at edges and interiors of five successional stages of pine stands,in firebreaks, riparian forests and in deciduous woodlands varying in fragment size and isolation.Biological and ecological traits of butterflies were related to habitat patch attributes and tolandscape composition and configuration.The results highlighted the critical importance of semi-natural habitats for butterfly conservation inpine plantation mosaics, i.e. deciduous woodlands, firebreaks and edges. Riparian forests wereespecially rich in forest butterfly species, harboring specialized species with both narrow habitat andthermal ranges. Firebreaks had twice as many species as other habitat types and were ofconservation value for several threatened butterfly species. Our results also showed that pine standswere not ‘free of butterflies'. Habitat quality, particularly the presence of host plants, was the mostimportant driver of butterfly community composition. Landscape composition and configuration alsoinfluenced butterfly diversity. Many species used more than one distinct habitat type, suggestingthat resource complementation and supplementation are important mechanisms of butterflydiversity persistence in pine plantation mosaics
Saleh, Adam. "Un modèle et son revers : la cogestion des réserves de biosphère de Waza et de la Bénoué dans le Nord-Cameroun." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808569.
Full textKondratyeva, Anna. "Measuring inter-specific diversity. Benefits of species originality indices in community ecology and conservation biology." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MNHN0012.
Full textHumanity strongly depends on biodiversity and services it provides. To prevent the biodiversity loss and to establish sustainable relations with nature humanity has to efficently manage and protect natural resources. The problem of “what to protect” is not new but became more important than ever and could be resolved by an appropriate use of biodiversity measures. Many indices of biodiversity have been developed in the last four decades, with species being one of the central units. However, evolutionary and ecological studies need a precise description of species’ characteristics to best quantify inter-species diversity, as species are not equivalent and exchangeable. First measures taking into account species biological differences were based on species phylogenetic relations and trait values. However, many of them measure a diversity of a set of species, and does not indicate the respective contribution of each species to the diversity of the set. To find a remedy to this issue, other type of measures appeared in early 90’s, comparing species through the shared amount of characteristics, but were put aside, erroneously classified as diversity measures too. In this thesis we refer to these measures as species originality indices. A species is original if it possesses unusual trait values compared to all others in a community or if it is distantly related with other species in a community. Thus, the most original species have the greatest contribution to the diversity of that community. In this thesis we sought to demonstrate the benefits of originality metrics, particularly in conservation biology and community ecology. First we review the relation of species originality with concepts of species’ diversity and rarity and we compare their related measures. Following theoretical links between originality and diversity measures we propose a practical application of a two-step (and two-scale) originality framework to a real plant species data. Finally, we discuss main pitfalls and advantages related to species data, spatial scale of a study and the choice of an originality measure. Future studies could use originality measures with other entities than species, such as genes or habitats, and therefore broad the extent of biodiversity assessment and conservation