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Journal articles on the topic 'Communal rangelands'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Gusha, J., M. Masocha, and P. H. Mugabe. "Impact of grazing system on rangeland condition and grazing capacity in Zimbabwe." Rangeland Journal 39, no. 3 (2017): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj15130.

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The influence of different land tenure and rangeland management systems on rangeland condition and livestock grazing capacity in African rangelands is not well documented. A rangeland condition assessment was carried out at 15 sites located in the communal grazing system, small-scale commercial grazing system and the large-scale commercial grazing system in Zimbabwe. Rangeland indicators assessed were: floristic composition, herbaceous biomass yield, shrub stem density and grazing capacity. Grass species composition and forage value were analysed using PROC FREQ procedure of SAS 9.3. Fisher’s exact test was performed to test for independence of the grass variables between grazing systems. A one-way ANOVA was used to test for significant differences (P < 0.05) in floristic composition, shrub stem density, herbaceous biomass yield and grazing capacity among the three grazing systems. It was observed that communal rangelands had significantly high levels of woody species, unpalatable wiry grass species, low biomass yield and were dominated by the invading shrub Helichyrsum kraussii compared with the other rangeland management systems. These results suggest that if control measures are not put in place, livestock production may not be feasible in communal rangelands in the near future because of high levels of rangeland deterioration when compared with the commercially managed rangelands. Furthermore, the observed high stem density of unpalatable woody species and the low grazing capacity of communal rangelands affect livestock production, a primary source of livelihood. This warrants a change in rangeland management system in favour of the rest-rotation grazing system, which is beneficial to both livestock and the range.

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2

Arjjumend, Hasrat. "Rangelands and Pastoralism in Globalized Economies: Policy Paralysis and Legal Requisites." Pastures & Pastoralism 02 (May 20, 2024): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/pp0203.

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Growing quest for globalization and expanding economies have resulted into fragmentation, enclosure, grabbing, militarization and devastation of rangelands. Grasslands – covering 70% of the global agricultural area – are the basis for livestock production. In most of the countries, governments have little recognition of communal tenures of agro-pastoralists. Consequently, both pastoralists and rangeland ecosystems have suffered a grim fate. On the contrary, the subsistence pastoralism is an established sustainable strategy of livelihood and ecosystem conservation in the rangelands. Unfortunately, some of the most nutritive foods and other sustainable products of nomadic pastoralists have not desirably been priced in modern markets. With the demonstrated cases exhibiting the nomadic pastoralists, such as Hutsul shepherd communities of Ukraine, as most sustainable societies on planet Earth, there is urgent need for reshaping the popular paradigm and State policies on rangeland commons. In isolation of pastoralist people, the rangelands cannot truly be conserved or protected. To begin with, the resilience of pastoralists to the changing environments and their (unique) rangeland management can first be pondered. Accordingly, the policy and legal frameworks of States need to be reoriented and revised. In particular, Eurasian countries should review their laws and policies on rangeland sustainability and pastoral grazing.

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3

Gusha, Bukho, Anthony R. Palmer, and Thantaswa C. Zondani. "Assessing Livestock Grazing Distribution in Communal Rangelands of the Eastern Cape, South Africa: Towards Monitoring Livestock Movements in Rangelands." Land 12, no. 4 (March 28, 2023): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12040760.

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In the past, rangelands were managed in a semi-nomadic manner, where pastoralists would distribute livestock to different parts of the rangeland depending on the availability of forage. However, understanding how livestock use rangelands has not been a subject of many studies as the devices to monitor livestock were not available. The objective of this study was to assess livestock grazing distribution in communal rangeland of the Eastern Cape in South Africa in order to improve livestock grazing. The study used Global Positioning Systems (GPS) that were placed on six animals including three sheep and three cattle, selected randomly from participating households. The GPS collars recorded the geographic position of the areas where animals were grazing, at five-minute intervals during the wet and dry season. Grass species composition was surveyed using line transects on areas where livestock grazing occurred. The study further identified three production domains, which were separated by bound polygons on Google Earth Pro to extract MODIS EVI where livestock grazing occurred. Livestock grazing distribution was analysed using T-LoCoH installed in R. The results revealed that both sheep and cattle spent most of their time grazing in areas associated with human features. The dominant grass species were Hyperrenia hirta and Eragrostis plana, suggesting a negative impact of the current livestock grazing distribution. Possible explanations of the current grazing distribution might be that these areas are close to homesteads and provide grazing lawns that contain a high nitrogen content. This study will help in providing an informed basis for the development of South African communal rangeland policies for effective livestock management.

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Tito Eleutery Mdegela, David Dawson Maleko, George Mutani Msalya, and Ephraim Joseph Mtengeti. "Vegetation Composition, Forage Biomass and Soil Seed Bank of a Continuously Grazed Rangeland Site in Tropical Sub-Humid Environment, Tanzania." Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 18 (June 20, 2022): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29169/1927-5129.2022.18.07.

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Most rangelands along the agro-pastoral villages of Tanzania are yearlong grazed and at various states of degradation. These rangelands contribute to over 60% of the meat and milk production in the country. An inventory was conducted to assess the status of grazing resources in a typical agro-pastoral village of Tanzania having communal rangelands. Systematic random sampling techniques were employed whereby line transects and quadrat frame were used following standard procedures to collect samples and undertake field measurements for both vegetation and soil parameters. The vegetation cover for desirable pasture species, undesirable pasture species and litter were 67.7%, 10.5% and 9.4%, respectively. The soil bare patches covered 12.3 % of the surveyed rangeland site. The most dominant grass species were Enteropogon macrostachyus, Bothriochloa insculpta and Heteropogon contortus. Forage dry matter (DM) yield was 806.8 kg DM/ha. Tree density was 1500 trees/ha and the total canopy cover was 63.49%. Combretum collinum was the most dominant tree species. Soil bulk density, pH, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were 1.4 g/cm3, 6.3%, 1.14%, 0.09%, 0.89 mg/kg and 0.33 g/kg, respectively. A total of 11 dicotyledonous species mainly forbs and 9 monocotyledonous species including two perennial grasses were revealed from the incubated soil samples. The findings of this study demonstrate that the communal grazing areas have low pasture productivity, poor soil seed-bank and high cover of woody plants mainly bushes. In order, to improve forage biomass at the study site and elsewhere with similar environments selective bush clearing and re-seeding should be considered.

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5

SIBANDA, ANDREW, SABINE HOMANN-KEE TUI, ANDRÉ VAN ROOYEN, JOHN DIMES, DANIEL NKOMBONI, and GIVIOUS SISITO. "UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS OF LAND USE CHANGES IN THE RANGELANDS, ZIMBABWE." Experimental Agriculture 47, S1 (January 2011): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447971000092x.

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SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to investigate the user communities' understanding and interpretation of changes in rangeland use and productivity in the communal lands of Zimbabwe. While external knowledge has been instrumental in defining the drivers and effects of ecological changes hitherto, the role of local knowledge is becoming increasingly important in explaining factors that inform user community perceptions and guide their decisions on the use of rangeland resources. Data on community perceptions were collected in four villages, using Participatory Rural Appraisals in each village and household surveys with a total of 104 households. This study showed that user communities in Nkayi district differentiate rangelands among seven categories of livestock feed resources and how these have changed over time. Communities viewed rangelands not as one continuous, designated and specialized land parcel, but differentiated the land by location, productivity, management and uses in different times of the year. Although land use changes affecting these livestock feed resources were considered to be widespread and multi-directional (both negative and positive) they did not cause widespread degradation. Rangelands converted to croplands were not completely lost, but became important dual purpose land parcels fulfilling both household food security needs and dry season livestock feed requirements. The importance of croplands as a feed resource is reflected in the emergence of new institutions governing their use for livestock grazing and to guarantee security of tenure. On the other hand institutions governing the use of common property rangelands decreased or weakened in their application. The study concludes that while this situation presents ecological challenges for the rangelands, it offers opportunities to find innovative ways of utilizing croplands as the new frontier in the provision of dry season feed resources to smallholder farmers in highly variable environments. Implications for livestock water productivity need to be investigated and water saving technologies should be promoted in the land use intensification processes.

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6

Barrera-Perales, Octavio T. "Economic valuation of rangelands in the north of Mexico: A study for its conservation." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 19, no. 3 (September 2021): e0110-e0110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2021193-17041.

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Aim of study: To estimate grazing fee and the economic value of the communal rangelands of two groups of ranchers. Area of study: Ejido Tanque de Arenas (ETA) and ejido Tanque de Dolores (ETD) in Catorce, San Luis Potosí, Mexico Material and methods: The contingent valuation method with referendum format was used to propose a grazing fee that would allow conservation and continuity in the use of the common resource. The field information was collected by interviews and was processed in the PASW Statistics 22 software NLOGIT Version 5.0. Main results: Perception of rangeland deterioration, age, size of the herd, and level of income are characteristics of ranchers that influence the willingness to pay. From the coefficient of rangeland of the region (24.2 ha/AU) a monthly grazing fee of USD 7.18 per animal was calculated.

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7

Gebremedhn, Haftay Hailu, Tessema Zewdu Kelkay, Yayanshet Tesfay, Samuel Tuffa, Sintayehu Workeneh Dejene, Sylvanus Mensah, Adam John Mears Devenish, and Anthony Egeru. "Carbon Stock and Change Rate under Different Grazing Management Practices in Semiarid Pastoral Ecosystem of Eastern Ethiopia." Land 11, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050639.

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Grazing management strategies tend to have different effects on rangeland plant production. Changes in grazing management can, therefore, affect the carbon stock potential of rangelands. Despite rangeland ecosystems being important global sinks for carbon, we know relatively little about the effect of traditional grazing management practices on their potential to store carbon. In this study, we evaluated the carbon stock and change rate of rangelands using three traditional grazing management practices in the semiarid pastoral ecosystem of eastern Ethiopia. By comparing data on vegetation and soil carbon stocks, we found that there was a strong significant difference (p < 0.001) between these different management practices. In particular, the establishment of enclosures was associated with an annual increase in carbon stocks of soil (3%) and woody (11.9%) and herbaceous (57.6%) biomass, when compared to communal open lands. Both enclosure and browsing management practices were found to have the highest levels of soil organic carbon stocks, differing only in terms of the amount of woody and herbaceous biomass. Thus, modest changes in traditional grazing management practices can play an important role in carbon storage and sequestration. Further research is required on a wider range of traditional pastoral management practices across space and time, as understanding these processes is key to combating global climate change.

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Kauffman, Matthew J., M. Sanjayan, Jacob Lowenstein, Adam Nelson, Richard M. Jeo, and Kevin R. Crooks. "Remote camera-trap methods and analyses reveal impacts of rangeland management on Namibian carnivore communities." Oryx 41, no. 1 (January 2007): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306001414.

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Assessing the abundance and distribution of mammalian carnivores is vital for understanding their ecology and providing for their long-term conservation. Because of the difficulty of trapping and handling carnivores many studies have relied on abundance indices that may not accurately reflect real abundance and distribution patterns. We developed statistical analyses that detect spatial correlation in visitation data from combined scent station and camera-trap surveys, and we illustrate how to use such data to make inferences about changes in carnivore assemblages. As a case study we compared the carnivore communities of adjacent communal and freehold rangelands in central Namibia. We used an index of overdispersion to test for repeat visits to individual camera-trap scent stations and a bootstrap simulation to test for correlations in visits to camera neighbourhoods. After distilling our presence-absence data to the most defensible spatial scale, we assessed overall carnivore visitation using logistic regression. Our analyses confirmed the expected pattern of a depauparate fauna on the communal rangelands compared to the freehold rangelands. Additionally, the species that were not detected on communal sites were the larger-bodied carnivores. By modelling these rare visits as a Poisson process we illustrate a method of inferring whether or not such patterns are because of local extinction of species or are simply a result of low sample effort. Our Namibian case study indicates that these field methods and analyses can detect meaningful differences in the carnivore communities brought about by anthropogenic influences.

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9

Gusha, B., A. R. Palmer, and A. V. Renato. "A Stochastic Frontier Analysis of the Performance of Livestock in the North-Eastern Cape Communal Rangelands, South Africa." South African Journal of Agricultural Extension (SAJAE) 52, no. 1 (April 27, 2024): 90–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2024/v52n1a14307.

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This paper examined the technical efficiency of livestock in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, to improve the understanding of the performance of livestock production of rural households in the communal rangelands. Surveys from 120 households were used to estimate a stochastic frontier model to assess livestock production's technical efficiency (TE) amongst households in a communal production environment where rangelands are the primary source of fodder. The estimated coefficients of the stochastic frontier model indicated that livestock units (LSU) and costs of additional feed supplements positively influenced livestock output per household. Management practices such as livestock kraaling and livestock herding influenced TE positively. An average technical efficiency score of 0.79 was estimated among households, suggesting that an improvement in efficiency could be achieved if proper interventions were employed. These interventions may include programmes such as the Extended Public Work Programmes to provide livestock herding support, gender-sensitive strategies that support the inclusion of women in livestock production, and other labour inputs related to animal husbandry. Lastly, this study provided essential information in understanding livestock production and informed policy about possible interventions that could potentially improve livestock production in rangelands.

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10

Bennett, James E. "Institutions and governance of communal rangelands in South Africa." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 30, no. 1-2 (April 2013): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2013.776634.

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11

Allsopp, Nicky. "Adaptive management for complex communal rangelands in South Africa." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 30, no. 1-2 (April 2013): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2013.781062.

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12

Kahumba, Absalom, and Solomon Tefera. "Pastoralists’ indigenous knowledge and perceptions of rangeland degradation in three communal rangelands of central northern Namibia." Journal of Arid Environments 216 (September 2023): 105009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2023.105009.

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13

Rodger, J. G., and W. C. Twine. "Tree canopies facilitate invasion of communal savanna rangelands byLantana camara." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 19, no. 3 (December 2002): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220110209485785.

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14

Pringle, Hugh. "A Preliminary Degradation Pathology of Rangeland Declines Near Opuwo in the Kunene, Namibia: The Tragedy of Disrupting Traditional Commons Management." Sustainability in Environment 6, no. 1 (February 21, 2021): p142. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v6n1p142.

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The Kunene in far north-western Namibia is widely recognised as having amongst the most widely and severely degraded rangelands (de Klerk, 2004; Joubert et al., 2008), yet this was not always the case. In many communal areas, major episodes of degradation have only occurred for the first time in recent decades. The degradation is not many decades old and yet it is seen as obvious support for the concept of the tragedy of the commons (Hardin, 1968). This simplistic, convenient interpretation of change is strongly dissonant with what I have observed first hand. What has gone wrong and can this inform us about rangeland rehydration and repair? I draw on experiences from a small number of communities with whom I worked and learnt to piece together what has gone wrong. I also suggest cause for optimism of rangeland revival in the Kunene when the fundamental, root causes are addressed with clear community ownership and leadership based on local, people-centred problem solving. The major challenges are cultural, social, administrative and perhaps economic. They are not lack of knowledge regarding scientific rangeland management although the latter needs adaptive attention in a new, socially engineered human context.

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Matshawule,, S. "Species Composition and Biomass Production in Two Communal Coastal Rangelands of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Advance in Biological Research 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/abr.2020001.

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This study investigated species composition and biomass production of herbaceous plants in two communal rangelands surrounding homesteads areas. In each study area, the rangelands were divided based on the distance from homesteads into near (up to 1 km), middle (> 1–2 km) and far (> 2–3 km) sites. On each site a HVU of 50 m x 20 m was used and six 0.25 m2 quadrants were laid randomly on each HVU. Herbaceous species found within a quadrant were identified, counted and their height and tuft were measured. Herbaceous species were also harvested, bulked and placed into well labelled brown paper bags and oven-dried for 48 hours at 60 oC to determine biomass production. Herbaceous species were also classified according to their palatability ecological status and life form. Data were collected for two seasons over 2014/15 (winter and summer). A total of 20 herbaceous species were identified in the study areas. Of these 17 were grass species. The most common or dominant grass species were T. triandra, C. dactylon, E. capensis, E. plana and S. africanus. At Dyamdyam T. triandra showed the greatest frequency of occurrence at far site than middle and near homesteads sites. The frequency occurrence of S. africanus at Machibi was relatively similar in all the study sites. Density of herbaceous species was significantly lowest on near and bottom sites at Dyamdyam and Machibi, respectively. In both winter and summer, grazing site far and top from homestead had greatest (P <0.05) biomass production at Dyamdyam and Machibi respectively. The biomass production was significantly highest in the summer than the winter across the study sites in both study areas. It can be concluded that composition of herbaceous species and biomass production are significantly dependent on distance and topography from homesteads and seasons. Therefore, any rangeland management practices in communal grazing lands should consider these factors in to consideration during the planning of development progress.

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Scogings, Peter, Theunis de Bruyn, and Susanne Vetter. "Grazing into the future: Policy making for South African communal rangelands." Development Southern Africa 16, no. 3 (September 1999): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359908440088.

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17

Hezron, Elkana, Issakwisa B. Ngondya, and Linus K. Munishi. "Sustaining indigenous Maasai Alalili silvo-pastoral conservation systems for improved community livelihood and biodiversity conservation in East African rangelands." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 16, 2024): e0303649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303649.

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Alalili system is one among the fewest remnant African indigenous and local knowledge systems that is traditionally practiced by Maasai pastoral communities to conserve certain portions of rangeland resources such as pastures and water for subsequent grazing during dry seasons. Despite its existence, East African rangelands face diverse threats from tenure security, unsustainable practices, climate, and land-use change that are notably endangering the biodiversity, livelihoods, and ecosystems in the landscape. Like other indigenous conservation systems, the sustainability of Alalili systems is being threatened, as Maasai communities are in transition due to continuous socio-cultural transformations coupled with increased livestock and human populations. We aimed to capture and document the existing occurrence and potential of Alalili systems as a pathway to improve resilience and sustain both biodiversity conservation and community livelihoods in rangeland areas of northern Tanzania. A cross-sectional research design was applied with the adoption of both purposive and stratified random sampling techniques to distinctively characterize the Alalili systems by land use and tenure types. Our results identified the existence of both communal and private Alalili systems. Their sizes varied significantly across types (t = 4.4646, p < 0.001) and land uses (F = 3.806, df = 3, p = 0.0123). While many (82%) of these Alalili systems are found in the communal land, our observations show a re-practice of Alalili systems in the private land is considered largely a re-emerging strategy for securing pastures in the face of local and global change. More than half (73%) of Alalili systems were found within game-controlled areas with little representation (about 8%) in non-protected land. Therefore, their sustainability is threatened by anthropogenic and climatic pressures, making their persistence more vulnerable to extinction. We recommend mainstreaming these practices into core pasture production and management areas, facilitating their reinforcement into policy and practices.

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18

Chaminuka, Petronella. "Wildlife or livestock? New directions for developing communal rangelands in South Africa." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 30, no. 1-2 (April 2013): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2013.768702.

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19

Baker, Laura E., and M. Timm Hoffman. "Managing Variability: Herding Strategies in Communal Rangelands of Semiarid Namaqualand, South Africa." Human Ecology 34, no. 6 (July 20, 2006): 765–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9036-y.

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20

FISHER, J. T., E. T. F. WITKOWSKI, B. F. N. ERASMUS, J. VAN AARDT, G. P. ASNER, K. J. WESSELS, and R. MATHIEU. "Human-modified landscapes: patterns of fine-scale woody vegetation structure in communal savannah rangelands." Environmental Conservation 39, no. 1 (November 29, 2011): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000592.

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SUMMARYDespite electrification, over 90% of rural households in certain areas of South Africa continue to depend on fuelwood, and this affects woody vegetation structure, with associated cascading effects on biodiversity within adjacent lands. To promote sustainable use, the interactions between anthropogenic and environmental factors affecting vegetation structure in savannahs need to be understood. Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data collected over 4758 ha were used to examine woody vegetation structure in five communal rangelands around 12 settlements in Bushbuckridge, a municipality in the Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Reserve (South Africa). The importance of underlying abiotic factors was evaluated by measuring size class distributions across catenas and using canonical correspondence analysis. Landscape position was significant in determining structure, indicating the importance of underlying biophysical factors. Differences in structure were settlement-specific, related to mean annual precipitation at one site, and human population density and intensity of use at the other four sites. Size class distributions of woody vegetation revealed human disturbance gradients around settlements. Intensity of use affected the amplitude, not the shape, of the size class distribution, suggesting the same height classes were being harvested across settlements, but amount harvested varied between settlements. Highly used rangelands result in a disappearance of disturbance gradients, leading to homogeneous patches of low woody cover around settlements with limited rehabilitation options. Reductions in disturbance gradients can serve as early warning indicators of woodland degradation, a useful tool in planning for conservation and sustainable development.

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21

Tiawoun, Makuété A. P., Pieter W. Malan, and Alvino A. Comole. "Effects of Soil Properties on the Distribution of Woody Plants in Communally Managed Rangelands in Ngaka Modiri Molema District, North-West Province, South Africa." Ecologies 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecologies3030027.

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Soil properties are important drivers of species distribution and community structure in grassland. This study was undertaken to assess the influence of soil properties on woody plant distribution around six selected communally managed rangelands in the District. At each communal rangeland, a total of 25 plots of 20 × 20 m were surveyed to record the density, frequency, and composition of woody species. Soil samples were collected for thirteen soil variables. A Tukey HSD (Tukey’s honestly significant difference) post hoc test was used to compare soil properties and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to relate the soil properties to the woody species distribution. The study recorded a total of 17 woody species in 9 families. Fabaceae was the most dominant family, and Senegalia mellifera was the most abundant and frequent encroaching species. Most of the species were native, whereas Prosopis velutina was the only invasive alien species recorded. Senegalia mellifera, P. velutina, and Terminalia sericea were considered the most encroaching in the study sites, with densities exceeding 2000 TE ha-1 (i.e., tree equivalent). CCA results exhibited the strong effect of soil variables on the distribution of woody plant species. CCA ordination analyses showed that K was the most influential soil variable on woody species distributions, followed by Mg, CEC, Na, pH, sand, clay and silt. In terms of woody distribution, the CCA diagram showed similarities between Disaneng, Logageng and Tshidilamolomo. This study provides baseline information on woody species diversity for future management of this ecosystem.

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Ntalo, Malizo, Khuliso Emmanuel Ravhuhali, Bethwell Moyo, Ntuwiseni Emile Mmbi, and Kwena Hilda Mokoboki. "Physical and chemical properties of the soils in selected communal properties associations of South Africa." PeerJ 10 (October 19, 2022): e13960. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13960.

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Communal Property Associations (CPAs) rangeland users need more knowledge on the state of their respective grazing lands and also the interaction of soil properties with grazing management implemented. This study aimed to investigate the effect grazing has on the physical and chemical properties of four different soil types found in selected CPAs of the Bela-Bela municipality, they are as follows: Mawela (Hutton-clay loam: HCL), Bela-Bela (Hutton-clay: HC), Moretele (Hutton-loamy sand: HLS) and Ramorula (Ecca sand-clay loam: ESCL).The macro and micro minerals, pH, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, organic carbon, soil particle size distribution, acidity and resistance were all measured. All data were subjected to two-way factorial analysis of variance (SAS, 2010). The topsoil was sampled at a depth of 300 mm at an interval of 100 m (100 and 200 m) from the same transect used for woody species data collection resulting in a total of 18 samples per CPA. In each CPA, three camps were selected. In each camp, three transects 200 m apart at the length of 200 m were set. In each transect, soils were drawn at 0, 100 and 200 m making a total of nine soil samples per each camp. The highest (P < 0.05) pH (7.14) recorded on the sub-soil was in HLS. Nitrate nitrogen (2.4 mg/kg) concentration on the topsoil was high (P < 0.05) in HC soil type. Soil organic carbon for both topsoil (0.66%) and subsoil (0.41%) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in HLS soil type and ESCL soil type respectively. Phosphorus concentration was significantly high (P < 0.05) in ESCL soil type for both topsoil (12.86 mg/kg) and sub-soil (1.59 mg/kg). Iron concentration was high in both topsoil (11.8 mg/kg) and sub-soil (7.3 mg/kg) in ESCL soil type. Sub-soil manganese concentration was found to be higher (P < 0.05) in ESCL soil type (7.58 mg/kg). Soil resistance (2880 Ω ) measured in topsoil was high (P < 0.05) in HCL soil type compared to other soil types. Moreover, for the sub-soil the highest (P < 0.05) resistance (least salts) (3640 Ω) was recorded in ESCL soil type. For most of the soil types, the mineral concentration was higher in topsoil than in sub-soil, this trend explains that the uptake of these minerals by plants took place due to the inconsistencies of grazing management employed in these selected CPA farms. It is of colossal significance to properly manage rangelands, to allow a fair-to-good herbaceous layer in the presence of minerals in the soils and farmer should prioritize having enclosures and keeping N-fixing tree species in the rangelands to achieve the above mentioned conditions.

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23

Diogo, Rodrigue Vivien Cao, Luc Hippolyte Dossa, Sèyi Fridaïus Ulrich Vanvanhossou, Badirou Dine Abdoulaye, Kossi Hélliot Dosseh, Marcel Houinato, Eva Schlecht, and Andreas Buerkert. "Farmers’ and Herders’ Perceptions on Rangeland Management in Two Agroecological Zones of Benin." Land 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040425.

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The sustainable use of rangelands in pastoral areas requires the inclusion of all stakeholders to develop sound management strategies. However, the role of these actors in the sustainable management of natural resources is still poorly understood. The present study aims to (i) assess the perception of farmers and herders of the risks and opportunities of transhumance on rangeland resource use and management, and to (ii) generate useful knowledge for the design and implementation of policies that favor the coexistence of these actors and reduce competition over rangeland resources use in Benin. To this end, interviews were conducted with 240 crop farmers and herders using a semi-structured questionnaire in two contrasting agroecological zones in the northern (Kandi) and the southern (Kétou) part of the country. Among the respondents, 64% of farmers in the North were agro-pastoralists (owning 10.6 ha of land and 10.7 cattle) and 36% were herders (keeping 45.8 cattle and cultivating about 3.7 ha of land). They perceived that communal rangelands were entirely degraded. In the South, 36% of respondents were agro-pastoralists (with 0.3 cattle and farming 4 ha of land) and 64% cattle herders (raising 45.3 cattle and farming 0.9 ha of land only). Of the herders, 50% kept cattle for more than 20 years, while agro-pastoralists had no previous experience in cattle herding. Cultivation practices among crop farmers, such as high use of mineral fertilization (23.8%) and bush fires for land clearing (22.5%), were reported in Kandi (North) and Kétou (South) as factors that might contribute to land degradation. However, these farmers perceived transhumance as a threat to the sustainable use of natural resources. In contrast, herders perceived transhumance as an opportunity to valorize unused land and increase the availability of manure to cropland. The prevalent negative attitude of crop farmers regarding transhumant herders increases the vulnerability of cattle herding in both regions. There is an urgent need of raising awareness concerning the mutual benefits provided by the coexistence of crop farmers with herders to promote participative rangeland management strategies. This may contribute towards coping with the current challenges of food insecurity and increasing climate variability as well as to reducing recurrent conflicts in the region.

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Cousins, Ben. "Invisible capital: The contribution of communal rangelands to rural livelihoods in South Africa." Development Southern Africa 16, no. 2 (June 1999): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359908440079.

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Matope, Alphonce, Titus J. Zindove, Marshall Dhliwayo, and Michael Chimonyo. "Mitigating the effects of drought on cattle production in communal rangelands of Zimbabwe." Tropical Animal Health and Production 52, no. 1 (July 24, 2019): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-02020-y.

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Samuels, M. Igshaan, Nicky Allsopp, and Timm Hoffman. "Mobility Patterns of Livestock Keepers in Semi-Arid Communal Rangelands of Namaqualand, South Africa." Nomadic Peoples 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2008): 123–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/np.2008.120108.

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Palmer, Anthony R., and James E. Bennett. "Degradation of communal rangelands in South Africa: towards an improved understanding to inform policy." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 30, no. 1-2 (April 2013): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2013.779596.

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Ng'ambi, J. W., D. Norris, P. A. Matebesi, and L. Khitsane. "Productivity of Angora goats in the communal rangelands of Molimo-Nthuse area in Lesotho." Tropical Animal Health and Production 38, no. 7-8 (October 2006): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-006-4438-9.

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Kiringe, John Warui, and Moses Makonjio Okello. "Use and availability of tree and shrub resources on Maasai communal rangelands near Amboseli, Kenya." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 22, no. 1 (April 2005): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220110509485860.

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Twine, W. C. "Socio-economic transitions influence vegetation change in the communal rangelands of the South African lowveld." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 22, no. 2 (July 2005): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220110509485866.

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Sulieman, Hussein M. "Grabbing of communal rangelands in Sudan: The case of large-scale mechanized rain-fed agriculture." Land Use Policy 47 (September 2015): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.04.026.

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Abel, N. O. J., and P. M. Blaikie. "Land degradation, stocking rates and conservation policies in the communal rangelands of Botswana and Zimbabwe." Land Degradation and Development 1, no. 2 (September 1989): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3400010204.

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Zavala-Sánchez, Julio César, Juan Antonio Reyes-Agüero, Priscila Lara-Juárez, Pedro Castillo Lara, Alicia Grajales-Lagunes, and Rogelio Aguirre-Rivera. "Effects of Eight Years of Collecting on the Persistence of Liometopum apiculatum Ant Nests in Rangelands of Charcas, San Luis Potosí, Mexico." Sociobiology 71, no. 2 (May 15, 2024): e10082. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v71i2.10082.

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In Mexico, the pupae of the reproductive castes of the ant Liometopum apiculatum, escamoles, are highly valued in traditional and gourmet cuisine in the country’s central region. Escamoles are collected during the dry season of the year. The recommended collecting process is to open the ant nest by removing soil until the rearing chamber and the trabeculae with attached escamoles are found. A well-managed ant nest can be collected repeatedly for approximately 12 to 40 years. In Charcas municipality, San Luis Potosí, Mexico, 400 ant nests were located and checked under two land tenure conditions: the Laguna Seca private ranch and the Pocitos communal ejido. The exploitation of escamoles on both tenures was characterized by recording the number of dead and live ant nests. This work evaluated the condition of the ant nests registered in 2012 after eight years. The hypothesis was that ant nests’ survival would be greater in the private than in the communal land. The percentage of living ant nests on the ejido decreased by 35.67%. In contrast, on the ranch, it was 26.88%. The percentage of relocated ant nests was lower on the ejido, 37.43%, compared to the ranch, which was 48.1%. The number of dead ant nests on the ejido increased to 33.51% and on the ranch 15.0%. As predicted by the hypothesis, ant nest survival was higher on the private ranch than on the communal ejido lands because of stronger control of the extraction process.

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Haftay, H., T. Yayneshet, G. Animut, and A. C. Treydte. "Rangeland vegetation responses to traditional enclosure management in eastern Ethiopia." Rangeland Journal 35, no. 1 (2013): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj12054.

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Enclosures are widely used by pastoralists in East Africa. However, the response of herbaceous and woody vegetation to enclosures seasonally grazed by livestock remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effectiveness of traditional enclosures in improving herbaceous and woody vegetation in the Somali Regional State of eastern Ethiopia. Vegetation composition (species composition, diversity and richness) and structure (herbage mass, density and canopy cover) were measured inside and outside a set of enclosures. The enclosures contained higher numbers of desirable species than the adjacent open-access grazing areas. Woody species richness was higher in the open-access grazing areas than in the enclosures, which is attributed to the manual removal of most of the undesirable shrubs and trees in the enclosures by pastoralists. Herbage mass was 2642 and 843 kg of dry matter ha–1 in the enclosures and open-access communal grazing areas, respectively. Herbaceous species diversity was higher in the enclosures than in the open-access communal grazing areas (Shannon–Wiener index: 1.8 v. 1.4, respectively). The enclosures were richer in herb species than the open-access grazing areas (13.5 v. 6.8, respectively), but values for woody species were not significantly different. Overall, we found that establishment of enclosures and the short-term protection from grazing they allow is an option for realising positive vegetation changes that support the local pastoral economy in the semiarid rangelands of eastern Ethiopia.

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MOUSSA, A. S. "SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS IN SEMI-ARID COMMUNAL SANDY RANGELANDS IN THE WESTERN BOPHIRIMA DISTRICT, SOUTH AFRICA." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/0501_043056.

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Birhane, Emiru, Anna C. Treydte, Abeje Eshete, Negasi Solomon, and Mengsteab Hailemariam. "Can rangelands gain from bush encroachment? Carbon stocks of communal grazing lands invaded by Prosopis juliflora." Journal of Arid Environments 141 (June 2017): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.01.003.

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Mvinjelwa, Sivuyile Alex, Monde Mapekula, Viola Maphosa, and Voster Muchenje. "Body and fleece weights of woollen sheep in veld communal rangelands of the Eastern Cape Province." Tropical Animal Health and Production 46, no. 6 (April 9, 2014): 913–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0584-7.

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Faruqee, Rashid. "Role of Economic Policies in Protecting the Environment: The Experience of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 4II (December 1, 1996): 483–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i4iipp.483-506.

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Economic policies that ensure efficient allocation of resources is a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for creating appropriate environmental incentives. Environment-specific policies are also needed to correct market failures leading to environment problems. Two types of policies can be used to deal with environmental problems—command and control policies and incentive- or market-based policies. Command and control policies involve government mandating of environmental quality standards on emissions, technology type, or input use. Incentive- or market-based policies use prices to try to affect pollution and resource use. Despite the advantages of marketbased approaches, Pakistan, like many other countries, mostly followed control policies. But these policies have often failed to achieve results because regulating institutions lack the financial and technical resources to implement these policies effectively. Pakistan’s brown environmental problems include industrial waste water pollution, domestic waste water pollution, motor vehicle emissions, urban and industrial air pollution, and marine and coastal zone pollution. Economic policy failures are contributing significantly to many of these problems. Green environmental problems affect irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, forests, and rangelands. In irrigated agriculture, economic policies, such as subsidies on irrigation water, have provided incentives for farmers to over use water in their production practices, thereby exacerbating the problem of waterlogging and salinity. Deforestation and rangeland degradation have resulted, in part, due to lack of property rights in communal forests and lack of incentive for local communities to participate in forest management decisions.

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Mapiye, C., M. Chimonyo, K. Dzama, and M. C. Marufu. "Protein Status of Indigenous Nguni and Crossbred Cattle in the Semi-arid Communal Rangelands in South Africa." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 23, no. 2 (December 22, 2009): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2010.90200.

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S., Tokozwayo, Gulwa U., Thubela T., Nyangiwe N., and Mopipi K. "Pastoralists perceptions on the impact of Vachellia karrooencroachment in communal rangelands of the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2018): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jaerd2018.1001.

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41

Dube, OP, and G. Pickup. "Effects of rainfall variability and communal and semi-commercial grazing on land cover in southern African rangelands." Climate Research 17 (2001): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr017195.

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Joubert, D. F., and P. G. Ryan. "Differences in mammal and bird assemblages between commercial and communal rangelands in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa." Journal of Arid Environments 43, no. 3 (November 1999): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1999.0553.

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Mokgakane, Thabile Joyce, Victor Mlambo, Khuliso Emmanuel Ravhuhali, and Norman Magoro. "Contribution of Soil Type to Quantity and Nutritional Value of Grass Species on the South African Highveld." Resources 10, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10100106.

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The biggest threat to cattle production in most South African communal areas is poor management of grazing, which negatively affects vegetation and soil structures. This study was conducted to assess the spatial variation of grass species density, production potential and quality in Breyten (Hutton soil type), Davel (Avalon soil type), and Wesselton (Clovelly soil type) communal rangelands in the highveld region of Mpumalanga province. Three 100 m transects per grazing area, placed at 50 m intervals (0, 50, and 100 m) were used to collect soil samples at 200 mm depth. A 100 m permanent line point method, replicated three times (50 m apart) per site, was used to identify and collect grass species samples. Grass species were classified according to life form, palatability, ecological status, and abundance. Grasses species were also harvested for chemical composition and in vitro ruminal dry matter degradability determination. Soils from the study areas had an acidic pH range (3.5–4.5). Hutton soil had the highest (p < 0.05) nitrate (N-NO3) concentration (0.770 mg/kg) compared to Clovelly (0.030 mg/kg) and Avalon (0.533 mg/kg) soil types. Thirty-one grass species composed of 28 turf perennials, two weak perennials and one perennial creeping grass were identified across the study areas. About 16% of identified grass species were classified as highly palatable, 39% as moderately palatable, and 32% as unpalatable. Across all the soil types, Digitaria eriantha had the highest (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP) (106.5 g/kg DM) content when compared to other grass species. In the Avalon soil type, D. eriantha had the lowest (p < 0.05) neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (696.4 g/kg DM). Across all soils, D. eriantha, Aristida congesta, Eragrostis curvula, Eragrostis gummiflua, and Eragrostis plana grasses had the same (p > 0.05) 48-h in vitro ruminal dry matter degradability Hutton soil had a higher proportion of common and dominant grass species as well as more palatable species with higher crude protein content than Avalon and Clovelly soils. However, for all three rangelands, there is a need for supplementary feeding to enhance the production efficiency of livestock given that the nutritive value of grasses was low.

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Temoso, O., M. Coleman, D. Baker, P. Morley, L. Baleseng, A. Makgekgenene, and S. Bahta. "Using path analysis to predict bodyweight from body measurements of goats and sheep of communal rangelands in Botswana." South African Journal of Animal Science 47, no. 6 (November 9, 2017): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v47i6.13.

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Bennett, James, Andrew Ainslie, and John Davis. "Fenced in: Common property struggles in the management of communal rangelands in central Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Land Use Policy 27, no. 2 (April 2010): 340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.04.006.

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Mapiye, C., M. Chimonyo, and K. Dzama. "Seasonal dynamics, production potential and efficiency of cattle in the sweet and sour communal rangelands in South Africa." Journal of Arid Environments 73, no. 4-5 (April 2009): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.01.003.

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47

Kwaza, Ayanda, Solomon Tefera, Victor Mlambo, and Mopipi Keletso. "Short-term grazing exclusion impacts using brush packs on soil and grass layers in degraded communal rangelands of semi-arid South Africa and implications for restoration and pasture utilization." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(8)220-233.

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Brush packs from very thorny tree branches were used to simulate grazing exclosures to measure differences in herbaceous vegetation and soil characteristics over 2 years on small ungrazed plots and large continuously grazed communal rangelands on 3 semi-arid soil types [shallow, red stony ground (SRSG); shallow, dark sandy loam (SDSL); and deep, dark clay-loam (DCL)]. Pasture presentation yields within exclosures exceeded those on continuously grazed areas for all soil types by: 98% (SRSG), 128% (SDSL) and 152% (DCL). Herbage samples harvested from the exclosures contained higher acid detergent fiber (P≤0.001) and acid detergent lignin (P<0.05) concentrations than those from the grazed areas. In SRSG and SDSL soils, herbage samples harvested from the exclosures were deficient in phosphorus (P) for all livestock species. Depending on soil type(s), soil magnesium, organic carbon, nitrogen, P and manganese concentrations were significantly higher within exclosures than in continuously grazed areas (P≤0.05). Any response from nutrients supplied by leaf drop from the brush packs could not be separated from response due to absence of grazing, and this deserves further investigation. Our results indicate that grazing exclusion for short periods (2 years) on these semi-arid rangelands allowed pastures to produce significant growth, demonstrating that pastures were still productive. Our experiences highlighted the difficulties in erecting and retaining conventional fences to exclude livestock from given areas because of theft. Grazing immediately after vegetation recovery may necessitate judicious nutritional intervention with protein, energy and mineral supplementation to get effective utilization of the available forage.

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Angassa, Ayana, and Gufu Oba. "Relating long-term rainfall variability to cattle population dynamics in communal rangelands and a government ranch in southern Ethiopia." Agricultural Systems 94, no. 3 (June 2007): 715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2007.02.012.

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Abel, Nick. "Mis-measurement of the productivity and sustainability of African communal rangelands: a case study and some principles from Botswana." Ecological Economics 23, no. 2 (November 1997): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(97)00048-7.

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Washington. Makhabu, Shimane, Seabe Ntoroko, Mpho Rinah Setlalekgomo, and Boikhutso Sebidio. "Assessment of Rangelands Around Molepolole Village of Botswana to Ascertain Its Potential to Support Free Range Beef Cattle Despite Its Long Term Use as a Grazing Area." Sustainability in Environment 4, no. 4 (October 14, 2019): p229. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v4n4p229.

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In Botswana, cattle rearing can either be in farms or in communal grazing areas. In communal grazing areas, carrying capacities are never adhered to, hence degradation sometimes occurs. This negatively impact on the livestock industry since cattle are mainly free ranging. This therefore calls for periodic checks of grass species to determine whether grazing areas still have potentials to sustain livestock production. A study was done to take stock of grass species and bush encroachment status around the biggest village of Botswana, known as Molepolole. The survey looked at species composition, distribution and production. The survey was done by using line transects, quadrats and plots in the northern and western direction of the village. In each quadrat, grass species were identified, counted by species, height measured and biomass determined by clipping. In plots, woody plants were counted for all species. The survey revealed that despite heavy grazing and periodic droughts the grazing area still has some grass species of good grazing value and the area is being threatened to being encroached by woody species. Thus there is still a potential for use of the area for grazing but at lower stocking rate. However, it was noted that the area needs some restoration by controlling bush encroachment and reintroduction of good grass species.

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