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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Commonwealth'
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1
Couteau, Armelle. "Le Commonwealth et le droit international public : la renaissance du Commonwealth." Rouen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1987ROUEL036.
Full textAbstract:
Le Commonwealth britannique a évolué vers le Commonwealth des nations et associe aujourd'hui quarante-neuf Etats indépendants et souverains, afin de réaliser, par leur coopération, des objectifs d'intérêt commun. Ces objectifs, ainsi que l'idéologie du Commonwealth et ses règles de fonctionnement sont définis dans des déclarations, des accords internationaux informels, mais aussi des "conventions" qui constituent, dans leur ensemble, sa "charte". Le Commonwealth dispose d'une volonté propre s'exprimant à travers ses organes et d'une existence internationale qui lui confèrent une capacité fonctionnelle et politique lui permettant d'accomplir sa mission. Cependant, ce n'est pas au Commonwealth lui-même que les Etats membres ont reconnu la personnalité juridique, mais au secrétariat du Commonwealth. Des lors, comment définir cette organisation internationale qui demeure, du fait de ses caractères propres, irréductible à toute classification juridique ?The british Commonwealth has been turned into a Commonwealth of nations and is now composed of forty-nine independant and sovereign states, as to achieve common agreed purposes, through their cooperation. Those targets, along with the principles guiding the action and the rules of the organisation, are embedded in informal internatinal agreements, declarations, as well as conventions which could together be described as a "charter". The Commonwealth has its own permanent organs, conducts a credible multilateral diplomacy and has therefore a functional and political capacity to fulfil its mission. Yet, the member states have not conferred the legal personality on the Commonwealth itself, but on the Commonwealth secretariat. Then, how can it be defined in international law ?
2
Couteau, Armelle. "Le Commonwealth et le droit international public la renaissance du Commonwealth /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37612814z.
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3
Aiken, Andrew M. (Andrew Mitchell). "Promoting privatization in Commonwealth courthouses." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62906.
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4
Prasser, Gavin Scott, and n/a. "A Study of Commonwealth Public Inquiries." Griffith University. School of Politics and Public Policy, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060811.160901.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the extent and use of public inquiries appointed by the Commonwealth government since federation. Given the increased incidence in public inquiries since the 1970s, particular attention is given to assessing inquiries during this period. The thesis develops a clear definition of public inquiries to better identify the number established and to distinguish them from other advisory institutions and to allow more accurate comparison of their use by different governments over extended timeframes. The thesis addresses a number of key issues concerning public inquiries such as the reasons for their appointment, their roles and functions in the political system, their powers of investigation, processes of operation, their different organisational forms and their impact on policy development. In addition, the thesis seeks to explain both the long term use of public inquiries in Australia, and in particular their increased incidence since the 1970s. Supported by new data, and a more rigorous definition of public inquiries, the thesis identifies trends in the number and type of public inquiries appointed, their use by different governments, the range of issues investigated, the processes employed and the changing composition of their memberships. The thesis proposes that an important means of explaining the continuing appointment of inquiries is their intrinsic 'publicness' - their public appointment, external membership, temporary nature, open processes, and public reporting arrangements. This 'publicness' has given public inquiries a particular standing and legitimacy in the political system that for a variety of reasons, other institutions are increasingly unable to provide. Other issues concerning public inquiry appointment such as the effect of government partisanship, the impact of the electoral cycle, and the political motivations of governments are also assessed. A number of theories such as public choice are examined in relation to explaining inquiry appointment and found to have limited application in providing an overall explanation of inquiry use and their functions. These different issues are analysed by examination of many individual inquiries and supplemented by in depth assessment of three clusters of case studies. The case studies cover seven inquiries of different types and powers appointed over a twenty year period by both Labor and Coalition governments into a range of different fields including public sector reform, allegations of corruption and maladministration and financial deregulation. Each set of case studies examines why the inquiries were appointed, their classification and type, the processes employed, the form and content of their reports, and their policy impact. The thesis concludes that in examining why public inquiries are appointed and their roles in the political system, they need to be assessed not just by the effectiveness of their processes or the quality of their advice. These are important, but alone are not sufficient in explaining the persistent use of inquiries by all governments and their proliferation since the 1970s. The thesis contends that it is the 'publicness' of inquiries which distinguishes them from other advisory bodies and gives inquiries particular standing in the Australian political system to be perceived to be able to legitimately investigate and advise on a wide of issues. Despite the growth of other advisory bodies in recent times, public inquiries have continued to be appointed in increasing numbers since the early 1970s regardless of the government in power and therefore need to be seen less as an aberration of the Australian political system and more as an important, if often understudied, component. Future research areas recommended include the need for greater comparative analysis of their use with other Westminster democracies such as the United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand.
5
Bowrin, A. "Corporate governance in commonwealth caribbean banks." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60610.
Full textAbstract:
Корпоративне управління зараз є головним питанням у світовому порядку денному
кілька серйозних фінансових скандалів у США, Великобританії, Франції та інших
розвинені країни. У Карибському басейні, де компанії сильно покладаються на борг
банківський сектор тісно бере участь у процесі КГ в
кількість способів.Corporate governance is now a major issue on the global agenda following several high-profile financial scandals in the USA, UK, France and other developed countries. In the Caribbean, where companies rely heavily of debt financing, the banking sector is intimately involved in the process of CG in a number of ways.
6
Prasser, Gavin Scott. "A Study of Commonwealth Public Inquiries." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365294.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the extent and use of public inquiries appointed by the Commonwealth government since federation. Given the increased incidence in public inquiries since the 1970s, particular attention is given to assessing inquiries during this period. The thesis develops a clear definition of public inquiries to better identify the number established and to distinguish them from other advisory institutions and to allow more accurate comparison of their use by different governments over extended timeframes. The thesis addresses a number of key issues concerning public inquiries such as the reasons for their appointment, their roles and functions in the political system, their powers of investigation, processes of operation, their different organisational forms and their impact on policy development. In addition, the thesis seeks to explain both the long term use of public inquiries in Australia, and in particular their increased incidence since the 1970s. Supported by new data, and a more rigorous definition of public inquiries, the thesis identifies trends in the number and type of public inquiries appointed, their use by different governments, the range of issues investigated, the processes employed and the changing composition of their memberships. The thesis proposes that an important means of explaining the continuing appointment of inquiries is their intrinsic 'publicness' - their public appointment, external membership, temporary nature, open processes, and public reporting arrangements. This 'publicness' has given public inquiries a particular standing and legitimacy in the political system that for a variety of reasons, other institutions are increasingly unable to provide. Other issues concerning public inquiry appointment such as the effect of government partisanship, the impact of the electoral cycle, and the political motivations of governments are also assessed. A number of theories such as public choice are examined in relation to explaining inquiry appointment and found to have limited application in providing an overall explanation of inquiry use and their functions. These different issues are analysed by examination of many individual inquiries and supplemented by in depth assessment of three clusters of case studies. The case studies cover seven inquiries of different types and powers appointed over a twenty year period by both Labor and Coalition governments into a range of different fields including public sector reform, allegations of corruption and maladministration and financial deregulation. Each set of case studies examines why the inquiries were appointed, their classification and type, the processes employed, the form and content of their reports, and their policy impact. The thesis concludes that in examining why public inquiries are appointed and their roles in the political system, they need to be assessed not just by the effectiveness of their processes or the quality of their advice. These are important, but alone are not sufficient in explaining the persistent use of inquiries by all governments and their proliferation since the 1970s. The thesis contends that it is the 'publicness' of inquiries which distinguishes them from other advisory bodies and gives inquiries particular standing in the Australian political system to be perceived to be able to legitimately investigate and advise on a wide of issues. Despite the growth of other advisory bodies in recent times, public inquiries have continued to be appointed in increasing numbers since the early 1970s regardless of the government in power and therefore need to be seen less as an aberration of the Australian political system and more as an important, if often understudied, component. Future research areas recommended include the need for greater comparative analysis of their use with other Westminster democracies such as the United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Politics and Public Policy
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7
Johnson, Laurel Eva. "The Commonwealth response to organised crime." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/109601.
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Australia is a federation where the Commonwealth
has no direct power over crime. What power the
Commonwealth has in the area of crime derives mainly from
the operation of the implied incidental power adhering to
the express powers in section 51 of the Australian
Constitution and from the express incidental power,
placitum 51(xxxix). Other constitutional powers, such as
subsection 52(1), exclusive, plenary power in relation to
Commonwealth places, section 119. protection of the
states against domestic violence and section 122, plenary
power in relation to territories, may be called into play
in appropriate situations. There is also some role for
the inherent national power.
8
Harvey, Matthew. "Constituting a Commonwealth for Europe and beyond." Monash University, Faculty of Law, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5642.
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9
Ali, Shazeeda Ashmeen. "Money laundering control : a Commonwealth Caribbean perspective." Thesis, University of London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402141.
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10
Burrows, Hannah. "Literary-legal relations in commonwealth-period Iceland." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14156/.
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11
Sader, Roula E. "Design-build in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts." Link to electronic thesis, 2003. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0508103-223328.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.Keywords: design-build; alternative project delivery methods; filed sub-bid; legislation; Massachusetts General Laws. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-81).
12
Kobayashi, Daniel B. "Welfare reform in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts." Thesis, Boston University, 1998. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/27689.
Full textAbstract:
Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses.PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
2031-01-02
13
Tabouret-Auplat, Claire. "Les O. N. G du Commonwealth contemporain : rôles, bilans et perspectives." Paris 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA040198.
Full textAbstract:
Le Commonwealth est une organisation internationale qui vit le jour en 1965 dans sa forme contemporaine. Elle regroupe 54 démocraties, et 1. 7 milliard de personnes sur cinq continents. Les habitants du Commonwealth ont effectué 20% des échanges commerciaux mondiaux en l'an 2000. Ils forment une " famille " multiculturelle dont la moitié des membres a moins de trente ans, et partagent l'usage de la langue anglaise ainsi qu'un réseau législatif, économique et éducatif fondé sur les bases communes de l'Empire britannique. L'une des caractéristiques du Commonwealth par rapport aux autres grandes organisations internationales est d'avoir toujours entretenu des liens étroits avec la société civile et les Organisations Non-Gouvernementales. C'est un véritable mode de gouvernance, essence du fonctionnement de l'organisation. Mais les interactions entre structures gouvernementales et non-gouvernementales sont bien antérieures à 1965. L'analyse diachronique de l'évolution du rôle particulier joué par certaines ONG depuis le temps de l'Empire permettra de nourrir la réflexion sur la question de la place actuelle des ONG dans une grande organisation internationale multilatérale à vocation mondialeThe Commonwealth is an international organisation which was founded, in its present form, in 1965. It has 54 democracies as member states, with 1. 7 billion inhabitants on five continents. Commonwealth people accounted for 20% of global trade in 2000. They form a multicultural 'family' which shares the use of English, and their law, school and economic systems are all based on a common tradition coming from the British Empire. One of the characteristics of the Commonwealth in relation to other big international organisations is its unique system of governance, which combines governmental and non-governmental forces to reach a common aim. There were interactions between the 'official Commonwealth' and the 'unofficial Commonwealth' long before 1965, and the study of the evolution of the particular role played by some NGOs since the turn of the century will nourish a topical reflection on the place of NGOs in a big multilateral organisation
14
Barnes, Helen, and n/a. "The work attitudes and job perceptions of Commonwealth Government Libraians : with descriptive data on Commonwealth Government librarianship as an occupation." University of Canberra. School of Information, Language and Culture Studies, 1987. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060607.154822.
Full textAbstract:
This study has three major purposes: to describe systematically the practice of
librarianship in Australian Commonwealth Government departments and agencies
from the perspective of librarians employed in that environment; to relate the
characteristics of government librarianship to librarians' perceptions of and
attitudes to their work; and to assess the extent to which the work of Commonwealth
Government librarians needs to be redesigned to improve the level of job satisfaction
they experience. A subsidiary purpose is to test the job characteristics theory of
work motivation on a population of librarians.
Information was gathered by a survey questionnaire on a range of variables relating
to librarians and their perceptions of different aspects of their jobs. The primary
instrument for gathering data on perceptions was the complete form of the Job
Diagnostic Survey.
The population under investigation comprised those Commonwealth Government
department and agency librarians employed on a full-time, permanent basis under
the Public Service Act 1922. and located in Canberra. Because the population was
small but diverse, it was decided to survey the total population rather than a random
or stratified sample. One hundred and eight usable responses were received which
represented a response rate of 83 percent.
The results of the survey were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences. Frequency distributions and Pearson's Product-Moment Correlations were
calculated to determine the percentage of respondents who selected each option and the
strength of relationships between pairs of variables.
The study found that Commonwealth Government department and agency librarians in
Australia are highly satisfied with their work generally, and with the environment
in which it is performed. None of the null hypotheses relating to Commonwealth
Government librarians and job satisfaction were rejected. All but one of the null
hypotheses retating to the application of the job characteristics model to
Commonwealth Government librarians are rejected.
The study concludes by identifying issues and areas for further research in public
sector librarianship.
15
Leenders, Karen. "'A hazardous experiment' : the First World War and changing British civilian and military attitudes to the people of India." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/78272/.
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This thesis extends the current scholarship of the social impact of the First World War by analysing the influence of the contribution of the Indian soldiers on the Western Front on civilian and military perceptions of Indian people and how this varied between those who encountered Indian soldiers in person and those who did not. The work sits on the historiographical boundary of the First World War, Empire and the social history of Britain in the post war years and makes use of newspapers, first person accounts and manuscript sources. The impact upon the civilian population is analysed by examining the manner in which Indian people were represented in the media in the years before the war and comparing this with later representations in the years during and after the war. The work of Porter and Mackenzie and the ongoing debate about the significance of the Empire to the British people is used to ground the argument. The thesis finds that, despite an increased awareness and interest in India and its people during the war, the public soon settled into a pre-war apathy towards its Empire. The military chapters briefly examine the history of the Indian Army and its time in France and the changes made by the British Army to facilitate the service of the Indian soldiers in Europe. It discusses the negative view of the Indian Corps which has been perpetuated by historians during the twentieth century and provides contradictory arguments against a number of these assertions. The thesis concludes that, while the Indian Corps' time in France positively impacted on British civilian and military opinion of Indian people, those who directly encountered them formed the most favourable views.
16
Crook, Christopher Thomas. "Empire and Europe : a reassessment of British foreign policies, 1919-1925." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/71476/.
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This thesis is a reassessment of British foreign policies from the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 until the Treaties of Locarno in 1925. It initially argues that much of the historiography of this period is unbalanced in its judgement of the different governments because it views them from a teleological perspective that fails to differentiate this period from the inter-war years as a whole. The problem with this approach is that the rise of Hitler and the causes of the Second World War became so dominant in such analyses that most issues within these years have only been judged within that wider context. The thesis argues that an assessment of the foreign policies between 1919 and 1925 must take greater account of all the diplomatic, military and economic difficulties in the years after the Great War, and also recognise the degree of stability achieved by the end of 1925. The difficulties included the expansion of the British Empire as a result of Versailles, ongoing financial and economic problems including wartime debts, the complexities of the Irish negotiations, and the major European issues that had not been resolved at Versailles. Britain was still a great power and its foreign policies are analysed both as an imperial power, including the newly acquired territories in the Middle East, and as a major European power. After an analysis of primary and secondary sources, it is argued that despite all the difficulties, and the seeds of long-term decline in imperial matters, British foreign policies contributed to greater stability in international affairs by the end of 1925. This is especially true of the achievements at Locarno in respect of Germany's western borders and in establishing Germany as an equal diplomatic partner. There were also no obvious new diplomatic hostages to fortune. Whether Britain and other powers could build on this greater stability after 1925 is a different issue, but that should not detract from recognition of the achievements during these six years.
17
McEachern, Cameron James. "The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and small business /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63990.
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18
Muda, Muhammad. "Malaysias foreign policy and the Commonwealth 1957-1992." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506980.
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19
Deakin, Stephen. "Liberal values and New Commonwealth immigration, 1961-1981." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1987. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/38063/.
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Immigration to Britain from the New Commonwealth began in earnest in the late 1940s and the early 1950s. British governments, both Socialist and Conservative, found the issues raised by such immigration difficult to deal. with. This is evident from the succession of immigration control and race relations measures in the period 1961 to 1981. These dates mark respectively the Parliamentary debates on what became the 1962 Commonwealth Immigration Act and the 1981 British Nationality Act. As such these measures delineate clearly the development of this major policy area. One of the noticeable features of this policy area is the recognition by participants of the existence and importance of values and attitudes characterised by the term "liberal". Such liberal values were commonly associated with opinion formers in a wide variety of institutions, but particularly amongst leaders of the Labour and Liberal Parties, the churches and governmentsponsored race relations bodies. This study examines the values and attitudes of such people and suggests that several themes have been predominant in the liberal response to race politics. Five themes are identified and discussed: a social determinist view of human behaviour together with a desire for rationality, equality, pluralism and community. These themes are examined for evidence of any inconsistencies or conflict of values, both within themselves and in relation to each other. The purpose throughout is not to question or criticise such liberal values; rather it is to study any inconsistencies within them.
20
Kasim, B. G. "Nigeria's relationship with the Commonwealth Association : 1960-1979." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373606.
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21
Hahn, Randolph Keith. "Commonwealth bills of rights : their nature and origin." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e06f65b7-9340-4d95-9c53-4f37bffa377f.
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The thesis surveys and analyses Commonwealth Bills of Rights. It examines the content of these Bills of Rights and considers their origin and political implications. The first chapter reviews the political history of Bills of Rights generally. This is followed by a chapter dealing with the initiation and introduction of Commonwealth Bills of Rights. Particular attention is given to the attitudes and influences of British officials and advisors. The third chapter considers the general forms of Commonwealth Bills of Rights and the ways in which such guarantees are qualified. The next three chapters examine the substance of the particular guarantees and note judicial cases that are of particular interest. In the seventh chapter some of the political implications of these Bills of Rights are considered. The eighth chapter concerns judicial attitudes toward the enforcement of a Bill of Rights. This is followed by concluding remarks.
22
Hartford, Davis Sebastian Howard. "The legal personality of the Commonwealth of Australia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8453fe3f-7acf-4f1e-a786-267a9303203b.
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The thesis explores the legal personality of the Commonwealth of Australia under the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia, against the background of constitutional litigation in the High Court of Australia, current to 1 February 2016. It assesses that jurisprudence alongside a wider enquiry into state and corporate personality, with some relevant comparative analysis of UK, Imperial, Canadian and New Zealand materials. The thesis advances the positive claim that the Constitution created a legal person, called the Commonwealth'. In order properly to understand the nature of this legal person, as a matter of domestic law, it is necessary to discriminate between the legal or 'constitutional person' formally constituted by the Constitution, and the Commonwealth of Australia conceived more widely as a 'government', or as a 'nation'/'political community'. There is a recent tendency in judgments of the High Court of Australia to suppose either that the Commonwealth (government), or the Commonwealth (nation), is a legal person. This thesis argues that both notions are wrong. The theory that the Commonwealth (government) is a legal person forms a primary focus in this regard. Primary governmental institutions in Australia are constituted by law as entities or groups, which perform functions of importance to the legal system but which do not have and cannot form legal relations. Such institutions are sometimes described as 'organs', 'branches', 'aspects' or 'facets' of a 'polity' or 'body politic', which is a legal person. These are words of fluid meaning, but which carry the flavour of the Hobbesian state: a sense that the 'Commonwealth' is a legal person incorporating every aspect of 'its' power and authority, and embracing all those who act on 'its' behalf. The thesis argues that this theory and its associated terminology misrepresent the nature and extent of the Commonwealth's legal personality. The thesis advances correlative negative claims: the Commonwealth (government) is not a legal person, and the Commonwealth (constitutional person) is not the government. The terms 'polity' and 'body politic' are often also used to describe the Commonwealth (nation), as distinct from the Commonwealth (government), sometimes with the implication that the Commonwealth (nation) is a legal person. The thesis advances reasons for rejecting this theory, whilst acknowledging that any such theory depends to a significant degree on what definition is adopted of the concept of 'nation'. Thus, the thesis argues that the legal person known as the 'Commonwealth' must not be confused with other significations of the word. The thesis contends for a narrower theory: the government and the nation are not legal persons, and must be distinguished from the Commonwealth (constitutional person). The narrow theory aligns with English antecedents, and avoids the conceptual problems otherwise thrown up by the need to explain how the amorphous interests, natural and artificial persons, offices, institutions and powers that are identified with the government or nation of Australia could rationally be understood as emanating from a single legal person. For legal purposes, neither the government nor the nation is treated as a unified legal personality. Rather, in different ways, both the government and the nation are constructed or comprised of a multitude of legal persons, one of which is the Commonwealth (constitutional person).
23
Craggs, Ruth. "Cultural geographies of the 'modern' commonwealth, 1947-1973." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516598.
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24
Auburn, Jonathan. "Legal professional privilege : derogations and absolutism." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312497.
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25
Price, Richard, and n/a. "Dual accountability in the Commonwealth primary industries statutory authorities." University of Canberra. Management, 1993. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061106.152937.
Full textAbstract:
During the 1980s some remarkable public administration
reforms took place in the Commonwealth primary
industries portfolio statutory research and marketing
authorities. These reforms implemented dual
accountability arrangements which legislated the
requirement for the authorities to be held accountable
directly to government and Parliament, as well as to
industry and community bodies which held either a
financial stake in the authorities or a stake in the
outcomes of their activities.
This dissertation discusses the nature of the dual
accountability arrangements in the broader context of
administrative and accountability theory, with particular
emphasis on its place in the evolution of public
enterprise and of more open, participatory and socially
responsive public administration. It also considers the
1980s reforms in the historical context of Australian
primary industry institutionalisation and agrarian
socialism.
The dissertation concludes that dual accountability can
strengthen an organisation's accountability while at the
same time reduce the need for close administrative
control. Dual accountability acknowledges that the
fundamental processes of an organisation's
accountability should apply in more than one direction,
and that the decentralisation of these processes actually
fills the voids left by removing control mechanisms. The
dissertation also identifies variations in the application
of dual accountability principles across primary industry
authorities and suggests that there is potential for the
principles to be applied to other areas of government administration.
26
Lund, Peter J. "'Independence plus' : New Zealand and the Commonwealth, 1945-1950." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of History, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4341.
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This thesis examines New Zealand's role
in and contribution to the British Commonwealth
in the crucial years immediately following the
Second World War. A thematic approach is taken,
highlighting economic, constitutional and defence
ties, as well as the less discernable links of
sentiment. The premise is that the Commonwealth was
essentially a paradoxical association; the juncture
between independent nationhood and collective
solidarity. The thesis, therefore, aims to show how
New Zealand exhibited both these traits and tried
to maintain some equilibrium between them. However,
the latter role of the loyal Commonwealth partner
increasingly prevailed in the difficult international
situation of the late 1940's. Certainly, by the
defeat of the first Labour government in 1949, New
Zealand had strongly reaffirmed its commitment to
Commonwealth unity. Confirmed sovereignty was
qualified by a residual imperial focus. The
various influences contributing to New Zealand's
inherent support for the Commonwealth will be
considered.
New Zealand's commitment to the Commonwealth
has to, however, be seen in the context of a changing
international environment. The established
independence of member states, combined with Britain's
decline as a major power, ensured that the
Commonwealth could not function as a unitary bloc.
A bi-polar balance of power, centred on the United
States and the Soviet Union was to become the
predominant feature of the post-war world, and
Commonwealth members had to respond accordingly. In
turn, the Commonwealth itself was an elastic
association and continued to evolve relative to
changing circumstances, as highlighted by the impact
of the independence of the Indian subcontinent.
This gave greater emphasis to the Commonwealth's
basis as a free association of independent nations
rather than a formalised alliance. The New Zealand
government's conservative, even reactionary, attitude
to such developments will be discussed, showing
Wellington's role as the advocate of the "Old
Commonwealth".
The External Affairs files of the National
Archives, Wellington, provided the bulk of primary
research. This was supplemented by parliamentary
records, newspapers and the excellent published
collections of primary sources. The extensive corpus
of secondary literature also provided valuable
background detail. The thematic approach taken may
be at the expense of a full chronological overview,
but it aims to illustrate the major comparative
trends of the period.
27
Craig, Ronald W. "Controversial aspects of Commonwealth Construction and Engineering Procurement Law." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7550.
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This research exposes to examination and understanding the law governing procurement of construction and engineering works and services. The thesis captures both development of common law and judicial determination of statutory law. It takes the form of published journal articles and conference papers which discuss legal issues relevant to construction procurement and conclude with recommendations for clients and construction project managers on how to better manage the procurement process. The work reveals, inter alia, the extent to which contract law regulates the tendering phase of construction procurement and places the client under an obligation to the tenderer characterised as 'fair dealing' or 'good faith'. Chapter 1 is of an introductory nature. Chapter 2 sets the crime of manslaughter arising out of construction site fatality as a procurement issue. The author notes the UK government's intention to introduce the new offences of reckless killing, killing by gross carelessness and corporate killing. Chapter 3 discusses cases where disaffected parties to the tendering process have made private law challenges of that process seeking compensation for the other party's alleged irregularities. The client is generally obliged in law to treat all tenderers equally and fairly and to refrain from evaluating tenders and awarding contracts other than in accordance with the rules set down in the tender conditions. Chapter 4 addresses the question: do traditional tendering processes encourage, or merely permit, contractor innovation? Several tender codes are reviewed to establish whether these codes provide for, or encourage, innovative proposals from competing bidders. Chapter 5 provides updating case material for the period 1999-2000 which helps to underpin the conclusions and recommendations set out in Chapter 12. Chapter 6 is a criticism of the NJCC's Code of Procedure for Single Stage Selective Tendering and the CIB's Code of Practice for the Selection of Main Contractors. Suggestions are made as to what a new tender code might include in the light of selected decisions of the common law courts. It is argued that a set of 'standard' tender rules should become the terms of a 'tender contract'. Those rules would properly reflect decisions of the courts and would be accepted by all parties to the process as a tender contract document. Chapter 7 discusses how the common law protects the integrity of construction procurement by imposed or assumed contractual obligations. Procurement of subcontract works is also considered. The author concludes that the tendering contract operates between main contractor and subcontractor as it does between owner/ developer and main contractor, and that the 'two contract' analysis provides the best basis for upholding integrity of the bidding process. Chapter 8 sets out advice for quantity surveyors and project managers derived from the decisions of the common law courts. The author argues that practice should be shaped to reflect the obligations assumed by parties in common law so as to avoid claims from aggrieved bidders. In Chapter 9 the focus shifts from private to public law. A Scottish court denied a remedy to the unsuccessful bidder on the grounds that the contract award process was unfair, unreasonable and in breach of natural justice. The author argues that a successful case might have been made out in private law and concludes with recommendations as to how the tender process might be better conducted. Chapter 10 deals with public procurement under the rules of the European Union (EU), noting a particularly important decision by the European Court of Justice that contracting authorities are obliged to treat all tenderers equally and fairly, a duty that parallels that found in common law and discussed in Chapters 2 through 8. Chapter 10 concludes with an article on Rv Portsmouth City Council (1996), reviewing both decisions at first instance and in the English Court of Appeal. Chapter 11 considers the risks of developers and contractors by examining the effectiveness of 'controls' imposed by common law when the usual statutory controls are temporarily withdrawn. It can be seen that the common law has not evolved to protect the interests of neighbours and local residents from the perils and hazards of property development which result in environmental degradation. This chapter concludes with recommendations as to how developer and constructors might minimise their impact on adjacent property owners. Chapter 12 presents a summary of the conclusions drawn from the completed research project and the author's recommendations for further research within the procurement topic.
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Te, Velde-Ashworth Victoria Emily Yvonne. "Membership of the modern Commonwealth(s) : Mozambique and beyond." Thesis, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429398.
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Bishop, Jennifer Jane. "Precious metals, coinage, and 'commonwealth' in mid-Tudor England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708796.
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Osman, Nazariah. "Malaysia and the commonwealth : the Mahathir era (1981-2003)." Thesis, Keele University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.602982.
Full textAbstract:
There was a significant change in the Malaysia's attitude to the Commonwealth when Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, Malaysia's fourth Prime Minister, came to power in 1981. In contrast to his predecessors who had supported the Commonwealth, Mahathir took a dim view of it, at least during his first five years in office. This reflected his disenchantment with the British whom he regarded as arrogant, his strong nationalist credentials, and his initial tendency to regard the Commonwealth as a 'British' organisation. In practice this translated into several steps that some Malaysians interpreted as indicating that the Prime Minister intended to withdraw Malaysia from the organisation. The most important of these steps was the two 1986 reviews that Mahathir ordered into Malaysia's position in the Commonwealth. However, by 1985, the premier's attitude began changing. Mahathir's discovery of, and awakened interest in, the Commonwealth was evidenced by his decision to attend Commonwealth Prime Ministers Meetings and to play host to major Commonwealth events. Ultimately, the Commonwealth became an important avenue for Mahathir to draw the attention of other developing states to Malaysia's example of economic and social development and to assist them to emulate her experience. This thesis aims to trace and account for the changing significance of the Commonwealth in the formulation and conduct of Malaysia's foreign policy during Mahathir's era. In particular, it examines the factors that led to Mahathir's disenchantment towards the Commonwealth. Further, the research analyses the reasons for, and the results of the reviews, and consider the extent to which the reports he commissioned in 1986 contributed to the changed of attitude of Mahathir. The thesis also scrutinises the reasons for Mahathir's changed attitude towards the organisation. This draws attention to the appeal of Commonwealth membership and the final part of the thesis considers how Malaysia's active involvement in Commonwealth programmes benefitted the country not only during the 22 years of Tun Dr. Mahathir's premiership, but since the early stage of her membership.
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Tong, William Su Hern. "The break up of Commonwealth private international law in relation to forum non conveniens and tort choice of law in selected Commonwealth jurisdictions." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12862/.
Full textAbstract:
It is well known that in the early stages of legal development in Commonwealth jurisdictions, when these countries were still colonies of the British Empire, there was uniformity in their laws as the English common law was received by these countries and applied by their judiciaries with little or no modifications. As time passed, with the shift towards independence in these former British colonies, some Commonwealth countries have diverged from the English common law by providing for judicial solutions that are perceived to best fit their individual circumstances, values and needs. In other words, there has been a break up of Commonwealth common law. Whilst there has been much academic discussion on this phenomenon in relation to for example, tort and contract, hardly any has been written on private international law. Accordingly, it is the purpose of this thesis to address the paucity of academic writing on this subject matter by undertaking a comparative study of two areas of private international law, namely the doctrine of forum non conveniens and tort choice of law in Australia, Canada and Singapore, with the relevant English common law positions as the key reference point. Specifically, this thesis began by establishing the existence as well as the nature and extent of the break up of forum non conveniens and tort choice of law in our selected Commonwealth jurisdictions. It is then argued that one reason for this phenomenon is that there are differences in the judicial treatment of policies, concepts and other wider considerations relevant to these areas of private international law in these countries. Subsequently, the issue of how these jurisdictions should respond to this phenomenon was examined and we concluded that the prospects for the harmonisation of jurisdictional and tort choice of law rules at the global, regional and Commonwealth level has been largely unpromising. Accordingly, it is argued that the way forward is for our selected Commonwealth jurisdictions to develop their own rules on these areas of private international law with their own social, economic and political circumstances in mind.
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Magnussen, Amanda, and n/a. "The development of virtual libraries in Commonwealth libraries in Australia." University of Canberra. Information Management & Tourism, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060829.130944.
Full textAbstract:
This research examines the development of virtual libraries in Commonwealth
libraries in Australia in 1998-1999. The background to the study lies in some of
the current issues in the information sector, and government responses to those
issues.
The study begins by considering the nature of the Australian Commonwealth
Government, reviewing what government libraries are and whom they serve, and
examining the future trends expected to affect Commonwealth libraries. The
current state of virtual library research is then reviewed, and the need for research
in the Commonwealth library sector examined.
The author reviews the virtual library concept as expressed in the literature in the
field, determines what a virtual library is, and gives consideration to why virtual
libraries are being developed. The issues that affect and are affected by virtual
library development are then examined. Based on this, a model of virtual libraries
is formulated, along with a brief consideration of the possible application,
importance and problems associated with each element of the model.
The research design and methods that were used to gather information for this
study are then outlined, along with the inherent limitations of the research model.
Following this, the findings from a survey of virtual library development in
Commonwealth libraries are discussed. The author then conducts some analysis
of these responses, and makes comparisons between different Commonwealth
library responses, as well as comparisons with virtual library studies conducted in
American and Australian academic libraries.
The research concludes by attempting to reach some conclusions about
Commonwealth virtual library development and the validity of the proposed
model of virtual libraries. Flowing from this, recommendations are made for
further research in this field.
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McGrath, Frank Roland. "Intentions of the Framers of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution." University of Sydney. History, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/850.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis examines the speeches and debates in the Australasian Federation Conference of 1890, and the Australasian Federal Conventions of 1891 and 1897-8 for the purpose of establishing what the framers of the Commonwealth Constitution understood to be the meaning and purpose of the individual sections of the Constitution upon which they were called upon either to support or oppose. The particular matters involved in the examination are the manner and form in which the principles of responsible government were incorporated into the constitution, and the relationship of these principles to the powers of the Senate; the crisis in the 1891 Convention in relation to the powers of the Senate over money bills; the significance of the difference in composition of the Convention of 1891 compared with that of 1897-8; the significance of the classification of the Constitution as an indissoluble federation under the Crown; the principles of responsible government and the provisions of s.57 in the context of the deadlock over Supply in 1975; the meaning and purpose of s.41 preserving the rights of voters qualified to vote in State elections for the lower Houses, and the misconceptions in relation thereto the position of aborigines under the Constitution; the meaning and purpose of the special laws power in the light of the 1967 Constitutional referendum, and its interpretation bU the High Court in the Hindmarsh Island Bridge case; the relationship of the intentions of the framers of the Constitution to the interpretation bu the High Court of the Financial Clauses of the Constitution, and the provisions of s.92; and the meaning and purpose of the external affairs power, and the corporations power as understood bu the framers of the Constitution.
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Willie, Rachel Judith. "Reinventing Revolution on the Commonwealth and Restoration Stage 1648-1672." Thesis, University of York, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507536.
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Mori, Takato. "'Co-prosperity' or 'commonwealth'? : Japan, Britain and Burma 1940-1945." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2136/.
Full textAbstract:
The entry of Japanese forces into Southeast Asia in 1940 and 1941, now generally identified as one of the vital causes of the Pacific War, and the following Japanese interregnum in the region during the war have been the focus of a considerable volume of studies. In particular, the causation and motivation behind Japanese expansion into Southeast Asia has been a matter of much historiographical and public debate in recent years. This thesis aims to clarify the goals behind Japanese policy and explore how it evolved both prior to and during the war, and how it in turn affected British policy. This study explores these subjects with particular focus on the following issues. It examines how the idea of building a 'Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere' developed as the rationale for Japanese policy and to what extent the Japanese pre-war and wartime policy to nurture nationalist aspirations in Southeast Asia was driven by the ideological claims behind this concept. It also assesses how the Japanese southern expansion and the following occupation influenced British policy towards Southeast Asia, where Britain faced the rise of a number of active nationalist movements. These questions considered at the general level are also examined through a case study of Burma which provides an interesting example for the analysis of the real motives and intentions behind Japanese policy as well as for studying its impact on British policy planning to maintain its presence in the region.
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McEvilla, Joshua. "Richard Brome, 1632-1659 : reconceptualising Caroline drama through Commonwealth print." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/773/.
Full textAbstract:
The present study considers Brome’s playbooks and his reputation as a dramatist from the perspective of different approaches to ‘the history of the book.’ It examines various methods of critical discourse while it re-evaluates the worth of a dramatist whose work has been underappreciated. The study takes seven unconventional approaches as the Complete Works of Richard Brome Project (forthcoming 2010) will be addressing the theatricality of Brome’s plays; and, because Matthew Steggle’s 2004 monograph, Richard Brome: Place and Politics on the Caroline Stage, synthesises most discoveries about Brome’s life and career found in recent years. Chapter 1 speculates on how the commercial and political context of play publication can impact the received meaning of plays as texts. It reflects on how bibliographical environments can create meaning. Chapter 2, on the other hand, looks at the effect that delayed publication had on Brome’s late-Caroline revivals. It explores twentieth-century ideas of “decadence” once associated with Brome. Chapter 3 addresses a series of related issues bearing in mind certain print conventions and performance practices. In it, I contend that certain print conventions had yet to become standardised in the 1630s. I do so using a cast list and a pamphlet to suggest community expectation behind the staging of Brome’s Antipodes. Chapter 4 examines Brome’s syncretic texts. This examination is founded upon an understanding that play-writers could act as ‘play patchers’ – Tiffany Stern’s term – and that such ‘patching’ must be acknowledged in the study of printed books. Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 show how Brome’s career as an author, which has been studied through his plays, involved theatrical and non-theatrical creativity. Brome’s commendatory verses allow me to address issues of “paratext,” i.e., concerns that have become apparent because of English translations of Seuils. Brome’s non-theatrical publications indicate to me that Brome, as a dramatist, was more than simply aware of print – as Lukas Erne has argued of Shakespeare. Brome’s skills as a literary contributor (c. 1639) provided him with opportunities for employment (c. 1649). My final chapter stresses the significance of playtexts of the 1630s and playtexts of the 1650s by reconsidering the reception of Brome’s plays as playbooks. It also suggests that the Commonwealth period – a period in which the public performance of Brome’s plays was forbidden – became a defining force in his twentieth-century biography.
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Armstrong, Gillian Claire. "Administrative justice and tribunals in South Africa : a commonwealth comparison." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17997.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (LLM )--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the field of administrative law, the judiciary has traditionally exercised control over the administrative actions of the executive through judicial review. However, judicial review is neither the most effective nor the most efficient primary control mechanism for systemic administrative improvement. In a country faced with a task of =transformative constitutionalism‘, and hindered with scarce resources, there is good cause to limit judicial intervention as the first response to administrative disputes. The major theme of this thesis is to investigate the feasibility of administrative tribunal reform in South Africa, using two other commonwealth countries, Australia and England, as a basis for comparison. Australia and England have been chosen for comparison because they share similar administrative law traditions and they can provide working models of coherent tribunal structures. The Australian tribunal system is well-established and consists of tribunals which fall under the control of the executive, while tribunals in England have recently undergone a significant transformation, and are now part of the independent judiciary. The South African government currently spends, indeed wastes, a significant amount of money on administrative law litigation. Due to the limitations of judicial review, even after the high costs of litigation and the long duration of court proceedings, the results achieved may still be unsatisfactory. Furthermore, judicial review is unsuited to giving effect to systemic administrative change and the improvement of initial decision-making. Australia and England have begun to move away from the traditional court model for the resolution of administrative disputes. Both have indicated a preference for the important role of tribunals in the administration of disputes. Tribunals have been shown to offer the advantage of being speedier, cheaper, more efficient, more participatory and more accessible than traditional courts, which contributes to tribunals being a more available resource for lay people or people without sophisticated legal knowledge, and provides wider access to remedies than courts. The English and Australian models indicate a few important trends which need to be applied universally to ensure a sustained tribunal reform and a system which provides a higher level of administrative redress than the over-burdened and institutionally inept courts currently do. These include co-operation among government departments and tribunals; open and accountable systemic change; the need for supervision and evaluation of the whole of administrative law by an independent and competent body; and ultimately a focus on the needs of users of state services. At the same time, there are arguments against administrative tribunal reform. These include the costs of reform; the ways to establish tribunals; and the level of independence shown by the tribunals. These arguments are especially relevant in the South African context, where the government faces huge social problems and a scarcity of resources. However, after an analysis of the valuable characteristics of tribunals and the role that they serve in the day to day administration of justice, it is difficult to see how these objections to tribunals can outweigh their potential importance in the administrative justice system. The need for sustained systematic reform in South Africa is one that cannot be ignored. Tribunals offer a valuable alternative to judicial review for the resolution of administrative disputes. Furthermore, the tribunal systems of Australia and England demonstrate how the effective creation and continued use of comprehensive tribunal structures contributes firstly to cost reduction and secondly to ease the administrative burden on courts who are not suited to cure large-scale administrative error.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die administratiefreg oefen die regsprekende gesag tradisioneel beheer uit oor die uitvoerende gesag deur middel van geregtelike hersiening. Geregtelike hersiening is egter nie die mees doeltreffende of effektiewe primêre beheermeganisme om sistemiese administratiewe verbetering teweeg te bring nie. In 'n land met die uitdagings van 'transformatiewe konstitusionalisme‘ en skaars hulpbronne, kan 'n goeie argument gevoer word dat geregtelike inmenging as die eerste antwoord op administratiewe dispute beperk moet word. Die deurlopende tema van hierdie tesis is 'n ondersoek na die lewensvatbaarheid van hervorming van administratiewe tribunale in Suid-Afrika, in vergelyking met die posisie in Australië en Engeland, waarvan beide ook, tesame met Suid-Afrika, deel vorm van die Statebond. Hierdie lande is gekies vir regsvergelykende studie aangesien hulle 'n administratiefregtelike tradisie met Suid-Afrika deel en beide werkende modelle van duidelike tribunale strukture daarstel. Die Australiese tribunale stelsel is goed gevestig en bestaan uit tribunale onder die beheer van die uitvoerende gesag, terwyl die tribunale stelsel in Engeland onlangs 'n beduidende hervorming ondergaan het en nou deel van die onafhanklike regsprekende gesag is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering mors aansienlike hoeveelhede geld op administratiefregtelike litigasie. Selfs na hoë koste en lang vertragings van litigasie mag die resultate steeds onbevredigend wees as gevolg van die beperkings inherent aan geregtelike hersiening. Tesame met hierdie oorwegings is geregtelike hersiening ook nie gerig op sistemiese administratiewe verandering en verbetering van aanvanklike besluitneming nie. Australië en Engeland het onlangs begin wegbeweeg van die tradisionele hof-gebaseerde model vir die oplossing van administratiewe dispute. Beide toon 'n voorkeur vir die belangrike rol wat tribunale in die administrasie van dispute kan speel Tribunale bied die bewese voordele om vinniger, goedkoper, meer doeltreffend, meer deelnemend en meer toeganklik te wees as tradisionele howe, sodat tribunale 'n meer beskikbare hulpbron is vir leke, oftewel, persone sonder gesofistikeerde regskennis en dus beter toegang tot remedies as tradisionele howe verskaf. Die Engelse en Australiese modelle dui op enkele belangrike tendense wat universeel toegepas moet word om volgehoue tribunale hervorming te verseker en om =n stelsel te skep wat 'n hoër vlak van administratiewe geregtigheid daarstel as wat oorlaaide en institusioneel onbekwame howe kan. Dit verwys bepaald na samewerking tussen staatsdepartemente en tibunale; deursigtige en verantwoordbare sistemiese veranderinge; die behoefte aan toesighouding en evaluasie van die hele administratiefreg deur 'n onafhanklike, bevoegde liggaam; en uiteindelik 'n fokus op die behoeftes van die gebruikers van staatsdienste. Daar is egter terselfdertyd ook argumente teen administratiewe tribunale hervorming. Hierdie argumente sluit in die koste van hervorming; die wyses waarop tribunale gevestig word; en die vlak van onafhanklikheid voorgehou deur tribunale. Hierdie argumente is veral relevant in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks waar die regering voor groot sosiale probleme te staan kom en daarby ingesluit, 'n tekort aan hulpbronne ook moet hanteer. Daarenteen is dit moeilik om in te sien hoe enige teenkanting en teenargumente met betrekking tot die vestiging van administratiewe tribunale swaarder kan weeg as die potensiële belang van sulke tribunale in die administratiewe geregtigheidstelsel, veral nadat 'n analise van die waardevolle karaktereienskappe van tribunale en die rol wat hulle speel in die dag-tot-dag administrasie van geregtigheid onderneem is. Die behoefte aan volhoubare sistemiese hervorming in Suid-Afrika kan nie geïgnoreer word nie. Tribunale bied 'n waardevolle alternatief tot geregtelike hersiening met die oog op die oplossing van administratiewe dispute. Tesame hiermee demonstreer die tribunale stelsels in Australië en Engeland hoe die doeltreffende vestiging en deurlopende gebruik van omvattende tribunale bydra, eerstens om kostes verbonde aan die oplossing van administratiewe dispute te verlaag en tweedens, om die administratiewe las op die howe, wat nie aangelê is daarvoor om grootskaalse administratiewe foute reg te stel nie, te verlig.
38
Collinson, Marc. "Commonwealth immigration, policymaking, and the Labour Party, c. 1960-1980." Thesis, Bangor University, 2018. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/commonwealth-immigration-policymaking-and-the-labour-party-c-19601980(29025f71-6aa2-4047-b22d-738542b6130f).html.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is a study of post-war British political parties and policymaking, primarily examining the Labour party’s combined policy on immigration, integration and race relations between 1960 and 1980. Limited research has been published on post-war parties and policymaking, and what has often neglects the role of the political party within the process. Existing studies of Labour’s engagement with immigration or race relations focus only on Harold Wilson’s 1964-1970 Governments. Labour were a party of Government in this period, returned as the largest or majority party in four of seven electoral contests between 1959 and 1979. Being in power for almost eleven of the twenty years, it is possible to analyse how the party reacted to a divisive political issue, in power and opposition and, therefore, the relationship between party policymaking, electoral politics and governance. To comprehend these interactive and complicated issues, this thesis engages with approaches traditionally utilised political history, in combination with others gleaned from political studies. Historical scholarship has long demonstrated that analysis of longer periods permit greater appreciation of change over time. Recent uptake of similar methodologies within political science have likewise accepted their effectiveness for analysing the actions of historic political actors. Blending innovative new interpretative approaches, alongside traditional intellectual examinations of politics informed by the history of ideas, has proved fruitful. Using Peter F. Clarke’s concept of the ‘purchase of ideas’, this thesis attempts to trace the intellectual origins of policy. By further accepting Duncan Tanner’s contention that policy is a complex process, and following his suggested delineation between institutional and electoral purchase of ideas within a political institution, it recognises historic agents’ capacity to shape, redirect and repackage policy to elicit popular appeal. To do this effectively, the study scrutinises the structure and processes of policymaking within the Labour party. Concentrating on Labour’s political dynamics, the thesis examines the degree to which policy development at the party’s London headquarters reflected the opinions of local parties and voters in constituencies. It surveys Labour’s early engagement with immigration issues before examining its definitive approach under Hugh Gaitskell’s leadership. Afterwards, it considers the role of immigration controls’ local appeal through scrutinising the political cleavage existent between pro-immigration local parties, and pro-control electorates. Enoch Powell’s April 1968 speech reaffirmed existing assumptions and the influence of the National Front and racially charged Powellite politics in the 1970s is analysed through a multi-level study of the party’s responses, to establish the significance of various local, national and international influences and constrictions on the policymaking process. This thesis posits that policymaking is both deliberative and contemporaneous, being a transient manifestation of political priorities and ideas deemed (by the party leadership) to possess institutional and electoral purchase at its time of prospective implementation.
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Hunley-Stukes, Deborah Arnita. "Professional Development Offerings for Principals in the Commonwealth of Virginia." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56690.
Full textAbstract:
As the instructional leader, principals must engage in on-going professional development training for their learning and to aid in improving student achievement (Grande, 2012). This quantitative study examined the present baseline of professional development offerings in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The research questions that were explored are as follows: What professional development programs do school divisions provide for principals in the Commonwealth of Virginia? What topics are included in the professional development programs? In what format are the topics delivered? What types of professional development programs are offered to support new principals in their role as the instructional leader? What types of professional development programs are offered to support veteran principals in their role as the instructional leader? To what extent are the professional development training/programs offered in the Commonwealth of Virginia aligned to the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium (ISLLC) standards? How do the professional development offerings vary by superintendents' region, urbanicity and division size?
Once the data were collected by surveying professional development coordinators or equivalent personnel, the researcher assessed the alignment of the school divisions' professional development offerings with the ISLLC Standards. These standards were designed to provide guidance to state policy makers as they worked to improve educational leadership preparation, licensure, evaluation, and professional development (CCSSO, 2008). The findings were: (1) professional development offerings for principals across the Commonwealth of Virginia are aligned with national standards; (2) school divisions in the Commonwealth provided professional development opportunities for principals with heavy emphasis on instruction as well as shared vision and school culture; (3) there is a low level of differentiation of professional development offerings for principals based on interest or individual need; (4) the professional development training sessions in the Commonwealth mostly consisted of "one shot" sessions with a few on-going learning opportunities; (5) the majority of the professional development sessions offered to principals were provided either by external or in-house presenters with few examples of internal and external partnerships;(6) school divisions across the Commonwealth of Virginia that provided professional development training sessions to principals relied heavily on face-to-face interaction and minimally utilized technology to transform the format of professional development opportunities; and (7) not all divisions maintained records of professional development for principals.Ed. D.
40
McGrath, Frank Roland. "Intentions of the Framers of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/850.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis examines the speeches and debates in the Australasian Federation Conference of 1890, and the Australasian Federal Conventions of 1891 and 1897-8 for the purpose of establishing what the framers of the Commonwealth Constitution understood to be the meaning and purpose of the individual sections of the Constitution upon which they were called upon either to support or oppose. The particular matters involved in the examination are the manner and form in which the principles of responsible government were incorporated into the constitution, and the relationship of these principles to the powers of the Senate; the crisis in the 1891 Convention in relation to the powers of the Senate over money bills; the significance of the difference in composition of the Convention of 1891 compared with that of 1897-8; the significance of the classification of the Constitution as an indissoluble federation under the Crown; the principles of responsible government and the provisions of s.57 in the context of the deadlock over Supply in 1975; the meaning and purpose of s.41 preserving the rights of voters qualified to vote in State elections for the lower Houses, and the misconceptions in relation thereto the position of aborigines under the Constitution; the meaning and purpose of the special laws power in the light of the 1967 Constitutional referendum, and its interpretation bU the High Court in the Hindmarsh Island Bridge case; the relationship of the intentions of the framers of the Constitution to the interpretation bu the High Court of the Financial Clauses of the Constitution, and the provisions of s.92; and the meaning and purpose of the external affairs power, and the corporations power as understood bu the framers of the Constitution.
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Devi-Voisset, Renuga. "La Caraïbe du Commonwealth et la drogue : une approche géonarcotique." Antilles-Guyane, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AGUY0113.
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La Caraïbe du Commonwealth est un champ d'analyse privilégié de la présence et de l'impact du phénomène multidimentionnel de la drogue. On y trouve en effet cumulés, de manière exceptionnelle, les quatre paramètres d'approche de ce phénomène: la production, ancienne et généralisée (cannabis); le trafic à grande échelle (cocaïne), dans ce qui est appelé une "Zone de transit" entre grands pays consommateurs et grands pays producteurs; une consommation aux usages très anciens, et aux sous modèles très variés, depuis le tabac et les substances précolombiennes jusqu'aux drogues et poly-usages modernes les plus variés, en passant par la cocaïne / crack; enfin, le blanchiment, favorisé par l'appartenance de ces Etats et pays au grand marché financier anglo-saxon, ce qui les met en relation directe avec une tendance majeure de la mondialisation: l'intégration de l'illicite au sein du licite. L'interaction de ces quatre paramètre, dans un espace par ailleurs marqué par les contraintes de tous ordres, la "surdépendance", les cumuls de l'histoire et une extrême hétérogénéité, est sans équivalent mondial. Elle fait d'une approche globale, appelée ici "géonarcotique", le révélateur d'un espace singulier mais prototype des contradictions inhérentes au système néo-libéral dont procèdent ces "démocraties de Westminster". La thèse montre, à travers l'analyse de ces spécificités et de cette globalité, l'évidence de régimes et sociétés civiles en "état de siège" face à la narcocriminalitéThe Commonwealth Caribbean is a major field of observation of the presence and impact of the multidimensional phenomenom of narcotics. We find in this region in an exceptionally cumulative manner the four dynamics of approach of this phenomenom: a century old and general production (cannabis); traffic on a large scale (cocaine) within what is called the "Transit Zone", between great producing and consuming coutries; drug consumption, with ancient customary usage models, and heterogeneous sub-cultural abuse patterns (from tobacco and pre-Colombian substances to a whole variety of modern drugs, starting with cocaine / crack, and to modern poly-usage); lastly, money-laundering, propelled by the fact that these States and territories belong to the huge financial Anglo-Saxon market, directly connected to one of the major tendencies of globalisation: the integration of illicit activities within the legal framework. The inter-action of this four dynamics, within a space otherwise defined by all sorts of contraints, "over-dependence", the accumulation of hystory and an extreme heterogeneity, has no equivalent in the world. It determines the global approach named here "geonarcotics". "Geonarcotics" hence reveals a unique space wich exacerbates the contradictions inherent to the neo-liberal system from witch these "Westminster Democracies" themselves emanate. The thesis, through the analysis of both the specificities and the globality of this area, highlights the situation of civil societies and political regimes under siege from narco-criminality
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Henshaw, Peter James. "South Africa's external relations with Britain and the Commonwealth, 1945-1956." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/250957.
Full textAbstract:
A study of relations at the United Nations and in the fields of economics, defence, and atomic development reveals that up to the mid-1950s, Britain and South Africa continued to be bound closely together both by common interests and by mutually advantageous bargains founded on Britain's indispensibility as a market, as a source of goods, technology, and capital, and as a military ally. By 1961, however, South Africa had left the Commonwealth. Some members had found it impossible to accommodate a country whose government was committed to repugnant racial policies. The international odium associated with those policies had, even before the 1948 election brought the National Party with its doctrine of apartheid into power, tended to isolate South Africa. In the case of Britain, this tendency was counteracted by a desire to hold the Commonwealth together, to draw economic and strategic strength from a close association with South Africa, to resist the expansion of Afrikaner nationalist influence especially where this would occur at the expense of British interests in Africa, as well as to resist United Nations interference in the rule of dependent peoples. Developments, not always readily predictable in the first ten years after the war, transformed South Africa's underlying attachment to the Commonwealth by 1960. Afrikaner nationalists had steadily secured their elec toral base and pressed forward with a dogmatic implementation of apartheid. The opening-up of the world economy, economic revival in western Europe and Japan, and the abandonment of obsessive atomic secrecy sharply diminished the monopoly power at Britain's disposal in the economic and atomic fields. The Suez debacle was a catastrophe for British prestige - military and otherwise. Above all, perhaps, Britain's accelerated withdrawal from direct colonial rule (which incidentally reduced the need for an alignment with South Africa at the United Nations) called into question a fundamental assumption, shared hitherto by most of the South African electorate, that British power would in the last resort be used to uphold white authority in Africa.
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Fitzpatrick, Kathleen Meghan. "Invisible scars : Commonwealth military psychiatry and the Korean War (1950-1953)." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.715404.
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Harper, Diane. "Canadian foreign aid and the Commonwealth Caribbean issues of local control." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5249.
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Castleman, Beverley Dawn, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Changes in the Australian Commonwealth departmental machinery of government: 1928-1982." Deakin University, 1992. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050815.095625.
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The Commonwealth departmental machinery of government is changed by using Orders in Council to create, abolish or change the name of departments. Since 1906 governments have utilised a particular form of Order in Council, the Administrative Arrangements Order (AAO), as the means to reallocate functions between departments for administration. After 1928 successive governments from Scullin to Fraser gradually streamlined and increasingly used the formal processes for the executive to change departmental arrangements and the practical role of Parliament, in the process of change, virtually disappeared.
From 1929 to 1982, 105 separate departments were brought into being, as new departments or through merger, and 91 were abolished, following the merger of their functions in one way or another with other departments. These figures exclude 6 situations where the change was simply that of name alone. Several hundred less substantial transfers of responsibilities were also made between departments.
This dissertation describes, documents and analyses all these changes. The above changes can be distilled down to 79 events termed primary decisions. Measures of the magnitude of change arising from the decisions are developed with 157.25 units of change identified as occurring during the period, most being in the Whitlam and Fraser periods.
The reasons for the changes were assessed and classified as occurring for reasons of policy, administrative logic or cabinet comfort. 47.2% of the units of change were attributed to policy, 34.9% to administrative logic, 17% to cabinet comfort. Further conclusions are drawn from more detailed analysis of the change and the reasons for the changes.
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Bahdi, Reem. "Globalization of judgment, transjudicialism, international human rights law and Commonwealth courts." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63074.pdf.
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Lopes, Duarte Nuno. "The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in Quebec, 1932-1950 : a study." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65332.
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Alexander, Philip. "The Commonwealth and European integration : competing commitments for Britain, 1956-1967." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249087.
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Rice, Susan Elizabeth. "The Commonwealth initiative in Zimbabwe, 1979-1980 : implications for international peacekeeping." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314490.
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Taghizadeh, Mohammad Reza. "Iran and the Soviet Union between Communism and Commonwealth 1985-1992." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501521.
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