Journal articles on the topic 'Commonwealth countries – History – 20th century'
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1
Roberts, Priscilla. "British Commonwealth Archives from Far North to Distant South: Neglected Resources for Cold War International History." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 29, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 133–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-29020003.
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Abstract British Commonwealth archives constitite a rich and often under-utilized source of material for understanding the international history of the 20th and 21st centuries. From the late 19th Century onward, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand each enjoyed close and confidential relations with not just Britain, but with each other and increasingly, too, with the United States. They also participated in major international organizations at both an official and non-governmental level. Although or perhaps because each was a “middle” rather than “great” power, as each country developed its own diplomatic bureaucracy, their representatives often had informal and even intimate insights into the policies of a wide range of countries. This article introduces the highlights of each nation’s major archival repositories for materials relating to international affairs. While the holdings of the Library and Archives of Canada in Ottawa, the National Archives of Australia and the National Library of Australia in Canberra, and the National Archives of New Zealand in Wellington all feature prominently, the author casts a wider net and draw researchers’ attention to additional important and often under-utilized collections scattered across the different countries.
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Nikžentaitis, Alvydas. "The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth as an Ideological Foundation of the Unity of Intermarium?" Politeja 15, no. 6(57) (August 13, 2019): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.15.2018.57.06.
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The article surveys the question how the past of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Commonwealth of Both Nations is used in region’s cross‑border issues, and the question could it be the ideological basis for the idea of the Intermarium is raised. The analysis of the countries of the region revealed that these themes in Lithuania, Poland and Belarus are basicaly used for the creation of the identity of the societies, however in any country these topics of the past are not dominating, moreover in Ukraine the theme of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Commonwealth of Both Nations is in marginal position. The central position in the memory culture of these societies take the events of the 20th century. Obviously such secondory position of the understanding of the events of the past showed the commemoration of the anniversary of the Union of Lublin in Poland in 2009. The analysis of the historical research demonstrates different view. Evaluations of the historians in four countries do not differ so cardinally as it was before 1990. Such situation is as a signal that probably it is a time to think about the preparation of the general textbook for schoolchildren of four countries, or synthesis of the history.
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К.А., Зверев,. "Historical Policy of Modern Lithuania and Poland: a Comparative Analysis." Диалог со временем, no. 81(81) (December 24, 2022): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.81.81.015.
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В статье рассматривается развитие исторической политики Литвы и Польши в 1990-х – 2010-х гг. с учётом взаимовлияния и двусторонних связей. В начале 1990-х в странах Восточной Европы, наряду со сломом прежней политической и социально-экономической модели, активизировалось стремление к пересмотру недавнего прошлого. Продолжается данный процесс с разной степенью интенсивности в настоящее время, приобретая характер продуманной, исходящей от правящих верхов исторической политики. Политика памяти в Польше и Литве прошла схожие этапы развития – становление в 1990-е; крайне правый уклон в середине 2000-х – и имеет комплекс общих точек соприкосновения в виде институтов национальной памяти, средневекового исторического дискурса – развитие в составе единого государства Речи Посполитой, событий XX века. XX век находится в центре внимания местного исторического дискурса – в особенности обретение независимости, идеализация межвоенного периода, события Второй Мировой войны и отношение к советскому прошлому. The article compares the development of the historical policy of Lithuania and Poland in the 1990–2010s. taking into account mutual influence and bilateral relations. In the early 1990s, in the countries of Eastern Europe, along with the destruction of the previous political and socio-economic model, the desire to revise the recent past intensified. This process continues with varying degrees of intensity at the present time, acquiring the character of a state historical policy coming from the ruling elites. The politics of memory in Poland and Lithuania went through similar stages of development – formation in the 1990s; the extreme right bias in the mid-2000s – and has a complex of common features in the form of institutions of national memory, medieval historical discourse – the development of common state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the events of the 20th c. The 20th century is at the center of local historical discourse, especially independence, the idealization of the interwar period, the events of the Second World War, and the attitude towards the Soviet past.
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Cicėnienė, Rima. "Johannes Hevelius’s Selenographia Manuscript in Vilnius." Knygotyra 72 (July 9, 2019): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2019.72.20.
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The aim of this article is to investigate the history of the Cyrillic manuscript transcription of Selenographia (1647), which details Moon observation – the work of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth astronomer Johannes Hevelius (Jan Heweliusz, 1611–1687). The codex is relevant in two aspects: first, as an example of a late-17th century book, incorporating the characteristics of both a manuscript and a printed publication; and second – as an example of scientific literature in the Commonwealth. Hevelius is a well-known sciencist. The researcher is recognized as the first precise topographer of the Moon. He has composed a catalogue of 1564 stars, discovered four comets, and defined new boundaries of several constellations. In historiography, the manuscript translation of Selenographia has been known since the end of the 19th century. However, in the beginning of the 20th century, the transcript was equated to a piece owned by Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich (1661–1682), which was present in his library in 1682. The manuscript has been studied by multiple linguists, astronomers, and museologists from various countries; however, it is still yet to receive attention from Lithuanian scientists. This article aims to clarify the currently available scientific information regarding the manuscript version of J. Hevelius’s work Selenographia, which is presently kept in the Manuscript Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB). This study also seeks to answer the following questions: whether the scientists of the GDL were aware of the piece and its Slavic translation, if there is a possibility that the codex may have belonged to the library of Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich, and what are the history and the lifecycle of the codex. The object of this investigation is a manuscript codex (LMAVB RS F19–318) archived in the LMAVB. A digital copy of an exemplar archived in the Zurich ETH Library was used for comparative analysis. The history of astronomy in 17th century Europe and the GDL, as well as the placement of this work of Hevelius in that history, is shortly discussed and based on a literary analysis. This information was used to evaluate the scientific value of the manuscript codex under investigation and make conclusions regarding any possible demand for the translations of Selenographia in the GDL’s scientific environment of that time. Codicological and comparative analyses with the original print enabled to consider the circumstances of the translation and transcription of Selenographia and establish the characteristics of the manuscript codex. It was determined that the text is written in a hybrid Church Slavic language; it is written by several scribes in the Calligraphic Book Font with characteristics of the Chancellerie Font, distinctive to the cursives used in the 17th century in Kiev and Moscow. The transcription of the translation is illustrated with original copper engravings (17 of 140), hand-drawn copies of original drawings (17), and original (3) pictures. The majority of illustrations are missing, some blank gaps meant for tables are present, and several tables have been redacted completely. The contents of Selenographia were adapted to fit the environment of its purchaser: all dedications and celebratory texts dedicated to Hevelius were removed and supplementary texts were eliminated, an original preface created by the translator was added, and only an anonymous “ruler” is mentioned. The transcription of the text was intended to maintain the order of the text and illustrations as well as the exact glosses system present in the margins. All numbers and dates have been written in the Cyrillic alphabet; however a Western year numbering system was maintained, and the surnames of scientists were retained in their original Latin forms; objects named in schemes and diagrams were presented in the Latin alphabet. The coinciding fragments of an extant Selenographia translation (chapters 48, 51, 54, and 55) and texts of the codex kept in the LMAVB archives allow us to conclude that it is a translation made by S. Chizhinski during his service in Posol’skii prikaz (Moscow) in 1678–1681. Based on all the defined characteristics, as well as the unfinished appearance of the book and the variety of paper used, it may be concluded that it is a transcription meant for the diplomatic needs of Posol’skii prikaz rather than for the personal library of the Tsar.Efforts to find any evidence of the discussed Selenographia translation in the history of astronomy and book history in Lithuania were unsuccessful. It was not possible to clarify the history of the function of the codex as well. Nonetheless, the history of this book focuses one’s attention to another little-studied topic in Lithuania – the connections of literature and book culture in the 17th century that bridge the GDL and the Tsardom of Russia. To sum up, it may be concluded that access to new archival sources in Russia and Lithuania and a detailed chemical analysis of materials making up the codex (the ink in particular) would affirm or deny the conclusions reached in this study.
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Lis, Tomasz Jacek. "Możliwości wykorzystania korespondencji misyjnej do badań nad historią wychodźstwa chłopskiego z terenów byłej Rzeczypospolitej na przełomie XIX i XX wieku." Studia Historyczne 61, no. 1 (241) (September 26, 2019): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.61.2018.01.04.
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The Possibility of Utilizing Missionaries’ Correspondence to Study the History of Peasant Migration (from the territories of former Polish Commonwealth) at the turn of the twentieth century
The article presents new possibilities of research on the history of migration at the turn the 20th century using narrative sources, particularly the correspondence of missionaries. Peasants produced and left behind very few narrative sources, which results in migration historians rarely using them. The author indicates how to use alternative narrative sources produced by people of the Church to study the history of migration, in particular emigration from the territories of the former Polish Commonwealth.
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Mandziuk, Józef. "Outline of the history of obstetricsuntil the 20th century." Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio 4, no. 52 (December 16, 2022): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v4i52.1098.
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The profession of midwife is one of the oldest professions in the history of mankind. Its background has been shaped by instinctive human behavior since ancient times, gradually enriching itself thanks to the constant demands of life in a slow process of mastering and observing the surrounding nature. This knowledge was constantly deepened and disseminated more and more widely, giving oral instructions to subsequent generations. It should be emphasized that the first fruits of obstetrics are the midwife - self-taught, who devoted herself to this activity spontaneously. She rushed to the aid of a woman in labor and passed on the experience gained to her successors, often daughters, through demonstrations and oral transmission. It must not be forgotten that these were women with inborn abilities, who, learning in the school of life, through accurate and correct reasoning, achieved extensive experience and proficiency in obstetrics.
The aim of this study is to outline the history of the profession, or rather the vocation, of a midwife, from antiquity, through the Middle Ages, to the beginning of the twentieth century of modern time. Today, in civilized countries, children are born in hospitals where they are given special care. However, there are countries where this hospital care is lacking and the help of a female midwife is absolutely indispensable.
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Manfredini, Matteo, Marco Breschi, Alessio Fornasin, Stanislao Mazzoni, Sergio De lasio, and Alfredo Coppa. "Maternal Mortality in 19th- and Early 20th-century Italy." Social History of Medicine 33, no. 3 (February 5, 2019): 860–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkz001.
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Summary Although dramatically reduced in Western and developed countries, maternal mortality is still today one of the most relevant social and health scourges in developing countries. This is the reason why high levels of maternal mortality are always interpreted as a sign of low living standards, ignorance, poverty and woman discrimination. Maternal mortality represents, therefore, a very peculiar characteristic of demographic systems of ancien regime. Despite this important role in demographic systems, no systematic study has been addressed to investigate the impact of maternal mortality in historical Italy. The aim of this article is to shed some light on such a phenomenon by investigating its trend over time and the determinants in some Italian populations between the 18th and the early 20th centuries. The analysis will make use of civil and parish registers linked together by means of nominative techniques, and it will be, therefore, carried out at the micro level.
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Misiak, Małgorzata. "Vilnius Alma Mater – Cultural and Scientific Link of Polish-Lithuanian History." Slavistica Vilnensis 66, no. 1 (November 18, 2021): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2021.66(1).66.
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The discussed monograph is an attempt to present Vilnius Alma Mater as a cultural and scientific link of Polish-Lithuanian history. The texts that make up the volume concern thematically Polish-Lithuanian relations from the 16th century to the present day, perceived in several aspects: historical and cultural, literary, linguistic and educational. The articles collected in the volume are arranged into specific five themes. These are: the heritage of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the works of 19th-century artists, The History of Stefan Batory University (1919–1939), The interpretation of the space of Vilnius and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the perspective of the 20th and 21st centuries, the study of phenomena belonging to the cultural and cultural borderland linguistic.
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Wettenhall, Roger. "Decolonizing through integration: Australia’s off-shore island territories." Island Studies Journal 11, no. 2 (2016): 715–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.376.
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Australia’s three small off-shore island territories – Norfolk Island in the Pacific Ocean and Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Group in the Indian Ocean – can be seen as monuments to 19th century British-style colonization, though their early paths to development took very different courses. Their transition to the status of external territories of the Australian Commonwealth in the 20th century – early in the case of Norfolk and later in the cases of Christmas and Cocos – put them on a common path in which serious tensions emerged between local populations which sought autonomous governance and the Commonwealth government which wanted to impose governmental systems similar to those applying to mainstream Australians. This article explores the issues involved, and seeks to relate the governmental history of the three island territories to the exploration of island jurisdictions developed in island studies research.
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Kudiņš, Jānis. "Latvian Music History in the Context of 20th-century Modernism and Postmodernism. Some Specific Issues of Local Historiography." Musicological Annual 54, no. 2 (November 15, 2018): 97–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.54.2.97-139.
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Do the terms “modernism” and “postmodernism” objectively characterize the trends in the music history of the 20th century or are they merely theoretical abstractions? How can they be applied to the music history of specific countries, for example, when analysing a local historical experience? The article will consider these questions primarily to focus on the representation of the modernist and postmodernist aesthetics in the stylistic developments of the 20th-century Latvian music history.
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Jurkowski, Roman. "Współczesne białoruskie, polskie i rosyjskie badania biograficzne dotyczące dziejów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w XIX wieku." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.5461.
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Common past of Belarusians, Poles and Russians create the history of the Eastern lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Historical biographical dictionaries play an important role in studies of the historians from these lands. The article discusses 4 Belarusian, 3 Polish and 2 Russian biographical dictionaries describing important people from the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. In this article, two encyclopedias devoted to the Russian State Duma and the State Council reformed after 1906 were also assessed. The whole article shows the meaning of the historical biography in the progress of the scientific research over the past ages.
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Merenda, Peter F. "Measurements in the Future: Beyond the 20th Century." Psychological Reports 92, no. 1 (February 2003): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.1.209.
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This article presents a brief history of psychometrics and the development in the USA shortly after the end of World War II of university graduate programs to educate and train psychometricians. Three decades later these programs in North America were on a steady decline. But, at the same time there was a surge in universities abroad in producing well-trained psychometricians, particularly in Western European countries, especially The Netherlands. Broad implications of the effect of this movement on psychological testing are suggested.
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Stalmaszczyk, Piotr. "Celtic Studies in Poland in the 20th century: a bibliography." ZCPH 54, no. 1 (April 30, 2004): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zcph.2005.170.
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Introduction Celtic Studies are concerned with the languages, literature, culture, mythology, religion, art, history, and archaeology of historical and contemporary Celtic countries and traces of Celtic influences elsewhere. The historical Celtic countries include ancient Gaul, Galatia, Celtiberia, Italy, Britain and Ireland, whereas the modern Celtic territories are limited to Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Isle of Man, Cornwall and Brittany. It has to be stressed that Celtic Studies are not identical with Irish (or Scottish, Welsh, or Breton) Studies, though they are, for obvious reasons, closely connected.
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Shin, Dong Hoon, Min Seo, Jong Ha Hong, and Eunju Lee. "Paleopathological Considerations on Malaria Infection in Korea before the 20th Century." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8516785.
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Malaria, one of the deadliest diseases in human history, still infects many people worldwide. Among the species of the genusPlasmodium,P. vivaxis commonly found in temperate-zone countries including South Korea. In this article, we first review the history of malarial infection in Korea by means of studies on Joseon documents and the related scientific data on the evolutionary history ofP. vivaxin Asia. According to the historical records, malarial infection was not unusual in pre-20th-century Korean society. We also found that certain behaviors of the Joseon people might have affected the host-vector-pathogen relationship, which could explain why malarial infection prevalence was so high in Korea at that time. In our review of genetic studies onP. vivax, we identified substantial geographic differentiation among continents and even between neighboring countries. Based on these, we were able to formulate a strategy for future analysis of ancientPlasmodiumstrains in Korea.
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Sagimbaev, A. V. "Concept of British Commonwealth in Activities of Round Table Group at Beginning of ХХ Century." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): 449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-7-449-462.
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Some aspects of the complex intellectual discussion that accompanied the transformation of the British colonial system at the beginning of the 20th century are considered. Based on the analysis of published works, a generalized description of the conceptual views of the members of the “Round Table” group regarding the formation of the political and legal foundations of the British Commonwealth, as well as the development of close cooperation between Great Britain and self-governing dominions is given. At the same time, special attention is paid to the study of the practical significance of the ideas of A. Milner, L. Curtis and other intellectuals who were part of the group of intellectuals for transforming the forms and methods of managing the vast domains of the British crown. This transformation was due to a complex of factors of a socio-economic, political, moral and psychological nature, which Great Britain was forced to face in the first decades of the 20th century. It is noted that the changes that took place in the governing system of the largest colonial empire in history, among other things, contributed to the subsequent formation of mechanisms of international influence, which at the beginning of the 21st century were called “soft power”. It is shown that, on the other hand, in their theoretical constructions A. Milner and his followers strove to preserve the continuity of the ideology of imperialism, which gained popularity in the British establishment in the late Victorian period.
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ARKUSHA, Olena. "«Do you require our responsibility to gentry times?». Ukrainian intellectuals’ of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century opinions about the role of the heritage of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth in the creation of modern ukrainian nation." Ukraine-Poland: Historical Heritage and Public Consciousness 11 (2018): 27–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/up.2018-11-27-55.
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European historiography changed considerably during the nineteenth century. Formation of historical source study as a separate science, on the one hand, and awareness of the connection between the historical narrative of the past with political interests, on the other hand, gave impetus to the writing of historical works on national history, the so-called grand narratives. They relied on historical sources, but chose what served the actual political interests, and ignored or interpreted otherwise what they did not fit. The territorial organization of living space has become a priority task of national development in the nineteenth century, and the recognition of land, borders, and people as own should have been historically grounded. The difficulty for Ukrainians was that the traces of Ukrainian-Russ statehood were lost in ancient times, while the neighbors, primarily Russians and Poles, tried to draw both the territory and the past of Ukraine into their own concepts of the creation of modern nation. The creation of the Ukrainian grand narrative was influenced by external factors: the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the collapse of its once unified political, cultural and intellectual space, and the policy of the Russian authorities, aimed to separate «Little Rus’» from western civilization. Russian censorship successfully removed memory of Polish-Ukrainian ties from historical works and replaced it with the image of the invading Poles. The traumatic, post-war experience, idealization of images of Cossack soldiers was the favorable ground for this. As a result, in Ukrainian historical grand narrative the «Polish-Lithuanian» period was interpreted as an external occupation, a break in the «correct» history of Ukraine. The whole complex of everyday life, cultural and political influences of Ukrainians in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth remained beyond history. Its main content was recognized by the Polish-Ukrainian conflicts. The views on the legacy of the Commonwealth in the Ukrainian society of the nineteenth century can also be analyzed from the perspective of the intellectual biographies of their creators and take into account the experience of relations with the Poles, the private image and repression of the Russian government. An unbiased rethinking by professional historians of the past of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the point of view of the interactions of various cultural spaces in the nineteenth century was not a matter of time. Keywords Ukrainian-Polish relations in the nineteenth century, Ukrainian-Russian relations in the nineteenth century, Ukrainian historiography of the nineteenth century, intellectual biography, cultural and intellectual heritage of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Schleicher, Frank. "The Caucasian Territorial Churches and the Sāsānid Commonwealth." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080017082-7.
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At the beginning of the sixth century, the kingships in Caucasian Iberia and Albania were eliminated by the Sāsānids. Thus, the system of vassal kings that served well for centuries was suddenly replaced by direct rule across the board. In this study, we want to ask why this change suddenly became possible. For the Sāsānian administration always needed a central contact person in the countries who could control the local nobility. It is striking that the establishment of a strong church structure always preceded the end of kingship. This can be seen particularly well in the example of Armenia, whose kingship had already been eliminated a century earlier. It is therefore reasonable to assume that after the end of kingship in Armenia as well as in Iberia and Albania, the regional churches took over its central functions of cooperation with the Sāsānian central administration. Now the church served the administration as an important local power factor, and allowed it he control of the powerful dynastic clans. Despite occasional conflicts, the churches cooperated with the Sāsānids and they were able to benefit greatly from this cooperation. Their advantages consisted in access to financial resources and, above all, in strengthening their position of power vis-à-vis the leaders of the local noble clans. Ecclesiastical power reached its peak when the Katholikoi finally also led their countries politically, as Kiwrion did in the case of Iberia at the beginning of the seventh century. Thus, the church became the state-forming institution in the Caucasian countries.
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Piatakov, A. N. "The relations between Turkey and Mexico: a comparative analysis, history and modernity." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 8, no. 1 (August 23, 2020): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-1-97-107.
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The author analyzes the history of formation and current state of Turkey-Mexico political and economic relations in the context of Ankara intercontinental relations with the Latin American region. Comparative analysis of the two powers in their geo-economic ‘weight’, international activity, and other aspects is carried out. Evaluation of historical aspect of bilateral relations is specially emphasized. For the first time in Russian Latin American studies the evolution of Turkey-Mexico diplomatic relations in the 20th century is studied in their phases, including political contacts dynamics at the turn of the 20th and 21st century. The author also analyzes current state of countries’ trade and economic relations, as well as their interaction at the international arena.
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Dju, Orlindo, Johnatan Da Costa Santos, Darinka Brosovich Flores, and Jorge Marko Calderon Verduga. "African direction in the foreign policy of Brazil." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 11-1 (November 1, 2020): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202011statyi06.
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The article considers political, economic, social and cultural aspects of Brazilian-African cooperation at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. At the present stage, after two decades of active development, Brazilian policy towards Africa has been losing momentum. Nowadays the cooperation between Brazil and African countries requires developing a new strategy.
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Kiba, D. V. "Humanitarian Cooperation of Japan and the USSR in the Second Half of the 20th Century." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 1 (2021): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.113.
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The article provides a periodization of humanitarian cooperation between Japan and the USSR. The first stage was activity of the Press Office of the Soviet Union Council for Japan and the Soviet Information Office in the Land of the Rising Sun in 1946–1957. The second stage was the period of active policy of the USSR Embassy, together with the State Committee for Cultural Relations under the USSR Council of Ministers in 1957–1967. The third stage was defined by the activity of Soviet Embassy and Regional Authorities of Japan and the USSR in establishing cultural relations in 1967–1985. The fourth stage was humanitarian cooperation of both countries carried out under terms of the Soviet-Japan cultural agreement signed in 1986. The fourth stage covers the period from 1986 to 1991. The article identifies the main forms of humanitarian cooperation between two countries. The author believes that connections in the sphere of art were dominant. The Japanese public was an active subject of bilateral relations. The author considers the membership of the Soviet-Japan Friendship Movement and its participants (public organizations, Piece Movement, choral and musical collectives, private companies of Japan) and reveals the reasons for the Japanese public’s interest in Soviet culture based on archival documents and materials of the Japanese and Soviet periodicals. The author points out that the regional cooperation between two countries developed significantly and emphasizes the special role of the USSR Far East as a contact region with Japan.
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Kisłacz, Halina. "Polish Community in Estonia." Studia Polonijne 43, Specjalny (December 20, 2022): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/sp2243.3s.
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This article presents the history of Poles living in Estonia, dating back to the 16th century, when the territory of Livonia (today’s Estonia) was incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. For centuries, Poles were important members of the local community, mainly at the University of Dorpat (Tartu). In the 19th and 20th centuries, they created many organisations; the article briefly describes the activities of some of them. The author also presents the current activity of Estonian Polonia in organising various events, meetings or stimulating economic ties between Poland and Estonia, as well as cooperation with Polish institutions.
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Usselman, Melvyn C., and Christopher J. Willis. "Chemistry at The University of Western Ontario – A brief history." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 93, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2014-0305.
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A brief institutional history of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, from the founding of the university in 1878 until modern times is presented. After its beginnings as a subject taught to medical students, chemistry began to achieve independent status with the construction of a dedicated sciences building in 1924. Growth remained slow until government began to fund university education, and science studies, more generously in the 1950s. Emphasis on research and knowledge creation followed and major funding for infrastructure and senior faculty followed in the 1960s, when Western mined commonwealth sources for researchers of exceptional potential. The arrival of the baby boom generation in the late 1960s forced another expansion of chemistry faculty and staff. Later in the 20th century, a number of specialized and interdisciplinary chemical subspecialties, such as the Centre for Chemical Physics, the Canadian Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Madison, Wisconsin, Surface Science Western, and Interface Science Western, were created under the direction of several visionary chemists. An evolution of investigative interests continues in the 21st century, together with a departmental commitment to outstanding teaching and postuniversity career preparation for its students. After producing its first publication in 1915, the department published its 6000th in 2012, signaling a strong century of growth.
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Michał Wiszowaty, Marcin. "Shaken or Stirred? Polish Constitutional (Dis)continuity between 1917–2017." Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies 60, no. 1 (March 2019): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2052.2019.60107.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to answer the main research question “is there a constitutional continuity in Poland or even the Polish constitutional identity or rather there was a permanent discontinuation in last 100 years of Polish history of state?” For this purpose, the Polish constitutional history in the 20th and 21st centuries has been analyzed with respect to the changes made in the Polish political system over the past century from republican and democratic governments with a strong parliament to governments more akin to the monarchy, with a strong presidency, and even autocratic. Looking for sources of Polish political inspiration references are made to the legacy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Gural-Sverlova, Nina, and Roman Gural. "History of the penetration of anthropochorous mollusc species to western Ukraine." Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum, no. 37 (January 1, 2022): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2021.37.161-172.
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Analysis of literary sources and materials of the malacological collection of the State Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Lviv revealed that at the end of the 19th century in western Ukraine could be present only some anthropochorous species of slugs, especially Limax maximus. Instead, mentions of a number of species not belonging to the indigenous malacofauna of Ukraine and its western region, made from the second half of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century, could most likely be based on the erroneous identification of other, native species. The process of intensive penetration into western Ukraine of alien species of land molluscs began, apparently, not earlier than the middle – second half of the 20th century and significantly accelerated at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The latter could be due to both climate change, which facilitated adaptation to local climatic conditions for more thermophilic species, and the active import of seedlings of ornamental plants from other European countries. In particular, a dangerous pest from the complex Arion lusitanicus s.l. could enter the territory of Ukraine in this way. No less indicative are the relatively young colonies of Cepaea nemoralis, which are increasingly found in western Ukraine. Since the end of the 20th century, species of Caucasian origin and those that were previously observed only for the southern part of the country are increasingly registered in western Ukraine. Compared to the great taxonomic diversity of land anthropochorous molluscs and the widespread distribution of some of them, a relatively small number of freshwater species (up to 8), alien to this area, are still known in western Ukraine. For most of them, only a few finds are still known, made in the early 21st century. The exception is only one species (Physella acuta), which began to be mentioned for various areas in western Ukraine in the second half of the 20th century. Among the alien freshwater molluscs are a group of small species imported to Europe from other continents: New Zealand Potamopyrgus antipodarum, North American Menetus dilatatus, Physella heterostropha and possibly also Physa skinneri and Physella acuta. Representatives of the Dreissena genus came here from the Black Sea territories in the south of Ukraine.
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Lazovic, Biljana, Sanja Mazic, Marina Djelic, Jelena Suzic-Lazic, Radmila Sparic, and Zoran Stajic. "History of sports medicine in east European countries." Medical review 68, no. 1-2 (2015): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1502059l.
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The purpose of this article is to provide a historical background of medicine, science and sports with the focus on the development of modern sports medicine in European countries, with an accent on Eastern European countries that have a long sports medicine tradition. The development of modern sports medicine began at the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century, and it has been associated with social and cultural changes in the world of medicine, science and sports. Advanced medical knowledge, skills and practices, and the progress of scientific achievements enabled sports people to improve their performance level. Increased popularisation and commercialisation of sports have resulted from urbanization and city lifestyle, leading to the lack of physical activity and increased psychological pressure. In addition, the growing need and interest in sports and successes in professional sports have become a symbol of international recognition and prestige for the nations.
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Chubaryan, Alexander. "Russia of the 20th Century in the French School History Textbook." ISTORIYA 13, no. 10 (120) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023540-3.
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The article analyzes the place and image of Russia in the French history textbook for the senior class by Guillaume Le Quintrec, which is one of the most popular textbooks in France today and was written in accordance with the new school history curriculum adopted in 2019. Unlike the program and methodological recommendations for it, the textbook presents a fairly balanced analysis of the events that preceded World War II. The author focuses on the European "policy of appeasement of the aggressor" and on the Munich Agreement of 1938 as the culmination of this policy. The Soviet-German pact of 1939 is rightly presented by Le Quintrec as a forced measure on the part of Stalin after the failure of Soviet attempts to create a system of collective security in Europe. As for the description of the events of World War II in the textbook, they are more tendentious. The main events on the eastern front, although mentioned, are presented as an addition to what happened on the western front. Thus, French children may get the impression that the Battle of Stalingrad or the Battle of Moscow did not determine the events on the fronts, but only contributed to the victory of the Allies, which does not correspond to historical reality. However, in describing the events of the Second World War, the text of the textbook seems to be more historical than the content of the program, where the role of the USSR in the victory over Nazism is minimized. Also in the textbook, the main blame for the outbreak of the Cold War is laid on the USSR, and modern Russia is called a "resurgent force" that claims to change the world order. In general, despite the obvious negative trends in the approach to teaching history in European countries, on some key issues of the history of the 20th century, the text of Le Quintrec's textbook looks more balanced than the new French history curriculum adopted in 2019.
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Streltsov, Alexey. "Afrikaner Nationalism in the Political Life of the Union of South Africa in the First Third of the 20th Century." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 59, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2022-59-2-74-87.
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The purpose of the article is to trace the formation and development of Afrikaner nationalism, which played an important role in the political life of the Union of South Africa in the first third of the 20th century; to find out the origins of the formation of Afrikaner nationalism and what factors influenced this formation; to analyze which groups of the white population of the Union of South Africa were close to the ideas of Afrikaner nationalism, to show how Afrikaner nationalism diverged from other ideologies in the Union of South Africa and how it influenced the political life of the dominion, how it influenced the relations of the Union of South Africa with Great Britain and, consequently, the formation of the British Commonwealth. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that nationalism is still an ideology that unites various social groups in many countries of the world. The conditions for the formation of Afrikaner nationalism are similar to the conditions for the formation of nationalism of other ethnic groups.
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Kuznetsov, Alexey. "The Rise of Transnational Corporations from Developing Countries in the Second Half of the 20th Century." ISTORIYA 12, no. 11 (109) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017589-6.
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The article highlights three stages of the formation of multinationals from developing countries. Although first Argentine TNCs appeared at the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries, in the majority of the Global South countries TNCs appeared in the 1960s — 1980s. With the collapse of the bipolar world order, which in many developing countries was accompanied by significant internal political and economic transformations, the second stage of foreign expansion of TNCs from the Global South began. Indeed, in 1990 they accounted for 6 % of global outward foreign direct investment stock, while the figure was 10 % by the end of 2005. We date the beginning of the third stage to the financial and economic crisis of 2007—2009, since multinationals from developing countries as a whole are more successfully overcoming the period of turbulence in the global economy. By the end of 2020, they accounted for 22 % of global outward foreign direct investment stock, and during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis they generally exported more than 50% of the capital. The modern foreign expansion of such TNCs has many reasons, differs greatly from country to country, and often differs slightly from the specifics of Western multinationals. At the same time, initially, “late internationalization” in developing countries had two main vectors — the use of new opportunities for South — South cooperation and overcoming, through the creation of subsidiaries in highly developed countries, the shortcomings of the business environment of “catching up” countries.
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Cook, Garry D., and Lesley Dias. "It was no accident: deliberate plant introductions by Australian government agencies during the 20th century." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 7 (2006): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05157.
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The weedy potential of deliberately introduced plants has been a growing concern in Australia since the late 1980s. Although introduced plants are critical to Australia’s agricultural and livestock production, many species that were praised in the past are now declared agricultural and environmental weeds. Nevertheless, weeds researchers appear largely ignorant of the magnitude and intent of plant introductions for agricultural purposes as well as the legacy of unwanted plants. Across more than 70 years, Commonwealth Plant Introductions comprised 145 000 accessions of more than 8200 species. These species include more than 2200 grass (Poaceae) and 2200 legume species (Fabaceae sensu stricto), representing about twice the indigenous flora in those families and about 22 and 18%, respectively, of the global flora of grasses and legumes. For most of the 20th century, these and other introductions supported research into continental-scale transformation of Australian landscapes to support greatly increased pastoral productivity in order to achieve policy goals of maximum density of human population. This paper documents some of the scientific developments and debates that affected the plant-introduction program. We argue that recent developments in weed science and policy need to be informed by a better understanding of plant-introduction history.
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Kuznetsov, Vasily A. "Tribute to Bagrat G. Seyranyan, Our Dear Friend, Colleague, and Teacher!" Oriental Courier, no. 1-2 (2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310015785-1.
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On April 23, 2021, an outstanding Russian Arabist, Doctor of History, Principal Fellow of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Bagrat Garegionovich Seyranyan celebrated his 90th birthday. His works on the recent history of Egypt and Yemen and the general problems of the socio-political development of the Arab countries in the 20th century have long become classic. Many of them were translated into Arabic and received well-deserved recognition abroad, and such books as “Egypt in the Struggle for Independence, 1945–1952” (Moscow, 1970) and “Evolution of the Social Structure of the Countries of the Arab East. Land Aristocracy in the 19th Century – the 60s of the 20th Century” (Moscow, 1991) entered the golden fund of world academy. The contribution of Bagrat Seyranyan to the training of new generations of orientalists is colossal. Under his leadership there were prepared more than 40 Ph.D. theses, he participated in authoring of numerous textbooks and teaching materials on the history of the Arab world. In this paper friends, colleagues and students address the hero of the day with words of recognition and gratitude.
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Dubois, Antonin. "Europe’s Forgotten Students? The Historiography of 19th and early 20th century Students in France." CIAN-Revista de Historia de las Universidades 25, no. 1 (June 7, 2022): 156–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cian.2022.6996.
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Historians’ interest in university history of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has been more limited in the case of France than for other countries. This interest has been even weaker with regard to students, a situation that only began to change at the beginning of the twenty-first century. However, pioneering work could have launched a research dynamic from the 1980s onwards, as the first part of this article shows and explains. In its second part, this paper analyzes the main themes addressed by the historiography of students in France. After underlining some of its persistent limitations, proposals for future research will be made.
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Rosivall, László. "20th Anniversary of Budapest Nephrology School: History and Lessons." Open Urology & Nephrology Journal 6, no. 1 (August 8, 2013): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874303x01306010049.
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Nephrology practice and research in Hungary was strong in the last century. Sándor von Korányi, founder of renal pathophysiology, was the first who applied freezing point reduction to measure osmotic activity of urine and coined the term renal insufficiency. After a decline in the standards of nephrology practice in the 1970s to 80s, I established the Hungarian Kidney Foundation in order to revitalize nephrology in Hungary and the region. Besides, a PhD programme was successfully introduced together with the Budapest Nephrology School (BNS). During the 20 years of its history the BNS became one of the most successful one-week-long CME refresher nephrology course having more than 1500 students representing 61 countries. BNS is a meeting point of young talented nephrologists and dedicated experts proving that personal contacts, discussions cannot be substituted by books, videos or internet. BNS has been a unique tool to once again bring Budapest into the center of attention and recognition for the development of regional nephrology.
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Kordel, Jacek. "The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Eighteen-century Alliance Treaties of the Neighbouring Countries, 1720–72." Acta Poloniae Historica 116 (August 10, 2018): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/aph.2017.116.08.
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Zernetska, O. "The Rethinking of Great Britain’s Role: From the World Empire to the Nation State." Problems of World History, no. 9 (November 26, 2019): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-9-6.
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In the article, it is stated that Great Britain had been the biggest empire in the world in the course of many centuries. Due to synchronic and diachronic approaches it was detected time simultaneousness of the British Empire’s development in the different parts of the world. Different forms of its ruling (colonies, dominions, other territories under her auspice) manifested this phenomenon.The British Empire went through evolution from the First British Empire which was developed on the count mostly of the trade of slaves and slavery as a whole to the Second British Empire when itcolonized one of the biggest states of the world India and some other countries of the East; to the Third British Empire where it colonized countries practically on all the continents of the world. TheForth British Empire signifies the stage of its decomposition and almost total down fall in the second half of the 20th century. It is shown how the national liberation moments starting in India and endingin Africa undermined the British Empire’s power, which couldn’t control the territories, no more. The foundation of the independent nation state of Great Britain free of colonies did not lead to lossof the imperial spirit of its establishment, which is manifested in its practical deeds – Organization of the British Commonwealth of Nations, which later on was called the Commonwealth, Brexit and so on.The conclusions are drawn that Great Britain makes certain efforts to become a global state again.
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Сокирська, Владилена. ""THE BRITISH CONSENSUS": WAYS AND METHODS OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE." КОНСЕНСУС, no. 4 (2022): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2022-04/049-064.
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The article analyzes the main stages of the transformation of the British colonial administration, the process of transforming the system of relations between Great Britain and dependent countries that were part of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations. The purpose of the research is to study the process of transformation of the British Empire, the formation of the Commonwealth of Nations and the role of official London in its formation and development. The methodological basis of the research are the principles of objectivity, historicism and systematicity with the application of general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization of logical and historical aspects, the study of phenomena in concrete-historical conditions, the transition from the concrete to the abstract and from the abstract to the concrete with the use of general scientific methods. The scientific novelty of the publication consists in a comprehensive analysis of the process of transformation of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations, which convinces of the advantages of the peaceful transformation of multinational state entities over their spontaneous disintegration. Conclusions. A balanced and reasoned approach to the peculiarities of the state-territorial system in combination with stable traditions of democracy in the metropolis contributed to ensuring the asymmetry of the British imperial political body. Even at the end of the 19th century. at the first colonial and imperial conferences, the concept of the formation of all-imperial management structures - a common parliament, a common government, a common army, etc. was rejected. It was the lack of unification and asymmetry that formed the basis of the evolutionary processes that contributed to Great Britain in the 20th century to carry out the gradual formation of the "British Consensus" or "soft association" model.
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Krotov, M. I. "From the Belovezhskiye Agreements to the Eurasian Economic Union: 30 Years of Experience." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 15, no. 3 (October 23, 2021): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2021-03-22-34.
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The article examines the reasons for the collapse of the USSR and the signing of the Belovezhskiye Agreements. The thirty-year experience of Eurasian integration in the post-Soviet space is summarized. There is an analysis of role of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the processes of regional economic integration carried out in the last decade of 20th century, in the context of the separation of the post-Soviet republics. It is shown that the members which are states of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Collective Security Treaty Organization fully fulfill the obligations assumed within the framework of the Belovezhskaya Agreements upon secession from the USSR. The article reveals the objective conditionality of the participation of the CIS countries in anti-Russian, pseudo-European projects by a policy of different directions. New economic priorities of Eurasian integration, institutional problems and prospects of the Eurasian Economic Union are investigated.
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Mandler, Peter. "Good Reading for the Million: The ‘Paperback Revolution’ And the Co-Production of Academic Knowledge in Mid Twentieth-Century Britain and America*." Past & Present 244, no. 1 (May 11, 2019): 235–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz005.
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Abstract The serious non-fiction paperback was one of the principal vehicles for the distribution of expert knowledge in the mid 20th century. This paper examines the market for serious non-fiction in both the US and the UK between the 1930s and the 1960s, by looking at the market leaders in the two countries, Pelican and Mentor Books, published by Penguin and New American Library respectively. It argues that novel modes of distribution and acts of selection by authors, publishers and readers constituted a process of the co-production of knowledge that problematizes views of mid-century expertise as expressions of governmentality. Different patterns of distribution and market demand in the two countries shed further light on who read, what they read and for what purpose.
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Paniga, Massimiliano. "Public Health Institutions in Italy in the 20th Century." Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies 8, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajms.8-2-3.
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Only recently studied by Italian historiography, public health is one of the most important sectors of a modern Welfare system. During the Twentieth century Italy faced the hygienic and sanitary problem often with different ways and tools than other European countries. The aim of this article is to understand better the attitude and the development of the main public health institutions, both at the central and peripheral level, during the three great phases that marked the history of Italy in the last century: the liberal age, fascism and the Republic, as well as to highlight the organisations, men and structures that exercised decisive functions in the bureaucratic and administrative State machine. The essay focuses on the most significative legislative measures (for example, the “Testi Unici” of 1907 and 1934) and the turning points that have changed the sector on the institutional plan, from the creation of the Directorate-General for Public Health inside the Ministry of the Interior, and destined to remain for the entire Fascist period, to the birth, in the post-war years, of the High Commission for Hygiene and Public Health, then replaced by the Ministry of Health, until the establishment of the National Health Service in 1978. Keywords: Welfare State, social policies, public health, assistance, institutions
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Leoni, Giulia. "Social responsibility in practice: an Italian case from the early 20th century." Journal of Management History 23, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-10-2016-0057.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the ideals informing the social strategy of Marzotto, an Italian family business in the textile industry, during the rise and fall of the fascist regime and to compare it with the main concepts of social responsibility theory that developed from the 1950s onwards. Because Italy at that time was a family-based economy, subject to a dictatorial government, it offers an interesting context of investigation that is similar to various contemporary emerging countries. Design/methodology/approach Using a company’s public social report and various published histories, the historical case study of this Italian family business and its pioneering social strategy is reconstructed. Through the identification of the social practices and the ideals underlying the strategy, the analysis finds similarities and differences with the traditional concepts from social responsibility literature. Findings The study finds that Marzotto’s social strategy traces some dimensions of social responsibility theory for it was a voluntary and discretional act by the business owner; it was based on the necessary balance between economic and social aims; and it was focusing only on social issues. Instead, the “social” spectrum is found to have a different meaning in the Marzotto strategy with respect to the “social” in the traditional theory because it was limited to a local level and limited groups of stakeholders. Practical implications By showing the relevant role of business-owners in social responsibility awareness, this study has implications for contemporary practice. It suggests that the educating business-owners about social responsibility and the development of bottom-up rather than top-down social initiatives will be crucial in contemporary similar contexts. The results also open to new research opportunities on corporate social responsibility in the past to explain contemporary differences among its implementation in different countries. Originality/value The research brings awareness to social responsibility in the past in a context other than traditional Western countries and to its differences and similarities with the established social responsibility framework. It is the first study on past social practices that makes use of primary sources to support the analysis.
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Rakhimov, Mirzokhid, and Sadriddin Rakhimov. "STATE BORDER ISSUES IN THE MODERN HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN." Central Asia and The Caucasus 21, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 042–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.20.4.05.
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The formation and disintegration of the U.S.S.R. was one of the vital historical events of the 20th century. The Central Asian republics were established by the Soviet government in the 1920s and 1930s as a result of the national and territorial state delimitation, and the borders between them were provisional. As the republics obtained political independence, the process of defining state borders between the new sovereign countries began. This process turned out to be difficult for Uzbekistan, among others, but the republic was mostly able to mutually resolve interstate borders issues based on “uti possidetis.”
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Rodrigo, A., René van der Veer, Harriet J. Vermeer, and Marinus H. van IJzendoorn. "From foundling homes to day care: a historical review of childcare in Chile." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 30, no. 3 (March 2014): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00060613.
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This article discusses significant changes in childcare policy and practice in Chile. We distinguish four specific periods of childcare history: child abandonment and the creation of foundling homes in the 19th century; efforts to reduce infant mortality and the creation of the health care system in the first half of the 20th century; an increasing focus on inequality and poverty and the consequences for child development in the second half of the 20th century; and, finally, the current focus on children’s social and emotional development. It is concluded that, although Chile has achieved infant mortality and malnutrition rates comparable to those of developed countries, the country bears the mark of a history of inequality and is still unable to fully guarantee the health of children from the poorest sectors of society. Recent initiatives seek to improve this situation and put a strong emphasis on the psychosocial condition of children and their families.
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Guizardi, Menara Lube. "The Age of Migration Crisis." Tempo 25, no. 3 (December 2019): 577–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/tem-1980-542x2019v250303.
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Abstract: The article analyzes the historical changes in the formulation of migration policies between the 19th and 21st centuries, summarizing the emergency of an “age of migration crisis”. The first section discusses why international migration poses a destabilizing problem for the Nation-state political conceptions. The second section emphasizes the intrinsic articulation of the global changes in human mobility and their political governance between the 19th and 20th centuries, identifying the four prevailing political paradigms on migrant cultural diversity that shaped public policies in the 20th century. The third and fourth sections deal with the emergence of the fifth cycle of international migration policies, which is characterized by the generalization of a global discourse that criminalizes migrants and refugees. The above will be followed by a critical perspective of the way migration has been treated in some Latin American countries.
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Dangore-Khasbage, Suwarna. "Epidemics and Pandemics in India Since 20th Century - A Brief Review." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 33 (August 16, 2021): 2830–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/576.
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The outbreak of an infectious disease and its spread beyond geographic boundaries which leads to a high mortality is declared as pandemic. The factors responsible for pandemic are globalization and travel of people across the world for education, employment, business etc. On March 11, 2020 the corona virus outbreak was declared as pandemic by the World Health Organization. Nevertheless, India was one of the countries affected by the coronavirus outbreak. This article describes the epidemics and pandemics in India since 20th century. But, India was a sufferer of few serious pandemics even before that which are mentioned in brief in this article. Every pandemic has some similar and some dissimilar set of characteristics. All the possible precautionary measures should be taken to avoid transmission within the country and to other countries. In this article, the sincere efforts have been put into compilation of all these natural disasters to alert the dental and medical professionals about the mistakes they might have committed in dealing with an outbreak in the past or how they would overcome or face the current issues. Fortunately India has fought against all these calamites bravely and successfully. Nevertheless during COVID-19 also, India is maintaining better control over the disease spread irrespective of its limited resources and dense population. Though overall incidence of new cases is reducing day by day, COVID-19 still exists in India and all over the world. A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time is termed as “endemic’. However, if the outbreak of a disease occurs due to its high infectious potential it can lead to a high mortality rate, and so is declared as a pandemic. The globalization and travel of people across the world is usually responsible for pandemic. India has handled many epidemics and pandemics as revealed by history. The World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak as pandemic on March 11, 2020. Basically the disease originated in China, as the first case of COVID-19 infection was diagnosed in Wuhan city of China. Large number of cases were detected to be suffering from the same disease in China as it was a highly contagious disease. Presently, the disease has spread all over the world like a storm, affecting most of the countries, with the highest number of infected cases in U.S., Italy and Spain. India is also one of the victim countries. Taking into account the rapid spread of disease COVID 19 is the topic of great worry in India due to its high population density. This article describes the epidemics and pandemics since 20th century. But, India was a sufferer of few serious pandemics even before that such as Cholera Pandemic in 5 phases, Bombay Plague Epidemic and VIth Cholera Pandemic in 19thcentury.
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Zhang, Xu, and Yan Ling. "A Stone in the Other's Hand: Finnish Basic Education Curriculum Reform." Advances in Education, Humanities and Social Science Research 1, no. 2 (September 20, 2022): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aehssr.1.2.198.
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Since the 20th century, the success of Finnish basic education has attracted the attention of many countries in the world. Starting from the background and development history of Finland's basic education curriculum reform, we explore the reasons and characteristics of its curriculum reform and summarize the inspiration of its successful reform to China's basic education reform on this basis.
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Zhang, Xu, and Yan Ling. "A Stone in the Other's Hand: Finnish Basic Education Curriculum Reform." Advances in Education, Humanities and Social Science Research 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2022): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aehssr.2.1.198.
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Since the 20th century, the success of Finnish basic education has attracted the attention of many countries in the world. Starting from the background and development history of Finland's basic education curriculum reform, we explore the reasons and characteristics of its curriculum reform and summarize the inspiration of its successful reform to China's basic education reform on this basis.
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Yiqun, Jiang. "Influence of music of Soviet Russia on Chinese music culture in the 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 3-2 (March 1, 2022): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202203statyi21.
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Being an important component of world music, Russian musical art not only embodied the spirit and culture of the Russian nation, but at the same time influenced the development of musical culture in many neighboring countries. After examining the development of modern Chinese musical culture, one can find that Soviet and Russian music, as an important component of Western musical culture, had a profound influence on Chinese musical education and the musical life of the broad masses of the population. Starting from the northeastern regions of the PRC, the musical culture of Soviet Russia subsequently spread throughout the country, found a response in the hearts of not only ordinary people, but also members of the government. Soviet music played a positive and stimulating role in the development of Chinese music, not only at the level of creativity and performances, but also at the level of the development of ideological and aesthetic consciousness.
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Johnson, Carol Siri. "The Steel Bible: A Case Study of 20th Century Technical Communication." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 37, no. 3 (July 2007): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/tw.37.3.d.
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The “steel bible” emerged in 1919 and went through 11 editions in 80 years. In its evolution we can see the shift from individual to group authorship, an increasing use of visual elements, and a physical change from a small, hand-held volume to a weighty desktop reference. In a textual analysis, we can see that it was essentially static, changing only by additions and deletions, as the industry evolved. The eventual closing of hundreds of plants and the migration of the industry to other countries can be seen in the change of publisher, the sudden absence of photography, and the international references. Originally, the steel bible came from the factory floor and the words of the plant managers, but by the 1990s, it was a highly-abstracted representation of knowledge. In the steel bible, we can see the history of the industry and the maturing of technical communication in the 20th century.
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González Echegaray, Carlos. "History of the Press in Equatorial Guinea in the 20th Century: Periodicals Published in Equatorial Guinea 1901–2000." Africa Bibliography 2014 (November 2015): vii—xxix. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026667311500001x.
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No one today doubts that the press is an essential tool to know and understand recent history of countries and nations. And not just from the standpoint of politics and economics but also of everyday life, reflected in these types of publications, sometimes undervalued by historians and others. The evolution of the press in developed countries has been the subject of several studies. A parallel action is needed for the still recently established African states, paying special attention to the post-independence period. For this research an inventory of the titles of those publications is essential, as well as bibliographic data that can be documented.
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O’Hanlon, Oliver. "Ireland through French eyes: reports from Ireland in French newspapers in the 20th century." Boolean: Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork, no. 2011 (January 1, 2011): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/boolean.2011.37.
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The French and the Irish have for many years had a certain affinity and a distinctly positive regard for each other. It may well be that our shared history and Celtic ancestry, or common religion have helped to bring us together and to support each other. For centuries religious links have been forged by successive waves of missionaries who travelled from Ireland to the European continent to spread the faith. While these religious links may not today be as strong as they once were, there are still several extremely strong links between the two countries, for instance in the areas of culture, education or business. In recent times the creative talents of the writers James Joyce and Samuel Beckett and artists such as Walter Osborne, Roderic O’Conor and Eileen Gray have helped to establish and foster the bond between the two countries. For well over a hundred years, news stories ...
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Brantly, Susan. "Nordic Modernism for Beginners." Humanities 7, no. 4 (September 20, 2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h7040090.
Full textAbstract:
This essay proposes a narrative of the Nordic countries’ relationship to modernism and other major literary trends of the late 19th and 20th centuries, that situates them in conjunction with the rest of Europe. “Masterpieces of Scandinavian Literature: the 20th Century” is a course that has been taught to American college students without expertise in literature or Scandinavia for three decades. This article describes the content and methodologies of the course and how Nordic modernisms are explained to this particular audience of beginners. Simple definitions of modernism and other related literary movements are provided. By focusing on this unified literary historical narrative and highlighting the pioneers of Scandinavian literature, the Nordic countries are presented as solid participants in European literary and cultural history. Further, the social realism of the Modern Breakthrough emerges as one of the Nordic countries distinct contributions to world literature.