Journal articles on the topic 'Common sanitary practices'
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Mukhtar, Rabia, Aman-Ur Rehman, Anum Ilyas, Momina Jahangir, Rajia Liaqat, and Gohar Ali Khan. "Contraceptive Use and Sanitary Napkin’s Types in Relation to Bacterial Vaginosis among Reproductive Age Females." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 3 (March 26, 2022): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22163100.
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Background: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) has been proposed as the most common vaginal disease among women of childbearing age as an adjunct to the development of cervical cancer. Previous studies of the relationship between BV and contraceptive use with sanitary practices as determinants have provided inconsistent and conflicting results. Aim: To determine the frequency of Bacterial vaginosis & find its association with contraceptive use and sanitary practices along marital status. Study Design: Cross sectional analytical study Place and duration of study: Department of Gynaecology, Sh. Zayed Hospital Lahore from 01-01-2016 to 31-10- 2016. Methodology: Two hundred and ninety six women of reproductive age group with complaint of vaginal discharge attending were enrolled. Proper history regarding age, marital status, use of contraceptive methods and sanitary practices was taken. Results: Disease prevalence was found to be 18.9%. Bacterial vaginosis was associated with age, type of sanitary napkins, and method of contraception, with adjusted odds ratios of 47.45, 279.9 and 172.0. However no association was found between the disease and marital status (as independent risk factor). Conclusion: Not using contraception and type of sanitary napkins are strongly related to occurrence of bacterial vaginosis in women of reproductive age group with vaginal discharge. Key words: Bacterial vaginosis, Pap smear, Contraceptive methods, Sanitary napkin use
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Nelapati, Sherly S. "Knowledge, attitude, and practices assessment of menstrual cycle and management of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220712.
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Background: Menstruation is a phenomenon which is cyclic shedding of endometrium and is the most important physical change that occurs among girls during adolescence. In India, lack of safe sanitary facilities and narrow approach to products of sanitary hygiene lead to increase in adopting unhygienic practices in managing menstruation. The objectives of this study were: to enumerate the common menstrual morbidities among girls; to study the knowledge and attitude toward menstruation among adolescent girls; to elicit their health‑seeking behavior regarding menstrual health; and to study the practices of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital, located in Vijaywada, June 2019 to April 2020 by interviewing 417 adolescent school girls in using a semi‑structured questionnaire.Results: The mean age and standard deviation of girls included in the study were 14.7±2.69 years. 62.6% girls had the right perception about menstruation as a normal physiological process. Only 33.6% of girls knew about menstruation before menarche. 32% of girls answered that they were scared when they attained first menarche. 50.6% girls knew that infection would occur if they do not clean their vagina regularly during menstruation.78% of girls used sanitary pads during menstruation. Dysmenorrhea, 58% is the common menstrual morbidity. Only 11% girls said that they had no restrictions during menstruation.Conclusions: The girls interviewed, are of unsatisfactory knowledge and markable good practices regarding menstrual health.
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Kala, Karthika, Binu Areekal, Reshmy Ravindran, and Safa Puliyakkadi. "Menstrual Practices among Rural High School Students in Thrissur - Central Kerala." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 7, no. 50 (December 14, 2020): 2981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2020/609.
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BACKGROUND Adolescence is the transitional phase of growth and development between childhood and adulthood. Menstruation, which is a milestone event in a girl's reproductive life begins during this period and it is also one of the major causes of stress in this stage. Adequate knowledge and good menstrual practices can help in addressing this stress and also in preventing reproductive tract infections to a great extent. This study tries to assess the awareness with regard to menstrual practice and its determinants among adolescent girls in a rural area of Central Kerala. The study also aims to explore the social taboos related to menstrual practices. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted at two high schools in Thrissur district of Central Kerala. The study methodology involved visiting the selected schools and questions about menstrual practices were put to students individually ensuring adequate privacy, with the aid of a semi-structured interview schedule. 196 adolescent girls participated in the study. The data was coded and entered into MS excel. Further analysis was done using the software SPSS 16.0 version. RESULTS The percentage of girls using sanitary pad is 32.1 %, clothes were used by 12.2 % girls, and 55.6 % used either cloth or sanitary pad. Most of them disposed their sanitary pads by burning them (75.6 %), but 16.3 % threw their pads / clothes in the general waste, some flushed them in the toilet (8.1 %). 64.3 % of them washed and exposed their undergarments in the sun but 35.7 % washed and kept them inside their house. 84.7 % of girls were aware about menstruation at the time of menarche. In 58.7 % of cases the source of information was their mother. Regarding social taboos during menstruation, the most common one was inability to attend social or religious functions during menstruation (76 %) followed by restrictions in going out (9.7 %), and 7.7 % in food preparation. 7 % of girls had to sleep in a corner of the room while they were menstruating. Maternal education, family income and awareness regarding menstruation had statistically significant association with usage of sanitary pads. CONCLUSIONS Majority of the adolescent girls had awareness regarding menstruation. However, there were some who followed less than ideal practices when it comes to disposal of sanitary napkins / clothes and care of undergarments. The wrong concepts like menstruation is a ‘disease of impurity’ and menstruation occurs when ‘bad blood’ collects is still prevalent among the adolescent girls. It is of concern that the social taboos regarding menstruation are still widely embraced by the society. KEYWORDS Menstrual Practices, Menstrual Awareness, Kerala, Menstruation
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Chinta, Kumar, Sasikala P., Chandrasekhar V., Jayanth C., and Geethanjali A. "Menstrual hygiene patterns and practices among rural adolescent school girls." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 12 (November 24, 2018): 5190. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184788.
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Background: Menstruation is described as the periodic vaginal bleeding that occurs with the shedding of the uterine mucosa. Issues associated with menstruation are never discussed openly and the silence surrounding menstruation burdens young girls by keeping them ignorant of this biological function. The taboo surrounding menstruation in society prevents girls from articulating their needs and problems of poor menstrual hygiene management have been ignored or misunderstood. Implications of ignoring this issue of menstruation are serious and at times life threatening.Methods: This study is a cross-sectional observational study conducted among 217 adolescent girls studying in government high schools located in the field practice area of rural health training centre attached to the department of community medicine, Narayana Medical College, Nellore.Results: Out of 169 girls who have attained menarche, 154 (91.12%) were having periods at regular intervals. Among 154 girls with regular menstrual cycle majority (55.2%) had 28-31 day cycle. Out of 169 girls who had attained menarche at the time of study 76.9% reported that they use sanitary napkins for absorption of blood during menstruation. The most common method of disposal of material used for absorption of blood during menstruation was burning (91.7%) and 65.7% were using soap for washing private parts.Conclusions: The study concludes that majority of adolescent girls had regular menstrual cycles and majority of the respondents were using sanitary napkins.
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Isano, Sandra, Irakoze Genereuse Iradukunda, Peace Ingabire, Beula Igiraneza, Fred Nkurunziza, and Rex Wong. "Assessing the knowledge and attitude of menstrual hygiene among high school students, and menstrual practices among high school girls in rural Rwanda." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20220547.
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Background: This study sought to assess the knowledge, attitude about menstruation among high school teachers, boys and girls in Butaro, a rural area in northern Rwanda. In addition, the menstrual hygiene practices of the high school girls were also assessed; to inform the design of intervention.Methods: A school-based cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to 339 people in three high schools in a rural region in Rwanda.Results: Thirty-two teachers and 307 secondary school boys and girls were surveyed. Only 9.8% of students had good knowledge related to menstrual health, with slightly more schoolgirls (13.9%) than schoolboys (5%). Feeling insecure, scared, and worried that others could smell them, were the common menstrual-related concerns cited by girls. About 20% of girls used cloth to manage their menstrual flow and 22.3% reported menstrual-related school absenteeism; lack of sanitary protection products and fear of being teased were among the most prominent reasons.Conclusions: Providing accessible facilities for girls to change, pain medication, and sufficient sanitary pads are necessary. Reusable sanitary pads and menstrual cups could be cheaper and more sustainable alternatives to commercial menstrual products. Cultivating a psychologically safe school environment is necessary.
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Kaur, Maninder, and Tanya Vats. "Menstrual awareness, hygiene, practices and perceptions among the adolescent girls of Nahan, Himachal Pradesh, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20200982.
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Background: Onset of first menstrual cycle also termed as “menarche” signifies the initiation of sexual maturation of girls. The present study aims to represent an amalgam of menstrual awareness, perceptions and hygiene in light of the associated menstrual practices prevalent in the adolescence girls of Nahan.Methods: A cross-sectional data of 189 girls aged between 10 to 16 years were collected from Nahan, district Sirmaur in Himachal Pradesh. Data regarding perceptions, awareness and hygienic conditions during menstruation were also gathered through an interview based schedule.Results: Menarche was known to be a normal physiological process by only 53.43% girls, while the rest of the participants didn’t know the reason for its occurrence. For 81.2% girls the informant was their mother and a very little role was played by sisters (5.36%), books (0.67%), friends (6.04%) and relatives (5.36%). Most of the girls (95.28%) used sanitary napkin as absorbent for menstrual flow, but the use of single sanitary napkin for 7 to 8 hours by 48% participants was of alarming concern. Stomachache was the most common problem associated with menarche, whereas breast heaviness (16.98%), body ache (16.03%) and backache (26.41%) were witnessed in considerable proportion of girls. A significant number of girls (78.3%) were prohibited from entering in the holy places/temples during this period.Conclusions: Although menarcheal health is acquiring greater significance across the globe, but the age old social restrictive practices associated with menstruation are still common and prevalent in this societies.
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E.C., Osisiogu,, Amadi, C.O.A, and Obasi, K.O. "Menstrual Hygiene Management Practices among Female Secondary School Students in Umuahia, South-Eastern Nigeria." International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 7, no. 4 (November 11, 2022): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20221015.
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Proper menstrual hygiene management is essential for the good health of women. Access to clean water and sanitary facilities is essential for maintaining good hygiene. The objective of this study was to assess the menstrual hygiene management practices among female secondary school students in Umuahia, South-Eastern Nigeria. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study of which a well-structured questionnaire was administered among secondary school girls in Umuahia, Nigeria. Results showed that for “washing of hands with soap and running water”, 20 students representing 9.52% indicated very high level (VH) of practice, 28 students representing 13.33% indicated high level (H) of practice, while 64(30.48%) and 98 (46.67%) indicated low level (LL) and very low level (VL) of practice respectively. For “washing of hands before meals” 107 (50.95%) and 62 (29.52%) indicated that they did it to a VH and H respectively, while 29 (13.81%) and 12 (5.71%) respectively indicated LL and VL of practice. The results also showed that the absorbent most used was a disposable sanitary pad. The most common frequency of change of absorbent was twice a day. Ten (10) students representing 7.14% very often used reusable cloth/towel, 4(2.86%) very often used tampon, 78 representing 55.71% very often used disposable sanitary pad, 0(0.00%) very often used menstrual cup, while 8 representing 5.71% very often used toilet paper/tissue. The most frequently adopted rate of changing absorbents by students was twice a day (morning and night). The results showed that 68 (48.57%) of the students very often (VOF) changed their absorbents twice a day, while 16 (11.43%) rarely changed their absorbent twice a day. The findings of this study indicated that the menstrual hygiene management practices among the students were very poor. Adequate health promotion for secondary school girls and provision of basic toilet facilities at these schools was recommended. Keywords: Menstruation, Hygiene, Hand-washing, Absorbents, Sanitation.
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Patil, Pushpa S., and Ashwini V. Rao. "Study of reproductive hygiene among married women at urban field practice area, Dharwad." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 4393. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183981.
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Background: Women have to be assessed at every stage of her life to lead a healthy lifestyle free from diseases such as reproductive tract infections (RTI) and sexually transmitted infections, which can be easily prevented by good reproductive hygiene practices. There is a paramount need to address these problems at the earliest as they are increasing rapidly. This study was conducted to ascertain the practices of personal, menstrual and sexual hygiene among married women of reproductive age group, to determine the early symptoms of RTI’s in them and to determine association with key demographic variables and symptoms of RTI’s.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among married women of reproductive age group visiting the urban health centre, Dharwad using semistructured questionnaire after taking informed consent from them. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Frequencies and Chi-square tests were applied.Results: All the study participants practiced good personal hygiene practices. 59% of study participants used sanitary pads.78% washed their external genitalia during menstruation. 86% washed their genitalia after sexual intercourse. Backache (31%) was the most common symptom of RTI. Significant association was found between age and boils in the vaginal area (p=<0.01), age and low backache (p=0.013) and age and pain during coitus (p=0.006).Conclusions: In our study most of them were aware of the correct hygienic practices. Backache is the most common symptom of RTI among them. Couples have to be educated on reproductive hygiene to prevent infections.
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Agostinetto, Lenita, Victória Gabriela Corrêa Coelho, Helen Souza de Oliveira, Jheniffer Rodolfi Bianchini, Gustavo Waltrich da Silva, Vitor Alegre de Lima, Victor Godoy, et al. "Adopted practices for the disposal of drug waste and sanitary household products by the high school students." Evidência 19, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.18593/eba.v19i2.23084.
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The study objective was to obtain information on the practices adopted by the students of the High School of Course technical of Environmental Sanitation and Biotechnology of Cedup Renato Ramos da Silva School, in Lages, SC for the disposal of residues of medicines and household cleaners in their homes. This study was developed by students of scientific initiation of High School (PIBIC/EM). For data collection a semi-structured questionnaire was applied to the students of the respective courses during the period of their classes in the Institution. It was observed that 63% do not have knowledge about the correct procedure of disposal of drug residues and 55.6% still discard the expired drugs in the common trash. Regarding household cleaning products, 90.1% of the participants do not know how to dispose of these residues in their homes, despite frequent use (83.8%). Concerning residues of insecticides, rodenticides and repellents, about 50% of the participants discard the waste in the common bin and 44% do not know how to dispose of these products. Overall, this study showed that High School students from the Environmental Sanitation and Biotechnology technical Course inappropriately dispose of the drug residues and sanitary household products in their homes. Thus, it emphasizes the importance of including the topic about waste management in basic education courses.
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Hakim, Afzal, Rizwana Shaheen, Manisha ., and Himani Tak. "A cross sectional study on the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards menstrual cycle and its problems: a comparative study of government and non-government adolescent school girls." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 4 (March 28, 2017): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20171309.
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Background: Young girls up to 20 years of age comprise a quarter of Indian female population. A vast majority of adolescent girls in India are affected by reproductive health issues and menstrual problems are one of them. These problems arise mostly due to false beliefs & poor awareness regarding menstrual cycle. The objective of the study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practices towards menstrual cycle and its problems among school girls. Methods: A cross sectional study among 250 girls (age 13-19 years) each from government and non-government schools of Jodhpur City was carried out by interviewing them with predesigned & pretested questionnaire. Results: Most of the girls of non-government schools considered menarche as a different experience of life (34.8%) and unhygienic (27.6%) while 41.6% of government school girls were scared due to menarche and 30% considered it as unhygienic. 59.6% of non-government school girls knew about menstrual cycle before menarche while 48.8% of government school girls had such knowledge. Mother was the commonest channel of information in both study groups. 12-14 years was the most common age groups in which menarche occurred in both study groups. About 2/3 of non-government school girls were using sanitary pads while only ¼ of government school girls had such practice. High cost was the major reason for not using sanitary pads in Govt. school girls. Pain Abdomen was the commonest complaint faced during menstrual cycle followed by backache. About 4/5th of non-government school girls and about 2/3rd of government school girls attended school during menstrual cycle. All subjects faced some kind of domestic restriction due to disbelief in relation to menstrual cycle. Irritability was reported as most common psychological problem during menstrual cycleConclusions: There is a need for adolescent girls to have accurate and adequate information about menstruation appropriate sanitary and hygienic management.
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Hashemi, Shervin, and Mooyoung Han. "Methods for controlling stored urine odor in resource-oriented sanitation." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 3 (July 14, 2017): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.098.
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Urine odor is a major challenge in the development of resource-oriented sanitation (ROS). One common solution to overcome odor issues is to use energy-consuming ventilation practices. However, historically ancient Koreans practiced separation of urine and feces, followed by the collection and utilization of gathered sanitary matters. Furthermore, ancient Persians developed solutions to urine odor issues. This study investigates the role of NH3 concentration on odor production in stored urine using the standard threshold odor number (TON) measurement. Trends in pH and NH3 production, as well as their interactions with TON, were investigated by simulating ancient Korean practices that stored urine under anaerobic conditions at different temperatures. The results show a direct relationship between the concentrations of NH3 and TON. Storing urine under anaerobic conditions leads to the production of NH3, which intensifies as temperature increases. The effect of pH and NH3 concentrations on the TON of stored urine explains the ancient Persian approach, given that additives, such as acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate, are effective for removing urine odor. Such approaches can be successfully applied to ROS systems.
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Das, Netri, and Anadi Swami Tasa. "Menstrual hygiene: knowledge and practices during menstruation among adolescent girls in urban slums of Jorhat district, Assam, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 3068. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192853.
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Background: Menstruation is still clouded by taboos and socio-cultural restrictions resulting in adolescent girls remaining ignorant of the facts of menstruation and hygienic practices, which sometimes results in adverse health outcomes. The present study was carried out to assess the knowledge and practices regarding menstrual hygiene, to find out the disorders during menstruation and to determine the factors associated with existing practices of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girlsMethods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in two randomly selected urban slums of Jorhat district from March to August 2017 among 110 adolescent girls using predesigned pretested proforma. Data were analyzed using SPSS; association was determined using chi-square test with Yates correction or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate.Results: 47.27% girls were aware about menstruation prior to menarche. Mother was the first informant in 65.38% of them. 69.09% were ignorant about the source of menstrual bleeding. Sanitary pads were used by 59.09% of girls. Majority (97.27%) practiced some form of restriction during menstruation. Dysmenorrhoea was the most common complaint (53.63%). Type of absorbent used was significantly associated with literacy status of girls and their mothers, socio-economic status, religion and prior knowledge about menstruation. Educational status of girls and their mothers were also significantly associated with satisfactory cleaning of external genitalia during menstruation.Conclusions: Ignorance and unsafe practices regarding menstruation, menstruation related problems and traditional beliefs and restrictions are quite common among adolescent girls in urban slums. Literacy status and awareness are the most important factors affecting the menstrual behaviours.
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Onyenechere, Emmanuella C., Linus O. Asikogu, Lazarus Chikwendu, Faisal C. Emetumah, Ikechukwu Onyegiri, Obinna E. Ukanwa, Jorge C. Nkwo, Remy K. Nwokocha, and Christopher C. Onyeneke. "Occupational Health and Safety Conditions of Informal Sector Workers in Three Nigerian Cities." Afrika Focus 35, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 318–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-35020006.
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Abstract Despite its economic relevance, the informal sector in Nigeria is plagued by occupational health and safety (ohs) anomalies. This study assessed ohs conditions among informal sector workers (isw s) operating in three Nigerian cities (Sokoto, Owerri and Port Harcourt). A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from a total of 717 isw s. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. Logistic regression was used in predicting good ohs practices, based on gender, education level, occupation, health impairments and common health and safety practices. The findings show that many isw s have inadequate water sources and sanitary facilities and poor occupational health and safety practices. The overall model was statistically significant in predicting the likelihood of having good ohs practices. The study concludes that ohs conditions among isw s are poor as a result of insufficient water and sanitation facilities and poor environmental health practices. Improved water and sanitation provision and ohs awareness and education programmes for isw s, in line with their specific occupations and susceptibility to certain kinds of occupational health impairment, are recommended.
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Rayamajhi, RB, G. Pokharel, G. Sharma, B. Neupane, VK Khanal, SU Kafle, IS Paudel, and PK Pokharel. "Outbreak investigation of Cholera in Shantinagar VDC of Ilam District in Eastern Nepal." International Journal of Infection and Microbiology 2, no. 3 (September 17, 2013): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i3.8666.
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INTRODUCTION: In 2012 August, suspected cases of Cholera in increased number were reported to the district health office of Ilam by the in charge of Shantinagar health post asking for intervention to stop further occurrences. The aim of the investigation was to identify the possible source of infection, the causative agent and the application of local control measures for prevention of further recurrences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Focus group discussion and Key informant survey were conducted to assess the sanitary hygiene and practices along with source of drinking water for probable cause of diarrhea. Similarly, face to face interview was done among the sick and healthy local residents to collect the demographic and clinical details. Ten stool and water samples were sent for analysis in Biratnagar, Dharan. RESULTS: 150 local residents had suffered from diarrhea with no deaths. People of all the age group were affected with children being more sufferers. Six of the stool analysis and eight of the water samples were positive for Vibrio Cholerae. It was also observed that sanitary hygiene and practices wasn’t adequate after nose and bottoms cleaning of the children and before preparing the meal. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of adequate cleanliness of the common water tank was found to be the culprit behind the incident and Vibrio Cholerae being the causative agent. Local residents and water management committee were demonstrated the technique of chlorination of water and proper hand washing practices to prevent further recurrences. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i3.8666 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(3):87-90
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Singh, Sapna, Preeti Tyagi, Deepak Anand, and Rashmi Gupta. "Assessment of knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls in government school of Kanpur Nagar: a descriptive cross-sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220704.
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Background: Adolescent population makes one fifth of world population and in India 21% of the population falls in this group. Social prohibitions and traditional beliefs prevalent in our society lead to inadequate hygiene practices.Methods: Study was done in 304 adolescent girls in a government girls school of Kanpur Nagar by pretested printed questioners in a awareness program on menstrual hygiene. It was a descriptive cross sectional study among 304 school going adolescent girls of 13-19 year age.Results: The mean age of menarche was 13.23 years while mean age of study participants was 15.69 years. Nearly 96.68% used sanitary pads during menses whereas 3.31% use house hold materials. The most common symptom during menstruation was dysmenorrhoea which was recorded in 22.85% study participants. In 79.47% cases first informant was mother about menstruation knowledge while 79.47% girl did not report any social discrimination during menstruation.Conclusions: In this study menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls in a government girls school of UP was satisfactory probably because of various government scheme like menstrual hygiene management (MHM), provision of clean water and sanitation facility and distribution of free sanitary pads at monthly interval to all menstruating adolescent girls. Mother was the first informant on menstruation in most cases. Here school teacher can play a pivotal role in educating all adolescent girls and their mother about menstrual hygiene practices.
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Manjaya, Tilley, and Marks. "Informally Vended Sachet Water: Handling Practices and Microbial Water Quality." Water 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2019): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040800.
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Informally vended water is an important source of water for marginalized people who do not have access to formal or public sources. In Malawi, hand-tied sachets of water are common but not regulated, and the quality of the water and hygienic practices during packaging are unclear. We analyzed microbial concentrations in the source water (origin), internal water (packaged) and on the external surface (plastic bag) of sachets from 76 vendors operating in the busy Mwanza crossing into Malawi from Mozambique. The results indicated that the majority (75%) of the water sources met the WHO guidelines (<1 CFU/100 mL) for potable water, while only 38% of the water inside packages met this guideline, indicating a sharp increase in contamination due to packaging and handling practices. The external surface was highly contaminated and is the point of contact between the consumer’s mouth and the liquid within; furthermore, external contamination was a strong and significant predictor of internal contamination. We advise against strict enforcement that would limit access to this important drinking water source, but recommend hygiene education for vendors that focuses on filling and storage, refrigeration and especially ensuring sanitary coolers from which the bags are sold in order to limit re-contamination during handling.
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Toner, Simon. "“The Paradise of the Latrine”: American Toilet-Building and the Continuities of Colonial and Postcolonial Development." Modern American History 2, no. 3 (November 2019): 299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mah.2019.33.
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The Sanitary Hamlet Program, a rural health project intended to serve counterinsurgency goals in wartime Vietnam, focused on ending open-air defecation and instructing Vietnamese in the correct use of latrines. This program belongs within a larger arc of American nation-building cum toilet-building at home and abroad in the twentieth century; American toilet-building shared common features and served common functions from the age of formal empire through the postcolonial era. Looking beyond the rhetoric of modernization to on-the-ground practices reveals how American approaches to international development after 1945 continued to be shaped by racialized perceptions of foreign peoples. But the project was not simply the product of an American neo-colonial impulse. It was also an expression of South Vietnamese leaders’ postcolonial worldview—one that similarly targeted unsanitary peasants for hygienic reform.
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Lai, Honggang, Yuanyue Tang, Fangzhe Ren, Zeng Li, Fengming Li, Chaoyue Cui, Xinan Jiao, and Jinlin Huang. "An Investigation into the Critical Factors Influencing the Spread of Campylobacter during Chicken Handling in Commercial Kitchens in China." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061164.
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Campylobacteriosis is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Consumption of chicken meat is considered the main route for human infection with Campylobacter. This study aimed to determine the critical factors for Campylobacter cross-contamination in Chinese commercial kitchens during chicken handling. Five commercial kitchens were visited to detect Campylobacter occurrence from 2019 to 2020. Chicken samples (n = 363) and cotton balls from the kitchen surfaces (n = 479) were collected, and total bacterial counts and Campylobacter spp. were detected. Genotypic characterization of 57 Campylobacter jejuni isolates was performed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). In total, 77.41% of chicken carcass samples and 37.37% of kitchen surfaces showed Campylobacter spp. contamination. Before chicken preparation, Campylobacter spp. were already present in the kitchen environment; however, chicken handling significantly increased Campylobacter spp. prevalence (p < 0.05). After cleaning, boards, hands, and knives still showed high bacterial loads including Campylobacter spp., which related to poor sanitary conditions and ineffective handling practices. Poor sanitation conditions on kitchen surfaces offer greater opportunities for Campylobacter transmission. Molecular typing by MLST revealed that Campylobacter cross-contamination occurred during chicken preparation. The most prevalent sequence types, ST693 and ST45, showed strong biofilm formation ability. Consequently, sanitary condition of surfaces and biofilm formation ability of isolates were the critical points contributing to spread of Campylobacter in kitchen environment. These results provide insight into potential targeted control strategies along the farm-to-plate chain and highlight the necessity for improvements in sanitary conditions. The implementation of more effective cleaning measures should be considered to decrease the campylobacteriosis risk.
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Kong, Nana, Xiaoyu Wang, Tong Wang, Min Jiang, and Deyu Li. "Creation and Operation Management of New Campus E-commerce "Girls Cloud Thinking Dressing Small Shop"." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 2, no. 2 (October 25, 2021): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v2i2.172.
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The survey shows that the common problems in China's clothing wholesale market are incomplete product grade, low product quality, poor sanitary conditions and so on. These problems are urgent to be solved in the garment market. The new campus e-commerce we created adheres to the concept of "every girl can have her own different beauty". Girls with different styles such as handsome, natural and unrestrained, bright and lively, Japanese and Korean can be found in the shop. Firstly, we analyze the pain points of China's campus clothing market. Secondly, introduce the company's philosophy, creative practices and main products. Thirdly, analyze the operation mode and financial data of the company. Finally, we analyze the risks and countermeasures faced by the company's development.
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Wesley, Marco, Garrett Kenneth, Isaiah Connor, and Ryan William. "Infectious Dermatoses are Common in Primary Health Care Setting in Côte d’Ivoire." Dermatology and Dermatitis 1, no. 3 (December 30, 2017): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8949/015.
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Background: Infectious dermatoses are common in many countries in Africa. These skin conditions mostly caused by bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic agents are frequent in primary health care setting. These are favored by poverty that deprives individual of the freedom to satisfy basic needs and rights: this includes freedom to enjoy clean water or sanitary facilities, and good accommodations or remedies for illnesses. Objective: This study was conducted to show the frequency of infectious dermatoses in a primary health center in Côte d’Ivoire. Methods: It was retrospective and descriptive study conducted in the community health care center in Yopougon Attié from 2006 to 2010. Results: About 3.392 patients out of 22.609 (15% of cases) were admitted for dermatoses during a period of 5 years. Only 203 patients got accurate diagnosis for dermatoses. Sixty three patients were males (32.7%) and 135 were females (67.5%). The sex ratio was 2.08 in favor to females. Patients’ age ranged from 6 months to 59 years with average age of 27 years ±2.2. Patients from age group between 15 and 29 years were the most concerned (46.4%), followed by the age group under 14 years (25.8%). Illiterate or primary and secondary education patients (79.9%) were mostly observed. Adverse socio-cultural practices were performed in 56.7% of cases. We observed infectious dermatoses in 92.12% of cases (194/203) infections due to bacterial agents were most observed in 42.6% of cases, followed by viral agents in 31.95% of cases. We found HIV positive patients in 5.7% of cases. Conclusion: Infectious dermatoses are common in primary health care setting in Côte d-Ivoire and can be treated by any physician. But, a dermatological training is needed to improve primary health care practitioners’ dermatological skills for clear diagnosis and appropriate treatment in order to reduce their incidence and prescription costs.
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Pattanaik, Nupur, Krishna Kar, Durga Madhab Satapathy, and Anshuman Pattanaik. "Reproductive health status of adolescent slum girls, residing in the urban slums of Cuttack City, Odisha." Journal of Reproductive Healthcare and Medicine 2 (February 9, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jrhm_34_2020.
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Objectives: Reproductive tract infection/sexually transmitted infection (RTI/STI) has become a silent epidemic that devastates women’s life. Improper maintenance of menstrual hygiene is one of the important causes of ascending infection of genital tract leading to RTI. The objectives of the study were to assess reproductive health status and menstrual hygiene practices of adolescent girls residing in the urban slums. Material and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study conducted among adolescent girls residing in urban slums situated under field training area of the Department of Community Medicine, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha. From among 10 Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) under this field training area, four AWCs having relatively more slum population were selected for the study. A total of 277 adolescent girls were studied who had attended menarche. Pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect information regarding the reproductive health status of adolescent girls. Results: Among the 277 adolescent slum girls, 116 (41.9%) had no complaint related to menstruation and reproductive health. Most of the adolescent girls had dysmenorrhea followed by irregular cycles, menorrhagia, and scanty menstruation. As per syndromic approach, 15.2% of adolescent girls had symptoms of RTI/STI. Only 36.8% of girls were using sanitary napkins. Conclusion: More than half of adolescent slum girls had one or more menstrual problems, the common being dysmenorrhea. Symptom of RTI/STI was also a common problem encountered among these girls as almost one in seven girls were having these symptoms and this was more among the girls not using sanitary pad during menstruation.
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Gomes de Morais, Natália, Luiz Felipe Ferreira de Lima, Ingrid Dantas Sampaio Leite, Marília Mariotti de Santana, Rogerio Tanan Torres, Jaqueline Wang da Silva, Vanessa Souza Mendes, and Erika Santos Nunes. "High prevalence of protozoan infections: a permanent cycle in a brazilian semi-arid peripheric area." Revista de Patologia Tropical / Journal of Tropical Pathology 50, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rpt.v50i3.68335.
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In regions where sanitary conditions are poor, prophylactic administration of antiparasitic drugs is common and affects the prevalence of intestinal parasites, in spite of the environmental maintenance of their life cycle. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of parasitic infections, patient lifestyles, health conditions and environmental sources of contamination. One hundred seventy two children and adolescents, 5 to 15 years of age of both sexes were analyzed. Data were obtained through epidemiological questionnaires, parasitological examinations using Paratest®, IgG testing for Entamoeba histolytica, and analysis of sources of contamination in living areas. The study detected a prevalence of 45.9% (79/172) parasitic infections, of which 62.0% (49/79) Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar complex; 46.8% (37/79) Entamoeba coli; 27.8% (22/79) Giardia intestinalis; 12.7% (10/79) Endolimax nana; 10.1% (8/79) Hymenolepis nana; 8.9% (7/79) Ascaris lumbricoides and 2.5% (2/79) Trichuris trichiura. Out of the 49 samples positive for Entamoeba histolytica complex, there was only one case of antibodies to E. histolytica. The children’s life habits demonstrated inadequate food hygiene practices. These insufficient sanitary parameters revealed a general lack of information in face of an alarming situation regarding sewage and other sources of environmental contamination in 20% of the areas. The high prevalence of protozoan infections despite chemoprophylaxis, with environmental sources of contamination/risk, inadequate health conditions and the general apathy of the population suggest the ineffectiveness of current preventive practices. Thus, it is advisable that control actions include protozoa as therapeutic targets and, above all, health education as a routine practice to prevent the long-term continuance of this vicious cycle. KEY WORDS: Parasitic infections; chemoprophylaxis; environmental sources.
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Ghimire, Maushami, Madhusudhan Ghimire, and Anand Prakash Singh. "Practices and Problems during Menarche among Adolescent Girls in Sultanpur, Uttarpradesh, India." Journal of Lumbini Medical College 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22502/jlmc.v1i1.5.
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Introduction: Menarche is a highly emotional experience for the young pubescent. The intensity of experience for the young pubescent is maximum at the time of menarche and depends on how well she is informed about menstruation and the type of support system around her. The subject of menstruation revolves around notion of dirt, taboos and restrictions in various spheres of a woman’s life. The objective of this study is to ascertain and compare practices and problems during menarche among adolescent girls in Sultanpur, Uttarpradesh (UP), India.
Methods: The comparative study was conducted in both urban (Civil Lines) and rural (Wallipur Village) areas in Sultanpur district of UP, India. A cross-sectional study was followed from August to November 2011. Two hundred adolescence girls were selected through simple random procedure. Interview schedule was used to collect information from respondents.
Results: The mean age of menarche among adolescence girls was 12.16 years. There was no statistical difference between rural and urban population with regard to knowledge about menstruation. Menstruation was taken as a disease by 20.6% and 23.7%. in each population. Use of sanitary pads was more in urban girls. Unhygienic practices like using no means of menstrual absorbent were more prevalent among rural girls.
Conclusion: Unhygienic practices during menstruation among adolescent girls was common in adolescent girls in rural population.
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Harvey, Robert Richard, and Edward Arthur McBean. "Predicting the structural condition of individual sanitary sewer pipes with random forests." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, no. 4 (April 2014): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2013-0431.
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Closed-circuit television inspections of sewer condition deterioration as required for proactive management are expensive and hence limited to portions of a sewer network. The data mining approach presented herein is shown capable of unlocking information contained within inspection records and enhances existing pipe inspection practices currently used in the wastewater industry. Predictive models developed using the random forests algorithm are found capable of predicting individual sewer pipe condition so that uninspected pipes in a sewer network with the greatest likelihood of being in a structurally defective condition state are identified for future rounds of inspection. Complications posed by imbalance between classes common within inspection datasets are overcome by first establishing the classification task in a binary format (where pipes are in either good or bad structural condition) and then using the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve to establish alternative cutoffs for the predicted class probability. The random forests algorithm achieved a stratified test set false negative rate of 18%, false positive rate of 27% and an excellent area under the ROC curve of 0.81 in a case study application to the City of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. The novel inclusion of condition information of pipes attached at either the upstream or downstream manholes of an individual pipe enhances the predictive power for bad pipes representing the minority class of interest (reducing the false negative rate to 11%, reducing the false positive rate to 25% and increasing the area under the ROC curve to 0.85). An area under the ROC curve >0.80 indicates random forests are an “excellent” choice for predicting the condition of individual pipes in a sewer network.
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Dharana, Anitha, Sapna Kale, and Ramesh Mayappanavar. "A study of knowledge, attitude, practices of menstrual hygiene and its waste disposal management among adolescent schoolgirls of Gadag District of Karnataka, India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): 4219. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20194611.
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Background: Adolescence is a defining time in the development of a child that is characterized by rapid physical growth and neurological sculpting, the onset of puberty and sexual maturity. Pubescent girls from developing countries face several social stigma and cultural taboos while menstruation and during menstrual hygiene management. The present study was aimed to assess the knowledge of adolescent females regarding menstruation, their perception and hygiene practice regarding menstruation.Methods: A cross sectioned study for two months was conducted after ethical committee approval. Adolescent girl’s between 10-16 years were selected from schools and data was collected by interviewing the questions in a predesigned format. Data included sanitation status of the school, knowledge about menstruation, pre-menarche, menstrual practices and beliefs, and the effect of menstruation on school life. Data was represented using percentage and simple proportions, results were drawn to arrive at conclusions of study.Results: 1800 students were included, the mean age in the study was 13.2±1.2 years and 12 -14 years was maximum group.78.5% attained menarche by 13 years with 93% Hindus. 57.5% were unaware of knowledge and 88.6% acquired information from mother. Absenteeism from school was seen in 18.5% and 88% reported concentration problems. Dysmennorhoea was common (78%) and 45.61% visited physician. 78.7% of the participants use sanitary pads and 55% disposed by wrapping the pad in a newspaper and dumping in the dust bin.Conclusions: There is good amount of awareness about menstrual hygiene and menstrual waste disposal among schoolgirls in Gadag district. Problem of menstrual waste disposal can be addressed effectively by providing and improving sanitary facilities of toilets, water and power supply through combined effort of government interventions, school managements and proper health education of girls and parents.
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Garrett, J. Hudson. "Summary of Evidence-Based Practices for Bloodstream Infection Prevention Across the Health Care Continuum of Care for Vascular Access Clinicians: Addressing the 3 Common Sources of Health Care-Associated Infection Transmission." Journal of the Association for Vascular Access 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.java.2016.03.004.
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Abstract Infection prevention and control is a core element of patient safety and in the reduction of central line-associated bloodstream infections. These deadly infections can cause a mortality rate of approximately 12%–25% in inpatient populations. Bloodstream infections can in many cases be prevented through the adoption of evidence-based standards from organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Association for Vascular Access. Vascular access professionals play a critical role in infection prevention in patient care by practicing frequent hand hygiene, maintaining a clean and sanitary clinical environment of care, and performing proper skin antisepsis before the insertion of a vascular access catheter. Each of these interventions contributes to the overall goal of eliminating central line-associated bloodstream infections in these very vulnerable patients.
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Agestika, Lina, Neni Sintawardani, Umi Hamidah, Sikopo Nyambe, and Taro Yamauchi. "Pattern of child faeces management and disposable diaper usage among under-fives in an Urban Slum of Bandung, Indonesia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 12, no. 1 (October 25, 2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.099.
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Abstract Children's faecal waste is a major environmental health issue despite increasing access to sanitation facilities and sanitary products in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study investigated child faecal management practice and disposable diaper usage among under-fives living in an urban slum of Indonesia. Data on household socio-demographics, child characteristics, and child faeces management practices were collected from 184 randomly selected pairs of mothers and children through interviews and observations. Findings revealed children's common defaecation sites as improved toilet, disposable diaper, and reusable diaper at 33.7, 33.2, and 16.3%, respectively. However, hygienic child faeces disposal was at 45%. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that the common use of disposable diapers and bathroom floor as the child's defaecation site increased unhygienic disposal. This prevalence decreased for mothers with higher education and those who had initiated toilet training. Promoting mothers' disposal of child faeces from disposable diapers, preventing child defaecation on the bathroom floor, and initiating toilet training as soon as a child can walk alone are thus potential interventions.
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Vu, Ngan K., and Ngoc T. Ho. "Improving the Compliance of Vietnamese Exports with Importing WTO Member SPS/TBT Measures: Learning Experiences from Malaysia and Thailand." Global Trade and Customs Journal 9, Issue 2 (February 1, 2014): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2014011.
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Although Vietnam has been an official member of the WTO since 2007, non-tariff measures such as Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures in WTO agreements are unfamiliar to many corporate and governmental entities. Given that the plastics and agricultural industries are fast-emerging markets of particular importance to Vietnam's economy, they were chosen as the focus of our study. It was determined that education on international agreements, looking to other countries' experience for transferable "best practices," and identifying common trends and pressures would be avenues towards improving domestic policy to facilitate compliance with importing country TBT and SPS regulations. Two other Southeast Asian countries, Malaysia and Thailand, were selected for our policy education study. The study results suggest that the achievements of Malaysia and Thailand are attributable to well-engineered government policy, as well as corporate compliance with TBT and SPS measures in both countries.
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MARGALIDA, ANTONI, and ANA B. MARÍN-ARROYO. "Dietary habits in the endangered Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus from Upper Pleistocene to modern times in Spain: a paleobiological conservation perspective." Bird Conservation International 23, no. 4 (March 28, 2013): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270912000500.
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SummaryAlthough most Old World vulture species are declining or threatened in Asia and Africa, in Europe healthy vulture populations still exist. However, recent application of sanitary legislation that has greatly reduced the availability of animal carcasses is now a concern for conservationists. Until now, no studies have been undertaken to determine long-term dietary shifts in these species in Europe, but such studies are essential to optimising the resources invested in conservation and to anticipating the ecological needs of the target species. Here, we present a first attempt to examine the dietary variation in the Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus from the late Pleistocene to the present day. Medium-size wild ungulates such as southern chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica, Spanish ibex Capra pyrenaica, red deer Cervus elaphus and roe deer Capreolus capreolus dominate the diet during the Pleistocene supporting the hypothesis that Bearded Vulture distribution was largely determined by the presence of such species. On the contrary, domestic species, such as sheep Ovis aries and goat Capra hircus, are the most common taxa in the diet in modern and historic periods. The actual dependence of the species on livestock, along with a restrictive sanitary legislation, threaten the conservation of this and other endangered avian scavengers in Europe. This new paleobiological conservation perspective confirms that efforts to establish a self-sustaining Bearded Vulture population should be enhanced by the widespread availability of medium-sized wild ungulates and by the presence of extensive and traditional grazing practices.
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Bartow, Ann. ""Are You There, Trademark Law? It's Me, Misogyny."." Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 41, no. 1 (November 8, 2021): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cjgl.v41i1.8816.
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When I became aware of the emergent body of legal scholarship on menstruation related topics on which this Symposium builds, I thought that the authors of these articles were very brave.1 I’m an imperfect but life-long feminist and accepted the emotional challenge that writing this Essay posed for me out of gratitude to those authors. Because my principal scholarly focus is intellectual property law, I approached the topic through the lens of trademark law. Part One of this article positions this Essay firmly within the contours of the author’s life and personal experiences with menstruation. Part Two maps common trademark and branding practices related to tampons and sanitary napkins. Part Three explains that the Lanham Act does not offer legal mechanisms by which to challenge the federal registration of sexist trademarks. As with racist trademarks, amplified criticism and persistent public pressure are the main mechanisms available to foment positive change in the marketplace for feminine hygiene products.
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Pathak, Dhundi Raj, Suvash Nepal, Tejendra Thapa, Nimesh Dhakal, Pravin Tiwari, and Tirtha Kumar Sinha. "Capacity assessment and implementation analysis of common treatment facility for the management of infectious healthcare waste in rapidly urbanising city of Nepal." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 39, no. 1_suppl (April 30, 2021): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x211013910.
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This study is one of the first systematic attempts to examine the possibility of a common treatment facility (CTF) to treat infectious healthcare waste (HCW) in Nepal. First, the survey was conducted in 14 healthcare facilities (HFs) ranging from health posts to large hospitals selected from 120 total HFs in Nepalgunj sub-metropolitan city (SMC), a rapidly urbanising city of Nepal to investigate the current practices of HCW management (HCWM) and to estimate the waste generation and characteristics in the different HFs. The result shows that the average unit waste generation rate for health posts, clinics, urban health centres, and hospitals was estimated at 1.397 kg day−1, 1.608 kg day−1, 0.178 kg day−1 and 1.818 kg bed−1 day−1, respectively. Of the total 1242 kg day−1 HCW generated in Nepalgunj SMC, 73% is infected in the current situation, but if fully sorted at source, only 32% of the waste will be infected. Based on these HCW generation data and fraction of infectious waste, including waste management practices, three different scenarios are proposed for the capacity assessment and designing implementation modality of the CTF to treat infectious waste from all HFs of Nepalgunj SMC as a case study where an integrated solid waste management facility including material recovery facility and sanitary landfill site for municipal solid waste management is already in operation. The different implementation analyses are discussed, and the best implementation arrangement has been recommended for the sustainability of the project. This approach can be replicated in other cities alone or regions with many neighbouring cities of Nepal and explores a workable solution for HCWM in the rapidly urbanising cities of developing countries to help them improve their condition.
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Berhe, Abera Aregawi, Abraham Desta Aregay, Alemnesh Araya Abreha, Asfawosen Berhe Aregay, Ataklti Weldegebrial Gebretsadik, Degnesh Zigta Negash, Equbay Gebru Gebreegziabher, Kiros Ghebremedhin Demoz, Kiros Ajemu Fenta, and Nega Bezabih Mamo. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene among Rural Residents in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (March 19, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5460168.
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Background. Poor hygienic practices, inadequate water supply, and poor sanitary conditions play a major role in the spread of infectious diseases. Lack of knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) on WASH is one of the most imperative causes for transmission of infectious diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of rural residents on water, sanitation, and hygiene in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2018. Multistage cluster sampling technique was used to collect data from 759 households in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data on knowledge, attitude, and practice on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). Descriptive data analysis was done to present the study findings. Results. The response rate was 99.6%, and 574 (75.9%) of the respondents were females. Good knowledge, favorable attitude, and good practice on WASH were observed in 42.2% (95% CI: 38.7%, 45.7%), 48.5% (95% CI: 44.9%, 52.0%), and 49.2% (95% CI: 45.6%, 52.7%) of the respondents, respectively. Conclusions. Poor knowledge, unfavorable attitude, and poor practice on WASH were common amongst the residents in rural Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Therefore, the health extension programs at primary health care should be revitalized in a way that can enhance the interventional measures to improve knowledge, attitude, and practice on WASH.
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Sapkota, D., D. Sharma, H. P. Pokharel, Shyam Sundar Budhathoki, and Vijay Kumar Khanal. "Knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among school going adolescents of rural Nepal." Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 2, no. 3 (March 3, 2014): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9962.
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Background: Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adult life during which pubertal development and sexual maturation take place, thus making physiological development a challenge adolescents have to face. There is a substantial lacuna in the knowledge towards menstruation among adolescent girls. Menstrual hygiene and management is an issue that is insufficiently acknowledged and has not received adequate attention. Objective: This study was done to assess the knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among school going adolescents. Methods: A descriptive study was done among sixty-one female adolescents of Shree Himali Secondary School, Panchkanya, Sunsari, where data were collected from the adolescents meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: It was found that 36.1% correctly reported about menstruation where most common informant was mother (39.3%). Dysmenorrhoea was the commonest problem faced during menstruation (78.7%) followed by back pain and excessive blood loss. More than half of respondents (54.1%) used sanitary pads and frequency of changing pads twice a day was highest (50.8%). Initial reaction was of fear/apprehension at menarche by 36.1% of girls whereas 44.3% perceived it as an expectant process. Girls still faced different types of restrictions like not being allowed to visit holy places, not being allowed to cook and touch male family member etc. Conclusion: Traditional beliefs regarding menstruation still persist and menstrual hygiene among the adolescents was found to be unsatisfactory. It highlights the need of targeted interventions to raise awareness and provision of family health education package to all girls. Menstrual hygiene is an issue that needs to be addressed at all levels.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 2, No. 3, Issue 5, Jul.-Sep., 2013 Page: 117-121DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9962Uploaded date : 3/4/2014
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Sahiledengle, Biniyam, Daniel Atlaw, Abera Kumie, Yohannes Tekalegn, Demelash Woldeyohannes, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho. "Menstrual hygiene practice among adolescent girls in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): e0262295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262295.
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Background Adolescent girls face several challenges relating to menstruation and its proper management. Lack of adequate sanitary products, inadequate water supply, and privacy for changing sanitary pads continue to leave adolescent girls with limited options for safe and proper menstrual hygiene in many low-income settings, including Ethiopia. These situations are also compounded by societal myths, stigmas surrounding menstruation, and discriminatory social norms. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled proportion of safe menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in Ethiopia using the available studies. Methods We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, African Journal Online (AJOL), Hinari, Science Direct, ProQuest, Direct of Open Access Journals, POPLINE, and Cochrane Library database inception to May 31, 2021. Studies reporting the proportion of menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in Ethiopia were considered. The Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 tests were used to assess the heterogeneity of the included studies. Since the included studies revealed considerable heterogeneity, a random effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled proportion of menstrual hygiene management (MHM). Results Of 1,045 identified articles, 22 studies were eligible for analysis (n = 12,330 participants). The pooled proportion (PP) of safe MHM in Ethiopia was 52.69% (95%CI: 44.16, 61.22). The use of commercial menstrual absorbents was common 64.63% (95%CI: 55.32, 73.93, I2 99.2%) followed by homemade cloth 53.03% (95%CI: 22.29, 83.77, I2 99.2%). Disposal of absorbent material into the latrine was the most common practice in Ethiopia 62.18% (95%CI: 52.87, 71.49, I2 98.7%). One in four girls reported missing one or more school days during menstruation (PP: 32.03%, 95%CI: 22.65%, 41.40%, I2 98.2%). Conclusion This study revealed that only half of the adolescent girls in Ethiopia had safe MHM practices. To ensure that girls in Ethiopia can manage menstruation hygienically and with dignity, strong gender-specific water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities along with strong awareness creation activities at every level are needed.
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Yadav, Anubhuti, and Deepa L. Masand. "Study of menstrual disorder in adolescent girls at tertiary care centre in rural area." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 5 (April 28, 2018): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20181941.
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Background: Total adolescent world population is 16%. Adolescents (10-19 years) constitute 21.3% i.e. nearly 1/5th of total population of India. 19% of the total population-faces a series of serious challenges not only affecting their growth and development but also their livelihood as adults. The objective of the current study was to observe the menstrual disorders among adolescent females and to observe the demographic profile and assess hygiene practices during menstruation and grade of anemia due to menstrual morbidity. Methods: A random selection of adolescent’s females were done from gynaecology outpatient department at a tertiary care hospital in rural area. Study done on 180 adolescent girls from January 01, 2016 to June 31st, 2017, it is a descriptive type of observational study. Counseling done of adolescent females on menstrual hygiene and nutrition. Results: Most common menstrual morbidity seen in this study is dysmenorrhea (41.66%) followed by heavy menstrual bleeding i.e 25% and irregular menstrual bleeding (13.33%) subsequently. All these problems are associated with their practices used during menstruation. Poor menstrual hygiene was seen associated with 30 to 35% of abdominal cramps and mood swings, heavy menstrual bleeding and nutritional deficiency leads to moderate anemia (7 to10 gm%) in 83%.Conclusions: Due to unhygienic practices and lack of education and awareness about hygiene many of the girls were suffering from reproductive tract infections and poor nutrition leads to anemia. So, we all need to educate them about hygiene and spread awareness about the various services provided by the government like supplying of sanitary napkins to overcome infections.
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Sajjan, Saraswati V., Neeta P N, and Poonam P. Shingade. "Knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene among urban adolescents- A cross-sectional study." Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine 8, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfcm.2021.024.
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Adolescence is the significant period in the life of a woman. Menstrual disturbances are the commonest presenting complaint in adolescent age group and unhygienic practices during menstruation can lead to untoward consequences like pelvic inflammatory disease and even infertility. To study the knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study conducted from October 2018 to December 2018 among 100 adolescent girls who attended adolescent clinics at Urban Health Training centre of KBNU Medical College, Kalaburagi. The mean age of participants was 16.2 ± 2.1 SD. only 26% of participants were aware about menstruation before menarche. Majority (91%) of participants had knowledge about use of sanitary pads during menstruation but only 78% used them. The most common reason for non usage was the cost of pads (68%). The method of disposal was satisfactory among 62% of participants and 84% of participants change their pads /cloth pieces 2-3 times per day. Restriction of diet during menstruation was seen in 40% and 30% missed school during their periods. Although there was good knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls, practice needs to improve. Health education sessions at urban health clinics and schools involving mothers of these adolescent girls can aid to overcome socio cultural practices of restricting movement and diet restrictions during menstruation.
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Tanwar, Jyoti, Shrayanee Das, Zeeshan Fatima, and Saif Hameed. "Multidrug Resistance: An Emerging Crisis." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/541340.
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The resistance among various microbial species (infectious agents) to different antimicrobial drugs has emerged as a cause of public health threat all over the world at a terrifying rate. Due to the pacing advent of new resistance mechanisms and decrease in efficiency of treating common infectious diseases, it results in failure of microbial response to standard treatment, leading to prolonged illness, higher expenditures for health care, and an immense risk of death. Almost all the capable infecting agents (e.g., bacteria, fungi, virus, and parasite) have employed high levels of multidrug resistance (MDR) with enhanced morbidity and mortality; thus, they are referred to as “super bugs.” Although the development of MDR is a natural phenomenon, the inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs, inadequate sanitary conditions, inappropriate food-handling, and poor infection prevention and control practices contribute to emergence of and encourage the further spread of MDR. Considering the significance of MDR, this paper, emphasizes the problems associated with MDR and the need to understand its significance and mechanisms to combat microbial infections.
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Schmall, Alexandria, Ilana Cliffer, Stacy Griswold, Hannah Cai, Patrick Webb, and Beatrice Rogers. "In-Home Observations Are a Useful Tool to Assess the Household Enabling Environment for Child Nutrition in Burkina Faso and Sierra Leone." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab045_065.
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Abstract Objectives Two field studies assessed the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of specialized nutritious foods (SNF) to prevent and treat malnutrition among children 6–24 months old in Burkina Faso and 6–59 months old in Sierra Leone. In-home observations (IHO) were conducted to understand household use of SNFs. The IHO data are unique, as local enumerators directly observed caregiver behaviors that would otherwise be provided by self-report. In this study, we examined household factors that may influence child nutrition, including child feeding, care, and hygiene practices among caregivers, and sanitary conditions of the home environment. Methods Local enumerators conducted 3–5-day IHO among a subset of 321 and 176 beneficiary households in Sierra Leone and Burkina Faso, respectively. Using time-stamped checklists and detailed observation notes, they recorded household activities, focused on feeding and care of beneficiary children. Detailed enumerator notes were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results Similar trends emerged in both countries. Poor hand-washing and food hygiene practices were common among caregivers; children consumed poor quality, starchy diets; children were most often cared for by their mothers and other adult, female relatives. Child feeding during illness was poor, and child mouthing of unsanitary household objects was common. In Burkina Faso, domestic animals were frequently present in the courtyard and near children during meals. Conclusions Future nutrition interventions may consider approaches that address multiple household factors that contribute to an enabling environment for child nutrition. Further, considering the feasibility of field application, the IHO method may be used in future nutrition programs to provide information beyond what could be obtained accurately from caregiver self report, and thus help inform nutrition behavior change strategies. Funding Sources Support for this research was provided by the USAID Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance.
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Meshram, Pravin Dilipkumar, Amandeep Kaur Ratta, and Vinod Kumar. "Perceptions and practices related to menstruation amongst tribal adolescent girls in rural field practice area of tertiary health care institute in Mumbai." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20201034.
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Background: Adolescence is the crucial phase in the woman’s life has on the woman’s health and later on reproductive and maternal life. Around 20% of the global health burden among women is attributed to reproductive and sexual ill health, lack of menstrual hygiene is one of the factors among the adolescent. They lack awareness about menstruation when they first experience it, especially in rural and tribal areas. This study aimed to provide an insight into the most sensitive issue of menstruation among the tribal community which would help in promoting improved awareness level and increase in right knowledge about menstruation.Methods: A cross sectional study. Total of 114 adolescent girls (11-18 years), have attained the menarche were included. Universal sampling method is used. Data was collected regarding their perceptions and practices related to menstrual hygiene.Results: The mean age of the subjects and of menarche were 15.48±1.75, 13.09±1.04 years respectively. About 27.20% had no clue about the menstrual cycle. Majority of them asked their mothers about the problems followed by close friends. About 37.72% used sanitary napkins. Not to attend religious occasion (54.39%) was common restriction.Conclusions: In the present study, it is reflected that mothers of the adolescent girls were a crucial and important role in giving information about menstrual hygiene. More awareness related to hygiene and practice and education related to social issues related to menstrual hygiene has to be addressed. Focussed programmes related to tribal adolescent health have to be implemented.
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Singh, Monika, Om Prakash Rajoura, and Raghavendra A. Honnakamble. "Patterns and problems of menstruation among the adolescent school girls of Delhi: a cross-sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 6 (May 27, 2019): 2595. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192329.
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Background: Adolescence is the period of rapid physical growth, psychological and social changes. This period is marked by the onset of menarche in the girls. Menstruation is a natural biological process experienced by all adolescent girls and women in reproductive age. The menstrual cycle is characterized by variability in volume, pattern and regularity. Conversely, variability in menstrual cycle characteristics and menstrual disorders are common among adolescent girls. The objectives of the study were to determine patterns of menstruation, prevalence of menstrual disorders and hygienic practices during menstruation in the adolescent school girls.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 adolescent school girls of Delhi.Results: The mean age at menarche in the study subjects was 13.47±0.87 years. Average menstrual interval was days. Dysmenorrhea was reported by 76.1% of the girls, body ache was experienced by 64 (30.4%). Majority of girls 174 (82.8%) used sanitary pads as absorbent during cycle.Conclusions: Menstrual problems are frequent among adolescent girls. Dysmenorrhoea was the commonest problem among the adolescents. Adolescent girls withstand their pain and think it as a normal phenomenon. Educating students about menstrual health by health professionals and teachers can help in reducing their psychological and physical stress.
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Khuntdar, Bidyut K., Biplab K. Gayen, Surjit Naik, Manabendra Sau, Kajal K. Patra, Anupama Nair, and Kishore P. Madhwani. "Clinico-epidemiological study and laboratory profile of acute viral hepatitis in children of the age group 6 months to 12 years admitted in a tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 10, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20223418.
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Background: Viral hepatitis is a major public health issue throughout the world affecting millions of children despite the availability of vaccines, prophylactic measures and improved sanitation. The objective of the study was to determine the etiological profile of acute viral hepatitis in patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital, West Bengal, India.Methods: This prospective hospital-based study was done in, Midnapore Medical College, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India from February 2020 to July 2021. Children between 6 months to 12 years who presented with fever and prodromal symptoms, with or without jaundice, abdominal pain, high coloured urine, pale coloured stools with suspicion of acute viral hepatitis were included in the study. The data were statistically analysed using Microsoft excel and statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software.Results: Majority of the study subjects were from Lower middle class i.e. 59.6%. Only 34.6% regularly boiled water before consuming. Majority 44.2% of the subjects had history of practicing unhealthy eating practices which included not cleaning hands before eating. 66.7% subjects did not boiled water before consumption, 33.3% were involved in unhygienic food habits and 100% were using unhygienic sanitary practices. Prevalence of hepatitis A in our study was 96.2%. and hepatitis E was 5.8%. Prevalence of HAV IgM positive was 96.2%, prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) positive was 1.9% and prevalence of HEV IgM positive was 5.8%.Conclusions: Prevalence of hepatitis A in our study was 96.2%. Hence, HAV was the most common etiological factor causing acute viral hepatitis in children. It’s important to create awareness in the society regarding preventive measures like hygienic food practices and improved sanitation which is of utmost importance in its prevention.
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Rastogi, Shreya, Aparna Khanna, and Pulkit Mathur. "Uncovering the challenges to menstrual health: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of adolescent girls in government schools of Delhi." Health Education Journal 78, no. 7 (May 23, 2019): 839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0017896919850209.
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Background: Menstrual hygiene management is a significant issue affecting the health of women around the world. Lack of knowledge and awareness about menstruation and the silence surrounding it is a risk factor for all women. Objective: The objectives of this study were to elicit the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of adolescent girls (13–15 years) regarding issues related to menstruation and to assess the barriers that prevent them from practising menstrual hygiene. Design and Setting: Cross-sectional study involving 187 adolescent girls from four government schools of Delhi. Method: Information was obtained using a mixed-methods approach, including a pretested questionnaire and focus group discussions with girls, parents and school staff. Results: Only 40% of girls were aware of menstruation prior to menarche. The majority of girls (95.7%) did not know the source of menstrual blood. About two-thirds (65.8%) of girls were unaware that the menstrual blood flow could be affected by anaemia. Approximately 17% of the girls believed a woman to be impure during menstruation. About half of the girls absented themselves from school for the first 2–3 days of their menstrual cycle. Thirty-four percent girls did not bathe at all during their menstrual period and a similar number of girls did not bathe daily while menstruating. Dysmenorrhoea was a common problem among 60% of girls. The mothers of girls were identified as the major source of information about menstruation. However, mothers believed that school teachers should also be imparting this knowledge. Teachers expressed the belief that menstrual hygiene was poor among girls. The provision of free sanitary napkins in school has improved hygiene levels. Conclusion: Strategic behaviour change interventions should be designed involving all stakeholders to ensure a sustained change in knowledge, attitude and practices so as to ensure the better health of adolescent girls.
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S., Pramodha M., and Shashirekha H. D. "Knowledge, attitude and practice of menstrual hygiene among adolescent schoolgirls of rural area, Dakshina Kannada, India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20211492.
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Background: Adolescent girls constitute a vulnerable group not only with respect to their social status but also in relation to their health. Menstruation is accompanied by a cultural taboo in almost every society in the world. Although very common issue of everyday of life, menstruation is associated with many menstruations negative attitude in young girls. The young population is seen to be trapped and confused due to the different schools of thoughts at home and the outer world. This indicates an urgency to investigate girls, menstrual needs, to inform effective responses and educate them about the right strategies of menstrual hygiene, attitudes and practices. The aim of our study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices about menstrual hygiene among adolescent school girls from rural areas of Dakshina Kannada.Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted from January 2020 to February 2020 among 130 secondary schools and high school girls of rural area of Dakshina Kannada, using predesigned questionnaire after obtaining informed consent.Results: In our study, most of the students had attained menarche by 12yrs of age. 86.15% were lacking primary knowledge about menstruation, and 80% of our participants had good knowledge about cleanliness of undergarments, and 65% of students knew that menstruation was a physiological phenomenon and 71% of the participants, still believed in the taboos and myths associated with menses and 30% were shy about carrying sanitary products to school. 63.85% participants still used cloth and most worrisome finding of our study is that 63% of our students did not feel comfortable to approach their family/elders/health care workers to solve their queries about menstruation.Conclusions: The study aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitude & practices of the adolescents regarding menstruation and menstrual hygiene. The low level of knowledge among participants is evident from their unpreparedness while entering menarche and their strong views of menstruation as social taboo can be judged from their various restrictions, owing to such strong socio-cultural beliefs and practices. Group discussions, media campaigns, sex education in schools are required to overcome taboo associated with menstruation.
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Padhy, Sadasiba, Rajesh Kumar Sethi, and Narendra Behera. "Mother’s knowledge, attitude and practice regarding prevention and management of diarrhoea in children in Southern Odisha." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 3 (April 25, 2017): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20171708.
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Background: Diarrhoeal infections are the fifth leading cause of death worldwide and continue to take a high toll on child health. The objective of the study was toassess and compare mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practice regarding prevention and management of diarrhoea in children.Methods: A hospital based observational study was carried out in the Department of Paediatrics, M.K.C.G. Medical College. Data collected from mothers by questionnaire method.Results: Diarrhoea is more common in less than 2 years of age with males are affected more than females and more cases are seen from rural areas. Diarrhoeal diseases are more common in the lower educated group and low socioeconomic status families with prevalence of overcrowding. 47% mothers had knowledge about diarrhoea, 52% about the aetiology and 58% about risk factors of diarrhoea. Regarding role of breastfeeding in diarrhoea 48% mothers had good knowledge and regarding adverse effects of bottle feeding 56% mothers were aware. In this study only 34% of mothers were aware of assessment of danger signs and dehydration and 27% about treatment of dehydration. 33% mothers had good knowledge on sanitary latrine and safe drinking water uses in prevention and treatment of diarrhoea. Regarding preparation of ORS only 19% mothers had good knowledge, 65% mothers had average knowledge.Conclusions: Among mothers’ knowledge about diarrhoea along with the importance of breastfeeding and the adverse effects of bottle feeding is significantly lacking. Also, the knowledge about assessment, management and practices about diarrhoeal diseases among mothers is significantly less.
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Toro, Mario Damiano, Dominique Bremond-Gignac, Antoine Pierre Brézin, Arthur Bernard Cummings, Ozlem Evren Kemer, Omid Kermani, Boris Edvard Malyugin, et al. "COVID-19 outbreak and increased risk of amblyopia and epidemic myopia: Insights from EUROCOVCAT group." European Journal of Ophthalmology 32, no. 1 (November 9, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11206721211053175.
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The most common cause of vision impairment in children is amblyopia. It is defined as impaired visual acuity in one or both eyes that is present with no demonstrable abnormality of the visual pathway and is not immediately resolved by wearing glasses. After the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized COVID-19 as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020, widespread changes and restrictions to social and sanitary practices have presented significant issues in access to eye care during the COVID-19 pandemic. A reduction of more than 80% in pediatric eye care volume up to its total cessation has been observed in different departments. In this scenario, reduced or absent eyesight, due to delay in timely treatment of amblyopic conditions, could create major, long-lasting effects on all aspects of life, including daily personal activities, interacting with the community, school and work opportunities and the ability to access public services. Processes coming out of lockdown should be gradually easing restrictions giving priority to ophthalmology and eye care facilities so that amblyopia does not remain unattended and irreversible as in adults due to lack of timely treatments. If not reversible, this process could lead to a dramatic increase in disability and unsustainable social costs for many governments.
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Badrul Hisham, Muhammad Aqif, Ahmad Rashidi Mohamed Tahir, Sh Fatimah AlZahrah Syed Hussein Al-Attas, and Nur Aizati Athirah Daud. "A Cross-Sectional Study on Menstrual Health Practice and Needs Among Female Rohingya Residing in Malaysia: An Interim Analysis." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 7, no. 70 (January 22, 2023): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v7i70.519.
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Objectives: Not much is known about the menstrual practices and needs among Rohingya females residing in Malaysia. This knowledge gap needs to be addressed, in line with the efforts toward family planning. The objectives of the study are to describe menstrual practices among female Rohingya and to assess whether their menstrual needs are met during their last period. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving Rohingya females aged 18 to 55 years old attending QFFD Clinic run by IMARET in Selayang, Selangor between April to July 2022. Menstrual practices and needs were assessed using self-administered questionnaires; the Menstrual Practices Questionnaire (MPQ) and the Menstrual Practice Needs Scale (MPNS-36), respectively. Results: A total of 40 respondents have completed the questionnaire. Only 42.5% (n=17) of respondents have good experiences during their past menstrual cycle despite most of the respondents were able to meet their materials and home environment needs (n=27, 67.5%) and are less concerned when managing the disposal of their menstrual materials (n=25, 62.5%). Though, only 12.5% (n=5) of respondents have their transportation and school environment needs were met during their past menstrual cycle and 37.5% (n=15) of the respondents have concerns with the quality of their menstrual materials. The most common menstrual materials used by respondents at home and while away from home are disposable sanitary pads (n=35, 87.5% and n=36, 90.0% respectively). Many of the respondents prefer to dispose them inside the household rubbish bin which is inside the latrine when at home (n=36, 90.0 %) while the bin in the public latrine or toilet is used when disposing menstrual materials while away from home (n=32, 80.0%). Conclusion: Most of the female Rohingya refugees were able to practice safe and clean menstrual management. Though, some of their needs were not met, especially during transportation and away from home. It is important for non-government organizations like UNHCR to fight for their legal status in Malaysia so that they can feel safe and secure without it impacting their health negatively. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Supplementary Issue: 2023 Page: S17
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Noto, Ana Regina, Elisaldo de A. Carlini, Patrícia C. Mastroianni, Vanete C. Alves, José Carlos F. Galduróz, Wagner Kuroiwa, Jussara Csizmar, et al. "Analysis of prescription and dispensation of psychotropic medications in two cities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 24, no. 2 (June 2002): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462002000200006.
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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prescription and dispensation of psychotropic medications through the analysis of the prescriptions/notices kept at various institutions in two cities in the state of São Paulo. METHODS: The prescriptions kept at drugstores, magistral pharmacies, primary care settings and hospitals were collected and analyzed in collaboration with the Sanitary Vigilance agencies in the year of 1999. The information in the prescriptions/notices were typed and tabulated. RESULTS: A total of 108,215 prescriptions were processed, being 76,954 for benzodiazepines, 26,930 for anorexigenic drugs, 3,540 for opiates and 788 for other drugs. The benzodiazepines most frequently prescribed were: diazepam (31,644), bromazepam (16,911) and clonazepam (7,929). Among the anorexigenic drugs, diethylpropion (14,800) and femproporex (10,942) were the most common. When compared to men, women were given more prescriptions, mainly for anorexigenic drugs: the ratio was 10:1 in the prescriptions for diethylpropion and femproporex. The few magistral pharmacies (n=6) handled even more prescriptions than did the drugstores (n=49). A number of errors and inconsistencies were detected in the prescriptions analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the occurrence of an irrational use of such medications and a series of inadequate practices related to their prescription in Brazil. Therefore, they point out to the need of a comprehensive review of the government's control system of these substances.
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Gargiulo, Adriana H., Stephany G. Duarte, Gabriela Z. Campos, Mariza Landgraf, Bernadette D. G. M. Franco, and Uelinton M. Pinto. "Food Safety Issues Related to Eating In and Eating Out." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112118.
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Because of growing urbanization and lack of time to prepare meals at home, eating out or getting food delivered have become common trends for many people. The consumption of food from unknown sources may impose an increased chance of contamination with microbiological hazards, especially if sanitary conditions are not met. We evaluated data from health surveillance agencies and scientific articles on foodborne diseases (FBD) reported internationally according to the exposure sites. We observed that the data are influenced by cultural, political, and socioeconomic differences. For instance, in New Zealand, Australia, United States, Denmark and India, the occurrence of FBD outbreaks was greater from foods prepared in commercial establishments and street vendors than from households. Conversely, in China, countries of the European Union and Brazil, the results are the opposite. Additionally, the pandemic imposed new eating behavior patterns, increasing delivery services and foods prepared in so-called “Dark Kitchens”. The underreporting and heterogeneity of data among countries prevented a precise conclusion to the question of whether homemade foods are inherently safer than foods prepared out. Nevertheless, a lower level of development in a country influences its sanitation conditions, as well as the number of street food vendors, the search for cheaper foods, and insufficient knowledge of the population on good hygiene practices, which can all increase the chances of FBD cases.
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S. A., Adebara, Afolayan A., Omajali D.I., and Olatunji A.A. "ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE DUMPSITE ON GROUNDWATER IN OSOGBO AND EDE METROPOLIS OSUN STATE, NIGERIA." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 3, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v3.i2.2016.41.
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In Nigeria, the reliance on sanitary landfills is a common phenomenon in the disposal of waste materials. Lack of capital and appropriate technology for environmentally friendly waste management practices has left most places like Osogbo city in Nigeria to rely of landfills for solid waste disposal. And in most cases the landfills are not properly engineered and operated to accepted world standards. This project work assesses the effect of solid waste dumpsite on the ground water quality in Osogbo and Ede Metropolis. Eight (8) different samples were collected from wells located around the vicinity of dumpsite at Osogbo and Ede respectively. The analysis of physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters of the water samples collected shows that there are some level of contaminations on the ground water within the solid waste dumpsite and some of the samples were discovered to be acidic with PH ranges from 5.90-6.40 which rendered the sample unsafe for drinking and other domestic consumptions. Parameters like Iron, Manganese, Chromium, Copper, Zinc, are trace elementand were found in minute amounts concentration of less than 100mg/l in all the water samples, which possessed no hazard effect to the quality of groundwater. However, most of the water sample tested for bacteriological does not fall within WHO 2006 recommendations.Therefore, the need for environmental awareness through enlightenment campaigns on solid waste handling, controlling and monitoring techniques with proper groundwater exploration for proper analyses.
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Amoah, P., P. Drechsel, M. Henseler, and R. C. Abaidoo. "Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: microbiological contamination in farms and markets and associated consumer risk groups." Journal of Water and Health 5, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.041.
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Ghana is a typical low-income sub-Saharan African country facing significant sanitation challenges. In Ghana, fresh salads are not part of the normal diet, but have become a common supplement to urban fast food served in streets, canteens and restaurants. In Accra, about 200 000 people consume from such supplements every day. The figure also describes the size of the risk group from contamination, which comprises all income classes including the poor and children. The purpose of this study was to investigate widespread water pollution in urban and peri-urban areas, where 95% of the lettuce consumed in the city is produced. Over 12 months (April 2004–June 2005), lettuce samples from the same production sites in two cities were followed and analyzed along the “farm to fork” pathway for total and faecal coliform (FC) and helminth egg numbers. Questionnaire surveys were conducted among producers, sellers and consumers to quantify lettuce flows to the final risk group. The study identified the farm as the main point of lettuce contamination. Besides the irrigation water, contamination was also attributed to manure application and already contaminated soil. Despite poor sanitary conditions in markets, post-harvest handling and marketing did not further increase the farm-gate contamination levels. To reduce the health risk associated with the consumption of contaminated lettuce; safer farming and irrigation practices are required while the remaining risk could best be addressed where lettuce is prepared for consumption.