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Ashton, Taylor John. "An Analysis of Common Pool Resource Management." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579004.
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The use and management of common pool resources can cause problems with property ownership and usage rights. Rules, regulations and policy development are all necessary in ensuring proper management and control of these common pool resources. In this thesis I use Elinor Ostrom's framework on decision making methods and policy models to analyze the decisions common pool resource users make, and the policy approaches that can be used to address the overuse or misuse of these resources. In order to better understand managing institutions and the systems that oversee these resources, Ostrom's approaches and theories are illustrated through the operations of the Bureau of Land Management. The BLM directly manages millions of acres of public lands through the rules and regulations set forth in the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976. The ongoing land use dispute with Cliven Bundy in Bunkerville, NV is used as an applied example to analyze the decision making of land dispute players, as well as question the effectiveness and efficiency of an actual managing institution. In conclusion it is seen that BLM policies are adequate for effectively overseeing public lands, but adherence to the regulations and strict enforcement is necessary for a cooperative relationship between management agencies and the individuals working with them.
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Bäckman, Anders. "The Nordic electricity system as a common-pool resource." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-158086.
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This thesis is about the work of Nordel, an advisory body set up in 1963 by the largest power companies in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The purpose of Nordel was to strengthen and consolidate Nordic cooperation in the production and transmission of electrical power. The analysis has been conducted by using Elinor Ostrom’s framework for studying common-pool resources, which is described in her book Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (1990). The thesis concludes that Nordel reaffirmed the bilateral practises already established by the individual power companies and was circumscribed by national energy policies. Nordel’s main contribution to the Nordic cooperation was to act as a forum for common technical issues and general aims, and as a knowledge-producing organisation.
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dell’Angel, Jampel. "Abusing the commons? An integrated institutional analysis of common-pool resource governance in conflict situations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129471.
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Governance of natural Common-Pool Resources (CPRs) is a central area of sustainability theory
and practice. This arena generally lies at the interface between policy and science. Nevertheless,
the conflict nature of CPR governance is often not systematically acknowledged in analytical
approaches developed for the study of Social-Ecological Systems (SES) and specifically
common-pool resources.
This dissertation integrates three different bodies of scholarship—Institutional
Analysis/Commons Theory, Political Ecology, and Societal Metabolism—and discusses the
complementarities and potentials for bringing them together. Moreover, based on this theoretical
discussion, it proposes an integrated and modified version of Elinor Ostrom’s Institutional
Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework.
The dissertation illustrates the integration of the proposed modified version of the IAD
Framework and its application to two case studies, both related to the governance of CPRs in
conflict situations but significantly different in terms of geographical and political-economic
contexts, institutional arrangements, and kinds of actors involved. Both cases are related to the
ecological condition of critically important watersheds, and in both cases government plays a
central role; however, the types of conflict and controversy show distinct characteristics. The two
cases are not addressed in a comparative way but the take part in the same iterative
theoretical/methodological/empirical process.
In the first case, the resettlement programs in the Sanjiangyuan area (literally, three river heads)
in Qinghai, People's Republic of China, are investigated. In order to preserve the Sanjiangyuan
area, which contains the watersheds of the Yellow, Yangtze, and Mekong rivers, the Chinese
central government has implemented since the year 2000 a program with the aim of resettling the
total nomadic population and move them from the grasslands to new, semi-urban conglomerates,
transforming their system of production from a predominantly self-subsistence pastoral mobile
system to a sedentary system and promoting their integration into the market economy.
In the second case, the policy-science interplay behind the geothermal development plans on
Mount Amiata in Tuscany Region, Italy, is investigated. Mount Amiata is one of the most
important freshwater reserves of central Italy. It has an aquifer that serves over 700,000 people in
southern Tuscany and northern Lazio. However, independent studies, local environmental groups,
and citizens associations point out that the geothermal activity is depleting and contaminating the
Mount Amiata watershed and increasing the rate of degenerative diseases, morbidity, and
mortality in the geothermal areas.
This dissertation is presented as a hybrid between a “book format” and “collection of essays
format.” It is developed in three parts. In Part I, the methodological, meta-theoretical, and
theoretical background are discussed. Part II contains five stand-alone essays that relate to the
applications and elaboration of the proposed modified IAD approach. In Part III, a conclusive
discussion is presented.
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Deadman, Peter John 1960. "Modeling individual behavior in common pool resource management experiments with autonomous agents." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282396.
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This work introduces and illustrates the potential of intelligent agent based modeling and simulation as a tool for understanding individual action and group performance in common pool resource dilemmas. Three groups of models were developed, based on previously documented common pool resource experiments, and simulated using the Swarm multi-agent simulation environment. Agents in these models were designed to represent the actions of the individual appropriators in the experiments and the common pool resource itself. The three groups of models are differentiated by the capabilities of the appropriator agents and address; preassigned fixed strategies with no communication, a simple induction based approach to selecting amongst alternative strategies with no communication, and the induction based approach with two simple communication routines. Simulations of these three groups of models rendered observations of some potential relationships between individual action and group performance in common pool resource experimental situations. In particular, simulations of agents employing the induction based approach with no-communication generated group level behavior with similar performance characteristics to groups in actual experiments. A discussion relates the behavior of these simulations to other simulation based work in game theory and learning theory. Some potential future directions for this research, and possible applications in natural resources management, are discussed.
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Alabi, Oluwafisayo Titilope. "Reconsidering environmental attribution and resource costs of common pool resources : applications of environmental input-output (IO) analysis." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29429.
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In this thesis, I apply environmental input-output (IO) methods to evaluate some impacts of economic activity on the environment and the associated economy-wide implications of using the environment to meet some economic needs. The core of this thesis comprises of three independent but related chapters or papers (Chapter 2, 3 & 4). Each of these core chapters focuses on developing methods to answer key policy questions so that policy makers may be provided with a better understanding of the impacts of economic activities on the environment. In the first core chapter (Chapter 2), the environmental IO approach is considered as a means of examining the nature of externalities via pollution generation and of attributing, as a case study, physical waste generated to production and consumption economic activity. The chapter addresses the policy-relevant question of what economic sectors may ultimately be considered responsible for waste generation and the final consumption patterns, which drive that production and in turn waste pressures in Scotland. In the second core chapter (Chapter 3), the environmental IO model is applied to model and incorporate the resource implications of negative externalities from waste generation into economic processes. It builds on a previous but inconclusive study on this issue, here using improved data. The chapter addresses a key policy issue regarding identifying the implications if the direct polluter pays or does not pay for waste management implied by their waste generation and, in either case, who ultimately bears the cost for the provision of waste management services within the economy In the third core chapter (Chapter 4), the environmental IO model is applied in a novel way to consider the case of supplying a physical resource like water (as opposed to providing a clean environment as in the event of pollution or waste generation). The chapter addresses key policy issues regarding the causes and implications of the deviation between actual expenditure for the output of the water sector and actual physical water use. More generally, this thesis makes empirical and analytical improvements to the application of the Leontief, (1970) environmental IO model, a seminal theoretical contribution in terms of the resource cost of environmental protection and provision of common pool resources.
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Theesfeld, Insa [Verfasser]. "A Common Pool Resource in Transition : Determinants of Institutional Change for Bulgaria's Postsocialist Irrigation Sector / Insa Theesfeld." Aachen : Shaker, 2005. http://d-nb.info/1181609879/34.
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Adams, Peter. "Employing modified common-pool resource design principles in the development of transboundary institutions in the Ganges river basin." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104802.
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Over 260 major rivers flow across international borders, yet many of these vital water resources are stressed by growth in population, consumption, and a changing climate. Only some of these transboundary river basins are effectively managed by the countries that share basin resources, and where management is partial or absent collective action problems are likely to emerge with international consequences. In this thesis I argue that catchment-scale management can promote equitable development, protect riparian ecosystems, and preserve regional security by engaging all users of a basin. I propose a new approach to evaluating and designing basin management based on Elinor Ostrom's common-pool resource (CPR) design principles and focusing on the Ganges River Basin (GRB) as a case study. With modifications for the scale and unique characteristics of transboundary basins, I introduce a new framework for assessing Transboundary Common-pool Resources (TCPR) institutions closely based on the insights and lessons of Ostrom's design. The TCPR framework's descriptive accuracy is methodically derived and validated as an evaluative and prescriptive tool. I apply it in the Ganges Basin, an important example of where equitable access among constituent countries is widely discussed, occasionally pursued, yet little implemented, with severe consequences for downstream communities. This thesis portrays the history and trajectory of transboundary management in the GRB with a focus on India, the most influential basin member, through an analysis of standing treaties and interviews with water resource managers and experts. Joining the details of this case with the TCPR framework provides an assessment of the relevance and durability of present collective agreement in the GRB, as well as specific recommendations for strengthening basin institutions and insuring equitable resource use.Plus de 260 grandes rivières traverses des frontières internationales; toutefois, l'augmentation de la population, de la consomation et les changements climates font pression sur une grande partie de ces ressources essentielles d'eau douce. De plus, ce ne sont pas tous les bassins fluviaux transfrontaliers qui soient gérés efficacement par les pays qui en partagent les ressources. Dans cette thèse, je soutiens que la gestion au niveau du bassin versant affecte tous les utilisateurs du système hydrologique et peut promouvoir le développement équitable, la protection des écosystèmes riverains et la sécurité régionale. Je propose une nouvelle approche pour l'évaluation et la conception de la gestion des bassins versants basée sur une étude de cas du bassin du Gange, et fondée sur des principes d'Elinor Ostrom de ressources commune (ou CPRs : « common-pool resources »). Par le biais de quelques modifications d'échelle et les caractéristiques uniques des bassins transfrontaliers, j'introduis une nouvelle structure pour l'évaluation des institutions des Ressources transfrontières communes (ou TCPR), fondée sur les idées et les leçons de la conception d'Ostrom. La précision descriptive de la structure de TCPR est dérivé méthodiquement et validé comme un outil d'évaluation et de prescription. Je l'applique dans le bassin du Gange qui est un exemple important d'un endroit où l'accès équitable entre les pays qui le composent est largement discuté, parfois poursuivi, mais peu mis en œuvre, avec des conséquences graves pour les communautés en aval. Cette thèse présente l'histoire et la trajectoire de la gestion transfrontalière dans le bassin du Gange en mettant l'accent sur l'Inde, le membre le plus influent du bassin, à travers une analyse de traités existants et des entrevues avec des experts et des gestionnaires de ressources d'eau. L'étude des détails de ce cas avec la structure de TCPR fournit une évaluation de la pertinence et la durabilité du régime actuel dans le bassin du Gange, ainsi que des recommandations spécifiques pour renforcer les institutions de bassin versants et garantir une utilisation équitable des ressources.
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Henseler, Anja. "The role of local government in common pool resource management: the case of municipal commonage in the northern cape." University of Western Cape, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7379.
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Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS)Municipal commonage has the potential to make a major contribution to land redistribution in South Africa. During the Apartheid era, land under the control of local government was leased out to commercial farmers at commercial rates, which ensured an important source of income for municipalities. Post-1994, municipalities have been tasked by the Department of Land Affairs with making land available to the previously disadvantaged and thus managing and administering the commonage for purposes of poverty alleviation.
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Navarro, Navarro Luis Alan. "Social embeddedness of traditional irrigation systems in the Sonoran Desert: a Social Network Approach." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/222614.
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This research applied the social network approach to unveil the social structure underlying the members of two traditional irrigation systems (TISs) in Sonora. This research used two TIS case studies representing rural communities located in arid and semiarid lands in the Sonoran Desert region, in the northwestern part of Mexico. The irrigators represented a subset of rural villages where everyone knew everyone else. The theoretical framework in this study suggested that social embeddedness of the economic activities of TIS irrigators is an important factor supporting their local institutions. Irrigators who are socially embedded posses more social capital that help them in overcoming social dilemmas. Evidence of social embeddedness is theoretically incomplete when not related to a tangible dimension of the TIS's performance. This research also dealt with the difficulty of assessing the sustainability or successfulness of a TIS. The results showed that the irrigators sharing a rural village are entangled in a mesh of social ties developed in different social settings. The most salient variable was family; cooperative ties within the irrigation system tend to overlap more than the expected by chance with kinship relationships. Likewise, irrigators had a strong preference for peers geographically close or those within the same irrigation subsector. Finally, the qualitative part of the study did not reveal the presence of severe social dilemmas. Irrigators in each community have developed successful forms of local arrangements to overcome the provision and appropriation issues typical of common pool resources. Nevertheless, the qualitative analysis revealed that there are other socioeconomic variables undermining the sustainability of the systems, such as migration, water shortages and social capacity of the systems.
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Ge, Muyang. "Three Essays on Land Property Rights, Water Trade, and Regional Development." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7492.
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This dissertation explores how property rights to a natural resource affect economic decisions for investment or sale, and how these decisions may in turn impact other areas of the economy. The first essay focuses on how incomplete land ownership on Indian Reservations in the United States affects landowner incentives to engage in agricultural production. The second essay explores how the transfer of water in arid regions via water right sales affects local labor markets and environmental outcomes. The third essay seeks to understand how shale-gas drilling has affected organic food production. This dissertation provides several policy implications. First, the findings suggest that the key to improving lagging agricultural development on American Indian land is to improve tribal farmers’ access to capital, so they can invest in agricultural systems (including irrigation) at the level of their neighbors enjoying fee-simple title. Second, while a potentially effective solution to reduce costly water shortfalls among high-value urban users, water sales from agricultural to urban users appear to simultaneously decrease employment and environmental quality in the water exporting region. Third, Drilling activities appear to discourage organic farming in Colorado. While farmers with mineral ownership benefit, identifying the direct causes of lost organic certification can inform policy that regulates negative externalities on organic farms caused by drilling.
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Mazza, Leonardo. "Institutionalizing Sustainability The involvement of non-state actors in a multilevel governance structure managing a transnational common pool resource : The case of the Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union /." St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/05610993001/$FILE/05610993001.pdf.
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Mackensen, Annika [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Brey, and Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Wolff. "Towards sustainable artisanal fisheries for the common pool resource Spondylus (Bivalvia, Spondylidae) in Ecuador / Annika Mackensen. Gutachter: Thomas Brey ; Matthias Wolff. Betreuer: Thomas Brey." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1072157063/34.
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Garcia, Lozano Alejandro J. "An Institutional, Socio-economic, and Legal Analysis of Fisheries Co-management and Regulation in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1539.
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Marine Areas for Responsible Artisanal Fishing (AMPR) have emerged as a new model for co-managing small-scale fisheries in Costa Rica, one that involves collaboration between fishers, government agencies and NGOs. This thesis aims to examine the context for collective action and co-management by small-scale fishers; evaluate the design, implementation, and enforcement of AMPRs; and conduct a linguistic analysis of fisheries legislation. The present work relies on the analysis of several types of qualitative data, including interviews with 23 key informants, rapid rural assessments, and legal documents. Findings demonstrate the strong influence of economic factors for sustaining collective action, as well as the importance of certain types of external organizations for community development and co-management. Additionally, significant enforcement gaps and institutional deficiencies were identified in the work of regulating agencies. Legal analysis suggests that mechanisms for government accountability are unavailable and that legal discourse reflects some of the most salient problems in management.
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Duberstein, Jennifer Nell. "The Shape of the Commons: Social Networks and the Conservation of Small-scale Fisheries in the Northern Gulf of California, Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195690.
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One of the biggest questions surrounding common-pool natural resources (CPRs) lies in understanding the circumstances which increase the likelihood of sustainable use and those that lead to resource degradation. Small-scale fisheries are an example of a CPR that has proven difficult to manage sustainably. I use social network analysis methods to examine the social connectivity of small-scale fishing communities and the association of network structures with collaborative behavior of small-scale fisheries in the Northern Gulf of California, Mexico.I found considerable connectivity of communities via kinship ties of small-scale fishers, both within the region and to other areas in Mexico. Fisher kinship relationships are important mechanisms for information transfer. Identifying communities in the network that are most likely to share information with other communities allows managers to develop more effective and efficient education, outreach, and enforcement efforts.Communities are also connected by their use of the same fishing zones and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). My results provide suggestions for dividing communities based on common use of fishing areas and MPAs. This may help fishers and managers to develop, implement, and enforce boundary rules that will facilitate regional management of small-scale fisheries. My results provided mixed evidence for the role of social structure in impacting positive outcomes for fisher' ability to collaborate and organize. A wide range of factors affect the emergence of institutions for CPR management. Similarly, finding a common network structure that can accurately predict sustainable use of CPRs is unlikely. Knowing how people are connected and the ways in which information about CPR resources moves through (or is hindered from moving through) a network can improve manager's ability to develop more effective strategies and actions. Adding social networks into the CPR management toolbox provides a mechanism by which those working in management and conservation can incorporate social structure into management activities.An understanding of the social networks that connect communities and the potential pathways for information transfer, combined with a system of enforceable rules and policies and effective outreach methods and materials, may help managers and resource users more effectively and sustainably manage CPRs in the long term.
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Olivier, Tomás, and Tomás Olivier. "Institutional Design and Adaptation in Regional-Scale Common-Pool Resource Institutions: Securing Access to High-Quality Drinking Water in Boston, New York, Portland, and San Francisco." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625646.
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This dissertation develops and assesses hypotheses regarding the design and adaptation of institutions for maintaining the quality of a shared natural resource at regional scales. The analysis is centered on arrangements created by governmental actors for deciding how to jointly govern a resource producing high-quality drinking water. The cases studied are Boston (Massachusetts), New York City (New York), Portland (Oregon), and San Francisco (California). Drinking water in each of these cities is provided unfiltered, and it is sourced from lands located in other jurisdictions. To maintain water quality, both providers and landowners in the watersheds have reached agreements defining how to jointly govern the resource. This dissertation studies the design of these arrangements. Studying these dynamics, particularly in a federal regime, highlights the limits that governmental actors face in making decisions with other governments at different levels.
The dissertation contains three empirical papers addressing aspects of design in these arrangements. The empirical chapters are structured as separate papers that follow a common theme. Throughout the dissertation, insights from various research traditions are brought in to complement the analysis of institutional design. The studies in this dissertation combine arguments from the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework, Common-Pool Resource Theory, Transaction Cost Economics, social network analysis, Adaptive Governance, and theories of information processing stemming from the Punctuated Equilibrium literature in public policy.
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de, la Torre-Castro Maricela. "Humans and Seagrasses in East Africa : A social-ecological systems approach." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Systems Ecology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1061.
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The present study is one of the first attempts to analyze the societal importance of seagrasses (marine flowering plants) from a Natural Resource Management perspective, using a social-ecological systems (SES) approach. The interdisciplinary study takes place in East Africa (Western Indian Ocean, WIO) and includes in-depth studies in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Natural and social sciences methods were used. The results are presented in six articles, showing that seagrass ecosystems are rich in seagrass species (13) and form an important part of the SES within the tropical seascape of the WIO. Seagrasses provide livelihoods opportunities and basic animal protein, in from of seagrass associated fish e.g. Siganidae and Scaridae. Research, management and education initiatives are, however, nearly non-existent. In Chwaka Bay, the goods and ecosystem services associated with the meadows and also appreciated by locals were fishing and collection grounds as well as substrate for seaweed cultivation. Seagrasses are used as medicines and fertilizers and associated with different beliefs and values. Dema (basket trap) fishery showed clear links to seagrass beds and provided the highest gross income per capita of all economic activities. All showing that the meadows provide social-ecological resilience. Drag-net fishery seems to damage the meadows. Two ecological studies show that artisanal seaweed farming of red algae, mainly done by women and pictured as sustainable in the WIO, has a thinning effect on seagrass beds, reduces associated macrofauna, affects sediments, changes fish catch composition and reduces diversity. Furthermore, it has a negative effect on i.a. women’s health. The two last papers are institutional analyses of the human-seagrass relationship. A broad approach was used to analyze regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive institutions. Cooperation and conflict take place between different institutions, interacting with their slow or fast moving characteristics, and are thus fundamental in directing the system into sustainable/unsustainable paths. Ecological knowledge was heterogeneous and situated. Due to the abundance of resources and high internal control, the SES seems to be entangled in a rigidity trap with the risk of falling into a poverty trap. Regulations were found insufficient to understand SES dynamics. “Well” designed organizational structures for management were found insufficient for “good” institutional performance. The dynamics between individuals embedded in different social and cultural structures showed to be crucial. Bwana Dikos, monitoring officials, placed in villages or landing sites in Zanzibar experienced four dilemmas – kinship, loyalty, poverty and control – which decrease efficiency and affect resilience. Mismatches between institutions themselves, and between institutions and cognitive capacities were identified. Some important practical implications are the need to include seagrass meadows in management and educational plans, addressing a seascape perspective, livelihood diversification, subsistence value, impacts, social-ecological resilience, and a broad institutional approach.
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Tavoni, Alessandro <1977>. "Essays on fairness heuristics and environmental dilemmas." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1036.
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The issues explored in this work concern individual behaviour and its departure from the rationality paradigm. While different in terms of underlying methodology, the chapters share the unifying theme of
fairness as a guiding principle for human behaviour, as well as a focus on its relevance for environmental dilemmas.Le questioni affrontate nella tesi riguardano i comportamenti individuali e i relativi scostamenti dal paradigma di razionalità. Nonostante l'utilizzo di metodologie diverse nei tre capitoli, essi hanno in comune il tema unificante di equità come principio guida del comportamento umano, così come una particolare attenzione alla sua rilevanza nei dilemmi ambientali.
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Wagner, Matthew Wayne. "Wildlife and water: collective action and social capital of selected landowner associations in Texas." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4725.
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In Texas, landowner associations for the management of common-pool resources
such as wildlife and groundwater have become increasingly popular. Successful
management of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) depends upon the collective
decision-making of landowners. Likewise, aquifer reserves are a trans-boundary
resource subject to the "rule of capture." Numerous factors may affect the success of
common-pool associations, including property ownership and habitat characteristics,
landowner demographics, and social capital. I used a mail questionnaire to explore the
relationship between these factors and their effect on association activities and
management practices for eight Wildlife Management Associations (WMAs) occurring
within the Lower Post Oak Savannah (LPOS) and the Central Post Oak Savannah
(CPOS). In addition, I compared responses of members of WMAs in CPOS to members
of the Brazos Valley Water Alliance (BVWA), a groundwater association situated in the
region. Compared to CPOS, members of WMAs within the LPOS belonged to much
larger groups, were generally more recent landowners that met more often, raised more
money using more funding methods, and tended to have longer association membership
than CPOS landowners, yet they had lower social capital. CPOS landowners owned
significantly more land and considered relaxation/leisure and hunting more important
land uses than LPOS landowners. The smaller group size in CPOS may be the most
important factor in building social capital. Intra-association trust was positively
influenced by the longevity of property ownership, the number of association meetings,
the percentage of males in the association, and other factors. Negative influences on trust
included absentee ownership and Habitat Cover Index, which was a measure of the
amount of wooded habitat present.
In CPOS, members of the BVWA were part of a much larger, more
heterogeneous, and more recently formed group than members of WMAs. They also
placed greater importance on utilitarian aspects of their properties, as opposed to land
stewardship for conservation as practiced by members of WMAs.
If associations are kept small ( < 50) with more frequent meetings, greater social
capital and information sharing may be achieved, which may lead to increased land
stewardship practices. However, landowners may be motivated more by their shared
values independent of any benefit from their association.
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Wong, Boris Fernando. "Common Pool Resources Management: Are Common Property Rights a good alternative to external regimes?" Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37061.
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As a result of the profound influence of theories of collective action such as The Tragedy of the Commons, The Prisonerâ s Dilemma Game, and The Logic of Collective Action, policy analysts have recommended external management, either by government control or market participation, as the most efficient option to govern common pool resources. However, due to the repeated failure of the external intervention, a new alternative has been considered, the common property rights. Due to their long term interaction with the resources, local users have developed mechanisms, rules, and institutions that can be used to favor the sustainable management of the resources. Recognizing these benefits in places where the government has nationalized the resources, it has started a process of decentralization of property rights of natural resources to local users. The purpose of this paper is twofold, to analyze the potential benefits that a common property right regime has in the management of the environmental resources, and to evaluate which are the key factors for this arrangement to succeed. In this endeavor, the case of the Irrigation systems in Philippines is presented.Master of Public and International Affairs
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Bocci, Corinne Frances. "The Economic Effects of Community Forest Management in the Maya Biosphere Reserve." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1562859893572782.
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Grace-Mccaskey, Cynthia. "Fishermen, Politics, and Participation: An Ethnographic Examination of Commercial Fisheries Management in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4054.
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Currently, there is widespread debate regarding the overall status of the world's fisheries, with some researchers projecting their total collapse in only a few decades, and others concluding the situation is not quite as bleak. Additional debates include what strategies should be used to manage fisheries at various scales, and further research is needed to determine which strategies are most appropriate for use in particular situations and locales, as context is critical.
Recently, prominent common pool resources scholars have expressed the need for ethnographic approaches to studying resource management institutions in order to move beyond the current focus of simply identifying the factors and conditions that lead to the self-organization of resource users and long-term sustainability of management institutions. These authors describe the need for examining the larger context in which management institutions exist and taking various historical, political, and sociocultural factors into account when examining common pool resources. This dissertation is a response to that request.
This research is the result of over 20 months of ethnographic research in St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands (USVI). Drawing on research in political ecology and building on anthropological critiques of common pool resource institutions, I describe the historical, social, and political factors that influence how fisheries management occurs at the federal and territorial levels, and how commercial fishers, managers, and other stakeholders experience and participate in multi-scale management processes. Ethnographic data suggest that there are a variety of historical, social, and political factors that influence how commercial fishers, managers, and other stakeholders perceive the federal fisheries management process, the extent of their participation in that process, as well as interactions within and between stakeholder groups. Additionally, the mismatch that exists between the centralized management structure of the US federal system and the small-scale, multi-method nature of St. Croix's fishery creates a complex management environment in which few stakeholders participate.
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Navrouzoglou, Polmia. "Aspects of compliance in common pool resources." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14765.
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There is an inherent externality across generations in environmental economics: extensive use of the natural environment by the current generation may affect the welfare of future generations. The use of the natural environment includes not only the reduction of resource stocks, like fossil fuels and rain forests, but also the accumulation of pollution stocks. Efficient policy directed to changing the resource extraction and pollution profiles needs to take into account the internal and external forces driving resource markets and their impacts on the aggregate economy. But compliance to these measures is not warranted unless there is an implicit or explicit (or both) enforcement mechanism in place. The traditional approach to discuss the optimal centralized exploitation policy has been to assume that individuals are narrowly self-interested. Empirical evidence suggests, however, that individuals’ characteristics (heterogeneity) play a key role in resolving collective action problems. Chapter 1 develops a dynamic model of common renewable resources management where a centralized mechanism works together with a self-enforcement one—guided by social norms—to form an institution. The results provide a theoretical explanation for the evidence of why economies with abundance of resource stocks may not improve their institutions while others with scarcity of resource stocks may do. Institutional context is likely to determine the impact of trade liberalization on welfare and resource conservation. Chapter 2 follows the recent literature on trade and endogenously determined institution to investigate this link further. It combines a common renewable resource model with elements of moral hazard and identifies conditions under which countries escape the ‘tragedy of commons’. It shows that country characteristics and technologies in alternative sources of income determine how centralized institutions perform and whether there are gains 2 from trade. A key issue underlying global environmental protection is that international trade puts downward pressure on countries’ environmental standards. Chapter 3 explores—within an imperfectly competitive environment—the welfare implications of taxation when production causes environmental pollution (a global public bad) under two tax principles, ‘destination’ and ‘origin’. It shows that the noncooperative environmental tax policy does not always give rise to taxes that are too low in equilibrium, from welfare point of view, and identifies conditions under which the presence of a global public bad tilts the welfare comparison towards, interestingly, either tax principle.
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Tamuno, P. B. L. "Eco-livelihood assessment of inland river dredging : the Kolo and Otuoke creeks, Nigeria, a case study." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2005. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/2334.
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Conventionally environmental assessments (EAs) have been carried out to enhance the understanding of the environment and for the purpose of developing appropriate environmental management and protection strategies. There are, however, limitations to the application of traditional EA approaches, particularly in rural communities in the developing world, where livelihood is dependent on common pool resources (CPRs), and baseline data are inadequate or unavailable. Eco-livelihood assessment (EcLA) is an adaptive approach that integrates a people focused sustainable livelihood approach with ecological assessment, as well as exploring traditional eco-livelihood knowledge (TELK). EcLA is identified as a promising EA tool that could help environmental professionals in planning for equitable development. This approach has been used in the Kolo and Otuoke Creeks, Niger Delta, Nigeria to investigate the ecological impact of dredging that may impact on livelihoods in such a rural setting. Ecological and social surveys have been carried out in four communities in the Study Area; two Test communities and two Reference communities (two communities from each study creek). The information collected from the social survey includes TELK, and has been used to build up a baseline scenario of the Study Area. Abundance and diversity of fish are good indicators of the eco-livelihood impacts of inland river dredging. The research shows that livelihood characteristics, river use profile, fish species diversity and abundance are very similar among all four sample communities. In addition, all sample communities have been associated with similar natural and human induced environmental consequences except that the Test communities have had river sections dredged for the purpose of land reclamation representing the baseline scenario. The analysis of the results of the ecological survey shows a difference in fish catch per unit effort, catch per unit hour, and species diversity between the Test and Reference communities, this have been attributed to the impacts of inland river dredging. The study shows that TELK has a place in environmental assessment, and that eco-livelihood assessment is one promising environmental assessment approach that could be used in areas where livelihood is strongly dependent on common pool resources.
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Iordachescu, Irina. "Who runs the radio commons? : the role of strategic associations in governing transnational common pool resources." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3076/.
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This thesis investigates how collective action is achieved in the governance of transnational common pool resources, taking the example of the electromagnetic radio spectrum as a global common. The thesis asks what determines variation in operational and collective choice property arrangements in common pool resources such as the radio spectrum. The radio spectrum represents the totality of radio frequencies used for wireless communications around the world. It is a transnational resource that exhibits properties of other common pool resources: a) high rivalry in consumption and b) difficulty in excluding non-contributing beneficiaries from its use. This study demonstrates that the presence of a public actor – even one with established authority at transnational level such as the Commission of the European Union – cannot fully explain variations in the configuration of property arrangements in the radio resource. Instead, this study finds that private actors in the electronic communications industry – i.e. service operators and system developers – define rules of access and rules of use in the transnational radio resource, by means of negotiating the configuration of technology systems used to extract value from the resource. In addition, this study finds that industry actors are able to define common operational rules to access and use a transnational frequency pool even in complex situations of heterogeneous economic interests and heterogeneous technology capabilities. They reduce uncertainty in these complex situations by increasing participation in decision-making and by developing mechanisms of information exchange and mutual monitoring in industry associations. When industry actors agree these common rules of management, and reinforce them with common rules of exclusion, they are more likely to negotiate operational arrangements based on principles of common exclusive property rather than individual exclusive property in the transnational radio resource. These findings are derived from the analysis of four case studies, which trace the development of operational rules in five radio frequency bands across time. By revealing the central role of industry associations in defining property arrangements in transnational commons such as the radio spectrum, this research seeks to contribute to the debate about the nature and scope of private transnational governance of common goods.
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Vollan, Björn. "Co-operation for common pool resources an experimental perspective." München Verl. Dr. Hut, 2009. http://d-nb.info/992892228/04.
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Tedder, Sinclair John. "Common pool resources and state intervention : why, when and how." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23333.
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The objective of this dissertation is to understand why, when and how a state or other agent should intervene in a common pool social-ecological system. The answers to these questions provide the building blocks of an intervention framework to assist policy analysts identify institutional failure related to the appropriation of a common pool resource and design appropriate institutional change. The dissertation rejects the use of institutional paradigms such as centralization or decentralization and follows a problem based approach to institutional change. The Institutional Analysis and Development framework provides the research’s methodological structure.
The common pool resource intervention framework is developed in three parts. The first building block is developed by answering the ‘why’ and ‘when’ questions through a review of common pool resource and institutional literature. The result is an institutional failure model to assess the risk of resource degradation and identify its sources. The second building block is devised through a review of institutional change literature and the role of the state within that change. The outcome is a typology of state intervention modes that guides the intensity of intervention, if intervention is necessary. Finally, to understand how to intervene, the dissertation undertakes a content analysis of 16 case studies of institutional change within common pool resource social-ecological systems. The outcome is the third component of the framework: a set of intervention properties providing a structure and method of intervention. Chapter 7 provides a test case using the commercial harvest of salal in British Columbia.
The intervention framework is intended to bridge theoretical literature with the practical requirements of resource managers. The research and test of the intervention framework shows that a problem-based approach is a useful method to respond to common pool resource dilemmas. By avoiding the top-down application of institutional paradigms as panaceas, the method can avoid scale-mismatch when resource degradation is threatened and unnecessary intrusion when intervention is unwarranted. The results contribute to institutional theory by revealing properties of social change and providing links between institutional forms in time.
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Bohman, Jerker. "Designprinciper för förvaltning av gemensamma resurspooler på global nivå - en teoriprövande fallstudie med HELCOM som analysobjekt." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-350225.
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Ternström, Ingela. "The management of common-pool resources : theoretical essays and empirical evidence." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-572.
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A large part of the poor people in the world is dependent on local natural resources for their survival. Often, these resources are managed as common-pool resources; that is, they are used in common by a limited group of people, who are dependent on each other in their use of the resource. The first two essays in this dissertation explicitly examine the effects of poverty on common-pool resource management. I show that if utility is a non-homogeneous function of consumption, both income level and income distribution affects the chances for cooperative management of common-pool resources. In the first essay, I let the S-shaped relationship between health and consumption be reflected in an S-shaped utility function, and use game theory to examine the effects on cooperation. I find that the chances for cooperation are greater if the users of the common-pool resource are relatively well off than if they are very poor, but greatest of all in groups of users just managing to get the food they need to remain in good health. In the most relevant consumption levels, a temporary decrease in consumption may cause cooperation to fail. In the second essay, I show that income inequality decreases the scope for cooperation. In poor groups of users, the poorest will be the ones unable to cooperate, while in richer groups of users, the richest will be the ones who can not commit to cooperate. Alms-giving, an unequal sharing of the gains from cooperation and even a certain amount of free-riding are ways of making cooperation possible despite inequality. In the third essay data from ten, and case studies of five, irrigation systems in Nepal are analysed. The results show a positive correlation between income level and cooperation and a negative correlation between income inequality and cooperation, which supports the results from the first two essays. However, while the theoretical essays focus on the incentives to cooperate, the empirical analysis shows that it is at least as important that the users find a way to coordinate their efforts. The case studies, in particular, emphasise the importance of having a person as a leader. Furthermore, cooperation works better when a large share of the users belongs to the same ethnic group.Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2002
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Ternström, Ingela. "The management of common-pool resources : theoretical essays and empirical evidence /." Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 2002. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/608.htm.
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Magalhães, Matheus Albergaria de. "Fines, externalities, and transaction costs: essays in common-pool resources management." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-13122017-171553/.
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The present dissertation evaluates the internal dynamics of a specific type of common-pool resource, an information commons. Employing a novel dataset related to more than 800,000 transactions in distinct libraries during a 10-year period (2005-2015), I address distinct questions in the fields of organizational economics, law and economics, and public economics. This dissertation contains three chapters in the format of academic papers, besides the introduction and conclusion. The second chapter evaluates the behavioral responses of library users to monetary sanctions. I exploit variation in the timing of introduction of fines in a library, as well as differences among users, in terms of fine incidence. In the case of this chapter, I report two results: first, the introduction of fines reduces users\' delays, as predicted by standard models of law enforcement. Second, when evaluating the dynamic effects of such an introduction, I uncover a result in which fines lose efficacy over time since its nominal value remains the same after instauration. The third chapter measures externalities in an information commons. I estimate the magnitude of the impacts of actions of library users who were subject to a non-monetary sanction (professors and university employees) over users who were subject to a monetary sanction (students). Additionally, I estimate peer effects among users, considering the number of items they borrow from the library. When investigating external effects, I uncover a \"crowding-out\" effect: for an additional unity in professors and employees\' counts, there is an approximate one-to-one decrease in students\' counts. In the case of peer effects, I find that a rise in the borrowings of a user\'s peer group correlates with her own borrowings, an evidence of positive peer effects. Finally, the fourth chapter explores the interplay between common-pool resources and transaction costs. In particular, I try to answer the following question: what happens when transaction costs go down in a common-pool resource setting? I exploit variation in the timing of introduction of a cost-saving technology (return boxes) and its impacts on library performance measures. Contrarily to standard arguments based on transaction costs, I find a result in which the instauration of return boxes tend, on average, to raise the probability of delays and borrowings\' effective durations. The results reported in this dissertation have important implications for theories based on common-pool resources\' management, and constitute novel empirical evidence for the areas of law and economics, public economics, and organizational economics.A presente tese avalia a dinâmica interna de um tipo específico de recurso comum, um \"information commons\". Utilizando uma nova base de dados contendo mais de 800.000 transações ocorridas em distintas bibliotecas, ao longo de um período superior a 10 anos (2005-2015), o trabalho busca responder distintas questões relacionadas às áreas de economia das organizações, direito econômico e economia do setor público. A tese contém três capítulos, em formato de artigos, além da introdução e conclusão. O segundo capítulo da tese avalia as respostas comportamentais de usuários de uma biblioteca a sanções monetárias, ao explorar variação no timing de introdução de multas, assim como diferenças entre usuários, em termos de incidência dessas multas. No caso deste capítulo, são reportados dois resultados: em primeiro lugar, a introdução da multa tende a reduzir atrasos dos usuários, conforme previsto por modelos convencionais de cumprimento da lei. Em segundo lugar, uma análise dos efeitos dinâmicos de instauração da multa sugere que ela perde eficácia ao longo do tempo, uma vez que seu valor nominal permanece o mesmo, desde a data de instauração. O terceiro capítulo da tese apresenta estimativas das magnitudes de externalidades em um recurso comum. Neste capítulo, são estimados os impactos das ações de usuários da biblioteca sujeitos a uma sanção não-monetária (professores e funcionários) sobre usuários sujeitos a uma sanção monetária (alunos). Adicionalmente, são estimados efeitos sobre pares (peereffects), considerando o número de itens emprestados por usuários da biblioteca. A análise da magnitude de efeitos externos leva à descoberta de um efeito \"crowding-out\": para cada unidade adicional emprestada por professores e funcionários, há uma redução, na escala de um por um, nos empréstimos de estudantes. No caso de estimações de efeitos sobre pares, um aumento nos empréstimos por parte do grupo ao qual um usuário pertence é correlacionado com seus próprios empréstimos, o que constitui evidência favorável à ocorrência de efeitos positivos sobre pares, no caso. Finalmente, no quarto capítulo, explora-se a interação entre recursos comuns e custos de transação. Especificamente, busca-se responder a seguinte questão: o que ocorre quando custos de transação são reduzidos em um contexto envolvendo recursos comuns? Para tanto, explora-se a variação no timing de introdução de uma tecnologia redutora de custos de transação (caixas de devolução), assim como seus impactos sobre medidas de desempenho na biblioteca. No caso deste capítulo, tem-se um resultado onde a instauração de caixas de devolução tende, em média, a aumentar a probabilidade de atrasos entre usuários da biblioteca, assim como a duração efetiva dos empréstimos, contrariamente a argumentos baseados em custos de transação. Os resultados reportados nesta tese têm importantes implicações para teorias baseadas no gerenciamento de recursos comuns, assim como correspondem a um novo conjunto de evidências empíricas relacionadas às áreas de direito econômico, economia do setor público e economia das organizações.
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Arcangelo, Filippo Maria D'. "Essays in Environmental Economics : Carbon Markets, Competitiveness and Common Pool Resources." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10013.
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Cette thèse comprend 3 essais empiriques qui étudient le comportement des entreprises et des agents individuels face aux politiques environnementales. Ces chapitres sont liés entre eux par le fait qu'ils étudient un effet ou une conséquence inattendu de ces politiques. Les deux premiers chapitres s'intéressent au marché du carbone européen, pensé pour réduire les émissions polluantes, mais qui a également un impact sur la compétitivité des entreprises et les investissements internationaux. Le troisième chapitre apporte la preuve empirique que les préférences sociales des individus qui jouissent d'un bien en propriété commune peuvent influencer les politiques de préservation, parfois de manière surprenante. Dans le premier chapitre, je produis une analyse empirique de l'effet du système européen d'échanges de quotas d'émissions (EU ETS) sur les investissement internationaux en m'appuyant à la fois sur un cadre théorique qui modélise la décision d'investissement par les entreprises et sur des données microéconomiques inédites au niveau des entreprises. À l'inverse de la littérature scientifique sur le sujet, j'insiste dans mon analyse sur l'importance de l'hétérogénéité entre les entreprises. Je calcule tout d'abord les conditions d'optimalité des émissions polluantes des entreprises afin de mesurer la sensibilité des investissements au prix du carbone sur la base des données observables sur la pollution. Cela me permet ensuite d'estimer l'effet de l'EU ETS sur les investissements internationaux en comparant les bénéfices pour les entreprises d'une stratégie d'investissement dans plusieurs pays. Mes résultats indiquent que les investissements sont sensibles au prix du carbone, et que cet effet est d'autant plus grand que les investissements sont facteurs de pollution. Cependant, la somme agrégée des investissements détournés est faible et les pertes qui en découlent ne justifient pas à elles seules la générosité des mécanismes de compensation mis en place pour sauvegarder ces investissements. Dans le deuxième chapitre, Giulia Pavan, Sara Calligaris et moi-même apportons des preuves de l'impact causal de l'EU ETS sur le choix des intrants et la productivité totale des facteurs des entreprises. Nous utilisons à la fois une estimation structurelle de la production de fonction des entreprises et des techniques d'évaluation des politiques publiques pour estimer l'effet de l'EU ETS sur les entreprises italiennes dans le secteur industriel. Nos résultats mettent en évidence un effet légèrement négatif sur la productivité mais hétérogène entre les secteurs. Ces résultats penchent en faveur de l'hypothèse d'un changement de combustible plutôt que d'une modification radicale du processus de production. Dans le troisième chapitre, avec George Joseph, Gautam Gupta, Barry Sopher, and Quentin Wodon étudions à travers une expérimentation de terrain les effets de droits de récolte différenciés sur les préférences sociales des agents individuels. Dans les modèles de théorie des jeux, aucune variation dans le choix des agents ou de leurs gains ne permet a priori de décrire leurs préférences sociales. Nous proposons une solution en estimant ce jeu de décision à l'aide d'une procédure en deux étapes, qui peut être appliquée plus généralement à l'étude des préférences altruistes. Nos résultats indiquent que les modèles de préférences altruistes sont plus efficaces pour expliquer les données empiriques que les modèles individualistes, et que l'altruisme est également mieux indiqué pour le faire que l'aversion pour les inégalités. Lorsque les droits de récolte augmentent de façon asymétrique pour certaines personnes, les agents augmentent en retour le degré d'altruisme de leurs préférences et deviennent moins égoïstes. Lorsque le partage des ressources est établi selon une règle de proportionnalité, cet effet augmente encore, mais les participants montrent alors davantage d'aversion à l’égalité lorsque leur gain est plus faible que celui des autresThis thesis contains three essays investigating empirically how firms and individuals respond to environmental policies. All chapters share an overarching element in that they investigate some unexpected consequences of environmental policy. The first two chapters discuss how the European carbon market, designed to reduce polluting emissions, has also impacted firms' competitiveness and international investments. The third chapter shows empirically how the social preferences in individuals with access to a common pool resource affect, sometimes surprisingly, preservation policies. In the first chapter, I empirically investigate the effect of the European Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) on cross-country investments, employing a model of the firm's investment decision in conjunction with novel firm-level data. In contrast with the previous literature, I stress the importance of firms' heterogeneity in the analysis. I derive conditions on the firms' optimal emissions to construct a measure of investment sensitivity to carbon pricing from observed pollution data. This allows me to identify the effect of the EU ETS on international investments, by comparing the expected profits from investing in several different countries. I find that investments react to carbon pricing and that the effect is stronger for more polluting investments. However, the aggregate amount of diverted investments is small. I moreover show that the lost investments do not justify, alone, the generous compensations scheme aimed at retaining investments. In the second chapter, Giulia Pavan, Sara Calligaris and I provide evidence of the causal impact of the EU ETS on firms' input choices and total factor productivity. We combine structural estimation of firms' production function and techniques for policy evaluation to estimate the effect of the EU ETS on Italian manufacturing firms. Our results show a slightly negative effect of the policy on productivity, albeit the effect is heterogeneous across sectors. These findings are consistent with fuel switching, rather than a substantial change in the production process. In the third chapter, with George Joseph, Gautam Gupta, Barry Sopher, and Quentin Wodon, we study, in a lab-in-the-field experiment, the effect on social preferences of providing heterogeneous harvesting rights to a resource. In the underlying game, neither variations in the actions nor payoffs identify social preferences. We overcome this problem estimating the empirical game in a two-steps procedure, which can be applied more generally to estimate other-regarding preferences. We find that the models with social preferences explain better the data than the self-regarding model and that altruism explains it better than inequity aversion. When we asymmetrically increase harvesting rights, individuals increase their other-regarding behavior, becoming less selfishly. When we introduce a proportional sharing rule, this effect is further increased, but participants become equity averse if their payoff is lower than the others'
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Kang, Heechan. "Essays on methodologies in contingent valuation and the sustainable management of common pool resources." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1141240444.
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Daniela, Nordgren. "Cooperating over the Commons in the Climate-Migration-Conflict Nexus." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355486.
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Sultanem, Nicolas. "Resilience Thinking For Common Pool Resources Management - Avoiding Drought Induced Disaster Threats in Indian Rajasthan." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190707.
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Drought related problems are a major stress source on the livelihood of communities in several areas of the world. Due to inefficient water resources management people leave their traditional habitat in search for security in larger agglomerations. This creates a big stress on the carrying capacity of urban centers and leaves deserted rural areas incapacitated. Setting Sustainable Development Goals as targets to reach, using Resilience Thinking to provide for resilience, adaptability and transformability, and planning for Integrated Water Resources Management can be a solution to reduce this outmigration. Rajasthan is a state in India where communities have been surviving with very little available water for ages. Contemporaneous implementations in parts of Rajasthan fulfill the framework set for this study. After identifying a promising SES in terms of drought resilience a field investigation was conducted for adequate assessment and model of resilient SES was reverse engineered from the findings. Reading thru this document one can explore the uniqueness of Rajasthan water governance from pasts long gone and to the current date. In the end of the study strategic adaptive planning recommendations can be found for creating a similar SES.
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Heikkila, Tanya. "Managing common-pool resources in a public service industry: The case of conjunctive water management." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279788.
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Water providers, public administrators, and policy-makers in the Western United States face consequential decisions regarding the use and management of limited water supplies for growing populations. A tool that water providers have employed to address this issue is conjunctive water management, or the coordinated use of ground and surface water supplies. Using the natural capacity of groundwater basins for storage of surface supplies, this method aims to enhance overall supplies and guard against drought. Implementing conjunctive water management, however, is not simple. Water providers operate under a complex array of institutional settings that affect conjunctive water management. This dissertation explains the development and implementation of conjunctive water management in the western United States in relation to the institutional arrangements that govern water resources. This dissertation looks to two literatures from a common research framework to evaluate conjunctive water management: the literature on public service industries and common-pool resource management theory. This dissertation identifies where the two literatures are weak and shows how the two theories can complement each other, helping resolve their respective weaknesses. Common-pool resource theory sets up criteria for sustainable resource management that requires matching institutional boundaries to natural resource boundaries. This dissertation explains how the criteria limit the theory's generalizability to large, complex systems. To resolve this weakness, the theory development section of this dissertation uses insights from public service industry theory on inter jurisdictional coordination. Second, this dissertation considers the weakness of public service industry theory in explaining coordination across jurisdictions. It borrows from common-pool resource literature to resolve this deficiency. The theory development section then derives hypotheses from the two literatures to explain how institutional arrangements affect conjunctive water management. The empirical section of this dissertation tests these hypotheses. In addition to testing the inferences from the theory development, the empirical analyses illustrate the different ways in which water providers coordinate the management of groundwater and surface water supplies in the West. Understanding these management outcomes in relation to their institutional settings has important policy implications for natural resource management in general.
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Oldekop, Johan. "The conservation of biodiversity inside and outside protected areas." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-conservation-of-biodiversity-inside-and-outside-protected-areas(a4c6a143-5dac-40ce-ac51-4e9ce68c661a).html.
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In recent decades there has been a push to try and include communities in natural resource conservation initiatives. This thesis uses a multidisciplinary approach and a series of case studies in the Ecuadorian Amazon to look at the role that common property regimes can have in conservation initiatives. Results show that community managed forests can have positive conservation outcomes. Local communities, however, will often integrate into local market economies creating significant tradeoffs between livelihoods, local management decisions and natural resource conservation. Nonetheless, resource scarcity can drive the evolution of local resource management institutions and communities have the potential to accurately monitor changes in natural resources. These results suggest that local communities have the potential to play an important role in conservation practices but that local economic incentives can affect the way in which communities manage their resources.
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Schill, Caroline. "Human Behaviour in Social-Ecological Systems : Insights from economic experiments and agent-based modelling." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-141696.
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Progress towards sustainability requires changes in our individual and collective behaviour. Yet, our fundamental understanding of behaviour in relation to environmental change remains severely limited. In particular, little attention has been given to how individual and collective behaviours respond to, and are shaped by, non-linear environmental change (such as ‘regime shifts’) and its inherent uncertainties. The thesis makes two main contributions to the literature: 1) it provides one of the first accounts of human behaviour and collective action in relation to ecological regime shifts and associated uncertainties; and 2) extends the incipient behavioural common-pool resource literature that acknowledges social-ecological dynamics and ecological complexity. The overarching aim of this thesis is to further advance an empirically grounded understanding of human behaviour in social-ecological systems. In particular, the thesis attempts to unravel critical social-ecological factors and mechanisms for the sustainability of common-pool resources. This is especially relevant for contexts in which livelihoods can be more directly threatened by regime shifts. The following methods are applied: behavioural economic experiments in the lab (with students; Papers I and II) and in the field (with small-scale fishers from four different communities in the Colombian Caribbean; Paper III), and agent-based modelling empirically informed by a subset of the lab experiments (Paper IV). Paper I tests the effect of an endogenously driven regime shift on the emergence of cooperation and sustainable resource use. Paper II tests the effect of different risk levels of such a regime shift. The regime shift in both papers has negative consequences for the productivity of the shared resource. Paper III assesses the effect of different degrees of uncertainty about a climate-induced threshold in stock dynamics on the exploitation patterns; as well as the role of social and ecological local context. Paper IV explores critical individual-level factors and processes affecting the simultaneous emergence of collective action and sustainable resource use. Results cumulatively suggest that existing scientific knowledge indicating the potential for ecological regime shifts should be communicated to affected local communities, including the remaining uncertainties, as this information can encourage collective action for sustainable resource use. Results also highlight the critical role of ecological knowledge, knowledge-sharing, perceived ecological uncertainties, and the role local contexts play for sustainable outcomes. This thesis enriches the literature on social-ecological systems by demonstrating how a behavioural experimental approach can contribute new insights relevant for sustainability. Overall, these insights indicate that, given the opportunity and the willingness of people to come together, share knowledge, exchange ideas, and build trust, potential ecological crises can encourage collective action, and uncertainties can be turned into opportunities for dealing with change in constructive ways. This provides a hopeful outlook in the face of escalating environmental change and inherent uncertainties.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.
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Tiet, Tuyen Tong. "Individual incentive and pro-environmental behaviors : the role of networks." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAB013.
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La question fondamentale à laquelle sont confrontés les économistes et les écologistes est de savoir comment promouvoir de manière adéquate les comportements individuels favorables à l'environnement (c'est-à-dire motiver les gens à protéger leur environnement local ou à lutter contre le changement climatique mondial). En ce sens, diverses études théoriques et empiriques ont été élaborées pour expliquer comment les incitations monétaires (par exemple, les taxes, les subventions, etc.) ainsi que les incitations sociales (par exemple, l'influence sociale, les normes, etc.) pourraient contribuer à motiver les individus à adopter un comportement favorable à la durabilité environnementale. Dans le monde actuel, chacun est lié à plusieurs types de réseaux sociaux (par exemple, un réseau de famille, d'amis, de parents, de voisins, de collègues, etc.). En raison de ces liens, l'influence des pairs pourrait être utilisée pour motiver les individus à adopter un comportement cible (Thaler, 2008). Il est donc crucial de comprendre comment les incitations sociales (par exemple, les normes sociales, la comparaison sociale, les coups de coude, etc.) et la structure du réseau pourraient contribuer à promouvoir et à maintenir les comportements pro-environnementaux des individus. Dans cette perspective, ce mémoire contribue à l'analyse du rôle du réseau et de son impact sur les comportements pro-environnementaux de manière théorique et expérimentale. [...]The fundamental issue faced by both economist and environmentalist scholars is how to adequately promote individual pro-environmental behaviors (i.e., motivating people to either protect their local surrounding environment or fight against global climate change). In this sense, a variety of theoretical and empirical studies has been developed to explain how monetary (e.g., tax, subsidy, etc.) as well as social incentives (e.g., social influence, norms, etc.) could help to motivate individuals to behave toward environmental sustainability. In a today world of social relationship, everyone is linked to a social network (e.g., a network of family, friends, relatives, neighbors, co-workers, etc.). Since individuals are linked to each other, peer influence could be used to motivate individuals to perform a target behavior (Thaler, 2008). It is therefore crucial to understand how social incentives (e.g., social norms, social comparison, nudges, etc.) and network structure could help to promote and sustain individuals' pro-environmental behaviors. In this perceptive, this dissertation contributes to the analysis of the role of network and its impact on pro-environmental behaviors in a theoretical and experimental way. [...]
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Poudel, Dilli Prasad. "Livelihood and common-pool resources : a study of Thini village, Mustang, trans-Himalayan region of Nepal /." Bergen : Department of Geography, University of Bergen, 2008. https://bora.uib.no/bitstream/1956/3017/1/Masterthesis_Poudel.pdf.
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Syer, Tom M. "Neo-institutionalist perspectives on common pool resources, understanding policy network change in forest land use planning in British Columbia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0005/MQ37640.pdf.
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Monteiro, William Luiz de Souza. "Análise econômica e histórica do instituto da unitização." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/6968.
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This paper deals with the theme 'The Institute of Unitization,' or even 'Individualization of Production,' as national classification, terms that describe what happens to be a joint and coordinated from a reservoir of oil or gas by all parties with property rights on the areas where the reservoir stretches. The concepts of Unitization will be studied and discussed according to context of the oil industry in its entirety technical, legal and economic issues. In light of Economic Theory, will be analyzed the Fundamentals of the Institute of Unitization and evolution of its application in national and international context.
O presente trabalho aborda o tema 'Instituto da Unitização', ou mesmo 'Individualização da Produção', conforme nomenclatura nacional, termos que designam o que vem a ser uma operação conjunta e coordenada de um reservatório de petróleo, gás natural ou ambos por todas as partes com direitos de propriedade sobre as áreas por onde se estende o reservatório. Os conceitos de Unitização serão estudados e abordados segundo contexto da indústria do petróleo em seus elementos técnicos, jurídicos e econômicos. À luz da Teoria Econômica, serão analisados os Fundamentos do Instituto da Unitização e a evolução de sua aplicação no contexto nacional e internacional.
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Gezelius, Mats. "När slutar enskild väg? : Samhällsutvecklingens konsekvenser för samfälligheten som förvaltningsform." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-34377.
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In Sweden, there are both public roads and civic roads. The civic roads are managed by the people who utilize them. These roads go most through forests and farmlands but also in urban detached areas and are supposed to have a lower cost than with governmental management. Previous regulation has put out the reinvestment in the civic roads in urban areas and left them in a bad shape. I have studied an attempt to reinstall the civic road management system for such urban areas in Leksand. Based on the theory of public goods and common pool resources, I have made a Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) to see if the civic road management system will be effective in the long run compared to municipality management. I found that if it works, the civic road management system is the most effective due to the marginal excess tax burden that harms the municipality management. However, the civic road management system gives great responsibility and administration to a few people and might not work well in the long run. Instead I suggest a user-fee financing of the municipality management which is not affected by the marginal excess tax burden.I många svenska kommuner har kvalitén på de enskilda vägarna i tätorter försämrats på grund av otydliga ansvarsförhållanden. Jag har studerat ett pågående projekt i Leksand som håller på att bilda samfällighetsföreningar som skall ansvara för de enskilda vägarna i tätort. För att bedöma om samfälld förvaltning är effektivt över tid har jag gjort en samhällsekonomisk konsekvensanalys baserad på teorin om kollektiva nyttigheter och förvaltning av gemensamma resurser. Det visade sig att samfälld förvaltning var effektivast jämfört med kommunal förvaltning, mycket beroende på marginalkostnaden för skatter överskottsbörda. Samfälld förvaltning innebär dock stort ansvar och omfattande administrativa uppgifter för ett fåtal och det är osäkert hur väl det fungerar på lång sikt. Som ett alternativ föreslår jag att finansiering med användaravgifter möjliggörs för kommunal förvaltning av enskilda vägar vilket inte påverkas av marginell överskottsbörda.
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Guerrero, Maria Brenda. "Toward an Experimental Analysis of a Competition between Cultural Consequences." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707249/.
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The exponential growth of the human population has contributed to the overuse and degradation of common pool resources. Using science as a tool for informed policy-making can improve the management of our common pool resources. Understanding the conditions that influence groups of individuals to make ethical self-controlled choices may help solve problems related to the overuse and degradation of common pool resources. Ethical self-control involves the conflict of choice between one that will benefit the individual versus one that will benefit the group. The cumulative effect of many individuals behaving in an ethically self-controlled manner with common resource use may offset some of the harm posed by overuse of common pool resources. Metacontingency arrangements involving ethical self-control may provide some insight as to if and how groups may cooperate to manage a common pool resource. This manuscript proposes an experimental preparation and methodology to evaluate the effects of competing magnitudes of cultural consequences on culturants and their cumulative effect on common pool resources; and provides an analysis and discussion of five trends that might result from such a line of research.
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Mudliar, Pranietha Mudliar. "Heterogeneity and Collective Action: Case Studies from the United States and India." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468941095.
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Le, Tourneau François-Michel, and Bastien Beaufort. "Exploring the boundaries of individual and collective land use management: institutional arrangements in the PAE Chico Mendes (Acre, Brazil)." IGITUR, UTRECHT PUBLISHING & ARCHIVING SERVICES, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624025.
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The economic modernization of the Amazon fostered by the Brazilian military government during the 1960s and 1970s was largely realized without taking into consideration the presence of local households which lived from the extraction of forest products (mainly non-timber). When they began to be expulsed, a political resistance, often guided by the Catholic Church, appeared as well as the creation of unions based on traditional identities, especially that of rubber tappers. During the 1980s, these unions made a strategic alliance with the ecologist movement which started to consider traditional populations, whose lifestyle depended on the forest, as allies for the protection of the Amazon rainforest. The movement gained a decisive momentum at the end of the decade by putting forward new proposals of land tenure for traditional populations, grounded on collective land rights. This strategy has been very efficient during the 1990s and 2000s, during which about 1,300,000 km(2) of rainforest were set apart and reserved for the use of "traditional communities" under a variety of legal status. But it has also led to mix under the same "collective" etiquette and principles a number of different ways of using and managing land and natural resources. This assumption however should be nuanced by a careful analysis of the resource management systems existing in each case, for they are in general complex and mix varying proportions of individual and collective decisions. The aim of this paper is to explore this question using the example of the Chico Mendes agroextractive settlement (PAE-CM), inhabited by about 100 rubber tapper families and symbolic of the political struggle of traditional populations in the Amazon for being the home of the rubber tapper leader Chico Mendes assassinated in 1988. Applying Ostrom "design principles", we try to catch what are the local institutional arrangements and to see if they suggest collective or individual management, and what the boundaries between both categories are. As a conclusion, we find that the PAE-CM's system is much less collective than expected, and also very much controlled by external authorities, in a logic pretty much away from the idea of a CPR system. This finding is useful to understand the shortcomings in the actual management of the PAE but also to foresee difficulties which will probably arise in the management of many of the areas which have gained collective land rights or collective management statutes in the Amazon.
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Dolan, Jamie Marie. "'Do Good Things for the Fish': Organizational Innovation in Tribal Governance." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195674.
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This dissertation examines the organizational aspects of fish and wildlife management for Native American nations. Fish and wildlife management is an arena of great importance to many Native nations in subsistence, economic and cultural realms. Additionally, fish and wildlife, being common-pool resources, offer interesting management challenges. My research focuses on what happens when Native American nations exercise self-determination in this arena which requires them for both political and practical reasons to interact with state and federal governments and for economic reasons to deal with markets, all while attempting to meet the needs of their nations. Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis and drawing upon survey and case study research with Native American fish and wildlife programs, I examine how tribes manage their fish and wildlife resources and with what results.This research helps identify under what conditions tribes may achieve various management goals. In some important ways, tribes are limited in what they can do, particularly in regards to land base size and degree of jurisdiction over non-Indians. More importantly, however, this research identifies some of the many ways tribes can work to take charge of or support tribal fish and wildlife management without having to appeal to outsiders. While there are some very real limitations to fish and wildlife management external to tribes, within those limits, tribes have opportunities to assume and be effective in resource management.This dissertation also provides evidence to suggest that as tribes are better able to determine their own management and governance paths, elements of clan structures and logics develop where the organizational literature would predict they would not. Studying tribal fish and wildlife programs in particular offers an examination of these clan-like features typically found only on the societal fringes. Perhaps even more importantly, this dissertation research demonstrates that there are different governance structures, or logics, co-existing and operating in hybrid forms. For tribes, these hybrid structures create some challenges and inconsistencies that more pure governance structures would not. Nevertheless, these hybrid structures also allow for flexibility and effectiveness in responding to the diverse stakeholders invested in or influencing tribal fish and wildlife management.
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Sörman, Laurien Elvira. "Patching up the garbage patch: a drop in the ocean? : A comparative study examining low levels of effective multinational cooperation on plasticpollution in the Pacific Ocean." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295972.
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Hamidov, Ahmad [Verfasser]. "Institutions of Collective Action for Common Pool Resources Management : Conditions for Sustainable Water Consumers Associations in Semi-Arid Uzbekistan / Ahmad Hamidov." Aachen : Shaker, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080762965/34.
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Basurto, Xavier. "Policy, Governance and Local Institutions for Biodiversity Conservation in Costa Rica." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194042.
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The goal of this dissertation is to advance the theory of common-pool resources in three different but interrelated ways: (1) Common-pool resources theory has identified a number of factors that play an important role on human groups' ability to engage in successful institutional change. However it is still not clear which are their causal relationships on specific contexts. This study looks at the relationship between two of the aforementioned factors: local leadership and local autonomy. It does so in the context of the decentralization of the governance of protected areas for biodiversity conservation in Costa Rica. (2) Historically, common-pool resources theory has paid limited attention to the interactions between local institutions and higher levels of governance. This study incorporates the analysis of cross-scale institutional linkages into the assessment of decentralization reforms in Costa Rica. (3) To do so it incorporates an analytical approach that allows for systematic and rigorous comparisons of small-to-moderate-sized Ns and is apt at handling multiple-causality outcomes. Looking at these issues in the context of the decentralization of biodiversity governance in Costa Rica is relevant because it is the most biodiverse country per unit of area in the world, and during the last twenty years has experimented with decentralization policies to create locally-based institutions for biodiversity conservation. Among my most relevant findings are: (1) that the presence of local leadership is positively related to institutions ability to gain local autonomy from the central government. (2) However, in the context of a class-based society with a strong urban-rural divide, the emergence of local leadership for conservation in rural settings is likely not able to take place by itself without support from within the bureaucratic structure. (3) More diverse are better than less diverse sets of cross-scale linkages in local institutions' ability to gain and maintain local autonomy overtime. (4) Local autonomy can help local institutions increase their potential for biodiversity conservation as long as there are well-defined institutional arrangements in place. Otherwise, local institutions might find themselves pursuing other agendas that might have an unclear relation with biodiversity conservation.
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Mehalic, David Steven. "The Archaeological Geography of Small Architectural Sites of the Mogollon Plateau Region of East-Central Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/265814.
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This dissertation explores some of the thousands of smaller Native American archaeological sites with meager architectural elements commonly found along part of the southern edge of the Colorado Plateau in east-central Arizona in an area known as the Mogollon Plateau. Small surface structures of less than five rooms were typically built of a combination of stone masonry and wattle and daub, and they are generally interpreted as evidence of repeated occupations of limited duration, primarily dating between AD 800 and 1300. Accordingly, these small sites have also served a number of roles in ongoing discussions of settlement systems and land use, and they present challenges for cultural resources management. The fundamental characteristics (or lack thereof) typically used to classify small sites have traditionally relegated them to settlement pattern studies rather than extensive excavation, generating a broad range of hypotheses concerning their significance and drawing heavily upon historical ecology. GIS methods are used to explore several ecologically and socially-driven models and examine the roles of small architectural sites in archaeological and systemic landscapes. Common pool resources offer some explanatory power regarding small sites, but some have suggested competition and conflict led to a "tragedy of the commons" and environmental degradation. Two primary site concentrations are identified, and the evidence supports an interpretation of extensive and sustainable use of the area, much of which seems to have been a frontier. Recommendations for research-driven management and preservation of cultural resources are provided.