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1
Gordon, Catriona A., Rafael Herrera, and Tom C. Hutchinson. "The use of a common epiphytic lichen as a bioindicator of atmospheric inputs to two Venezuelan cloud forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 11, no. 1 (February 1995): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740000835x.
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ABSTRACTThe chemistry of epiphytic lichens was determined in two Venezuelan cloud forests adjacent to the Caracas Valley at Altos de Pipe and El Avila National Park. This is the second component of a two-part study examining the chemistry of fogs and their effects on sensitive biota in these forests. The widespread lichen Parmotrema madagascariaceum was chosen as an indicator of trace metal input. Background lichen collections and transplant experiments were carried out to evaluate spatial trends in atmospheric depositon of trace metals at different altitudes and exposures of the two montane locations. Elevated concentratons of metals including Pb and Zn were seen in lichen tissue and associated bark. Lead levels in lichens reached 190 μg g-1 dry wt. Lichens transplanted from relatively ‘clean’ to more polluted sites showed significant increases of metals, particularly Pb. Increases of up to 6.3 μg Pb g-1 mo-1 after 6 and 10 months were recorded relative to background and in situ lichen material. In contrast, when lichsens were reciprocally transplanted in nylon net bags from less to more exposed sites there was a significant decrease in Pb and Zn concentrations after 6 and 10 months. With long-term exposure to elevated concentrations of these trace metals epiphytic lichens, as well as other sensitive cloud forest biota, may be at risk of decline.
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Crête, Michel, Claude Morneau, and René Nault. "Biomasse et espèces de lichens terrestres disponibles pour le caribou dans le nord du Québec." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 10 (October 1, 1990): 2047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-268.
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Following a two-stage sampling plan, 44 1-km2 primary units were systematically allocated between 53 and 59 ° latitude throughout northern Québec to estimate the biomass of terrestrial lichens. Lichens were collected in two secondary units (0.25 m2) located in parts of each primary unit where lichens were visible from a helicopter (lichen stratum). Overall, the lichen stratum covered 51% of the study area and lichen biomass averaged 1223 kg/ha (dry weight; SE = 201; n = 44). Almost 85% of the variance of this mean was attributable to variability between primary units. The biomass in the west was greater than in the east; it was the highest in the [Formula: see text]700-mm precipitation zone and the lowest in the 500- to 599-mm zone. Data on percent plant cover indicated mat mosses increased in importance over lichens in the east. There was a clear relationship between lichen biomass in secondary units on one hand and mat thickness and percent lichen ground cover on the other. Cladinia stellaris (Opiz) Brodo was the most common species; Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Mass. and Cornicularia divergens Ach. were typical of the north, whereas Cladina mitis (Sandst.) Hustich characterized the south of the study area. The annual consumption of lichens by caribou was probably 0.5-0.9% of the available biomass in 1987. Key words: biomass, caribou, Cladina, lichens, Quebec.
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Paukov, Alexander, Anzhelika Teptina, Maria Morozova, Ekaterina Kruglova, Sergio E. Favero-Longo, Cora Bishop, and Nishanta Rajakaruna. "The Effects of Edaphic and Climatic Factors on Secondary Lichen Chemistry: A Case Study Using Saxicolous Lichens." Diversity 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11060094.
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Diversity of secondary lichen metabolites and their relationship to substrate and environmental parameters were studied in saxicolous lichens in the Middle and South Urals of Russia. Atranorin, usnic acid, gyrophoric acid, zeorin, norstictic acid, antraquinones and stictic acid were found in 73, 42, 41, 37, 36, 35 and 32 species, respectively, of 543 taxa collected. One hundred and ninety six species (i.e., 36% of total species documented) contained no secondary metabolites. Spectra of secondary metabolites of crustose lichens varied on different rock types, while in fruticose and foliose groups only those species without lichen acids were dependent on the substrate type. In Canonical Correspondence Analysis, secondary lichen metabolites were subdivided into groups depending on the concentration of Ca and metals in the substrate. Gyrophoric, lobaric, psoromic, rhizocarpic and stictic acids were common in crustose lichens in metal-poor habitats; species with antraquinones and lichens without any secondary metabolites were most abundant on limestone (alkalic and metal-poor), while other common lichen metabolites had no to minimal dependence on the chemistry of the substrate. The two additional abiotic factors affecting the composition of secondary metabolites were the maximum temperature of the warmest month and elevation. Our results suggest a range of possible relationships exist among lichen acids, rocks and climatic parameters. Furthermore, the same metabolite may affect both accumulation of metals and stress tolerance under unfavorable conditions.
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Greenfield, L. G. "Decomposition studies on New Zealand and antarctic lichens." Lichenologist 25, no. 1 (January 1993): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1993.1014.
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AbstractThe decomposition of ground, dead (oven-dried) lichens has been studied in laboratory experiments that aimed to simulate decomposition in nature. Enzymes, common in soil animal guts and soil microbes, solubilized 29% of the lichen weight and 25% of lichen nitrogen. Approximately 9% of lichen nitrogen was mobilized to mineral forms during 97 days' incubation in soil or sand. Low moisture levels reduced the amount of nitrogen mobilized. In short-term (30 days) incubation studies, lichens at optimum moisture but low temperature lost 9% of their initial dry weight due to microbial metabolism. In contrast, lichens incubated for 30 and 135 days at similar moisture levels but higher temperatures lost 19% and 30% respectively of their initial dry weight due to microbial metabolism.
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Jaakkola, Lotta Maaria, Timo Päiviö Helle, Jussi Soppela, Markku Tapio Kuitunen, and Mikko Juhani Yrjönen. "Effects of forest characteristics on the abundance of alectorioid lichens in northern Finland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 2955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-178.
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Quantitative knowledge of the abundance of epiphytic alectorioid lichens (Bryoria spp., Alectoria spp., and Usnea spp.) is important when evaluating the carrying capacity of the winter pastures of semidomesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus (L., 1758)) and woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin, 1788)). This study, including a total of 234 sample plots, presents data on the biomass of alectorioid lichens in mature forests for the most common forest site types in the national parks of Oulanka, Pallas-Ounastunturi, and Lemmenjoki in northern Finland and relates them to forest stand characteristics. The biomass of alectorioid lichens on trees was estimated using the clump method in which the existing clumps of lichen thalli on branches are compared with clumps of lichens of known dry mass. Estimated biomasses were corrected by equations describing the ratio of estimated to measured biomass. We found the highest mean lichen biomasses (120 kg·ha–1) in subdry, Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) dominated sites above the timberline of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Below that timberline, the highest lichen biomasses were found in fresh (productive) sites dominated by Norway spruce. There the site-specific differences were mainly associated with tree species composition. Though in many previous studies forest age has been an important indicator of total lichen biomass, in our study areas lichen abundance was most commonly correlated with total volume of forest stands. The correlation of biomass with forest volume suggests that substrate availability was the most important limiting factor for alectorioid lichens in our study area. However, it is premature to say whether that is a common feature in northern forests over larger geographic areas.
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WA, Elkhateeb. "Lichentherapy: Highlights on the Pharmaceutical Potentials of Lichens." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 6, no. 2 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000190.
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Lichens exist in every continent and have a history of being used as food, medicine, a source of dyes and animal feed. Lichens are now being used as natural indicators of climate change and for air quality monitoring worldwide. Lichens play an important role in many ecosystems and exist as a symbiotic association between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. This symbiosis results in the production of unique secondary metabolites known as lichen substances, which arise within the thalli and are typically in crystal form on the surface of the fungal hyphae. Recently, lichens and their secondary metabolites have been receiving increased attention due to their nutritional value and pharmaceutical potential. This review aims to highlight on the importance and variety of common lichen substances (secondary metabolites). Finally, the commercialization of lichens is growing but, in the future, metabolic and biotechnological approaches can be used as an alternative product to overcome the limited availability of biologically active, commercially valuable and medicinally important secondary metabolite components.
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Ivanov, Dobri, Galina Yaneva, Irina Potoroko, and Diana G. Ivanova. "Contribution of Cyanotoxins to the Ecotoxicological Role of Lichens." Toxins 13, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050321.
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The fascinating world of lichens draws the attention of the researchers because of the numerous properties of lichens used traditionally and, in modern times, as a raw material for medicines and in the perfumery industry, for food and spices, for fodder, as dyes, and for other various purposes all over the world. However, lichens being widespread symbiotic entities between fungi and photosynthetic partners may acquire toxic features due to either the fungi, algae, or cyano-procaryotes producing toxins. By this way, several common lichens acquire toxic features. In this survey, recent data about the ecology, phytogenetics, and biology of some lichens with respect to the associated toxin-producing cyanoprokaryotes in different habitats around the world are discussed. Special attention is paid to the common toxins, called microcystin and nodularin, produced mainly by the Nostoc species. The effective application of a series of modern research methods to approach the issue of lichen toxicity as contributed by the cyanophotobiont partner is emphasized.
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Ongaro, Silvia, Guglielmo Lione, and Deborah Isocrono. "Composition and Conservation Value of Epiphytic Lichen Communities on Common Ash in North-Western Alps: A First Assessment." Forests 13, no. 8 (August 14, 2022): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081288.
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In the western sector of the Alps, and particularly in the Aosta Valley, lichenological communities on broad-leaved trees have received very little attention, and information about lichen species associated with common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) are still scanty. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed epiphytic lichen communities of ash trees to estimate their composition, their conservation value, and their association with some key environmental variables. Our results show that lichen communities appear to be different in terms of occurrence and frequencies in different sampling sites. The tested environmental variables contribute to shape the lichen communities, which are significantly different (p < 0.05) in sites characterized by different elevation, solar radiation, and source vicinity. The conservation value of lichen species was assessed by comparing distributional data at the national and local level. Our findings show that, in the Italian Alps, ash trees represent an important substrate for locally, or even nationally, rare lichens: 14 recorded species were not previously known in the study area, and some (Lecanora impudens and Rinodina polyspora) were included in the red list of Italian epiphytic lichens.
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Newmaster, Steven G., F. Wayne Bell, and Dale H. Vitt. "The effects of glyphosate and triclopyr on common bryophytes and lichens in northwestern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 7 (August 1, 1999): 1101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-083.
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The effects of two silvicultural herbicides (Vision®, Release®) on bryophytes and lichens were studied in a harvested boreal mixedwood ecosystem. A completely randomized design with 115 plots of 1 m2 allowed direct comparison between herbicides and their effects on community dynamics. Regression models were used to analyze the relationship between herbicide application rates (0.71-6.72 kg active ingredient/ha) and changes in bryophyte and lichen abundance and species richness for 2 years following herbicide application. Results showed that bryophyte and lichen abundance and species richness decreased after herbicide treatments. In general, herbicide applications reduced the diversity of forest mesophytes and weedy colonizers to an ecosystem with only a few species of colonizers. A combination of clustering techniques and ANOVA were used to divide bryophytes and lichens into three ecologically defined response groups: herbicide-tolerant colonizers, semi tolerant long-term stayers from dry open forest, and sensitive forest mesophytes.
10
Matwiejuk, Anna. "Lichens of fruit trees in the selected locations in Podlaskie Voivodeship [North-Eastern Poland]." Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych 28, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/oszn-2017-0023.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to present the diversity of the lichen species on fruit trees (Malus sp., Pyrus sp., Prunus sp. and Cerasus sp.) growing in orchards in selected villages and towns in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Fifty-six species of lichens were found. These were dominated by common lichens found on the bark of trees growing in built-up areas with prevailing heliophilous and nitrophilous species of the genera Physcia and Phaeophyscia. A richer lichen biota is characteristic of apple trees (52 species) and pear trees (36). Lichens of the apple trees constitute 78% of the biota of this phorophyte growing in the fruit orchards in Poland. Of the recorded species, only two (Ramalina farinacea, Usnea hirta) are covered by partial protection in Poland.
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Tsurykau, A. G. "Corticolous Lichens of Belarus. II. Obligate and Facultative Epiphytes." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Biology. Ecology 35 (2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3372.2021.35.51.
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The lichen biota of Belarus lists 406 corticolous species. Of these, 213 (35.7%) species are obligate epiphytes. Crustose lichens make up the majority of obligate epiphytes (157 species, or 73.7%). Apparently, this can indicate the decisive role of the morphology and chemistry of the substrate for the closely contacted lichen thallus. Facultative epiphytes are represented by 193 species, which are quite widely represented by foliose and fruticose life forms (51.3%). Facultative epiphytes inhabit rotting and processed wood, stony substrates, soil (including forest litter), mosses, leaves (needles), root turnouts and metal objects. Wood is inhabited by 154 facultative epiphyte species, of which 80 lichens are strongly epiphyticlignicolous. The lichen diversity of tree bark and wood is relatively similar; the value of the Sørensen-Dice index is equal to 0.51. Soil is the second most important substrate after wood for facultative epiphytes. It is inhabited by 55 lichens, most of which are represented by Cladonia and Peltigera species. 46 species of facultative epiphytes were found on mosses. These are represented mainly by cyanobiont-containing lichens, broad-lobed species, as well as many by the representatives of the genus Cladonia. The stony substrate is suitable for 43 facultative epiphytes species and is characterized by a high specificity of lichen biota. Its Sørensen- Dice index is equal to 0.13. Most of these representatives are common in urban environments. Fungi, lichens, root inversions, leaves, and metal are predominantly inhabited by multisubstrate lichen species.
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Bajpai, Rajesh, Lobsang T. Thungon, Chandra P. Singh, and Dalip K. Upreti. "Indigenous Knowledge of Lichens can Improve Human Life in Tribal Areas of Arunachal Pradesh: A Case Study." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 8, no. 03 (January 25, 2023): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i03.11.
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The higher eastern Himalayan regions of India exhibit the luxuriance of different lichen taxa together with other group of plants. The“Punpun” is a common name of lichens used by the Sherdukpen tribe of West Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh in Eastern IndianHimalayan regions. The punpun or lichens are gorgeous in nutrients and contains biologically active compounds belonging to variouschemical clades. The tribal people have gigantic traditional knowledge about lichens thus allowing them to use different types oflichens to fulfil their dietary need along with medicinal prospects. The present information was collected during the field visit to thearea between the years 2017-2021. The tribal people in the area prepared some delicious diets from the punpun and served as nutritiveethnic food to tourists visiting there. Though tribal people have great knowledge of lichen uses, but they lack the acquaintance ofappropriate species proficiency. The tribal people provided the detailed methodologies and application of lichens which may be usefulin near future for bioprospection and herbal drug development. The present case study is presented with an aim to encourage thetribal people to investigate further applications of lichens to improve the life of surronding inhabitants and to make them aware of theimportance and conservation of lichen species.
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Bunnell, Fred L., Toby Spribille, Isabelle Houde, Trevor Goward, and Curtis Björk. "Lichens on down wood in logged and unlogged forest stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 5 (May 2008): 1033–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-206.
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Lichen communities of forests often appear to be negatively affected by timber harvest presumably because of reduction of suitable substrate and increased desiccation. We examined species richness and composition of lichens on wood of logs of the same decay class in unlogged stands (>140 years old) and logged, 20- to 30-year-old stands. There was no significant difference in species richness or mean lichen cover between logged and unlogged stands, but species composition differed, including species that were unique to either logged or unlogged stands. Crustose lichens accounted for 71% of rare species and all of the species occurring more commonly in unlogged stands; macrolichens accounted for 82% of common species and 60% of the species occurring more commonly in logged stands. Diameter at breast height and decay characteristics of down wood were the best predictors of lichen richness. Among lichen-rich, decay class 3 logs, relatively small amounts of retained down wood sustained lichen richness equivalent to unlogged stands. It appears important to ensure that decay classes favourable to lichens are retained after harvest.
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Yatsyna, A. P. "Lichens genus Lepraria in Belarus: ecology and distribution of species." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 64, no. 1 (February 18, 2019): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2019-64-1-40-47.
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Sterile crustose lichens, i. e., those species that do not form fruiting bodies on the territory of Belarus, domestic scientists started to focus only at the beginning of the 21st century, despite the fact that already in the 60–70’s in the 20th century and methods for determining lichen substances in lichens were developed.Subjects of the study were herbarium specimens of lichenized fungi of the genus Lepraria in the amount of 68 herbarium bags from the collection of lichens MSK-L. As a result of the determination of secondary metabolites in the samples and the use of morphological features, it is established that the samples studied are represented by 9 species from the genus Lepraria: L. caesioalba, L. eburnea, L. elobata, L. finkii, L. incana, L. jackii, L., neglecta, L. rigidula и L. vouauxii. Lichen Lepraria caesioalba first time provides for the territory of the republic. The biotopes and substrate association of lichens with the genus Lepraria has been established. The qualitative composition of secondary metabolites of the studied samples is revealed. Among certain species, lichens L. incana and L. finkii are common on the territory of Belarus. The herbarium material on lichens of the genus Lepraria determined using TLC can be used in the preparation of the next volume of “Flora of lichens of Belarus”.
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Lesica, Peter, Bruce McCune, Stephen V. Cooper, and Won Shic Hong. "Differences in lichen and bryophyte communities between old-growth and managed second-growth forests in the Swan Valley, Montana." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 1745–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-222.
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Lichen and bryophyte communities differed between managed second-growth and unmanaged old-growth grand fir forests in northwestern Montana in all three strata examined: lower canopy, trunk, and ground. Old-growth forests had larger trees, greater structural diversity, greater volumes of coarse woody debris, fewer species of vascular plants, more species of trunk epiphytes, higher β diversity, and higher γ diversity than second-growth forests. Although pendent fruticose lichens were common in both stand age classes, species of Alectoria were more abundant in old growth, while second growth was dominated by Bryoria spp. Nitrogen-fixing foliose lichens were more common in all strata of old growth, and Lobaria pulmonaria, a common N-fixing species in old growth, was absent in second growth. Cladonia spp. were more numerous in second-growth forests. Nearly all species of leafy liverworts were more common in old growth and typically occurred on rotting wood. Many of these liverworts were absent from second growth. Our results suggest that many species of lichens and bryophytes find optimum habitat in old-growth forests and that these species will become less common as silvicultural practices continue to convert old growth to younger aged forests. Key words: bryophytes, diversity, forests, lichens, Montana, old growth.
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BELGUIDOUM, AMINA, TAKIA LOGRADA, and MESSAOUD RAMDANI. "The Lichen Flora on Quercus in the Tamentout Forest of Algeria." Phytotaxa 566, no. 2 (September 28, 2022): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.566.2.4.
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Lichens are major components of forest ecosystems. However, their accurate identification at species level is often difficult, especially in poorly investigated areas. The objective of this study is an inventory of epiphytic lichens in the Tamentout Forest on three types of phorophytes, Quercus faginea, Q. suber and Q. ilex. In this region, 68 epiphytic lichen species have been identified, belonging to 23 families and 36 genera. The specific richness on the three phorophytes was different. Quercus suber, the dominant phorophyte, supports the highest number of species compared to Q. faginea, and Q. ilex. An analysis of growth forms shows that all are represented in the study area. However, crustose and foliose lichens are the most common ones. As a result of our inventory, we report Parmeliella testacea new to Algeria, and list 20 lichen species now protected by Algerian legislation.
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Gilbert, Oliver. "The Lichen Flora of Coastal Saline Lagoons in England." Lichenologist 33, no. 5 (September 2001): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.2001.0344.
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AbstractThe lichen flora associated with twenty saline lagoons in England is described. Though often scarce, lichens were present on shingle, miscellaneous stones, half-submerged concrete structures, retaining walls, salt marsh vegetation, wooden posts, and strand-line materials. Sites that had been modified by the activity of man often held richer assemblages than ones in a more natural condition. The lichen flora is a mixture of common-place species and maritime specialists. The large lagoon behind Chesil Beach, known as ‘The Fleet’, was the most important site surveyed. Many of the marine lichens present are typical of very sheltered coastlines. Caloplaca suaedae, found at two sites, is described as new to science.
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Soofi, Mahmood, Sandeep Sharma, Barbod Safaei-Mahroo, Mohammad Sohrabi, Moosa Ghorbani Organli, and Matthias Waltert. "Lichens and animal camouflage: some observations from central Asian ecoregions." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 20672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7558.14.2.20672-20676.
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Camouflage is a fitness-relevant trait that supports survival and fosters evolutionary adaptation by which animals match their body pattern to a background setting. Lichens are among the most common of these backgrounds that several animal species use for camouflage. Lichens are omnipresent and grow in wide arrays of colorations and compositions. Their composition and phenotypic diversity might facilitate cryptic coloration and habitat matching by various animal species. Here, we describe the role of lichens in providing camouflage to various animal species in central Asian and Caucasus mountain ecoregions, which are categorized as global biodiversity hotspots. Despite multiple ecological studies, no information is available on the role of this regions‘ lichen diversity in providing animal camouflage. Casual field observations of lichen camouflage are reported for four (one mammal and three reptile) species: the Persian Leopard’s Panthera pardus saxicolor body coat seems to closely match the colors and patterns of saxicolous lichens (Acarospora sp. and Circinaria sp.) in their habitat. A similar background matching pattern was observed in both morphs of the Caucasian Rock Agama Paralaudakia caucasia upon crustose lichens: Caloplaca spp., Circinaria spp., and the Radde’s Rock Lizard Darevskia raddei to the crustose lichens Acarospora sp. and Caloplaca sp. Likewise, the Horny-scaled Agama’s Trapelus ruderatus grey matches with the color of multiple lichens (Lecanora spp., Circinaria spp., Protoparmeliopsis spp., Rinodina spp., and Anaptychia spp.). Our observations preliminarily suggest that lichens play an important role for species of different trophic levels, ensuring adaptation and survival through camouflage. We call for more field-based empirical and experimental studies in various terrestrial ecosystems in other parts of the world to test the role of lichens in local adaption and evolutionary plasticity of regional species.
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HAUCK, Markus, Gert HELMS, and Thomas FRIEDL. "Photobiont selectivity in the epiphytic lichens Hypogymnia physodes and Lecanora conizaeoides." Lichenologist 39, no. 2 (February 20, 2007): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282907006639.
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Abstract:In two lichen species, Hypogymnia physodes and Lecanora conizaeoides, often used as model organisms for pollution-sensitive and pollution-tolerant epiphytic lichens, respectively, the hypothesis was tested that the toxitolerance of the Trebouxia photobiont limits the tolerance of the entire lichen symbiosis. Being lecanoralean-trebouxioid associations, H. physodes and L. conizaeoides represent the most common type of lichens. Photobionts of both lichen species deriving from microhabitats with varying supply of S and heavy metals were identified using nuclear ITS nrDNA sequencing. The photobiont of L. conizaeoides was identified as T. simplex, whereas the photobiont of H. physodes belongs to an undescribed Trebouxia species, related to T. jamesii subsp. angustilobata and provisionally named as T. hypogymniae Hauck & Friedl ined. Since T. hypogymniae ined. is also known from Lecidea silacea, which is characteristic of rock and slag with high heavy metal content, a high sensitivity of this alga to pollutants is unlikely to be a key factor for the relatively low toxitolerance of H. physodes. Furthermore, the photobiont cannot be crucial for the extremely high toxitolerance of L. conizaeoides, as T. simplex is also known from pollution-sensitive lichens of the fruticose genus Pseudevernia. These findings suggest that the photobiont is not generally a key factor determining pollution sensitivity in the most common type of lichen symbiosis. The high specificity for T. simplex in L. conizaeoides in existing populations of L. conizaeoides suggest that already established thalli could be a source of photobiont cells for re-lichenization.
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Matwiejuk, Anna. "The occurrence of epigeic lichens in different habitats around the Siemianowka Lagoon in the Upper Narew Valley." Forest Research Papers 77, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2016-0011.
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Abstract This study examines the occurrence of epigeic lichens on study plots located within different types of habitat near the Siemianowka retention reservoir in the Upper Narew Valley. The outcome of this research is a better understanding of epigeic lichens and the problems associated with their distribution and conservation. The investigation of the less common and hence more interesting taxa found within the study area was based on species composition analyses of lichens in different habitats, the degree of recognition in North Eastern Poland and their conservation status as well as threats within the country. A total of 48 lichen species, mainly from the genus of Cladonia, were identified, which is a typical number for these types of habitat. 19% of the species growing on soil are classified as threatened and some of them have been recorded only within this study area. In total, 15 lichen species are under the strict or partial protection.
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Rajulu, Meenavalli Babu Govinda, Nagamani Thirunavukkarasu, Subramanya Shravan Kumar, Tanveer Kaur, Mondem Sudhakara Reddy, and Trichur Subramanian Suryanarayanan. "Endolichenic fungal diversity associated with some lichens of the Western Ghats." Planta Medica 86, no. 13/14 (November 25, 2019): 960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1045-1989.
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AbstractA total of 389 strains of fungi belonging to 38 species were isolated from 10 lichen species of the Western Ghats, southern India. All the lichens screened, irrespective of their growth forms or location, harboured endolichenic fungi. Most of the fungi belonged to the Ascomycotina. Chaetomium sp. 1, Hypoxylon investiens, Nemania bipapillata, Nodulisporium sp., Paecilomyces sp., and Sporormiella intermedia were the most common ones and were present in 5 or more lichen species. Of the 28 sporulating fungi, 7 belonged to Xylariales, and their total colonization frequency in all the lichens was also high. This observation further substantiates the high ecological amplitude of Xylariales, possibly due to overlapping ecological niches and their ability to inhibit co-occurring endolichenic fungi.
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Mark, Kristiina, Carolina Cornejo, Christine Keller, Daniela Flück, and Christoph Scheidegger. "Barcoding lichen-forming fungi using 454 pyrosequencing is challenged by artifactual and biological sequence variation." Genome 59, no. 9 (September 2016): 685–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0189.
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Although lichens (lichen-forming fungi) play an important role in the ecological integrity of many vulnerable landscapes, only a minority of lichen-forming fungi have been barcoded out of the currently accepted ∼18 000 species. Regular Sanger sequencing can be problematic when analyzing lichens since saprophytic, endophytic, and parasitic fungi live intimately admixed, resulting in low-quality sequencing reads. Here, high-throughput, long-read 454 pyrosequencing in a GS FLX+ System was tested to barcode the fungal partner of 100 epiphytic lichen species from Switzerland using fungal-specific primers when amplifying the full internal transcribed spacer region (ITS). The present study shows the potential of DNA barcoding using pyrosequencing, in that the expected lichen fungus was successfully sequenced for all samples except one. Alignment solutions such as BLAST were found to be largely adequate for the generated long reads. In addition, the NCBI nucleotide database—currently the most complete database for lichen-forming fungi—can be used as a reference database when identifying common species, since the majority of analyzed lichens were identified correctly to the species or at least to the genus level. However, several issues were encountered, including a high sequencing error rate, multiple ITS versions in a genome (incomplete concerted evolution), and in some samples the presence of mixed lichen-forming fungi (possible lichen chimeras).
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Kaganov, V. V., A. V. Kordyukov, and A. K. Ezhkin. "Distribution features of epiphytic lichens on Populus maximowiczii in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk city and its suburbs." Geosystems of Transition Zones 5, no. 4 (2021): 428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2021.5.4.428-438.
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The results of research of epiphytic lichens as bioindicators of the atmosphere pollution in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk city and its suburbs are reported. Populus maximowiczii was chosen as the most common tree species in the plantings of the city as a lichen substrate. Control sites was chosen in natural habitats of Populus maximowiczii in surroundings of the city. In total, 47 lichen species were registered on bark of Populus maximowiczii on all sites. Three clusters of anthropogenic influence on lichens were defined by the results of the cluster analysis of 15 stations where species composition and occurrence frequency were registered. Four groups of lichen sensitivity to anthropogenic influence were identified according to confinement to these three clusters. The analysis of species distribution by the degree of sensitivity was made for each site.
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Shravanakumara, S., K. Vinayaka, E. Kumaraswamy Udupa, B. Shashirekha, V. Praveena, and Y. Krishnamurthy. "Diversity and host specificity of Lichens in Koppa Taluk of Central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India." Indian Journal of Forestry 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2010-9td7t2.
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Present study enumerates 48 species of lichens belonging to 25 genera and 13 families from different vegetations in Koppa region of Western Ghats, Karnataka. Physciaceae, Parmeliaceae are the dominant families in the area with 9 species each, while Parmotrema is the most common genus with 8 species. The Shanon-Weiner diversity (H’ = 3.63) and Simpson’s richness value (D = 0.02) indicate high species richness. Lichen-Host plant interaction in different vegetations reveals Randia dumetorum supports large number of Lichen species, whereas host plant with less than 20 cm GBH (Girth at Breast Height) supports more number of lichens than large trees (>20 cm GBH). The study will act as the base line information for future bio-monitoring studies in the area.
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Karmacharya, Neena, Dalip K. Upreti, and Mukesh K. Chettri. "Distribution pattern of corticolous lichens in different areas of Kathmandu valley, Nepal." Banko Janakari 32, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v32i2.50892.
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This study attempts to document the lichen species and their distribution in different areas of Kathmandu valley, Nepal. Twenty sampling sites with different degrees of air pollution categorized as disturbed (industrial, heavy traffic and residential areas) and undisturbed areas (clean area) were selected for the study. Sampling was done using the quadrat method. To enumerate the total number of lichen species found in Kathmandu valley, lichen specimens were collected from inside as well as outside the quadrats. A total of 97 species of corticolous lichens belonging to 21 families and 44 genera were recorded from the study sites. Parmeliaceae was the largest family followed by Graphidaceae. The importance value analysis showed that Candelaria concolor (115.2), Dirinaria aegialita, Lepraria sp., Phaeophyscia hispidula var. hispidula and Physcia sorediosa (106.02) are the most common and dominant lichen species in Kathmandu valley. Among the most common and dominant lichen species, Candelaria concolor, Dirinaria aegialita, Phaeophyscia hispidula var. hispidula and Physcia sorediosa were found concentrated in heavy traffic areas whereas Lepraria sp. in the industrial areas. A higher number of lichen species (70%) was recorded in undisturbed areas than in disturbed areas (50%). These study confirm that the distribution of lichen flora is strongly influenced by degrees of pollution. This in turn suggests that lichens can be used as bio indicators of air quality in the Kathmandu valley.
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Almendras, Katerin, Jaime García, Margarita Carú, and Julieta Orlando. "Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Associated with Peltigera Cyanolichens and Cladonia Chlorolichens." Molecules 23, no. 12 (November 25, 2018): 3077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123077.
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Lichens have been extensively studied and described; however, recent evidence suggests that members of the bacterial community associated with them could contribute new functions to the symbiotic interaction. In this work, we compare the nitrogen-fixing guild associated with bipartite terricolous lichens with different types of photobiont: Peltigera cyanolichens and Cladonia chlorolichens. Since cyanobacteria contribute nitrogen to the symbiosis, we propose that chlorolichens have more diverse bacteria with the ability to fix nitrogen compared to cyanolichens. In addition, since part of these bacteria could be recruited from the substrate where lichens grow, we propose that thalli and substrates share some bacteria in common. The structure of the nitrogen-fixing guild in the lichen and substrate bacterial communities of both lichens was determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) of the nifH gene. Multivariate analyses showed that the nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with both types of lichen were distinguishable from those present in their substrates. Likewise, the structure of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria present in the cyanolichens was different from that of chlorolichens. Finally, the diversity of this bacterial guild calculated using the Shannon index confirms the hypothesis that chlorolichens have a higher diversity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria than cyanolichens.
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Hilmo, Olga. "Distribution and Succession of Epiphytic Lichens on Picea Abies Branches in a Boreal Forest, Central Norway." Lichenologist 26, no. 2 (April 1994): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1994.1013.
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AbstractThe distribution of epiphytic lichens on branches of a stand of Picea abies has been mapped, and patterns of succession and community structure are described. Many crustose species are of particular interest since little is known about their ecological requirements (e.g. Fuscidea pusilla Tønsb., Japewia subaurifera Muhr & Tønsb. and Gyalideopsis alnicola Noble & Vězda). Numerical treatment (correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis) of the species data was used to study the lichen distribution in relation to measured environmental variables. Tree age, tree height and branch height above ground are shown to be the most important variables to explain the species distribution. No significant relationship was found between branch compass point and the distribution of lichens. The species composition and cover changed from young to old trees. The largest variation in the lichen vegetation was found on the branches of young trees. A more homogeneous and stable lichen community appears on branches of mature trees. A clear zonation of the epiphytic vegetation develops as the branches grow, resulting in the occurrence of typical ‘branch-tip’ and ‘branch-base’ species. The highest number of species was recorded on the outermost part of branches before lichen cover reached the maximum. Hyperepiphytic thalli were mainly located in specific areas with high lichen cover on the branches. Lichens with reduced vitality were most common at the base of branches.
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Bielczyk, Urszula, Monika Jędrzejczyk-Korycińska, and Józef Kiszka. "Lichens of abandoned zinc-lead mines." Acta Mycologica 44, no. 2 (December 23, 2013): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2009.012.
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A list of lichens from areas of zinc-lead ores in Southern Poland and a review of the characteristic lichen biota of these sites is provided. In spite of the devastated and heavy metal contaminated environment, a highly diverse epigeic and epilithic lichen biota was found, including species characteristic of various anthropogenic habitats, particularly zinc and lead enriched substrates (<em>Diploschistes muscorum, Steinia geophana, Sarcosagium campestre, Vezdaea aestivalis</em> and <em>V. leprosa</em>). Also, the high-mountain species <em>Leucocarpia biatorella</em>, as well as very rare in Europe <em>Thelocarpon imperceptum</em>, and several species categorized as very rare, endangered and protected in Poland were recorded. Crustose lichens are the most abundant; among fruticose forms <em>Cladonia</em> spp. predominate and <em>Stereocaulon incrustatum</em> is common.
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Frati, Luisa, and Giorgio Brunialti. "Natura 2000 network enhances the protection of rare epiphytic lichens: evidence from forest sites of Central Italy." Lichenologist 55, no. 5 (September 2023): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282923000282.
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AbstractAlthough epiphytic lichens are widely adopted as environmental indicators, they are not yet included among the target species listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive, to which the system of protected areas of the Natura 2000 network refers. In this work, we aim to test the effectiveness of this system, mainly designed for the conservation of other groups of species, in protecting lichen species richness. For this purpose, we considered a case study (Central Italy) with half of the territory included in protected areas. Statistical differences in species richness and lichen communities were tested between sites located in 16 Protected Areas (PA) and 11 Non-Protected Areas (NPA) using non-parametric tests, multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA). Despite the broad overlap between epiphytic lichen communities of NPAs and PAs and a similar number of total and common species, PAs contain a significantly higher number of nationally rare and extremely rare species, including cyanolichens. These results are also confirmed by the indicator analysis. Although the Natura 2000 network does not explicitly address the conservation of lichens, the protected areas in our study can play a role in protecting the diversity of epiphytic lichens, especially nationally rare and endangered species. However, the future inclusion of red-listed epiphytic lichens among the target species of Annex II of the Habitats Directive would be welcome to better protect these organisms on a European level.
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Elsinger, M., E. Burrell, N. DeBruyn, K. Tanasichuk, and K. Timoney. "The Influence of Air Pollution on Corticolous Lichens near the Strathcona Industrial Area, Alberta." Canadian Field-Naturalist 121, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v121i1.387.
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Lichens that grow on the bark of mature trees were studied at 35 sites along an air pollution gradient east of Edmonton, Alberta. Data on species composition, richness, and cover were recorded in October 1999 in a matrix of sites that extends from a known source of pollutants (the Strathcona Industrial Area) east across Strathcona County. Air pollution is affecting the corticolous lichen community. Lichen species richness and total cover increased with distance from the pollution source. Species richness in areas distant from pollution was roughly twice that in areas near the Strathcona Industrial Area. Xanthoria fallax and Phaeophyscia orbicularis were the most pollution tolerant lichens. Xanthoria hasseana, Ochrolechia arborea, Physcia adscendens, Parmelia sulcata, and Melanelia albertana were rare or absent near the pollution source and common in more distant areas. Most of the 15 species assessed were sensitive to air quality to some degree. Some lichens near the refineries and in Sherwood Park showed abnormal coloration and poor thallus integrity indicative of stress. We discuss implications for human health.
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LALLEY, J. S., and H. A. VILES. "Terricolous lichens in the northern Namib Desert of Namibia: distribution and community composition." Lichenologist 37, no. 1 (January 2005): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282904014203.
Full textAbstract:
Terricolous lichens are the dominant vegetation in expansive areas of the Namib Desert, where fog is the main source of moisture and other vegetation is scarce. They play several important roles in soil crust stabilization and in the primary production of the Namib Desert ecosystem, yet little is known about the diversity and distribution of lichens in the northern unexplored regions of the Namib. To our knowledge, this study is the first survey of terricolous lichens to be carried out in the northern Namib Desert. Seven soil crust habitat types were identified in the study area, and a total of twenty-eight soil crust lichen species was recorded. The survey uncovered lichen species that may be unique to the northern Namib, including vagrant species, and common species were frequently found in a vagrant form. The crustose group was the most widely represented. Overall community compositions differed from those found in other regions of the Namib, and distribution patterns suggest a link to gravel clast size and physical soil crust type.
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Shukla, Vertika, Rajesh Bajpai, Manoj Semwal, and D. K. Upreti. "Influence of Chemical Diversity in Determining Lichen Communities Structure along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Chopta Tungnath, Western Himalaya." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 3, no. 01 (January 31, 2017): 07–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v3i.8441.
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In recent years there has been growing interest in the study on lichen diversity with relation to altitudinal gradient and anthropogenic disturbances , as changes in lichen community composition may indicate air quality and microclimatic changes. The altitudinal data of species diversity and its subsequent changes with respect to time and space may provide vital information regarding impact of air pollution and/or climate change at regional or global scales. Chopta-Tungnath and adjoining areas of Garhwal Himalaya provide habitat and ecological variation with range of altitude lying between 300 to 3000 m. Out of the 116 species of lichens known from the studied area, the highest species diversity was observed between altitudes 1800 to 2100 m. Lichen communities occurring between 600–1800 m were dominated by members of Physciaceae, while Parmeliaceae were most common above 1800 m. Altitude beyond 2100 m experiences high precipitation, varying temperature conditions and increased incident UV radiation, which are responsible for controlling the variability in lichen diversity to a great extent in the region. The diversity of secondary metabolites in lichen species and consequent changes in species composition at various altitudes indicate the association of secondary chemicals in conferring the lichens resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The correlations of lichen diversity, secondary metabolites and the altitudes at which the lichens are growing, present suggestive role of secondary metabolites in determining species composition and sustainability in different environmental conditions.
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Longán, Angels, Ester Gaya, and Antonio Gómez-Bolea. "Post-Fire Colonization of a Mediterranean Forest Stand by Epiphytic Lichens." Lichenologist 31, no. 4 (July 1999): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1998.0200.
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AbstractThe post-fire colonization of a Quercus ilex forest by epiphytic lichens has been studied in Catalonia (NE Spain), eleven years after a fire. Specific richness and lichen biomass have been studied separately on Quercus ilex, Erica arborea, Rosmarinus officinalis. and Cistus albidus, to reveal possible differences among phorophytes in facilitating lichen establishment. Shrubs play an important role in colonization by common species whereas the stools of Quercus ilex offer a suitable substratum for rarer species. Cistus albidus, with the highest lichen diversity and 98·2% of the total biomass of macrolichens, is the most suitable phorophyte for lichen establishment.
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Jung, Patrick, Lina Werner, Laura Briegel-Williams, Dina Emrich, and Michael Lakatos. "Roccellinastrum, Cenozosia and Heterodermia: Ecology and phylogeny of fog lichens and their photobionts from the coastal Atacama Desert." MycoKeys 98 (August 1, 2023): 317–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.98.107764.
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Some deserts on Earth such as the Namib or the Atacama are influenced by fog which can lead to the formation of local fog oases - unique environments hosting a great diversity of specialized plants and lichens. Lichens of the genera Ramalina, Niebla or Heterodermia have taxonomically been investigated from fog oases around the globe but not from the Atacama Desert, one of the oldest and driest deserts. Conditioned by its topography and the presence of orographic fog, the National Park Pan de Azúcar in the Atacama Desert is considered to be such a lichen hotspot. Applying multi-gen loci involving phylogenetic analyses combined with intense morphological and chemical characterization, we determined the taxonomic position of five of the most abundant epiphytic lichens of this area. We evaluated Roccellinastrum spongoideum and Heterodermia follmannii which were both described from the area but also finally showed that the genus Cenozosia is the endemic sister genus to Ramalina, Vermilacinia, Namibialina and Niebla. As a result, we have described the species Heterodermia adunca, C. cava and C. excorticata as new lichen species. This work provides a comprehensive dataset for common fog lichen genera of the Coastal Range of the Atacama Desert that can be used as a baseline for monitoring programs and environmental health assessments.
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Паламарчук (Palamarchuk), Ирина (Irina) Анатольевна (Anatol'yevna), Ольга (Ol'ga) Степановна (Stepanovna) Бровко (Brovko), Владимир (Vladimir) Васильевич (Vasil'yevich) Беляев (Belyaev), Константин (Konstantin) Григорьевич (Grigor'yevich) Боголицын (Bogolitsyn), Татьяна (Tat'yana) Александровна (Aleksandrovna) Бойцова (Boitsova), Дмитрий (Dmitriy) Владимирович (Vladimirovich) Жильцов (Zhiltsov), Анатолий (Anatoliy) Анатольевич (Anatol'yevich) Слобода (Sloboda), and Наталья (Natal'ya) Александровна (Aleksandrovna) Вальчук (Valchuk). "INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL GEOECOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF LICHENS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE VELSK-USTYANSK TECTONIC NODE (ARKHANGELSK REGION)." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018043803.
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The influence of geoecological factors formed in Velsk-Ustyansk tectonic node of the Arkhangelsk region on the state of lichenobiotics was studied. Two of the most common species of bushy lichens are selected as the test systems. The objects of research are two species of bushy lichens, which were used as a test system. From the soil lichens, the species Cladonia stellaris was studied. From the epiphytic lichens, the species Usnea subfloridana was studied. The material was collected in the vegetation period (spring-autumn) from the three test plots (in the center, at the periphery and outside the tectonic node - the background point) in the pine-bilberry forest stands with the same composition.It was established that the ash content of lichen samples Cladonia stellaris and Usnea subfloridana increases in the direction from the background point and further from the periphery to the center of the node. The ash content for samples growing in the center of the tectonic node is in 2-7 times higher than in the background point and reaches of 7 %. The ash content for samples growing in the periphery of the site is in 1.5–2 times higher than in the background point. This dependence indicates a significant accumulation of the metals in the lichen thallomes in the zone of tectonic faults. The similar dependence for both lichens is observed in the content of ascorbic acid, catalase activity and antioxidant activity. It was shown that in the center of the node the lichen contains up to 190 μg·g-1 of ascorbic acid, the catalase activity is up to 17 u.o.d. g-1·s-1, and antioxidant activity is up to 53%, while at the background point these indices do not exceed 130 μg·g-1 , 7 u.o.d. g-1·s-1 and 35%, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that under stress condition there is a free-radical oxidation that can regarded as a marker of development of a non-specific stable in lichens under the influence of various stressors.
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Negreanu-Pîrjol, Ticuța, Rodica Sîrbu, and Ștefan Bogdan Negreanu-Pîrjol. "Preliminary Data Regarding Total Chlorophylls, Carotenoids and Flavonoids Content in Flavoparmelia Caperata (L.) Hale Lichens Species." European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences 2, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/849rvg48r.
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Flavoparmelia caperata L. Hale (common greenshield lichen) is an Ascomycete, foliose lichen usually growing on tree bark in most mesophytic-forested habitats in Romania. Lichen samples were collected from three stations in Romania (Craiova, Timișoara, Hoia-Baciu Forest, Cluj) and extracted in 96% ethanol. Both dry lichen tissue powder and extracts were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry for determining photosynthetic pigment concentrations (chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids). Dry tissue samples had chlorophyll a concentrations of 95.12-109.59 mg/kg DW, chlorophyll b concentrations of 88.53-110.98 mg/kg and total carotenoids 88.89-102.85 mg/kg. Alcoholic extracts of fresh lichen tissue showed an extreme variability, with 715.97-10331.50 mg/kg chlorophyll a, 527.77-8124.20 mg/kg chlorophyll b, 1125.72-8714.90 mg/kg carotenoids pigments, with the highest values in samples from Craiova. A lower variability was observed in flavonoid contents, with 461.78-966.02 mg/kg DW in dry powder and 815.56-2734.135 mg/kg in ethanolic extracts. Extracts of lichens from Craiova had a decreased content of total flavonoids compared with the other two lichens ethanol extracts.
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González-Montelongo, Cristina, and Israel Pérez-Vargas. "Together Apart: Evaluating Lichen-Phorophyte Specificity in the Canarian Laurel Forest." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8101031.
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The effects of host tree identity on epiphyte lichen communities are a controversial issue, as the results obtained in different forest environments studied are not consistent. We investigated the host preferences for lichens in the laurel forest of Macaronesia. For this purpose, we analyzed the lichen communities growing on the four most common trees (Erica canariensis Rivas-Mart., M. Osorio and Wildpret, Morella faya (Aiton) Wilbur, Laurus novoca-nariensis Rivas-Mart., Lousa, Fern. Prieto, E. Días, J.C. Costa and C. Aguiar, and Ilex canariensis Poir. in Lamarck) in the laurel forest of the Canary Islands. The diversity, richness, and lichen composition showed a repetitive and common pattern with the functional traits studied. Although the existence of specificity with respect to the phorophyte species was not demonstrated, there was a clear affinity of the epiphytic lichens to the physico-chemical features of the bark (texture and pH), canopy architecture, foliar characteristics, etc. Our results highlight the importance of the natural diversity of tree species in the laurel forest. Due to the diversity and uniqueness of the lichen species that support each of the phorophytes, this fact should be taken into account in landscape protection and restoration actions, especially in those islands where the forest is highly fragmented.
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Joly, Kyle, and Matthew D. Cameron. "Early fall and late winter diets of migratory caribou in northwest Alaska." Rangifer 38, no. 1 (March 7, 2018): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.38.1.4107.
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Lichens are the primary winter forage for large herds of migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus). Caribou select for lichens more than they are available across the landscape and they generally avoid, during winter, habitat that has been burned by wildfires for decades while lichen abundance recovers. However, the relative importance of lichens in the diet is subject to debate. From 2010-2013, we conducted one of the largest microhistological studies of the early fall (58 samples from 1 site) and late winter (338 samples from 58 sites) diets of barren-ground caribou. Lichens constituted ~ 71% of the late winter diets of caribou in northwest Alaska, whereas moss (11%) and shrubs (9%) were the next most common forage items. Early fall diets were very similar to late winter, perhaps because deciduous vegetation is senescent during both periods. Diets of males, non-pregnant females and pregnant females were not significantly different. Pregnancy was not associated with the abundance of any forage type during winter but was associated with higher physiological stress. This result was expected as fall body condition dictates conception, caribou are ‘capital’ breeders, and gestation can be energetically demanding. Caribou that migrated south (i.e., wintered south of 67.1°N) had lower levels of nutritional stress, higher levels of lichen in the diet, and lower levels of moss and shrubs compared to caribou that did not migrate south. Future investigations into the potential connection between lichen abundance in the winter diet and survivorship, as well as linking the late summer diets of individuals to their reproductive success, should be undertaken.
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Root, Heather T., Gregory G. McGee, and Ralph D. Nyland. "Effects of two silvicultural regimes with large tree retention on epiphytic macrolichen communities in Adirondack northern hardwoods, New York, USA." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 10 (October 2007): 1854–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-053.
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We sampled epiphytic lichen communities in nine Adirondack northern hardwood stands: three old growth, three reserve shelterwood, and three single-tree selection systems. Our objectives were to assess the effects of treatment, tree diameter at breast height, and their interaction on lichen communities and to determine whether lichen traits were associated with particular habitats. Lichen community composition was strongly related to tree diameter at breast height and differed between old growth and reserve shelterwoods. Lichen community composition was also related to an interaction between tree size and stand type. Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. was associated with large trees in old growth, whereas Evernia mesomorpha Nyl., Parmelia sulcata Taylor, and Physcia millegrana Degel. characterized those in shelterwood stands. Nitrophilous lichens were most common on small trees and in reserve shelterwoods, whereas small trees in selection systems and old growth supported lichens that were found to be most associated with larger trees overall. Selection systems apparently maintained lichen communities indistinguishable from those in old growth or reserve shelterwood. Because large trees hosted unique epiphyte assemblages particularly rich in fruticose and cyanolichen species, we expect that management retaining few or no large trees will alter epiphytic lichen communities.
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Fałtynowicz, Wiesław. "The dynamics and role of lichens in a managed Cladonia-Scotch pine forest (Cladonio-Pinetum)." Monographiae Botanicae 69 (2014): 1–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/mb.1986.002.
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The <em>Cladonia</em>-Scotch pine forest is a community seriously endangered by man's influence. Secondary succession in the <em>Cladonio-Pinetum</em> habitat is discussed and four stages of succession are distinguished. These are correlated with the succession of cryptogamous plants, mainly lichens, on decaying pine stumps and on pine trunks. The effects of the most common methods in forest management on the floristic composition, the phytocenotic structure and the biomass of the <em>Cladonio-Pinetum</em> herb and moss-lichen layers have been investigated. The include mineral fertilization, introduction of underbrush, grazing and litter-raking. These methods are shown to have on adverse effect on lichen growth. Also presented is an analysis of the lichen flora and the characteristics of the more important plant communities containing lichens in the north-western part to the Bory Tucholskie woodland (northern Poland).
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KELLER, Christine. "Artificial substrata colonized by freshwater lichens." Lichenologist 37, no. 4 (July 2005): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282905014672.
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Small clay cubes, fired at different temperatures and mounted with nylon touch and close fastener (Velcro®) on acrylic glass plates, were used in an experimental design to study colonization of artificial substrata by lichens. The cubes were exposed in alpine streams for either 5–7 y at five different sites in the Swiss Alps: Flüelatal (three sites) and Brigels (Canton of Graubünden), and Eggerberg (Canton of Valais). Only a few cubes were lost, except at two sites, where complete plates were lost – due to the strong water current and, probably, trampling by cattle. After 3 y, freshwater lichens had grown at three sites. At the most elevated site, colonization was observed after 4 y; at one site no lichen growth was recorded. The first colonizers of the new substrata were the locally most common species. Freshwater lichens preferred the surfaces of clay cubes fired at lower temperature, whereas exposed pieces of local rocks were less frequently colonized. Improvements in the experimental design are suggested.
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Almola, Zakaria S., Basheer A. Al-Ni'ma, and Nadeem A. Ramadan. "Lichen diversity in Amadiya and Rowanduz disricts in Iraq." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 24, no. 1 (June 25, 2017): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v24i1.33002.
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The lichen biota of the Amadiya and Rowanduz districts in the Mountain physiogeographic region in Iraq was sampled in 2013. The samples provided 47 species belonging to 29 genera and 14 families. Among them 37 species are new records for Iraq. All species except Lichinella cribellifera and Thelidium sp. were found in Amadiya district whereas only 13 species occurred in Rowanduz district. Most of the species (59.5%) were crustose, while 27.6% were foliose, 12.7 % squamulose and none fruticose. The three most species-rich genera are Caloplaca with 7 species, Collema with 5 species and Aspicilia with 3 species; 6 genera were represented by 2 species and 20 by single species. All saxicolous lichens were calciphilic while the corticolous lichens were acidophilic. The most common and dominant species is Lecanora muralis, found in all 17 studied locations.Keywords: Lichens; Iraq; Physiogeographic regions; Mountain region.Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 24(1): 2332, 2017 (June)
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Botting, Rachel S., and Arthur L. Fredeen. "Contrasting terrestrial lichen, liverwort, and moss diversity between old-growth and young second-growth forest on two soil textures in central British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 1 (January 2006): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-146.
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The diversity and abundance of terrestrial lichens, mosses, and liverworts were examined and compared between two ages of forest (old-growth and young second-growth) on two dominant soil types (fine- and coarse-textured soils) in subboreal spruce forests in central British Columbia. Major differences in species composition were found between forest ages, with 30% of species found only in old-growth forest and 21% found only in young second-growth forest. Liverworts were much more common in old-growth sites with half the liverwort species found exclusively in old-growth, and 90% of the recorded liverwort observations occurring there. Different moss species assemblages dominated old-growth and second-growth sites, with much of the terrestrial cover of second-growth sites composed of Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. Young second-growth forest had higher cover of lichen species than old-growth forest. Lichens and bryophytes used different terrestrial substrates in each forest age, with higher cover of mosses and lichens occurring on woody substrates in old-growth, irrespective of substrate availability. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination clearly separated plots by forest age and also showed soil texture to be a defining variable. Though not statistically significant, there was increased bryophyte diversity on coarse-textured soils and increased lichen cover on fine-textured soils.
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Richardson, David H. S. "A Field Key to Common Churchyard Lichens." Bryologist 108, no. 3 (September 2005): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745(2005)108[0478:r]2.0.co;2.
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Tarasova, V. N., T. Ahti, O. Vitikainen, A. V. Sonina, and L. Myllys. "The revision of lichens, lichenicolous and non-lichenized fungi from the Vodlozersky National Park (Republic of Karelia, Russia) in the Herbarium of the Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki." Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 53, no. 2 (November 2019): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2019.53.2.337.
Full textAbstract:
This is a report of a revision of 565 herbarium specimens of lichens, lichenicolous or non-lichenized fungi and additional locality records of common species produced from a visit of the Russian-Finnish expedition to Vodlozersky National Park right after its foundation in 1991. The analyzed collection and field records represent the earliest information about the lichen flora of the territory of the park. In total, 177 species are listed including 173 lichens, 3 non-lichenized and 1 lichenicolous fungi. Xylographa rubescens is new to the Republic of Karelia. Twenty two species are reported for the first time for biogeographic province Karelia transonegensis; 47 species for the Karelian part of Vodlozersky National Park; and 17 species for the whole territory of the park.
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Ahmadjian, V., and J. B. Jacobs. "Artificial Re-Establishment of Lichens IV. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Thalli of Usnea Strigosa." Lichenologist 17, no. 2 (June 1985): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282985000202.
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AbstractSynthetic thalli of Usnea strigosa produced the same fibril morphology and secondary compounds as natural thalli. The outer cortex of synthetic lichens was covered with crystals of usnic acid and compounds related to norstictic acids. The common presence on the fibrils of lichen acids suggests that these compounds have a functional role in the symbiosis. During alcohol dehydration, crystals of usnic acid dissolved and left impressions in the mucilage around the symbionts. The impressions were valuable indicators of the position of crystals in the lichen thallus. Crystal impressions of usnic acid were common on the cortical hyphae and were seen also on the surface of algal cells. The crystal impressions were larger in the synthetic lichen than in natural thalli. Impressions of norstictic acid and related compounds were not seen.
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GREEN, T. G. Allan, Ana PINTADO, Jose RAGGIO, and Leopoldo Garcia SANCHO. "The lifestyle of lichens in soil crusts." Lichenologist 50, no. 3 (May 2018): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282918000130.
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AbstractLichens are one of the common dominant biota in biological soil crusts (biocrusts), a community that is one of the largest in extent in the world. Here we present a summary of the main features of the lifestyle of soil crust lichens, emphasizing their habitat, ecophysiology and versatility. The soil crust is exposed to full light, often to high temperatures and has an additional water source, the soil beneath the lichens. However, despite the open nature of the habitat the lichens are active under shady and cooler conditions and avoid climate extremes of high temperature and light. In temperate and alpine habitats they can also be active for long periods, several months in some cases. They show a mixture of physiological constancy (e.g. similar activity periods and net photosynthetic rates) but also adaptations to the habitat (e.g. the response of net photosynthesis to thallus water content can differ for the same lichen species in Europe and the USA and some species show extensive rhizomorph development). Despite recent increased research, aspects of soil crust ecology, for example under snow, remain little understood.
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Palo, R. Thomas. "Usnic acid, a secondary metabolite of lichens and its effect on in vitro digestibility in reindeer." Rangifer 13, no. 1 (October 1, 1993): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.13.1.1071.
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Usnic acid, a common secondary metabolite in prefered lichens by reindeer and caribou, has been tested for its effect on In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility (IVDMD) using inocula from four reindeer. When Cladonia alpestris (stellaris (OpicJ) was used as substrate and reindeer rumen liqour as media of incubation together with usnic acid, digestibility was considerably enhanced. This was also true for a lower prefered lichen Stereocaulon paschale (L.), but the effect was less pronounced. The results suggest that reindeer host some rumen microorganism able to metabolize lichen secondary metabolities.
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RAJAKARUNA, Nishanta, Kerry KNUDSEN, Alan M. FRYDAY, Ryan E. O'DELL, Nathaniel POPE, Fred C. OLDAY, and Suzie WOOLHOUSE. "Investigation of the importance of rock chemistry for saxicolous lichen communities of the New Idria serpentinite mass, San Benito County, California, USA." Lichenologist 44, no. 5 (August 24, 2012): 695–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282912000205.
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AbstractAlthough several lichen inventories exist for European ultramafic sites, only four surveys of serpentine lichens for North America have been published to date. Of those, only one has been conducted in California. We conducted a survey of saxicolous lichens from ultramafic rocks (including nephrite, partially serpentinized peridotite, and serpentinite) and non-ultramafic rocks (including silica-carbonate, shale, and sandstone) at the New Idria serpentinite mass, San Benito County, California. X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of the rocks from which the lichens were collected revealed significant elemental differences between the ultramafic and non-ultramafic rocks for 26 of the 32 major and trace elements analyzed. We identified a total of 119 species of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi; 60 species were restricted to ultramafic substrata, 19 to silica-carbonate, and 15 to shale and sandstone. Only 4 species were shared in common. A permutational multivariate analysis of variance (perMANOVA) test revealed significant differences in lichen assemblages between ultramafic and non-ultramafic rocks at the species level but not at the generic level, with species richness (alpha-diversity) significantly greater at the ultramafic sites. We suggest that, although differences in geochemistry clearly influence the lichen community composition, other factors, especially substratum age and the physical characteristics of the rock, are of equal, if not greater, importance. Of all the species collected, six, Buellia aethalea, B. ocellata, Caloplaca oblongula, Rhizocarpon saurinum, Thelocarpon laureri, and Trapelia obtegens, are reported new to California, along with an apparently previously undescribed Solenopsora sp. The rest of the species encountered are relatively frequent in the lichen flora of southern and central California, except Aspicilia praecrenata, a rare California endemic that we collected on both ultramafic and non-ultramafic rocks.
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Geyikoglu, F., H. Turkez, and A. Aslan. "The protective roles of some lichen species on colloidal bismuth subcitrate genotoxicity." Toxicology and Industrial Health 23, no. 8 (September 2007): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233708089044.
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Medicinal plants are increasingly being projected as suitable alternative source for the treatment of various diseases. However, toxic effects resulting from therapeutic bismuth compounds are still documented in animals and humans. This study described the genetic effects of five common lichen species and compared their activities on the genotoxicity induced by the colloidal bismuth subcitrate. After the application of colloidal bismuth subcitrate and lichen extracts, separate and together, human whole blood cultures were assessed by sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronucleus tests. According to our results, the frequencies of SCE and micronucleus rate in peripheral lymphocytes were significantly increased by colloidal bismuth subcitrate (at dose 5 μg/mL) compared with controls. However, lichen extracts had no genotoxic effect. The order of anti-genotoxicity efficacy against colloidal bismuth subcitrate was Pseudevernia furfuracea, Dermotocarpon intestiniforme, Ramalina capitata, Parmelia pulla, respectively. However, Rhizoplaca melanophthalma did not show any effect against colloidal bismuth subcitrate genotoxicity. Present findings showed that the protective roles of lichens studied were dose related. In conclusion, this is the first study report describing the therapeutic potential of lichens against drug genotoxicity in human blood.