Academic literature on the topic 'Common law – terminology'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Common law – terminology.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Common law – terminology"
1
Komissarov, Mykola, and Natalia Komissarova. "TERMINOLOGY OF CRIMINAL LAW." Law Journal of Donbass 75, no. 2 (2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2021-75-2-67-73.
Full textAbstract:
In this article questions about the expediency of using semantically accurate and clear terms in norm-setting that as correctly as possible denote acts, things, or persons because of the illegal actions or corpus delicti which are described in the relevant article of the Ukrainian Criminal Code are considered. On the example of several articles of current Ukrainian Criminal Code approaches of improving regulatory acts by using successful legal and common terms are being proposed. Criteria that could be a foundation when creating and improving legislation in general and criminal in particular being considered. Being proposed particular, more accurate, terms for replacement of the current, but not appropriate terms. Emphasis is placed on that each legal act should be write down very clear for ordinary people to increase the efficiency of positive criminal liability institution. Being determined main types of misuse of terms, which includes the use of terms without considering their content load by lawmakers; lawmakers' use of terms taking into account pre-determined actions that are not reflected in the body of the law but are marked by an unfortunate term, or use specific terms where their use is inappropriate. Taking everything above into account and considering the prevalence of legal terminology outside the professional community, questions related to the accuracy, intelligibility, simplicity, clarity of legal language are emphasized, in particular terminology of criminal law. Works of the most popular scientists whether in the field of legal terms or in the field of criminal law are analyzed. It is argued that the clarity of the legal norm, criminal law, in particular, will avoid arbitrariness and abuse by law enforcement agencies and more effectively implement the concept of positive criminal liability in society.
2
Lilleholt, Kåre. "Notes on the Proposal for a New Directive on Consumer Rights." European Review of Private Law 17, Issue 3 (June 1, 2009): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2009023.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: The author asserts that the proposal for a new horizontal directive on consumer rights offers no substantial improvements to consumer protection while the full harmonization clause of the proposal will result in a reduced level of protection in all Member States. Surprisingly, the proposal makes little use of the terminology of the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). Resumé : L’auteur estime que la proposition de directive horizontale relative aux droits des consommateurs n’apporte aucune amélioration notable à la protection des consommateurs. Au contraire, l’harmonisation complète prévue par cette directive aura pour conséquence de réduire leur niveau de protection actuel dans tous les États membres. Étonnamment, la proposition de directive s’inspire très peu de la terminologie employée par le projet de cadre commun de référence. Zusammenfassung: Der Autor stellt fest, dass der Vorschlag für eine neue horizontale Verbraucherrechtsrichtlinie keine wesentlichen Verbesserungen des Verbraucherschutzes bewirkt. Die Vollharmonisierung führt vielmehr zu einer Absenkung des Verbraucherschutzniveaus in allen Mitgliedsstaaten. Überraschenderweise nimmt der Vorschlag wenig Bezug auf die Terminologie des Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR).
3
Anisimova, A. G., and M. A. Arkhipova. "English Law Terms: Optimizing Education Process." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(37) (August 28, 2014): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-294-299.
Full textAbstract:
The article focuses on the terminology of English law as a system. It deals with the main specific characteristics of the English legal terminology and studies the systemic nature of the terminology of Criminal Law. Nowadays, an increasing role of the study of professional language (Language for Specific Purposes) is obvious since it is a means of dissemination and exchange of professional information and a means of communication in the professional discourse. It is a system of terms that constitutes the core of the Language for Specific Purposes. The study of terminology is of paramount importance for the legal sphere of human activity where the accuracy of interpretation plays a very substantial part. Legal terms have a number of specific characteristics, such as: abstract nature of legal notions; introduction of new terms by regulatory organizations; an important role of judicial interpretation in constituting shades of meaning of a legal terminological unit; and the fact that a legal term may belong to a particular area of Law, which makes it possible to refer it to the category of general legal, branch-wise, or inter-branch vocabulary. Every term has its particular place among other elements of a system and is related to them in a particular way. A terminological system should be considered as a whole, and there are particular hierarchical relations between its elements. Within a terminological system, it is possible to seta hierarchy of generic and specific terms that can form the so-called semantic field. One of the features demonstrating the systemic links within a terminology is the existence of some typical structural models, according to which terms are coined. An important criterion is the predominance ofterminological word-combinations of a certain type. For example, in the terminology of Criminal Law the models Noun + Preposition + Noun and Adjective + Noun are the most common structural models. Another important criterion of a systemic nature of terminology is the existence of antonymous relations between terminological units. Undoubtedly, systemic approach to terminological studies allows optimizing the learning process.
4
Pozzo, Barbara. "Harmonisation of European Contract Law and the Need of Creating a Common Terminology." European Review of Private Law 11, Issue 6/6 (December 1, 2003): 754–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2003048.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: The third contribution to the symposium held at Ghent addresses the issue of a common legal terminology in Europe. In doing so, the author also presents first results of a research into that question undertaken last year. In particular, she discusses the following topics: the concept of contract; defects of consent; the discharge of a contractual relationship; and the impact of Community directives.
5
Pejovic, Caslav. "Civil Law and Common Law: Two Different Paths Leading to the Same Goal." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 32, no. 3 (August 4, 2001): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v32i3.5873.
Full textAbstract:
"There are many ways to skin a cat".While there are many legal issues which are dealt with in the same way by the civil law and Common Law systems, there remain also significant differences between these two legal systems related to legal structure, classification, fundamental concepts and terminology. This paper does not deal with theoretical examination of differences between the common law and the civil law, but focuses rather on various distinctive features of civil law and common law, with several illustrations of resulting differences in both substantive law and procedural law. These differences are not examined in detail as they should serve only as illustration of those differences. The paper does not enter into polemic as to which legal system is better and what are the advantages of common law or of civil law. The purpose of this short study is simply to highlight some of the main conceptual differences between common law and civil law systems, and to explore the possibilities of reconciling of some of those differences.
6
Künnecke, Martina. "English as Common Legal Language: Its Expansion and the Effects on Civil Law and Common Law Lawyers." European Review of Private Law 24, Issue 5 (October 1, 2016): 733–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2016044.
Full textAbstract:
English has become the common language in a globalized legal world. However, the far-reaching consequences of the domination of key areas of the international practice of law by legal English are not yet fully understood and analysed. This article is concerned with an analysis of the expansion of legal English in global legal practice. This area has also been described as the ‘Law Market’, i.e. the area of activities of global lawyers in coping with the regulatory and legal frameworks in which international businesses function.’2 Much of the existing research into legal English as a common language is concerned with the development of legal English as a vehicle language for non-native English speakers in the sense of a lingua franca.3 The discussion is divided into either promoting the use of legal English as global language4 or pointing to its limitations ‘in that its legal terminology is premised on the tools of the (minority) common law system’5. This article aims to assess the interface and dynamics between lawyers using legal English as a common language as well as foreign languages in their legal work. This includes lawyers trained in the common law and/or civil law. Its aim is to gain a better understanding of global lawyering and communication in law and business relationships and to develop strategies for the internationalization of legal education and training in the UK.
7
TURCHYN, I., N. DUBNEVYCH, and L. HUNYA. "LEGAL TERMINOLOGY TRANSLATION IN THE TRAINING OF LAW STUDENTS: DIFFICULTIES." Current issues of linguistics and translations studies, no. 27 (April 27, 2023): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2415-7929-2023-27-28.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents certain difficulties in translating legal terms in training future lawyers. The translation of legal terminology is a comprehensive process that involves knowledge of grammar, common and legal vocabulary, words and phrases of Latin origin, and others. Definitions of «legal terminology», «legal term» and «legal translation» are highlighted. It is stated that legal translation requires a translator’s awareness of the laws, culture, history, national traditions of the source language and the target language in order to reproduce the source information of the target language adequately and fully. The importance of translation dictionaries of legal terminology is emphasized. It is highlighted that information in the third edition of «Documents of the Consultative Council of European Judges» is available in English and Ukrainian. The educational tutorial “Comparative Judicial Law” in the Ukrainian language, which contains information for a full understanding of the judicial system for translating terms has been analyzed. The difficulties of rendering words of Latin origin, passive voice, and clichés are analyzed on the basis of the court case «Francisco Cunanan Pamintuan, Petitioner v. Department of the Navy». It should be remembered that Latin words and phrases are often not translated. The court-presented examples may be used without modification, however, it is advisable to explain or translate them when using them in foreign language classes. One has revealed the methods of translation of legal terms-realities, which are non-equivalent lexical units, as it is difficult to reflect the national identity of a certain country and to find an equivalent that conveys stylistic and semantic nuances in the text of the source language. It has been made clear how important it is to understand the laws, customs, and culture of both one’s own country and the native speaker’s country. It is emphasized that lawyers who work with foreign clients or help Ukrainians who have partners abroad must understand linguistic problems and know legal terms in the process of communication. It is noted that a promising area for the education of law students is the compilation of explanatory and translation dictionaries, which will also help to further lexicography.
8
YAKOVLEVA, Olga, and Yulianna TSVIETKOVA. "The Forming of the Modern Legal Terminology in Hebrew: Methods and Other Legal System Influence." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 75 (1) (2024): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2024.1.02.
Full textAbstract:
The article is dedicated to the peculiarities of the legal terminology formation, which took place in the process of the restoration of the Hebrew language and its becoming the official state language of the modern Israel. The legal system of Israel has been created during XX century, after near two-thousand-year period of its existence without own state, being limited to the small community’s common and religious law in different languages only. Thus, creation of the own state has demanded not only to adapt the legal institutes, but to develop new actual terminology in the new official state language. But the terminology complex of the Hebrew was based on the ancient language sources, so creation or adapting of the classic Hebrew words for the definition of the modern legal terms became a great scientific challenge. In the article we conclude, that new lexemes were not created in the process of the Israel legal terminology formation, but the old texts words were chosen, usually with some rethinking and reinterpretation of its meanings. This approach provides the possibility to avoid direct borrowing of the terms, which is a typical process in the reception of law in other states. Despite the fact that, in addition to the English Common Law, the formation of Israel’s legal system was influenced by the Ottoman and Romano-Germanic law, concepts from the English legal system were taken as the basis for the selection of many basic terms. The terms creation was not limited to formal denomination only. Often the process becomes more substantive, noticing the etymology, the content of the legal institute and the mechanisms of the practical law-enforcements. After this deep scientific work of the linguists and lawyers Hebrew terminology of the Israel legal system fully expresses the content and the scope of the concepts of the relevant legal institutes.
9
Kozanecka, Paulina. "Chinese Legal Terminology in European and Asian Contexts Analysed on the Example of Freedom of Contract Limits Related to State, Law and Publicity." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2018-0008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this research was to analyse Chinese legal terminology related to limits of freedom of contract in juxtaposition with other European and Asian legal systems. The study was limited to state, law and publicity. The purpose of the comparison was to add a broader perspective to the research on Chinese legal terminology. The research material included civil codes and contract laws of selected European and Asian countries. Among the European codes the great ones were obviously included – French, Austrian and German, as well as those of less importance, but still relevant in Europe, such as Italian, Spanish codes or Swiss Law of Obligation, and also codes of Slavic and simultaneously post-socialist countries, like Poland, Czech Republic and Russia. In the case of Asia, the codes of China, Japan, South Korea and Vietnam were analysed. The question asked was whether the terminology used in Chinese law is unique or repeated and if so, how common it is in comparison with other legal systems. The research methods included the parametric approach to legal terminology comparison and techniques of legal construction (interpretation).
10
Vázquez y del Árbol, Esther. "English versus Spanish Procedural Law Terminology and Phraseology: Troublesome Features for Translators." Lebende Sprachen 63, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/les-2018-0004.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractLegal translation is increasingly demanded in the professional market.When a translator tackles the translation of a source text from the same law system as to the target text the difficulties encountered may not prove very onerous. Nevertheless, when the translation brief comprises heterogeneous legal systems it places the translator into a difficult translation task. That is precisely the case of Common Law versus Civil Law and the legislation arising therefrom: Procedural Law. In this paper we will explain the features of procedural legal discourse and the tools for providing an adequate translation (English-Spanish/Spanish-English) for the terminology and phraseology identified in our bilingual corpus.
Books on the topic "Common law – terminology"
1
Browne, Irving. The judicial interpretation of common words and phrases. Buffalo, N.Y: W.S. Hein, 1998.
Find full text
2
Jesup, Stimson Frederic. Glossary of technical terms, phrases, and maxims of the common law. Union, N.J: Lawbook Exchange, 1999.
Find full text
3
National Program for the Integration of the Two Official Languages in the Administration of Justice (Canada), ed. Dictionnaire canadien de la common law: Droit des biens et droit successoral : terminologie française normalisée = Canadian common law dictionary : law of property and estates : standardized French terminology. Cowansville, Québec: Éditions Y. Blais, 1997.
Find full text
4
author, Sours Patricia, ed. Common law legal English and grammar: A contextual approach. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2014.
Find full text
5
Bénédicte, Fauvarque-Cosson, Mazeaud Denis, Racine Jean-Baptiste, Association Henri Capitant des amis de la culture juridique française., and Société de législation comparée, eds. European contract law: Materials for a common frame of reference : terminology, guiding principles, model rules. Munich: Sellier. European Law Publishers, 2008.
Find full text
6
Hay, David, M.A., LL.M., ed. Words and phrases legally defined. 4th ed. Edinburgh: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2007.
Find full text
7
Shumaker, Walter A. The cyclopedic law dictionary: Comprising the terms and phrases of American jurisprudence, including ancient and modern common law, international law, and numerous select titles from the civil law ... : with an exhaustive collection of legal maxims. 2nd ed. Union, N.J: Lawbook Exchange, 2001.
Find full text
8
Varo, Enrique Alcaraz. El inglés jurídico: Textos y documentos. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 1994.
Find full text
9
Varo, Enrique Alcaraz. El inglés jurídico: Textos y documentos. 5th ed. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 2001.
Find full text
10
Malaysia and MDC Sdn Bhd, eds. CEPT (goods of Asean countries origin) (common effective preferential tariff), 1995-2003. 2nd ed. Kuala Lumpur: MDC Publishers Printers, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Common law – terminology"
1
Mouritsen, Stephen. "Ordinary meaning in common law legal interpretation." In Handbook of Terminology, 72–89. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hot.3.ord1.
Full textAbstract:
Judges in the United States frequently appeal to the concept of “ordinary meaning” when tasked with interpreting legal texts. Yet U.S. judges lack a shared, coherent definition of what “ordinary meaning” actually means and they lack a shared, coherent method for discovering “ordinary meaning”. This chapter addresses some of the ways that U.S. judges characterize “ordinary meaning”. It also discusses how judges go about searching for “ordinary meaning.” The chapter also proposes that legal interpreters should place more reliance in usage evidence when tasked with interpreting a legal text and finding its “ordinary meaning”.
2
Reed, David. "VII. Some terminological Problems of Translating Common Law Concepts from English to French." In Terminology, 79. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.70.07ree.
Full text
3
Ioriatti, Elena. "Visualizing EU law through meta-concepts and legal formants." In Handbook of Terminology, 289–309. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hot.3.vis1.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter suggests an interdisciplinary approach to EU law and to European autonomous concepts, through the use of comparative law and semiotics. The object of the research is the EU legislation (a meta-language, in comparative-semiotics perspective), EU concepts (a system of signs, according to semiotics) and their interpretation (case law formant, in comparative law analyses) and transposition (national legislation formant) in the Member States. This approach to EU law and concepts highlights that the interrelation between EU legislation and the normative forces grounding the practices of law in Europe are giving rise to common contexts of meanings in the European legal setting.
4
Jopek-Bosiacka, Anna. "Definitions in law across legal cultures and jurisdictions." In Handbook of Terminology, 37–71. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hot.3.def1.
Full textAbstract:
Legal definitions organize legal texts; they create new legal concepts and clarify general language words for maximum precision. As such, they are subject to rigid drafting constraints. A comparative analysis of definitions (in common law, continental law, and that of the European Union) reveals various semantic, stylistic, text, or discursive conventions which mirror the differences between legal systems and legal cultures. The analysis integrates tools and selected methodologies from linguistics, legal theory, legal logic, logical semiotics, and comparative law. The point of reference will be the Anglo-Saxon, EU, and Polish legislative drafting guidelines. Model definitions are presented. A focus on the formulation of definitions across legal systems and cultures can contribute to the systematization of knowledge on definitions in law.
5
Chan, Clara H.-Y., and Edmund Cham. "Bilingual legal terminology in Hong Kong." In Handbook of Terminology, 191–205. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hot.3.bil1.
Full textAbstract:
The aims of this chapter are to describe the development of bilingual legal terminology in Hong Kong, to identify current issues and to explore future directions, including finding appropriate strategies to translate English legal terms into Chinese, based on key recent examples. Having been under the British rule for more than 150 years, Hong Kong is for the first time in history translating the entire common law system into Chinese. This process of “legal bilingualism” started at the legislative level and then extended to the judicial level, with the first bilingual law enacted in 1989 and the first English judgment translated into Chinese in 1995. However, there has been criticism of some newly coined Chinese legal terms. It is hoped that while the translation of case law continues, more suitable methods will be adopted to translate English legal terms into Chinese, that meet both the local needs of this post-colonial city and the needs of the Chinese world at large.
6
Tamm, Ditlev. "Courts, Law, Language and Culture." In Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, 37–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74851-7_3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article deals with some questions of legal language in the Nordic countries. It stresses the fact that, while there is no common legal language among these countries, there is still a strong common understanding even though each language (i.e., Danish, Norwegian and Swedish; Finnish is a different language) has also developed its own terminology. Nordic legal language has its roots in the first written form of the law in the years before and after 1200. Later, legal language was influenced by the German language, and, to some degree, more recently by English. The language of Nordic courts was always the vernacular. At the university, Latin was used until the eighteenth century (in dissertations still in the first part of the nineteenth century), but today studies of law are carried out in Nordic languages. There remains a great need for scholarly works on Nordic law in Nordic languages at a time when the balance between international orientation and the necessity of producing scholarly works in the national language is an issue to be discussed.
7
Schneeberger, David, Richard Röttger, Federico Cabitza, Andrea Campagner, Markus Plass, Heimo Müller, and Andreas Holzinger. "The Tower of Babel in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 65–81. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40837-3_5.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAs machine learning (ML) has emerged as the predominant technological paradigm for artificial intelligence (AI), complex black box models such as GPT-4 have gained widespread adoption. Concurrently, explainable AI (XAI) has risen in significance as a counterbalancing force. But the rapid expansion of this research domain has led to a proliferation of terminology and an array of diverse definitions, making it increasingly challenging to maintain coherence. This confusion of languages also stems from the plethora of different perspectives on XAI, e.g. ethics, law, standardization and computer science. This situation threatens to create a “tower of Babel” effect, whereby a multitude of languages impedes the establishment of a common (scientific) ground. In response, this paper first maps different vocabularies, used in ethics, law and standardization. It shows that despite a quest for standardized, uniform XAI definitions, there is still a confusion of languages. Drawing lessons from these viewpoints, it subsequently proposes a methodology for identifying a unified lexicon from a scientific standpoint. This could aid the scientific community in presenting a more unified front to better influence ongoing definition efforts in law and standardization, often without enough scientific representation, which will shape the nature of AI and XAI in the future.
8
Frischhut, Markus. "Setting the Agenda." In The Ethical Spirit of EU Values, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12714-4_1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis book is based on the open access book entitled ‘The Ethical Spirit of EU law’ (Springer, 2019), which was the outcome of the previous Jean Monnet Chair on ‘European integration & ethics’. The European Commission under Erasmus+ has kindly supported the previous Chair and the current Jean Monnet Chair on ‘EU Values & DIGitalisation for our CommuNITY (DIGNITY)’. In this 2019 book I have argued to fill certain gaps that occur if EU law refers to non-legal concepts such as ‘ethics’, with reference to the EU’s common values, as well as the fundamental rights, especially of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The current book now continues where the previous book has ended and summarises the research output of the current Jean Monnet Chair. This chapter addresses the various objectives of this book. Which values affect which levels, the European Union (EU), the EU Member States, and individuals (objective 1)? What is the temporal, content-related, personal, and territorial scope of these values (objective 2)? What is the relationship of these values to each other, the relationship between values and fundamental rights, as well as the relationship with legal and or ethical principles (objective 3)? Finally, based on the identified status quo, the question of a possible ‘future direction of travel’ will be addressed (objective 4). This first chapter also sheds light on key terminology, such as ethics and morality, values, (general) principles of EU law, (mutual) trust, as well as soft- vs. hard-law.
9
Richards, Claudina, and Viviana Mollica. "Chapter 2: The Common Law." In English Law and Terminology, 17–24. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748922995-17.
Full text
10
Mollica, Viviana, and Claudina Richards. "Chapter 2: The Common Law." In English Law and Terminology, 17–24. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845265179-17.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Common law – terminology"
1
Vlasova, Svetlana Aleksandrovna, Nikolay Evgenievich Kalenov, and Irina Nikolaevna Sobolevskaya. "On the distribution of key terms in scientific fields." In 24th Scientific Conference “Scientific Services & Internet – 2022”. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/abrau-2022-24.
Full textAbstract:
One One of the Common Digital Space of Scientific Knowledge (CDSSK) main components are the subject ontologies of individual thematic subspaces, which include the basic concepts related to this scientific area. The constructing subject ontologies task at the initial phase requires the an array of key terms formation in a given scientific are with the subsequent establishment of links between them. A similar task is in the encyclopedias formation in terms of the articles (slots) list generating that determines their content. One of the sources for the formation of the key terms array can be the metadata of articles published in the leading scientific journals. Namely, the author's key terms ("keywords" in the terminology of the journals editors) quoted by the article. To make a conclusion about the possibility of using this approach to the subject ontologies formation, it is necessary to conduct the author's key terms array preanalysis, both in terms of real correspondence to the main areas of research in this science branch and in terms of the distribution of the certain terms occurrence frequency. This article presents the results of the occurrence frequency analysis of the author's key terms in Russian and English, carried out on the software processing basis of several thousand articles from leading Russian journals in mathematics, computer science and physics, reflected in the MathNet database. An assessment was made of the distribution of key terms correspondence (as phrases) and individual words to the Bradford's law, and the key terms cores within the thematic direction were identified.
2
Hadley, Isabel, and Mustafa Koc¸ak. "Overview of the European FITNET Fitness-for-Service Procedure." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57741.
Full textAbstract:
The European FITNET consortium was convened in 2002 with the remit of preparing a procedure for fitness-for-service (FFS) evaluation of flawed engineering components. The procedure is intended to be used by a broad range of industries across Europe, and can be used at any stage in the life of an engineering component, eg design, fabrication, operation, failure analysis or life extension. This paper presents an overview of the structure of the procedure. There are four main modules, each covering a particular failure or damage mechanism: fracture, fatigue, creep and corrosion (including environmentally-assisted cracking). These are linked by the use of a common terminology and a single set of reference compendia (annexes), eg for stress intensity, plastic collapse and residual stress, so that a particular flaw can be rapidly analysed for more than one failure mechanism. The FITNET fracture assessment procedures in particular represent a significant advance compared with current published FFS procedures such as API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 and BS 7910. There is a hierarchy of different approaches, designated Options 0 to 5, the choice between them depending on the quality of information (in particular, materials property data) available to the user. This could range from Charpy and tensile data only (Option 0) through to the constraint-dependence of fracture toughness (Option 5). Other Options allow crack driving force to be calculated directly from FEA (Option 4), or permit weld metal strength mismatch to be taken into account (Option 2). The fatigue analysis module likewise contains several alternative approaches, termed Routes. Some (Routes 1–3) are based on the concept of a nominally flaw-free structure, whilst Route 4 is based on cycle-by-cycle integration of the Paris law, and Route 5 addresses non-planar flaws. FITNET also set itself the goal of providing training in FFS techniques, both through a series of seminars held during the project (2002–2006) and through provision of lasting training material (slides, tutorials, case studies and a validation document), which are now publicly available.
3
Sholokhov, Vitaliy. "THE NOOSPHERE IS A CO-EVOLUTION OF MAN WITH NATURE AND SOCIETY." In Globalistics-2020: Global issues and the future of humankind. Interregional Social Organization for Assistance of Studying and Promotion the Scientific Heritage of N.D. Kondratieff / ISOASPSH of N.D. Kondratieff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46865/978-5-901640-33-3-2020-259-267.
Full textAbstract:
“We live in the Anthropocene, a geologic epoch, when human activity becomes the determining factor for the planet” [1].
Humanity is global species, an integral part of The Earth's ecosystem. [2]/ “Common humanity becomes a powerful geological force. And here for its thought and work comes the question of rebuilding the biosphere in the interests of free-thinking common humanity. This state of the biosphere, which we are approaching without noticing is the “noosphere” [3].
In 1977 we built and analyzed a model of interaction between man and nature.Its results tell us about the conditions of “sustainable development” (in modern terminology) in the process of co-evolution of man and nature.
We will explain and substantiate the model of interaction between man and nature on the basis of K. Hempel's analytical philosophy and his theoretical position that “general laws have quite similar functions in history and natural sciences, and that they form an integral instrument of historical research” [4, C.8.16]. For this purpose, it is necessary to show that the model we have chosen has ontological foundations.
The results of the study of solutions obtained from the analysis of the system of equations are in accord with the conclusions of Synergy on the system of global attractors.
4
Lulić, Mira, Davor Muhvić, and Ivana Rešetar Čulo. "IN SUPPORT OF THE DEBATE ON THE TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO THE TERMS CLIMATE REFUGEES, CLIMATE MIGRANTS, ENVIRONMENTALLY DISPLACED PERSONS AND SIMILAR TERMS." In International Scientific Conference “Digitalization and Green Transformation of the EU“. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/27441.
Full textAbstract:
The paper deals with the terminological issues concerning the growing phenomenon of people fleeing their homes and states because they can no longer live normal lives or any lives at all due to the impact of climate change. This is particularly the case in poor coastal and small island states due to rising sea levels. To date, various terms are used in the scientific literature to describe these people, such as climate refugees, climate migrants, environmentally displaced persons, ecological migrants or eco-migrants, climate induced migrants, seasonal migrants, low-lying peoples, forced climate migrants, climate change-related migrants, survival refugees, etc. These terms are also often used in reports by international governmental and non-governmental organisations, in political speeches and texts, in the media, on social networks, by activists, etc. Since there is no academic and political consensus on the appropriate term, there is also no generally accepted consensus on what exactly constitutes this category of vulnerable people. The paper provides an analysis of existing (proposed) terms and concepts and warns that some of them are ill-suited, misleading, inaccurate, and/or do not comply with (international) law and official legal terminology. This is particularly true for the term climate refugees, as the term refugee under the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol does not include displacement caused by environmental factors. Without uniform terms, definitions of concepts and clearly stated rights in international and national legal systems, these multi-million groups of people cannot benefit from appropriate and effective legal protection. Based on a critical analysis of the elements of the most commonly used terms and concepts, the paper proposes to discard some of them and advocates for the legally and politically most acceptable solution.
5
Hudson, Edward, David Anderson, and Nick Camilli. "ASME OM ISTB Code Vibration Changes: Vibration Calibration Frequency Response Range and Wording Changes." In ASME/NRC 2022 14th OM Code Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nrc2022-76987.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In July of year 2020, The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Condition Based Maintenance User Group (CBMUG) held an annual meeting. During the proceedings, the group requested that an effort be made to pursue changes to ASME OM ISTB. Two changes were requested: 1. Changes to ISTB-3510 concerning calibration of vibration instruments at low frequencies. 2. Changes to various locations wording concerning the use of the term “broadband (unfiltered)” vibration data. In July of 2020, EPRI submitted proposed changes to the ASME ISTB Code Committee and presented the requests during a virtual meeting. Change 1: Operating Nuclear Plants are required by NUREG-1482 to follow ASME OM ISTB-3510(e) calibration requirements for vibration instruments used for in-service testing. Instruments accuracy must be ± 5% from 1/3 running speed to at least 1000 Hz. The industry has historically experienced difficulty in meeting this requirement on slow speed pumps resulting in proliferation of relief requests in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. Revision of NUREG-1482 in 2013 caused concerns among users in relation to the validity of the existing reliefs. Change 2: The term “Broadband Unfiltered” is used in various locations in the OM code to describe vibration data. This terminology was common in an earlier era of analog vibration data collection equipment but is confusing to a new generation of vibration analysts accustomed to using modern digital vibration instruments.
6
Jelfs, Tim, James O’Neill, and Angus Beveridge. "Building the UK ABWR: Developments in Structural Integrity Safety Cases for Highest Reliability Components in the UK." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84038.
Full textAbstract:
Nuclear power plants contain certain components whose gross failure would lead to intolerable radiological consequences. In the UK, a common terminology used for such components is Very High Integrity (VHI). If it is not possible to engineer lines of protection for these components, a safety case must demonstrate to UK regulators that the probability of gross failure is demonstrably so low that it can be discounted. A previous paper [Ref. 1] has described, at a high level, how the structural integrity safety case for a nuclear new build project in the UK — the UK Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (UK ABWR) is being structured. As described in [Ref. 1], the structural integrity safety case for the UK ABWR is based on the guidance provided by the UK Technical Advisory Group on Structural Integrity (TAGSI) and aims to demonstrate a multi-legged safety case with robust and independent legs giving confidence of defense in depth. Design to the internationally recognized ASME code [Refs. 2, 3, 4] is supplemented by a significant number of beyond code requirements such as supplementary inspection and inspection qualification, augmented material testing requirements, defect tolerance assessment to the well-established R6 procedure [Ref. 5], and demonstration that design and manufacturing processes have reduced risks to As Low as Reasonably Practicable (ALARP). This paper provides an updated position of the progress made on the UK ABWR project. It also provides more specific details on the activities the future licensee, Horizon Nuclear Power, has performed in support of the demonstration that design and manufacturing processes have reduced risks to ALARP. This kind of additional work is vital to providing the UK regulator with confidence that the risk of failure of VHI components has been reduced to ALARP.
7
Monakhova, Elena, and Elena Yurieva. "Term-Phraseological Units in Professionally Oriented Texts: Semantic and Structural Peculiarities (On the Material of LSP Insurance)." In GLOCAL Conference on Mediterranean and European Linguistic Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology 2022. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/comela22.4-5.
Full textAbstract:
Political and social transformations have led to changes in lexical systems of national languages, which respond vividly to the emergent needs of society. The loss by special lexical units (terms) of their terminological exclusiveness, and their transition into the sphere of general use, indicates human involvement in economic, political, social, and other spheres, and the human dependence on current processes. Owing to a constant and continuous exchange between language for general purposes and language for specific purposes, and one which is bidirectional, the transition of word combinations and phraseological units into the sphere of special use has culminated in a process of determinism. Here, terminological units, for instance, LSP units, have begun to become widely used in language for general purposes. The active penetration of phraseology into the professional sphere of communication has encouraged linguists to conduct respective work in this field. One such aspect of phraseological unit study is their functioning in professional spheres, whereby scientists widely consider and discuss the problem of origin and use of term-phraseological units. Considering the complex nature of phraseological phrases and the fact that, initially, these units belong to general literary language, these units have been labelled term-phraseological units, as they are used in a terminological context, and thus form a second, terminological meaning. Such a phenomenon emerges from the generality of laws, and the functioning of terminological and commonly used vocabulary, yet also by the desire to identify word-forming features of terminology. Therefore, we see a need to discuss the theoretical underpinnings of semantic processes that underlie the formation of terminological meaning in phraseological units, the identification of semantic-nominative features of phraseological terms, and their differences to phraseological units of language for general purposes. The paper focuses on the complexity of the mutual penetration and influence of terminological and phraseological systems of the English language. The paper reveals the current patterns in viewing language units across various fields of knowledge, and evidences the fact that insurance terms are gaining higher social significance, more so as a greater number of people are involving themselves in this field of activity.
Reports on the topic "Common law – terminology"
1
Perafán, Carlos César, and William D. Savedoff. Los pueblos indígenas y la salud: Cuestiones para la discusión y el debate. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012116.
Full textAbstract:
Recientemente algunas propuestas han puesto de relieve la necesidad de crear una perspectiva común del BID en cuanto a la promoción de la salud de pueblos indígenas. En particular, queda patente que los especialistas de la salud aportan preocupaciones diferentes a las de los especialistas en asuntos indígenas a la hora de evaluar y diseñar programas. El documento de análisis tiene como objetivo hacer explícitas esas perspectivas divergentes de modo que podamos: 1) Utilizar terminología similar y reducir el número de malentendidos; 2) Identificar áreas en las que coincidan las perspectivas; 3) Identificar y hacer explícitas aquellos asuntos en los que hay un desacuerdo de modo que se pueda llevar a cabo un debate y análisis con más información. La siguiente sección de este informe presenta un resumen de las inquietudes de los especialistas médicos, seguido por un resumen de los puntos que preocupan a aquellos que trabajan en asuntos relacionados con los pueblos indígenas. La sección final intenta resaltar las áreas de acuerdo y definir cuestiones para el debate.
2
Albertos, Carmiña, and Carmen Martín. Guía de conceptos clave para el trabajo con puebIos indígenas. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003279.
Full textAbstract:
El propósito de esta guía es ofrecer una terminología común para el trabajo con pueblos indígenas (PI) en el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID). La guía es una herramienta informativa, amigable y de referencia para ofrecer recomendaciones sobre el lenguaje más apropiado que se debe utilizar y aquel que se debiera evitar. Su objetivo es contribuir a la aclaración de conceptos clave para promover el diálogo horizontal y la adecuación sociocultural de programas de desarrollo en un marco de interculturalidad.
3
Daza Garzón, Claudia Liliana. Toma de decisión estadística. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcnc.31.
Full textAbstract:
La finalidad del presente material, de tipo académico, es concienciar y exhortar, a cualquier futuro profesional o a los que ya se encuentran en el ejercicio de su profesión, a ser objetivos en momentos de toma de decisión en un entorno cotidiano, laboral, científico o de índole profesional. Esta nota de clase se encuentra distribuida en tres partes: 1) conceptos generales de tipo estadístico y terminología específica sobre pruebas de hipótesis, 2) procedimiento de pruebas de hipótesis mediante el cálculo del estadístico de prueba y 3) desarrollo de situaciones que implican dicho proceso. Es de anotar que cada una de las partes por tratar se hará de forma sencilla y práctica y se restringirá al máximo la formalidad de los modelos de índole probabilístico y estadístico que se pudieran necesitar; únicamente nos dedicaremos a su uso de acuerdo con la necesidad de lo que se pretenda analizar. En la primera parte, la de los conceptos generales, se establece como una especie de glosario de términos, tanto estadísticos como específicos, sobre las pruebas de hipótesis, con el objeto de que cuando se llegue a la etapa del procedimiento, únicamente se nombren. En la segunda parte, se presenta el paso a paso, de índole universal, del procedimiento de pruebas de hipótesis, específicamente para muestras grandes o varianza poblacional conocida, mediante el cálculo del estadístico de prueba. Y en la última parte, se ejemplificará el procedimiento en dos escenarios específicos: uno cotidiano (o “casero”) y otro de índole académico, extraído de la interpretación, de tipo estadístico, de los resultados de las pruebas Saber Pro del 2021, donde se puede recrear fácilmente un escenario de toma de decisión estadística. Finalmente, el alcance de esta nota de clase es proporcionar el proceso de medición estadística para generar objetividad ante la presencia de una toma de decisiones que se pudiera presentar en cualquier momento y desde cualquier escenario.
4
Rueda Rodríguez, Paola Andrea. Explorando el enfoque fenomenológico-existencial y su relevancia en la comprensión del conocimiento en Psicología. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gclc.47.
Full textAbstract:
En este texto, se aborda la concepción existencial del conocimiento y se destaca la importancia de considerar al ser humano como parte integral de la experiencia científica. Se cuestiona la existencia de un bienestar subjetivo u objetivo separado de la experiencia personal y se plantea la necesidad de una comprensión epistemológica que reconozca la influencia del ser humano en la construcción del conocimiento. En vista de lo anterior, se mencionan expresiones actuales en psicología, como el “bienestar subjetivo” y la “evaluación objetiva”, y se plantea la pregunta de si existe algún bienestar que pueda ser reconocido por quienes lo experimentan. Se critica la idea de que la evaluación del bienestar se origine únicamente en el sentimiento de bienestar de un investigador que ha desarrollado una escala para medirlo; y a su vez se plantea la posibilidad de un “bienestar objetivo” que sea independiente de los asuntos individuales. Por último, se discute la terminología utilizada en el campo científico, como los términos “subjetivo” y “objetivo”, y se cuestiona si estos califican en el aspecto epistemológico. Por un lado, se argumenta que es necesario superar una postura epistemológica que excluye la presencia humana en los procesos científicos y se propone una comprensión más amplia y holística del conocimiento; por otro lado, se hace referencia a la fenomenología existencial de Heidegger y se sostiene que el conocimiento adquiere su sentido original desde el modo humano de ser. De tal manera, se plantea que el problema del conocimiento implica una discusión ontológica y se subraya que, al excluir la presencia humana en los procedimientos científicos, se limita y empobrece el conocimiento resultante.