Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Common law – History'
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Wells, Elizabeth. "Common law reporting in England 1550-1650." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260105.
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Saccone, Giuseppe Mario. "History as rhetoric in Hobbes' dialogue of the Common Laws and the rise of modern philosophy." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22050449.
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Kostal, Rande W. "Common law, common lawyers and the English railway industry, 1830-1880 : a study in the history of law and industrial capitalism." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254211.
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Lobban, Michael John Warrender. "The development of common law theory : English jurisprudence c. 1760- c. 1830." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330033.
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Manera, Concetta. "Owning humans and parts thereof, the common law history and the recent patent controversies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ63390.pdf.
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Lockwood, Shelley. "The governance of England : law, reform and the common weal, c.1460-c.1560." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272520.
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Kim, Keechang. "Alien status in the medieval common law : an aspect of the birth of the modern state." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272261.
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Blang, Eugenie M. "To urge common sense on the Americans: United States' relations with France, Great Britain, and the Federal Republic of Germany in the context of the Vietnam War, 1961-1968." W&M ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623983.
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America's Vietnam War had profound ramifications beyond its immediate effect on Southeast Asia and the United States. This dissertation utilizes the debate over Vietnam between the United States and its major European allies, Britain, France, and West Germany, as an analytical framework to examine inter-allied relations. The "Vietnam problem" strained the traps-Atlantic alliance and revealed the respective self-interest of the four member nations. The British, French, and West Germans had serious misgivings about the American strategy in Vietnam, based on a differing view of the nature of the conflict and a pessimistic assessment of American chances for success in South Vietnam. Equally important, the Europeans feared that Washington might disengage from Europe and that the fighting in Southeast Asia might develop into a major, perhaps even a world war. European security hence might be dangerously undermined by further American escalation in Vietnam. According to the European powers, the Cold War should be primarily fought in Europe. Although London, Paris, and Bonn were deeply apprehensive about the American engagement in Vietnam, they failed to develop a unified policy to affect American decision-making because they were unable to transcend their nationalistic agendas. Presidents Kennedy and Johnson unsuccessfully attempted to win substantial European support for America's role in Vietnam. to the United States, Vietnam was a prime domino that could not be allowed to fall and Washington viewed European concerns as parochial and counter-productive. The essentially unilateral approach of the United States in Vietnam led to tragic failure. as a result of the Vietnam experience, Washington realized that it could not fulfill all its global obligations without the backing of its European allies. The lack of a cohesive policy toward America's engagement in Vietnam revealed inherent shortcomings in the foreign policy-making of the European nation-states, which were still guided by a nationalistic, self-interested approach. Britain, France, West Germany, and the United States painfully recognized that in order to successfully meet global challenges they needed to listen more closely to each other and develop a mutualistic policy that would better serve their shared interests as allies and friends.
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Churches, Steven C. "An historical survey of the presumption in the common law that general statutes do not bind the Crown /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc562.pdf.
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McGaw, Mark Christopher. "A history of the common law of agency with particular reference to the concept of irrevocable authority coupled with an interest." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425716.
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Buehler, Paul. ""So That The Common Man May See What Kind of Tree Bears Such Harmful Fruit": Defamation, Dissent, and Censorship In The Holy Roman Empire, ca. 1555-1648." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581330.
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For more than thirty years, historians of the Holy Roman Empire have registered little discernible interest in imperial censorship during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. As historical scholarship has evolved in its understanding of the Holy Roman Empire during this period, it has lagged behind in its appreciation for how imperial authorities controlled expression and regulated the book trade. Old assumptions about imperial censorship have been slow to wither and decay even though assumptions about the Empire have been reexamined and revised. Where a growing appreciation for the Empire's complexities spurred interest in territorial and civic censorship, a corresponding interest in imperial censorship has not developed. Interestingly, the two–old assumptions and modern revisionist histories–have conspired to moot studies of the imperial government, its policies, and its procedures, which has meant that the significance of imperial censorship in the Empire has been largely overlooked. Moreover, historians' attention to local controls and regulations has inspired a more nuanced approach to censorship than had previously prevailed, leading to a general reassessment of how censorship influenced the circulation and reception of ideas in both positive and negative ways. Imperial censorship has failed to register its mark in this regard as well. Using a combination of imperial censorship legislation, archival documents, and printed primary sources, this dissertation charts imperial censorship during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as both a concept and a practice. Unable to enforce religious uniformity in the Empire after the Reformation's successful establishment in the 1520s, imperial legislation came to rely on libel, rather than heresy, as the formal basis for its censorship policies. Libel was an ambiguous category of illicit expression, the interpretation of which depended a great deal on the contingencies of context and the subjective preferences of enforcers. This affected how imperial and local authorities, respectively, interacted on matters of censorship, requiring more negotiation and cooperation than has heretofore been appreciated.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Toward Common Ground: Public Value and Corporate Social Responsibility Scholarship." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/649.
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Ferreira, Jean-Philippe. "L'originalité de la responsabilité du fait des dommages de travaux publics." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0309.
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La responsabilité du fait des dommages de travaux publics est habituellement considérée comme une hypothèse originale de responsabilité. Son ancienneté, sa structure et les règles qui la composent l’éloigneraient des droits administratif et civil de la responsabilité. L’étude de la matière des travaux publics montre toutefois qu’à deux époques différentes, l’isolement de ces règles doit être relativisé. Historiquement, elles ont été fondatrices de la responsabilité administrative. En tant que toute première hypothèse de responsabilité, les dommages de travaux publics ont constitué un véritable prélude à son principe, et partant, ont détenu un rôle précurseur. Ils ont en outre formé la matrice des régimes et des conditions de la responsabilité administrative. Actuellement, l’originalité de certaines règles propres à la matière des travaux publics est en déclin. Elle est d’abord en voie de réduction, car malgré la persistance du particularisme attaché à la classification des dommages de travaux publics, la spécificité de ses règles techniques est de plus en plus atténuée. Elle est ensuite en voie de disparition, au regard de son éviction par d’autres règles situées en dehors du droit commun de la responsabilité administrative, voire de son effacement à la comparaison avec le droit civil. L’originalité de la responsabilité du fait des dommages de travaux publics tend ainsi à devenir progressivement un vestige du passéPublic liability for wrongs caused by public works is usually understood as an original and peculiar case of liability. Its existence, its structure and the rules applied to it made it different from classical administrative accountability or civil liability. Nevertheless, the study of the topic shows that at two different times such an assessment should have been more balanced. From an historic perspective, rules for public liability in the context of wrongs caused by public works are the foundation of French administrative accountability. Rules for public works had the leading role in the development of administrative accountability and were the mould for the doctrines and principles of administrative responsibility. Currently, the peculiarity of some rules applied to public works are in decline. Firstly, despite the persistence and the use of a classification specific to public liability in the context of public works, the particularity of its rules is lessened. Secondly, this peculiarity is endangered as other rules for liability coming from administrative law or civil law are preferred to its application. Thus, the originality of the public liability for wrongs caused by public works seems to become a thing of the past
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Dorsett, Shaunnagh Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "Thinking jurisdictionally: a genealogy of native title." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Law, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23963.
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In Mabo v. State of Queensland (No. 2) (1992) 175 C.L.R. 1, the majority of the High Court held that ???native title??? had survived the acquisition of sovereignty over the Australian continent and is ???recognised??? by the common law. However, all the judgments failed to articulate clearly either the nature of native title as a legal form, and the relationship of that legal form to the common law, or what is meant by ???recognition???. Twelve years later the High Court has still not provided a satisfactory understanding of any of these matters. The central problem investigated by this thesis is the nature of that relationship and of the legal interest of native title. It is contended that this relationship can be understood and ordered as a matter of jurisdiction. This thesis seeks to recuperate a substantive concept of jurisdiction, and specifically of a particular jurisdiction, that of the common law, and to demonstrate how the interest of native title results from the jurisdictional relationship between common law and indigenous law. Part I is a genealogy of native title, drawn out through a history of ideas about common law jurisdiction. It is an account of the legal practice of jurisdiction, through a conceptual elaboration of a particular jurisdiction: the common law. This part traces the history of the common law from its origins in a pluralistic, fragmented, jurisdictional landscape, to its current position as the ???law of the land???. It considers the traditional mechanisms and techniques through which the common law has ordered its relationships with other jurisdictions, and how it has appropriated matters traditionally within the purview of other jurisdictions, accommodating them within the common law as ???custom???. The thesis demonstrates that the same gestures and practices can be seen in modern native title decisions, and contends that the ordering which underpins both native title, and the Australian legal system, is jurisdictional. Part II examines the practice of jurisdiction through an examination of three technologies of jurisdiction, all of which contributed to the construction of the legal entity of native title as an act of jurisdiction: mapping, accommodation and categorisation.
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Shmilovits, Liron. "Deus ex machina : legal fictions in private law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286225.
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This PhD dissertation is about legal fictions in private law. A legal fiction, broadly, is a false assumption knowingly relied upon by the courts. The main aim of the dissertation is to formulate a test for which fictions should be accepted and which rejected. Subsidiary aims include a better understanding of the fiction as a device and of certain individual fictions, past and present. This research is undertaken, primarily, to establish a rigorous system for the treatment of fictions in English law - which is lacking. Secondarily, it is intended to settle some intractable disputes, which have plagued the scholarship. These theoretical debates have hindered progress on the practical matters which affect litigants in the real world. The dissertation is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is a historical study of common-law fictions. The conclusions drawn thereform are the foundation of the acceptance test for fictions. The second chapter deals with the theoretical problems surrounding the fiction. Chiefly, it seeks precisely to define 'legal fiction', a recurrent problem in the literature. A solution, in the form of a two-pronged definition, is proposed, adding an important element to the acceptance test. The third chapter analyses modern-day fictions and recommends retention or abolition for each fiction. In the fourth chapter, the findings hitherto are synthesised into a general acceptance test for fictions. This test, which is the thesis of this work, is presented as a flowchart. It is the author's hope that this project will raise awareness as to the merits and demerits of legal fictions, de-mystify the debate and bring about reform.
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Dyson, Jessica. "Staging legal authority : ideas of law in Caroline drama." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/366.
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This thesis seeks to place drama of the Caroline commercial theatre in its contemporary political and legal context; particularly, it addresses the ways in which the struggle for supremacy between the royal prerogative, common law and local custom is constructed and negotiated in plays of the period. It argues that as the reign of Charles I progresses, the divine right and absolute power of the monarchy on stage begins to lose its authority, as playwrights, particularly Massinger and Brome, present a decline from divinity into the presentation of an arbitrary man who seeks to impose and increase his authority by enforcing obedience to selfish and wilful actions and demands. This decline from divinity, I argue, allows for the rise of a competing legitimate legal authority in the form of common law. Engaging with the contemporary discourse of custom, reason and law which pervades legal tracts of the period such as Coke’s Institutes and Reports and Davies’ ‘Preface Dedicatory’ to Le Primer Report des Cases & Matters en Ley resolues & adiudges en les Courts del Roy en Ireland, drama by Brome, Jonson, Massinger and Shirley presents arbitrary absolutism as madness, and adherence to customary common law as reason which restores order. In this climate, the drama suggests, royal manipulation of the law for personal ends, of which Charles I was often accused, destabilises law and legal authority. This destabilisation of legal authority is examined in a broader context in plays set in areas outwith London, geographically distant from central authority. The thesis places these plays in the context of Charles I’s attempts to centralise local law enforcement through such publications as the Book of Orders. When maintaining order in the provinces came into conflict with central legislation, the local officials exercised what Keith Wrightson describes as ‘two concepts of order’, turning a blind eye to certain activities when strict enforcement of law would create rather than dissolve local tensions. In both attempting to insist on unity between the centre and the provinces through tighter control of local officials, and dividing the centre from the provinces in the dissolution of Parliament, Charles’s government was, the plays suggest, in danger not only of destabilising and decentralising legal authority but of fragmenting it. This thesis argues that drama provides a medium whereby the politico-legal debates of the period may be presented to, and debated by, a wider audience than the more technical contemporary legal arguments, and, during Charles I’s personal rule, the theatre became a public forum for debate when Parliament was unavailable.
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Filippi, N. F. "Deviances and the construction of a 'healthy nation' in South Africa : a study of Pollsmoor Prison and Valkenberg Psychiatric Hospital, c. 1964-1994." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:730c12b2-2e52-4290-b5f9-5a5e557f8b45.
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This thesis is a microhistorical investigation of the dynamics of control and resistance in Pollsmoor Prison and Valkenberg Psychiatric Hospital’s Maximum Security section from 1964 to 1994 in South Africa. It examines the evolution of daily life inside these institutions, both situated in the Western Cape, and the extent to which these institutions were part of the security apparatus developed by the apartheid state. The permeability of Pollsmoor and Valkenberg shed light on the connections between repression, resistance, collaboration and survival inside and outside closed institutions. The division of incarcerated populations according to race, gender, age and behaviour reflected wider logics of governance of the South African society. Similarly, the modalities of resistance and collaboration adopted by ‘political’, ‘common law’ and ‘insane’ prisoners on the inside echoed the processes of popular mobilisation on the outside. The construction of a ‘healthy nation’ through the production and control of deviances was hence far from being a smooth process. The thesis is divided into three parts, each composed of three chapters. The first part analyses the way a system of law and order, based on delineation, the bestowal of privileges and violent repression, was imposed in prisons and psychiatric hospitals’ Maximum Security sections and how this evolved according to the changing social and political imperatives of the apartheid state. The second part shifts the gaze to the level of the courts, where psychiatric and criminological discourses became increasingly entangled throughout the period. The operating modalities of the judicial system reflected the fears and expectatives of the white minority, while providing a racialised image of black populations as both dangerous and childlike. Finally, the third part analyses the links between outside and inside resistances and adaptations to the regime of apartheid. It focuses on the 1994 prison revolts as prisms to understand the processes of subjectivation and politicisation which had emerged in closed institutions during apartheid.
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Fajon, Yan-Erick. "Les représentations du juge criminel dans la pensée politique française (1748-1791)." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR0021/document.
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Cette thèse sur la fin de l’Ancien Régime s’ étend de 148 à 1791. Ce travail de recherche est une exploration de la figure judiciaire et de ses représentations savantes et populaires sur la période donnée. Ainsi Les philosophes du XVIIIème siècle contribue largement grâce à leurs théories politiques à un renouveau théorique des représentations judiciaires. Ce renouveau s’accompagne également d’une fécondité littéraire dans le genre utopique. Ceci est bien la preuve que la question pénale est une question politique à la veille de la Révolution Française. Ce travail de renouveau judiciaire se poursuit avec l’Assemblée Nationale Constituante entre 1789 et 1791. Il se poursuit sous un angle pratique. C’est probablement ici que se situe la rupture entre les députés constituants et les philosophes des Lumières. Les premiers vont mettre en place un système judiciaire où seule la logique existe. Ce système est motivé par une haine du juge pénal du XVIIIème siècle. Les second, les philosophes, critiquaient le juge dans un souci d’exigence de liberté. Ils sont à ce titre le prolongement de l’humanisme et les précurseurs du libéralismeThis thesis on the end of the Ancien Régime extends from 1748 to 1791. This research work is an exploration of the judicial figure and its scholarly and popular representations on the given period. Thus the philosophers of the eighteenth century contributes largely through their political theories to a theoretical renewal of judicial representations. This renewal is also accompanied by literary fecundity in the utopian genre. This is proof that the criminal question is a political question on the eve of the French Revolution.This work of judicial renewal continues with the National Constituent Assembly between 1789 and 1791. It continues in a practical angle. It is probably here that lies the break between the constituent deputies and the Enlightenment philosophers. The former will put in place a judicial system where only logic exists. This system is motivated by a hatred of the 18th century criminal court. The second, the philosophers, criticized the judge for the sake of the need for freedom. They are in this respect the extension of humanism and the precursors of liberalism
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Batchelor, Bronwyn Le Ann. "Constitutional damages for the infringement of a social assistance right in South Africa are monetary damages in the form of interest a just and equitable remedy for breach of a social assistance right." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/388.
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This dissertation will explore the revolutionary progression in the provision of monetary damages and the availability thereof due to the change in South Africa’s legal system from Parliamentary sovereignty to Constitutional supremacy after the enactment of the final Constitution in 19961. The Constitution of South Africa brought with it the concepts of justification and accountability as the Bill of Rights enshrines fundamental rights and the remedies for the infringement of same. The available remedies for the infringement of a fundamental right flow from two sources, being either from the development of the common law remedies in line with the Bill of Rights or alternatively from Section 38 of the Constitution, which provides for a remedy which provides ‘appropriate’ relief. The question that will be raised in this dissertation is, ‘does appropriate relief include an award of delictual damages?’ or a question related thereto ‘is an award of monetary damages an appropriate remedy?’ The motivation for this dissertation arises from the plethora of case law, especially in the Eastern Cape, that has come to the fore in the last sixteen years, highlighting the injustice of cancellations of social assistance grants and the non-payment of such in South Africa’s social security system, as well as the precedent that was set by our Constitutional Court and Supreme Court in remedying that injustice. The central case to this dissertation is that of Kate v Member of Executive Council for Department of Welfare, Eastern Cape 2005 1 SA 141 SECLD; Member of Executive Council, Department of Welfare, Eastern Cape v Kate 2006 (4) SA 478 (SCA), which is generally regarded as having paved the way for the granting of monetary damages for the infringement of an individual’s constitutional right as same require legal protection. Firstly the past approach to damages will be explored in relation to South Africa’s common law, being the Roman-Dutch law. The common law Aquilian action is the focal point of this dissertation in relation to the common law in that the granting of damages for the infringement of an individual’s social assistance right (being a specific constitutional right framed within the 1996 Constitution) results in pure patrimonial loss which in our common law system was remedied by the actio legis Aquilae. In delict, an award of damages is the primary remedy, aimed at affording compensation in respect of the legal right or interest infringed. After the common law system of damages has been explored, this dissertation will then examine the changes that have developed therefrom, and largely shaped by the current state of disorganization in the National Department of Welfare coupled with the all encompassing power of the final Constitution. The final Constitution provides the power, in section 38 of the 1996 Constitution, for the court to award a monetary remedy for the breach of a constitutional right. The question, however, is “does the award of monetary damages not merely throw money at the problem, whereas the purpose of a constitutional remedy is to vindicate guaranteed rights and prevent or deter future violations?” The battle for domination between the common law approach and the constitutional approach to damages is witnessed as the two systems eventually amalgamate to form an essentially new remedy, unique to South Africa. South Africa’s new system is aligned with the Constitution as the Constitution is the supreme law of the land and underpins the awarding of all damages and, especially, the awarding of constitutional damages. For the sake of completeness, alternatives to monetary damages will also be canvassed in this dissertation. It is hoped that the reader will, in the end, realize that the final Constitution is the supreme law of the land and as such dictates the manner and form in which damages are provided. If such provision is not in alignment with the Constitution, it will be declared invalid. The flexibility of our common law is put to the test, yet it is found to be adaptable to the ever-developing boni mores of society exemplified in the embracing constitutional principles and the production of this new remedy. The courts develop the common law under section 39(2) of the Constitution in order to keep the common law in step with the evolution of our society and the ever changing nature of bonos mores.National Research Foundation
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Dafel, Michael. "The constitutional rebuilding of the South African private law : a choice between judicial and legislative law-making." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285563.
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A tension arises whenever the South African private law fails to meet constitutional right norms. To remedy a deficiency, two law-making options are available. The first is for the judiciary to develop or change private law principles and rules in order to provide protection for the implicated constitutional norm. The second is for the judiciary to enforce an obligation upon Parliament to enact legislation to amend or replace existing private law rights and obligations so as to safeguard the norm against interference from a private individual or entity. The former is the more conventional option, but, in recent years, the law reports record an increasing reliance on the legislative duty to protect constitutional right norms in private legal relationships. The thesis investigates the extent to which the latter phenomenon - which will be described as a 'pivot towards legislative remedies' - exists, and the circumstances in which the courts pivot towards legislative remedies rather than developing private law of their own accord. The thesis finds that legislative schemes that give effect to constitutional rights are likely to contain an array of benefits that are absent from or reduced in the judicial law-making process. The judicial pivot towards legislative remedies is thus a strategy to enhance the process through which conflicting rights are resolved, as it allows for the constitutional rebuilding of private law in a way that the judiciary is unable to do on its own. Importantly, however, theories of judicial deference do not explain the pivot. On the contrary, the courts have exercised a strict level of control over the legislative law-making pathway. Through either statutory interpretation or the review of legislation, the courts require legislation to contain the essentials of the judicial law-making framework. From this perspective, the judicial law-making process produces the floor of the rebuilding project and the legislative law-making process enhances that framework.
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Josephson, Per. "Common but differentiated responsibilities in the climate change regime : historic evaluation and future outlooks." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145767.
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Heimburger, Robert Whitaker. "A theological response to the "illegal alien" in federal United States law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:43010cbe-32a9-4ecd-abcf-cf57f729bbd5.
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Today, some twelve million immigrants are unlawfully present in the United States. What response to this situation does Christian theology suggest for these immigrants and those who receive them? To this question about the status of immigrants before the law, the theological literature lacks an understanding of how federal U.S. immigration law developed, and it lacks a robust theological account of the governance of immigration. To fill this gap, the thesis presents three stages in the formation of the laws that designate some immigrants as aliens unlawfully present or illegal aliens, drawing out the moral argumentation in each phase and responding with moral theology. In the first stage, non-citizens were called aliens in U.S. law. In response to the argument that aliens exist as a consequence of natural law, Christian teaching indicates that immigrants are not alien either in creation or for the church. In the second stage, the authority of the federal government to exclude and expel aliens was established, leaving those who do not comply to be designated illegal aliens. To the claim that the federal government has unlimited sovereignty over immigration, interpretations of the Christian Scriptures respond that divine sovereignty limits and directs civil authority over immigration. In the third stage, legal reforms that were intended to end discrimination between countries allowed millions from countries neighboring the U.S. to become illegal aliens. These reforms turn out to be unjust on philosophical grounds and unneighborly on theological grounds. While federal law classes many as aliens unlawfully present in the United States, Christian political theology indicates that immigrants are not alien, the government of immigration is limited by divine judgment, and nationals of neighboring countries deserve special regard.
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Verduyn, Anthony James. "The attitude of the Parliamentary Commons to law and order under Edward III." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316889.
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Frazier, Dustin M. "A Saxon state : Anglo-Saxonism and the English nation, 1703-1805." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4146.
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For the past century, medievalism studies generally and Anglo-Saxonism studies in particular have largely dismissed the eighteenth century as a dark period in English interest in the Anglo-Saxons. Recent scholarship has tended to elide Anglo-Saxon studies with Old English studies and consequently has overlooked contributions from fields such as archaeology, art history and political philosophy. This thesis provides the first re-examination of scholarly, antiquarian and popular Anglo-Saxonism in eighteenth-century England and argues that, far from disappearing, interest in Anglo-Saxon culture and history permeated British culture and made significant contributions to contemporary formulations and expressions of Englishness and English national, legal and cultural identities. Each chapter examines a different category of Anglo-Saxonist production or activity, as those categories would be distributed across current scholarship, in order to explore the ways in which the Anglo-Saxons were understood and deployed in the construction of contemporary cultural- historiographical narratives. The first three chapters contain, respectively, a review of the achievements of the ‘Oxford school' of Saxonists of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries; antiquarian Anglo-Saxon studies by members of the Society of Antiquaries of London and their correspondents; and historiographical presentations of the Anglo-Saxons in local, county and national histories. Chapters four and five examine the appearance of the Anglo-Saxons in visual and dramatic art, and the role of Anglo-Saxonist legal and juridical language in eighteenth-century politics, with reference to discoveries resulting from the academic and antiquarian research outlined in chapters one to three. It is my contention that Anglo-Saxonism came to serve as a unifying ideology of origins for English citizens concerned with national history, and political and social institutions. As a popular as well as scholarly ideology, Anglo-Saxonism also came to define English national character and values, an English identity recognised and celebrated as such both at home and abroad.
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Boccara, Dario D. "Essai sur le rapprochement des systèmes de droit romano-germanique et de common law : théorie générale d'une convergence asymptotique." Lyon 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO33009.
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Plus que de recouper le lien entre jurisprudence et legislation, le rapprochement entre les systemes romanogermanique et de common law implique l'unite du droit. Au plan inter-systemes, cette derniere se retrouve grace a la transposition d'une continuite necessaire dans l'ordre interne et qui s'exprime par les combinaisons des sources juridiques. Il n'est, d'ailleurs, pour appuyer cette presentation que les solutions des divers droits materiels a propos desquelles les etudes comparatives nous apprennent que les divergences qui subsistent ne revelent jamais une reelle rupture entre les deux types de droit qui tiendrait de leur nature. Bien plus, la convergence entre ceux-ci et la coherence entre loi et jurisprudence ne reposent que sur la continuite universelle du raisonnement qui doit s'etablir en logique. En tout etat de cause, cette derniere ne saurait se voir alteree en fonction des systemes juridiques qui l'emploient. Finalement, les divergences initiales qui existaient entre les deux familles juridique se sont estompees dans la dynamique des droits modernes. Ce qu'expliquent de facon. .More than merely evoking the connection between legislation and case-law, close comparaison of the common law system and that of civil law implies the basic unity of law. On the inter-system level, we find this latter notion in the transposition of the continuity necessary to internal order as it is expressed in the various combinations of formal sources of the law. This particular presentation is strongly supported by comparative studies indicating that the divergences, which may be observed in numerous positive laws, reveal no real rupture due to an inherent difference of the natures of the two systems. Moreover, the notion of convergence between the two systems and the coherence between legislation and case-law repose on the universal continuity fo reasoning as it must be established through logic. Whatever the circumstances, once established, this is only valid if it remains unaltered by the legal systems which employ it. Finally, the initial divergences existing between the two. .
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Dyer, Cruzado Edward Alexander. "Una historia de desconfianza : el precedente constitucional a través del análisis cultural de derecho." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/5666.
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Imagine un sistema legal en el que se reconozca que la jurisprudencia constitucional es fuente
de Derecho y que como tal, debe ser respetada no solo por todos los jueces, sino por todos los
funcionarios y órganos del Estado. Imagine además, que en este sistema legal la corte que
emite los precedentes cuenta con la potestad de seleccionar qué sentencias merecen el
carácter de precedentes vinculantes y cuáles no. Por si fuera poco, dicho sistema legal,
preocupado por generar seguridad jurídica al milímetro, concibe la parte vinculante del
precedente como un instrumento que se expresa bajo la fórmula de una regla claramente
delimitada, elegida por la misma corte que dicta el precedente.
Los mecanismos para hacer cumplir el precedente constitucional de este sistema legal son muy
rígidos y por lo tanto eficaces. No solo se conmina a los jueces a seguir cabalmente las reglas
generales que contienen la parte vinculante del precedente constitucional, sino que se castiga
con nulidad a las sentencias que, habiendo adquirido carácter de cosa juzgada, no siguieron el
contenido vinculante del precedente. Incluso, se han establecido normas administrativas de
sanción dirigidas a aquellos jueces que desobedecen el precedente constitucional, que pueden
conducir a la destitución de dichos magistrados.
Imagine ahora un segundo sistema legal en el cual la discusión acerca de si la jurisprudencia
es una fuente de Derecho o no, resulta irrelevante. En este segundo sistema legal los casos
considerados precedentes son usados como argumentos que acompañan a las pretensiones
de las partes, manteniéndose abiertos a la interpretación que el juez crea conveniente aplicar.
Imagine también, que en este sistema legal un precedente es dejado de lado inmediatamente si
una ley dictada por el Parlamento postula el sentido contrario de lo que dicta el precedente
judicial.
Respecto a las sanciones, este segundo sistema legal no cuenta con una disposición normativa
que obligue a los jueces a fundamentar con razones claras y prolijas las sentencias que
expiden. Por supuesto, en este sistema legal tampoco se conoce de ninguna norma
administrativa que sancione –y menos destituya- a ningún juez por no seguir un precedente
específico, ni siquiera el de la Corte Suprema.Tesis
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Dabor, Igho Lordson. "Limited liability : a pathway for corporate recklessness?" Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/620569.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis argues that the twin concept of separate personality and limited liability from its historical beginnings, has entrenched corporate irresponsibility. It assesses the role that these concepts have played in tackling corporate irresponsibility from their historical origins to the present day, commenting on the lessons learnt. Whilst the institution of the company as a legal person is unquestionably the bedrock of modern company law,1 this thesis examines these concepts not necessarily from the position of disputing the philosophical, economic, or political imperatives, all of which are incredibly important – but from the viewpoint that historically, the principle of separate personality and limited liability entrenches corporate irresponsibility. As such, this thesis suggests a partial abandonment of the separate personality principle because it provides a mechanism for dishonest directors to escape liability for their fraudulent conduct. It also argues that the existing judicial evasion and concealment2 principles and the statutory fraudulent and wrongful trading provisions under the Insolvency Act 19863 are too restrictive, and ambiguous in combating corporate abuse. It is concluded that the existing common law and statutory rules geared towards combating abuse of limited liability provides no coherent format upon which the courts and legislature may effectively curb abuse of the corporate form. As such, these laws in light of their inability to make dishonest directors personally liable for their fraudulent conducts ought to be challenged. There is a need to challenge the existing rules in order to show the effect abuse of limited liability has on creditors, the public and the economy. This research indicates that there ought to be an adequate and effective alternative law which provides balance and support for genuine enterprise whilst providing a robust system whereby those who abuse the corporate form can be easily made liable for corporate debts.
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Luo, Gang. "La protection de l'autonomie personnelle en matière matrimoniale dans le cadre des traditions juridiques européenne et chinoise : études comparatives sur la transformation historique vers un nouveau "ius commune" de la liberté matrimoniale à la lumière des droits français, allemand, anglais et du droit chinois." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D005.
Full textAbstract:
Dans une actualité où l’institution matrimoniale est devenue l’expression d’une liberté individuelle, s’élevant au niveau du droit constitutionnel et du droit international, on se demande d’abord si un nouveau droit commun à cet égard est né à la base des traditions européenne et chinoise, et puis dans quelle mesure. Ces réponses dépendent étroitement d’un regard sur le passé de cette institution à la lumière du droit comparé. Fondé sur le droit romano-canonique, le ius commune europaeum avait laissé une grande liberté comme le consensualisme romain à la conclusion du mariage mais exclu le divorce, ce qui avait été suivi par les droits français, allemand et anglais jusqu’au XVIème siècle. C’est la Réforme protestante au XVIème siècle et les codifications nationales au XVIIIème et XIXème siècle qui ont fait l’éclatement de ce vieux droit commun. Toutefois, la notion de liberté individuelle et la réclamation d’égalité juridique ont jeté des bases d’un nouveau droit commun de la liberté matrimoniale qui évoque non seulement la liberté de se marier mais celle de divorcer. C’est depuis le XXème siècle que la notion européenne de liberté matrimoniale, du moins en tant qu’« état d’esprit », a pénétré dans l’ordre juridique chinois, aboutissant à la rupture chinoise avec son héritage traditionnel qui avait rendu défavorisée et inégalitaire la liberté individuelle des époux, et à la naissance d’un nouveau droit commun qui traverse les deux traditions. Néanmoins, une telle convergence, en raison de la contrainte culturelle étant le fruit d’évolutions historiques distinctes, n’est encore qu’un rapprochement conceptuel et idéologiqueIn the current situation where the matrimonial institution has become the expression of an individual freedom, rising to the level of constitutional law and international law, questions may arise as to, first, whether a new ius commune in this respect has been born on the basis of Chinese and European legal traditions, and then, to what extent. The answers closely depend on a glance at the past of this institution in the light of comparative law. Based on Romano-Canon law, the ius commune europaeum had left a considerable freedom as Roman consensus to the conclusion of marriage, but excluded the divorce, which had been followed by French, German and English laws until the 16th century. It is the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century and national codifications of the 18th and 19th century that maked this old ius commune burst. Nevertheless, the notion of individual freedom and the claim of legal equality provided the basis for a new ius commune of matrimonial freedom that evokes not only the freedom to marry but also the freedom to divorce. It is since the 20th century that the European notion of matrimonial freedom, at least as a “state of spirit”, penetrated into the Chinese legal order, leading to China’s break with its traditional heritage that had made the individual freedom of the spouses disadvantaged and unequal, and to the birth of a new ius commune crossing the two traditions. However, such a convergence, due to the cultural constraint being the fruit of distinct historical evolutions, is still only a conceptual and ideological rapprochement
In der gegenwärtigen Situation, wo die Institution der Ehe zum Ausdruck der individuellen Freiheit geworden ist, die sich auf dem Niveau des Verfassungs- und Völkerrechts erhoben hat, ist zunächst zu hinterfragen, ob ein neues gemeines Recht in dieser Hinsicht entstanden ist, das sich aus der europäischen und chinesischen Rechtstraditionen ergibt, und dann inwieweit. Die Antworten auf diese Fragen hängen in hohem Maße von einem Blick zurück in die Vergangenheit dieser Institution im Lichte der Rechtsvergleichung. Das römisch-kanonische Ius commune, das bis zum 16. Jahrhundert von der französischen, deutschen, englischen Rechte gefolgt worden war, hatte der Eheschließung eine grosse Freiheit wie römische Konsensvereinbarung gelassen, aber die Ehescheidung ausgeschlossen. Die protestantische Reformation im 16. Jahrhundert und die Nationalkodifikationen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert zersplitterten dieses alte gemeine Recht. Allerdings schufen der Gedanke der individuellen Freiheit und die Einforderung der Rechtsgleichheit wichtige Grundlagen für einen neuen gemeinen Recht von Ehefreiheit, das sich nicht nur auf die Eheschließungsfreiheit sondern auch auf die Ehescheidungsfreiheit beruft. Seit 20. Jahrhundert ist der europäische Begriff von Ehefreiheit zumindest als eine „Geisteshaltung“ in die chinesische Rechtsordnung eingeführt worden. Dies hat dazu geführt, dass China mit dem traditionellen Erbe gebrochen hat, das die individuelle Freiheit der Ehegatten benachteiligt hatte, und dass ein neues gemeines Recht quer durch diese zwei Rechtstraditionen entstanden ist. Aufgrund der kulturellen Einschränkung, die auf unterschiedliche historische Entwicklungen zurückzuführen sind, ist dennoch eine solche Angleichung noch immer eine konzeptionelle und ideologische Annäherung
当前，婚姻制度已经演进成为个人自由的表达，并且上升到了宪法与国际法的层面，于是人们不禁要问，在这一方面基于中欧两大法律传统的新的“共同法”是否已经形成？如果有，在多大的范围内呢？这些答案紧紧地取决于从比较法的角度对这个制度既往史的考察。根植于中世纪罗马教会法的“欧洲共同法”对婚姻的缔结赋予了极大的自由，如罗马式意思一致，但却排除了离婚自由，并在十六世纪以前被法国法、德国法以及英格兰法所共同遵循。正是欧洲十六世纪的宗教改革以及十八和十九世纪的民族国家法典化运动打碎了旧的“共同法”秩序。尽管如此，个人自由的观念和法律平等的诉求为婚姻自由新一轮的“共同法”奠定了基础，不仅涉及结婚自由，还扩大到离婚自由。正是二十世纪以来，婚姻自由的欧洲观念，起码作为一种“精神状态”，被引入中国法律秩序，使中国与其传统遗产（夫妻个人自由的不尊重和不平等）相决裂，横跨两大法律传统的新一轮“共同法” 也相应诞生。然而，由于不同历史演进所带来的文化束缚，这样的一种趋同，目前还只是处于一种概念上和观念形态上的接近。
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Roynier, Céline. "Le problème de la liberté dans le constitutionnalisme britannique." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020090.
Full textAbstract:
Le relatif échec que fut le Human Rights Act 1998 et les condamnations régulières du Royaume-Uni par la CEDH peuvent être considérés comme les symptômes, parmi d’autres, d’un problème de la liberté dans le constitutionnalisme britannique. Comment expliquer que cet Etat, membre fondateur du Conseil de l’Europe, résiste si fortement à l’application de cette déclaration de droits qu’est la Convention Européenne de Sauvegarde des droits de l’Homme et des libertés fondamentales ? Nous proposons dans ce travail une solution appuyée sur une étude de la culture classique de la common law, c'est-à-dire, essentiellement mais pas seulement, de la grande doctrine parlementaire anglaise du dix-septième siècle. Il nous semble en effet que cette doctrine a fixé la conception anglaise de la liberté et l’a définitivement envisagée comme devant relever de la common law. Nous suggérons que c’est par une redéfinition permanente de la common law que la liberté a été pensée en droit public anglais et que ce travail de redéfinition est encore à l’oeuvre aujourd’hui. Tout d’abord le problème de la liberté – qui s’est aussi posé en France et en Amérique par exemple – a pris une forme particulière en Angleterre : plutôt que de penser la source de légitimité du pouvoir, les juristes anglais ont réfléchi à ce que pouvait être les « marques » d’un droit acceptable pour tous. Cette réflexion a engendré des vagues de politisation du droit mais elle a rendu l’apparition d’un peuple sujet de droit beaucoup plus difficile. La première vague de politisation fait de la common law, le droit de la communauté, c'est-à-dire le droit commun à tous (Partie 1). La seconde vague de politisation de la common law correspond à un approfondissement de la première et fait de la common law un droit de la liberté en articulant le langage de la common law à l’individu par le biais d’une morale constitutionnelle (Partie 2)Many are the signs revealing a certain difficulty with liberty or freedom in british constitutionalism. The relative failure of the Human Rights Act 1998 in terms of efficiency , the never-ending debate about the enactment of a british declaration of rights and the numerous sanctions taken by the ECHR against the UK, can be considered as symptoms of this problem. How, then, is it possible to explain the overwhelming role of the UK in the adoption of the ECHR in the 1950’s and this resistance of the UK towards the European Convention ? Our aim, in this work, is to provide an explanation which would be based on the study of the early modern common law tradition that is mainly (but not exclusively) the parliamentary Doctrine of the Seventeenth Century. We think that this doctrine or discourse established the english conception of liberty and considered this latter as originating in the common law. We suggest that liberty was and is thought as a permanent redefinition of the law itself (the common law) and that this idea gave birth to Public Law exactly at the same time. First of all, the above-mentioned problem of liberty – which appeared in America and France as well – arose in a particular way in England. Rather than focusing on power and its legitimacy, english state lawyers concentrated their work on the marks of a law which could be acceptable for all. This reflexion led to successive waves of politisation of the law itself but did not enable the apparition of a people which would be the source of both law and power. The first wave of politisation established that common law was the law common to all (Part 1). The second wave deepened the first one and enabled the common law to be « the law of liberty » by linking the language of the common law with the individual, through constitutional morality (Part 2)
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Naudin, Hermine. "La relation auteur-éditeur dans le contrat d'édition littéraire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1040.
Full textAbstract:
La démocratisation de l’écrit dans notre société culturelle moderne a fait que tout un chacun peut se revendiquer auteur. La reconnaissance n’est plus désormais à rechercher à travers la traditionnelle publication chez un éditeur mais à travers l’immatérialité des outils d’auto-édition offerts en ligne. D’une part, avec la phase de désintermédiation qui se joue entre les différents acteurs du secteur littéraire, l’écrivain se passe d’une maison d’édition. L’éditeur disparaît. D’autre part, l’auteur, personnage romantique et emblématique sur lequel le droit d’auteur a été forgé, s’efface progressivement du paysage juridique. Avec l’effacement du mythe est emportée la vision propriétaire des droits d’auteur, au profit de l’utilisateur. L’auteur disparaît. Les nouvelles pratiques de cette société connectée bouleversent le droit et sa capacité d’adaptation. Pourtant le contrat d’édition littéraire, socle de la relation auteur-éditeur, existe bel et bien et constitue le sujet de cette étude. Modèle dominant des contrats d’auteur, l’ambition de cette recherche est d’arriver à saisir à travers cette relation la nature du contrat d’édition et le jeu des nouveaux équilibres posés par l'ère numérique (réforme du Code de propriété intellectuelle), mais aussi de saisir les mutations à la lisière du droit d’auteur qui redéfinissent la possession dans l’ère immatérielle avec les modèles alternatifs du contrat d’édition littéraire (licences libres et creative commons). Les moyens d'y répondre emprunteront à l'analyse juridique mais aussi dans une juste mesure à l'internormativité, qui permettra d'observer le droit avec les yeux du sociologue, de l'économiste et de l'historienThe liberalization of writing in our contemporary cultural society has made it so anyone can now aim for the title of author. The recognition of one’s work is now sought, not through the traditional means of publishing, with the assistance of a professional publisher, but through immaterial processes of self- online publishing. On one hand, thanks to these new means, the author is able to cut the intermediation of the publishing field and to avoid using a professional publishing company. On the other hand, the author, romantic and emblematic character upon whom author’s rights have been forged is fading away from the legal landscape. With the decay of the myth, the ownership conception of author’s rights is taken away by those of the user. The author is fading away. The new customs of our over connected society are dramatically changing law and its ability to adapt. Although, publishing contracts are still a part of the process and are the subject at the heart of this study. The French intellectual property code was able to grant this contract access to the dematerialized world by incorporating the paradigm shift. Main model of publishing contracts, its ambivalent nature is due to the merging of both civil and intellectual property law that can be applied to it. This study aims to capture the true nature of the publishing contract figure, through the relations established between authors and publishers, including their new balance, and also to grasp a full understanding of the mutations surrounding the authors’ rights and that redefine ownership in a now immaterial era through the new alternative means of self-publishing (free licenses and creative commons)
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Kotlyar, Ilya Andreevich. "Influence of the European Ius Commune on the Scots law of Succession to Moveables, 1560-1700." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23580.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this thesis is to identify the influence of the doctrines of the Medieval European Ius Commune on the Scots law of moveable succession in the crucial period of its development: from the Reformation to approximately 1700. To this purpose, this research is dealing with the Scottish writings, case law and archival materials, comparing them with the relevant Civilian and Canonistic texts and treatises of Medieval and Early Modern Continental authors. This research specially concentrates on particular fields within the Scots law of succession. In some fields, such as the constitution and form of testamentary deeds and the destinations (tailzies), the Ius Commune influence was quite weak, but even there it is discernible in specific issues. The same can be said of the Scottish attitude to the agreements on future succession (pacta successoria); in this respect, as my thesis shows, Scots law used to have more in common with the Civil law than it has now. On the other hand, the influence of the Continental doctrines was much more noticeable in the fields of the evidential force of last wills and the donations mortis causa. However, beginning from the 1660s, Scottish practice in these fields diverged from the Continental models. This was due to various practical reasons. The regulation of the office of executor in Scotland in the 1500-1700, in many respects, seems to be heavily inspired by the Ius Commune regulation and by English practice of that time. In some respects, Scots practice on the office of executor followed the Ius Commune rules more closely than English practice. In summary, the influence of the Ius Commune on the Scots law of succession in this period was real, due both to the retaining of tradition of ecclesiastical jurisdiction and to the knowledge of doctrine by the judges and litigants. However, this influence was often fragmentary and not properly expressed in the litigation and writings.
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Boestad, Tobias. "« Pour le profit du commun marchand » : la genèse de la Hanse (XIIe siècle-milieu du XIVe siècle)." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL078.
Full textAbstract:
Si la communauté de villes commerciales connue sous le nom de Hanse allemande n’émerge qu’à partir de la seconde moitié du XIVe siècle, les marchands de l’Empire n’ont pas attendu cette époque pour s’associer sur les différents marchés qu’ils fréquentent en Europe du Nord. Dès la fin du XIIe siècle, de premières associations les regroupant sont attestées en Angleterre et dans l’espace baltique. Alors que l’organisation de ces groupements se complexifie et que leur influence politique s’accroît progressivement, au point de représenter bientôt les intérêts commerciaux de l’ensemble des villes de langue bas-allemande, la référence au « profit du commun marchand » se diffuse en leur sein, nourrissant une coopération durable. Cette étude vise à mettre en lumière les ressorts politiques de la solidarité entre marchands et villes allemandes, en accordant une attention toute particulière aux discours qu’elle suscite et à la valeur normative de ceux-ci. Elle entend ainsi renverser la perspective constitutionnaliste qui a longtemps caractrisé les études juridiques sur la Hanse, afin de mettre en évidence les mécanismes juridiques par lesquels les expériences politiques du XIIIe et du début du XIVe siècle ont donné naissance un régime intermunicipal de prise de décision, doté de règles spécifiques et agissant suivant un système de principes et de valeurs propres. Après une présentation des principales étapes et charnières de la genèse de la Hanse, ce travail met au jour les ferments de la communauté hanséatique et enfin la manière dont certains de ses acteurs, notamment la ville de Lubeck, ont su transformer en principe juridique cette coopération politique et économiqueAlthough the commercial organisation known as the Hanse did not emerge until the second half of the 14th century, merchants from the Holy Roman Empire did not wait until then to join forces on the various marketplaces they frequented in Northern Europe. On the contrary, some of their associations could already be found in England and in the Baltic Rim at the end of the 12th century. Over time, such groupings developed into more complex organisations. Their political influence increased as they came to represent the commercial interests of all Low German cities, whereas the reference to “the common merchant’s profit” spread within them and paved the way to lasting cooperation. This study seeks to shed light on the political motives of solidarity between German merchants and cities, with particular attention to the discourses produced about it and their normative value. Its aim is to turn around the constitutionalist perspective which has characterised legal studies on the Hanse for a long time, and to highlight the legal mechanisms by which the political experiences of the 13th and early 14th centuries were able to produce an inter-municipal decision-making regime, abiding by specific rules and by its own system of principles and values. After having presented the main steps and chronological milestones in the genesis of the Hanse, this work considers the foundations of the Hanseatic community and finally the way in which some of its actors, in particular the city of Lubeck, were able to turn a political and economic cooperation into a legal principle
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Juneau, Matthieu. "La notion de droit commun en droit civil québécois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26391/26391.pdf.
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Le, Mauff Julien. "Une généalogie de la raison d'État : les racines médiévales de la pensée politique moderne." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040082.
Full textAbstract:
La raison d’État, concept clé de la modernité politique et de la pensée étatique du XVIIe siècle, est approchée à rebours dans cette étude, afin de mieux en saisir les origines, et de comprendre les conditions qui en permettent l’émergence. Par l’adoption d’une méthode généalogique, ce travail vise aussi à concilier l’école historique française des Annales et la tradition anglo-américaine de l’histoire des idées, et à traiter les théories politiques comme un objet historique à part entière. Chaque texte et chaque auteur est donc intégré dans un enchaînement d’influences et de relations sans dénier à chacun son individualité intellectuelle. Parmi les notions principales qui structurent toutes les définitions de la raison d’État, la nécessité, l’utilité publique, l’exception à la loi connaissent des évolutions profondes dès le XIIe siècle, sous l’effet de la redécouverte des Anciens par Jean de Salisbury et plus encore Thomas d’Aquin, du travail des juristes, tant en droit canonique que romain, ainsi que dans la pratique fiscale des XIIIe et XIVe siècles. Les progrès de l’idéologie royale, l’affirmation d’une nécessité spécifique à l’action politique chez Guillaume d’Ockham, et l’essor du concept d’État souverain sous l’influence particulière de Marsile de Padoue, participent aussi de cette élaboration à l’œuvre, notamment dans l’Italie des cités-États. Le parcours s’achève par l’exposition de trois différentes définitions de la raison d’État qui, d’abord chez Machiavel et Guichardin, puis chez Botero, puis enfin chez les juristes dont Ammirato et Canonhiero, ouvrent la voie au triomphe de l’étatisme et au renouvellement des questionnements politiques, à l’aube des LumièresThis survey attempts to draw a new understanding of reason of State, as a key concept in modern politics and in 17th century State-centered thought. It is therefore studied backwards, in order to better describe its origins, and to understand what conditions enabled its formulation. The genealogic method is chosen as a way to conciliate the French school of the Annales and the anglo-american tradition of history of ideas, and to handle political ideas as historical artefacts. Every text and author is therefore apprehended as a part of a chain of influences and relationships, while intellectual singularities are preserved. Among the main concepts that participate in defining reason of State, necessity, public utility and legal exception evolve deeply from the 12th century, as a result of the rediscovery of ancient authors by John of Salisbury and still more by Thomas Aquinas, of recent developments in canon and roman law, and of new fiscal policies during the 13th and 14th centuries. The improvements of royal ideology, the new necessity specifically applied to political action in William of Ockham’s thought, and the rise of the concept of a sovereign State under the primary influence of Marsilius of Padua, also participate in this preparation, now centered on Italian city-states. The account ends with a view on three different definitions of reason of State, that correspond first to Machiavelli and Guicciardini, then to Botero, and finally to the legal thought of Ammirato and Canonhiero. This outcome paves the way to the triumph of Statism, and to the new developments of political theory during the Enlightenment
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Sowell, Patrick Wm. "Maintaining US Preeminence in a Hazardous Commons: Developing National Security Space Strategy to Address the Strategic Environment." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1304110944.
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Montesinos, Llinares Lidia. "IRALIKU'K: La confrontación de los comunales. Etnografía e historia de las relaciones de propiedad en Goizueta." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/132603.
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Esta tesis, planteada inicialmente como un estudio de comunidad, presenta un estudio de caso sobre relaciones de propiedad en Goizueta; un pueblo euskaldun (vascófono) de unos 700 habitantes situado en el noroeste de Navarra, en una zona de montaña de tipo atlántico. A través del estudio de las regulaciones consuetudinarias y legales sobre el uso y la apropiación de recursos en el lugar de estudio y de los conflictos en torno a ellas se plantean algunas conclusiones teóricas respecto a las formas de propiedad y sus regulaciones.
La perspectiva de larga duración histórica y la documentación de archivo permiten conocer las transformaciones en las formas de aprovechamiento comunal y familiar en Goizueta desde el siglo XV y analizar los procesos de transformación tanto de las formas de vida como de la organización de la propiedad, pudiendo apreciarse así los factores y elementos que configuran esas transformaciones y también el carácter discontinuo y no lineal de estos cambios.
La tesis defiende la idea de que la propiedad en el lugar de estudio se ha mantenido siempre indefinida, entre imprecisiones y ambigüedades respecto a su correcta delimitación; y que ha tenido también un carácter fluctuante, cambiante y variable si tomamos en cuenta la complejidad de las relaciones de propiedad. Además, las relaciones sociales de propiedad se caracterizan por constituir un campo de fuerzas e intereses, siendo muchas veces conflictivas o negociadas, fruto de una tensión o pugna constante entre diferentes concepciones e intereses por marcar su definición.
Estas tres ideas: la indefinición de la propiedad, el carácter fluctuante de las relaciones de propiedad y también su carácter conflictivo o negociado se demuestran empíricamente a través del análisis detallado de diversos conflictos locales por la propiedad, casos jurídicos, históricos y etnográficos, que se extraen de documentación del archivo municipal de Goizueta o de las conversaciones y entrevistas con la población local.
La tensión entre las regulaciones consuetudinarias locales y las leyes liberales del siglo XIX, o entre las actuales regulaciones regionales, estatales y europeas, aparece también como un foco de interés que pone en evidencia el pluralismo jurídico existente y nuevamente el carácter permanentemente negociado y conflictivo de las relaciones de propiedad, y las tensiones entre costumbre y ley. Las entrevistas a juristas y abogados, trabajadores de la administración navarra y representantes políticos aportan la visión de las instituciones respecto a varios de estos conflictos, dando cuenta de los debates entre las partes y del choque de intereses.
En definitiva, la tesis aporta una reflexión teórica en torno a la posesión y la propiedad a través del estudio de casos etnográficos, poniendo la mirada especialmente en las transformaciones históricas de las formas de uso y apropiación comunales y en los conflictos de carácter local que permiten conocer las distintas formas de entender y reivindicar la posesión de ciertos bienes: terrenos comunales como los iraliku'k (helechales), los bienes de la Sociedad Elkartasuna o la finca de Artikutza. De esta forma, la reflexión en torno a los bienes comunales y su historia recorre el eje transversal de la tesis, aportando una mirada crítica sobre las formas de gobierno y las relaciones entre distintos ámbitos jurídicos: local, provincial, estatal, europeo...
Por otra parte, el estudio mantiene una mirada crítica en contra de las visiones evolucionistas de la historia y de las perspectivas del desarrollismo o el progresismo liberal que auguraban unas transformaciones económicas y de la propiedad necesarias y homogéneas para todas las sociedades campesinas que llevaría inevitablemente a su desaparición o inmersión absoluta en la economía de mercado. La tesis muestra las rupturas y discontinuidades históricas que caracterizan el devenir de la vida en Goizueta en contra de lo que plantean estas perspectivas o el propio orden propietario liberal, acercándose a las formas de vida ligadas al baserri (caserío), la ganadería o el cultivo de la tierra para conocer sus singularidades y las estrategias de subsistencia de quienes se dedican a ellas.The thesis presents a case study of property relationships in Goizueta, a town of 700 people in the mountains of Navarre. Through the study of the legal regulations on property, the historical conflicts associated with resources, and changes in the communal and familial forms of exploitation, several theoretical conclusions are presented regarding types of ownership and their regulations. The historical indefiniteness of property ownership where the study takes place, as well as the changes in property relationships are empirically shown through different legal and ethnographic cases. The tension between local customary regulations and the liberal laws of the nineteenth century or the current regional, state and European regulations appears as the focus that shows the permanently negotiated and conflictive nature of property relations. In the final analysis, the thesis provides a theoretical reflection on possession and property, with a special look at the historical transformations in the forms of communal appropriation and use.
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Mautalent, Reboul Isabelle. "Le Droit privé jersiais, transformation et adaptation de son contenu originel au monde contemporain." Caen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CAEN0036.
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Le droit prive jersiais contemporain,qui frappe par son caractere extremement polymorphe, consiste en une 'common law', c'est a dire en un corps de regles judiciaires basees sur un vieux fonds coutumier, en l'occurence normand, aux cotes de laquelle s'est developpe un important volume de droit legifere. Cet etat du droit est le fruit d'une longue histoire, singuliere et parfaitement originale, intimementliee a celle de la normandie. En faisant le choix en 1204, de demeurer soumis a l'autorite du roi d'angleterre en qui ils voyaient leur duc, les jersiais n'entendirent pas cependant faire fi de leur identite normande deja riche et rompre avec leurs habitudes juridiques et coutumieres. C'est comme un ultime heritage du continent qu'ils recurent le texte du grand coutumier de normandie redige vers 1240, heritage dont ils firent non seulement le fondement de l'autonomie judiciaire et administrative dont jersey jouit encore de nos jours mais egalement la source de leur droit prive coutumier. L'archipel anglo-normand a toujours ete considere par les specialistes du droit normand comme le conservatoire du patrimoine juridique de la normandie et ce travail a pour objet de mesurer, a jersey, ce qu'il en est encore aujourd'hui. Il tente d'etablir comment, au moyen d'une importante tradition jurisprudentielle, elle-meme au service d'un inconstestable pragmatisme juridique, la coutume de normandie est parvenue a exercer durablement une influence sur le droit prive jersiais, bien que ce dernier ait ete progressivement contraint d'abandonner tout ce qui etait caracteristique d'un droit dont l'unique preoccupation fut d'assrer la conservation et la transmission des propres. Souligner la specificite du droit prive jersiais, c'est egalement s'interroger sur la facon d'administrer une diference que seule la memoire saura sauvegarderThe modern civil law of jersey whose polymorphic character is a striking feature, consists in a 'common law', i. E a body of judicial rules founded on an old customary law besides which an important volume of legislated law has developed. This state of the law of jersey is the fruit of a long history, both singular and perfectly original and yet closely linked to that of normandy. In 1204 by making the choice remaining obedient to the king of england whom they beheld as their duke, the people of jersey did not intend to deny their already rich norman identity and part with their judicial and customary habits. They received the text of the 'grand coutumier de normandie' written c. 1240 as an ultimate heritage from the continent, an heritage out of wich not only did they lay the foundations of the judicial and administrative autonoly wich jersey still enjoys but also the origin of their customary civl law. The channel islands have always been considered the repository of the judicial heritage of normandy and the aim of this thesis is to see how it still materialises in jersey nowadays. It tries to establish how. Trough an important jurisprudencial tradition wich itself serves indisputable pragmatism, the common law of normandy has managed to durable influence the modern civl law of jersey though the latter has progressively been forced to abandon all that characterised a law whose unique object was to secure the conservation and transmission of real estates. Underlining the specificity of the civil law of jersey means qustioning the way of implementing a difference that memory only will be able to save
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Soltani, Seyed Nasser. "La notion de constitution dans l'oeuvre de l'assemblée constituante iranienne de 1906." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32010/document.
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En 1906 le royaume de Perse connut une révolution constitutionnelle qui lui a donné la première constitution écrite du pays. Durant les années où la révolution se prépare, la société civile ouvre un grand champ d’émergence des concepts modernes du droit public. L’œuvre de l’assemblée constituante de 1906, qui a donné naissance à la constitution et à son complément, en est un exemple par excellence. Dans cette thèse nous allons procéder à l’exploitation de l’œuvre de l’assemblée constituante pour y suivre la genèse et l’évolution des concepts de droit public. Nous allons chercher à travers les concepts principaux du droit public - représentation, égalité civique et égalité devant la loi - la conception qu'avaient les constituants de la Constitution. Nous allons aussi observer la notion de constitution à certains moments décisifs de la révolution, où par exemple les révolutionnaires appelleront le roi au serment pour protéger la constitution. Dans cette thèse nous assisterons aussi à un processus qui par le biais de la redéfinition des anciens concepts de droit public, fait naître les concepts modernes du droit public. Cette thèse en se référant à l’histoire constitutionnelle du pays vise à relever un défi du droit constitutionnel d’aujourd’hui en Iran. Un droit constitutionnel qui, dès sa naissance, ne prend pas au sérieux l’histoire de la discipline. Par cette thèse nous voulons mettre en valeur l’importance et la nécessité des études historiques dans l’enseignement ainsi que dans l’étude du droit constitutionnelIn 1906 the Persian Kingdom witnessed a constitutional revolution which gave it its first written constitution. In the early years of the revolution, civil society opened a great field for the emergence of modern concepts of public law. The work of the Constituent Assembly of 1906, which gave birth to the Constitution and its Supplement, is a unique illustration of this. The present thesis proceeds to explain the work of the Constituent Assembly in order to follow the genesis and evolution of the principles of public law in Iran. Referring to the principal concepts of public law - representation, civic equality and equality before the law - we will attempt to find the particular conception that the constituents of the Constitution had of these concepts. We also explore the notion of constitution at certain key moments of the revolution, where, for example, the revolutionaries called the King to give oath for the safeguard of the Constitution. Further, the thesis explains the process by which modern concepts of public law were given birth through a redefinition of ancient concepts. By referring to constitutional history, the present study aims to expose the challenges to constitutional law in Iran today, a constitutional law which has failed to seriously account for the history of the discipline. The present study therefore aims to show the importance of, and need for, historical studies in the teaching and study of constitutional law in Iran
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Issartel, Cédric. "Contribution à l'étude des rapports du droit positif et de la mémoire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1053.
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Le droit positif et la mémoire entendue dans toute sa complexité entretiennent des rapports anciens et variés. Ceux-ci se sont accentués au cours du XXe siècle, et plus particulièrement au cours de la dernière décennie avec le développement des lois mémorielles. D'un point de vue général, ces rapports peuvent être ordonnés selon deux modalités. D'une part, le droit positif et la mémoire collective sont liés par une interaction. Celle-ci consiste plus particulièrement en une détermination réciproque. En effet, si le droit positif détermine certaines mémoires collectives, qu'elles demeurent ou non dans la conscience collective, le droit positif est à son tour déterminé par la mémoire spirituelle collective qu'est le souvenir du droit. Susceptible de deux définitions, cette mémoire exerce en effet une influence dans la formation du droit positif, mais aussi dans la conservation du droit. Ne concernant pas que le seul droit positif, cette conservation exerce également une influence variable sur ce dernier. D'autre part, la relation entre le droit positif et la mémoire se caractérise également par une action du droit positif qui ne connaît pas d'équivalent mémoriel. En effet, le droit positif apparaît comme l'instrument de la pérennisation de la mémoire. Concernant toutes les formes et tous les types de mémoire identifiables, cette protection est cependant très variée dans ses modalités. Elle peut être directe lorsque les règles du droit applicable ne prévoient pas une action autre qu'une protection. D'ailleurs, cette première protection connaît deux modalités selon que les dispositions du droit positif concernent les mémoires protégées elles-mêmes ou des éléments mémoriels intermédiaires. Immédiate dans le premier cas, elle ne l'est pas dans le second. En revanche, le souvenir collectif des évènements et des défunts mémorables ne bénéficie pas d'une protection directe. La protection spécifique et indirecte de celui-ci contre l'oubli résulte de sa remémoration qui est prévue ou seulement permise par certaines dispositions du droit positif. Si ce rappel a pour modalité de principe l'exaltation collective et publique dudit souvenir collectif, il a pour conséquence la quête du pardon par les autorités étatiques et son obtention est alors présumée. Toutefois, le pardon peut aussi être accordé, plus ou moins directement, par la grâce ou l'oubli décidé. Mais, seul le second a un effet sur le souvenir collectifThe applicable law and the memory in all her significance have old and varied relations. They have been accentuated during the last century, and especially during the last decade reason of the developpement of memory laws. Generally, these relations can be classified into two categories. Firstly, the applicable law and the collective memory have an interaction. This interaction is a mutual determination. The applicable law determines some collective memories. In return, the applicable law is determined by the memory of law. Having two definitions, it exercices an action in the formation of the applicable law and in the conservation of the law in totality. This conservation exercices also a variable action on the applicable law. Secondly, the relation between the applicable law and the memory is characterized by an action of the applicable law without memory equivalent. The applicable law can ensure the continued existence of the memory. Concerning all forms and types of memory, this protection is very variable. It can be direct when the rules of the applicable law don't plan for an action different of a protection. This first protection is characterized by two types. Dispositions of the applicable law can concern the protected memories, but also they can concern intermediate memorial elements. In the first case, the protection is immediate. It isn't in the second. The collective memory of memorable events and deceased isn't protected directly.This indirect and specific protection results of its reminder. It consists of a collective and public exaltation. The quest of pardon is the consequence. But the pardon can also be gotten, more or less directly, by the presidential pardon an the decided forgetfulness. However, only the second has an effect on the collective memory
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Vasconcelos, Pereira Junior Magno. "Construção e transformação do centro urbano de São Luís-MA: Uma análise do Património Histórico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/397725.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tese apresenta a trajetória e os resultados de uma investigação realizada referente à evolução urbana da cidade de São Luís, capital do Maranhão, com um olhar sobre o Centro Histórico. A investigação se fundamenta na necessidade de conhecer os processos que geraram, para o centro da cidade, o título Patrimônio da Humanidade em 1997. É neste contexto que foi analisada a morfologia urbana desde sua fundação até o reconhecimento do título pela UNESCO. Realizou-se uma pesquisa dos principais aspectos que contribuíram para que pudesse ser alcançado esse logro internacional, entre eles: a análise da própria sociedade colonizadora, pensando em como ela desenvolveu o núcleo inicial e quais as normas e leis criadas para o progresso da cidade; os ciclos econômicos, que ora proporcionaram a construção dos grandiosos casarões, ora impossibilitaram a renovação dos antigos casarões; a aparição do primeiro movimento conservacionista e seus principais protagonistas na São Luís do século XIX; as intervenções urbanísticas realizadas pelo governo em prol da revitalização e renovação do centro histórico; e, finalmente, a análise da proposta de elevar a capital ludovicense a Patrimônio Cultural da Humanidade.This thesis presents the path and the results of an investigation related to the urban evolution of the city of Sao Luís, capital of the State of Maranhão, with an eye on the historical center. The research meets the need to understand the processes that led the city center to receive the World Heritage title in 1997. In this context, we analyzed the urban morphology from its foundation to the recognition of the title by the UNESCO through the main aspects that contributed to achieving this international recognition, namely: the colonial society itself, focusing on how it developed the initial core of the city and which rules and laws it created for its progress; the economic cycles, which both provided the construction of grand mansions and prevented their renovation; the appearance of the first conservationist movement and its key players in nineteenth century São Luís; the urban interventions carried out by the government towards the revitalization and renewal of the historic center; and, finally, the proposition to raise São Luís’s historical center to a World Heritage site.
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Duvillet, Amandine. "Du péché à l'ordre civil, les unions hors mariage au regard du droit (XVIe-XXe siècle)." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697010.
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Cette thèse vise à appréhender la condition juridique des couples non mariés, à travers près de cinq siècles. Le droit canonique du mariage relégua le concubinage à un état permanent de péché, et, au XVIe siècle, le concile de Trente prescrivit des sanctions sévères à l'encontre des concubinaires. Les pères du concile édictèrent des règles encadrant la célébration du mariage. Puis, l'autorité séculière s'arrogea peu à peu la compétence en matière matrimoniale, par les lois et par la jurisprudence. La frontière entre mariage et concubinage était dorénavant strictement établie. Si l'ancien droit ne regarda pas le concubinage comme un délit, il fustigea les bâtards en les soumettant à un statut d'infériorité. Sous la Révolution, la sécularisation du mariage ne remit pas en cause la forme traditionnelle de l'union conjugale, toutefois, les législateurs accordèrent des droits aux enfants naturels reconnus. En 1804, le Code civil ignora absolument le concubinage. Le fondement de la famille était le mariage ; et, les enfants naturels furent, de nouveau, les victimes de la prééminence de l'union légitime. Dés le milieu du XIXe siècle, la rigueur du Code envers la famille naturelle fut atténuée grâce à un courant d'idées progressistes. Puis, au début du XXe siècle, la reconnaissance officielle du concubinage fut opérée par une série de mesures législatives lui conférant des effets juridiques, et la voie vers un pluralisme juridique des modèles familiaux se trouva ouverte.
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Morgan, Kirsty Kate. "The legalisation and regulation of online gambling in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6092.
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Wasenda, N'Songo Corneille. "Le droit pénal congolais confronté aux exigences constitutionnelles." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D046.
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Alors que sous d'autres cieux, les liens entre le droit constitutionnel et le droit pénal ont été acceptés comme fondement de droit pénal d'une part, et que les grandes questions de droit répressif ont fonctionné comme catalyseur d'une constitutionnalisation de l'État et de l'émergence des droits de l'homme, d'autre part, en République démocratique du Congo par contre, la question a rarement été traitée de façon systématique par les chercheurs. La constitutionnalisation du droit pénal serait-elle ainsi un sujet négligé ? La présente thèse avait l'ambition de relever le défi en faisant une lecture pénale croisée et transversale des différentes constitutions qui ont régenté le pays, depuis la Loi fondamentale de 1960 relatives aux structures du Congo, jusqu'à l'actuelle Constitution du 18 février 2006. Dans cette quête, il fallait donc éviter les pièges d'une compartimentalisation des disciplines juridiques en optant plutôt pour leur interdisciplinarité. Conçu initialement pour lutter contre la traite des esclaves et protéger le commerce des États signataires de l'Acte de Berlin sur le territoire formant le bassin conventionnel du Congo, le droit pénal a longtemps gardé cette empreinte d'une oeuvre sommaire, ignorant l'importance des enjeux constitutionnels sur la politique criminelle. Le constat a été observé lors des développements de la première partie consacrée à l'absence du respect des exigences constitutionnelles dans la construction du dispositif répressif, tant dans ses fondements que dans ses orientations philosophiques. Les modifications intervenues après la période coloniale n'ont rien changé de la donne, mais ont plutôt instauré un régime répressif essentiellement tourné vers la protection des institutions politiques et leurs animateurs, ignorant les garanties constitutionnelles et le respect des droits fondamentaux de la personne humaine. Les changements démocratiques introduits par la Constitution du 18 février 2006 auguraient un nouveau cadre idéologique dans l'organisation de la société. Celle-ci a instauré de nouvelles formes de contrôle social et de régulation auxquelles participent naturellement un nouveau droit pénal. Ce dernier doit obéir à certaines conditions d'éthique dans la détermination et la hiérarchie des valeurs sociales d'une part, d'autre part, dans la protection du groupe social avec une attention particulière aux personnes vulnérables et enfin, il doit avoir une valeur pédagogique, tant pour les citoyens ordinaires que pour les diverses catégories des délinquants, notamment en instaurant une gamme de sanctions appropriées. L'examen de toutes ces questions a démontré dans la seconde partie de la thèse qu'il persiste des limites au respect des exigences constitutionnelles, faute d'adaptabilité d'un contrôle de constitutionnalité des normes pénales et surtout par l'insuffisance d'une protection pénale de la Constitution, empêchant ainsi à la Cour constitutionnelle de jouer le rôle d'un véritable acteur de politique criminelleWhereas in other places the link between constitutional law and criminal law have been accepted as the basis of criminal law on the one hand, and the major questions of repressive law have played the role of a catalyst for the constitutionalisation of criminal law the state and the emergence of human rights on the other hand, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, however, the issue has rarely been treated systematically by researchers. Would the constitionalization of criminal law be a neglected subject ? The present thesis had the ambition to take up the challenge by making a cross reading and transversal of the various constitutions which ruled the country since the Basic law of 1960 relating to the structures of Congo, until the current Constitution of February 18. 2006. In this quest, it was necessary to avoid the trap of compartmentalization of legal disciplines by opting rather for their interdisciplinarity. Originnaly designed to combat the slave trade and protect the trade to the signatory states of the Berlin Act on the territory forming the Congo Basin, the criminal law has long kept this figure of a summary work, ignoring the importance constitutional issues on criminal policy. The observation was made during the developments of the first part devoted to the lack of respect for constitional requirementsin the construction of the repressive mechanism both in its foudations and its philosophical orientations. The changes that took place after the colonial period did not change the situation. Rather, they have created a repressive regime that focuses on protecting political institutions and their leaders, ignoring constitutional guarentees and respect for the fundamental rights of the human person. The democratic changes introduced by the Costitution of 18 february 2006 augured a new ideological framework in the organization of society. It jhas introduced new forms of social control and regulation, which are naturally part of a new criminal law. The latter must comply with certain ethical conditions in the determination and hierarchy of social values on the one hand, and one the other hand, in the protection of the social group with particular attention to vulnerable people and, finalty, it must have a value both for ordinary citizens and for the various categories of offenders, including a range of appropriate. The examination of all these questions has demonstrated in the second part of the thesis that there are limits to the respect constitutional requirements, because of the lack of adaptability of a constitutional review of penal norms and especially because of the insufficiency of criminal protection of the Constitution, thus preventing the Constitutionnal Court from playing the role of a real actor of criminal policy
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"The legal transformations in twelfth-century England: from customary law to common law." 1999. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5889923.
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Lee Wai Kim.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-162).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.I-V
Introduction --- p.1-9
Chapter Chapter I: --- The Structure of Land Tenure in English Customary Law: The Origins of the Common Law Property --- p.10-52
Chapter Chapter II: --- The Institutional Foundations of English Law: The Administration of Justice under Henry I --- p.53-95
Chapter Chapter III: --- The Royal Jurisdiction and the Transformation of Legal Procedure from Leges Henrici Primi to Glanvill --- p.96-142
Conclusion --- p.143-153
Bibliography --- p.154-162
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Pesklevits, Richard Dale. "Customary law, the Crown and the common law : ancient legal islands in the post-colonial stream." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12160.
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This thesis is a cross-disciplinary study of legal history and customary law. Respect for, and
accommodation of local customary law has been a constant and integral feature of law in
Britain since Anglo-Saxon times. It guided the emergence of the common law, and
continues as a rule of law to the present day. Such respect and accommodation was an
essential principle that permitted the peaceful consolidation of the British realms from its
constituent parts. Continuity of law is a legal presumption whether territories have been
added by conquest, cession or annexation. The principle respect for local legal custom was
one of two schools of thought carried to Britain's overseas colonies; the other was a theory
that local customary law could be extinguished by non-recognition on the part of the British
sovereign or his/her delegates. Nevertheless, customary laws and institutions were explicitly
and implicitly recognized in the colonial period. The doctrine has modern application with
respect to the customary law ways of indigenous peoples wherever the common law has
been extended overseas. Rights under customary law are distinguished from Aboriginal
rights, though there is some overlap between the two. Customary law can only be
extinguished by an express statute, or by clearly unavoidable implication. Legal customs are
not invalid merely for being contrary to the common law. Common law defers to valid
customary law as a matter of constitutional common law. But the common law provides
tests by which courts can identify valid legal custom. Where a valid, unextinguished legal
custom is found, courts are bound by the common law to apply it. Where customary law can
be identified, it binds the servants and agents of the Crown, except when it is inconsistent
with Crown sovereignty itself.
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Tvrdy, Linda Ann. "Constitutional Rights in a Common Law World: The Reconstruction of North Carolina Legal Culture, 1865-1874." Thesis, 2013. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8VX0PQS.
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The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, which were ratified in the aftermath of the Civil War, abolished slavery, established national citizenship and made equality before the law a constitutional requirement. These national constitutional amendments brought revolutionary change to America's foundational law, but it was up to state and local legal actors to incorporate this change into the law that governed the everyday lives of Americans. The literature of Reconstruction legal history tends to place federal law, federal courts and federal legal actors at the center of the story. But in the nineteenth century, the federal judicial system was limited in its institutional capacity and its jurisdictional authority. State courts, on the other hand, were ubiquitous and possessed of expansive jurisdictional authority to hear cases arising under both state and federal law. Before the end of the nineteenth century, most Americans could spend their entire lives without encountering the federal legal system. On the other hand, county courts and the common law legal culture in which they existed were an integral part of their daily lives. This dissertation focuses on the state of North Carolina, examining how the state's legal actors articulated the meaning of freedom and incorporated it into their common law legal culture during Reconstruction. Engaging with recent literature that reconsiders the importance of the common as an ideology and mode of governance, this dissertation argues that the common law conceptualization of rights stood in contrast to the abstract, individual rights embodied in the U.S. Constitution. Common law rights were contextual, relational, and hierarchical. Further, common law principles centered around creating and maintaining good social order rather than protecting individual rights. Because the common law dominated nineteenth century legal culture, North Carolina legal actors could not simply impose the principles of the newly amended U.S. Constitution onto the existing legal order. Rather, to ensure their lasting legitimacy they had to integrate those principles into the existing common law legal culture. The process of integration began even before North Carolina ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. At the end of the war, Union army General John M. Schofield oversaw the administration of justice and the implementation of freedom in North Carolina through military commission proceedings over civilians. Even in these military tribunals the common law provided a common language and ideology through which northern military officials, North Carolinian citizens and North Carolina lawyers could contest the precise meaning of freedom. Once civilian courts resumed their authority, North Carolinians continued throughout Reconstruction to refine the meaning of freedom and to incorporate the new constitutional values in the language of the common law. By focusing on the local implementation of constitutional change, this dissertation sheds light on how Americans experienced emancipation and freedom in their everyday lives. However, uncovering the common law context in which it developed aids our understanding of nineteenth century constitutional doctrine as well.
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Clark, Jan Katherine. "Of kings and popes and law: an examination of the Church and state relationship in England during the high Middle Ages and the influence of that relationship on the structure and processes of English law." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4071.
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During the latter half of the 11th century through to the end of the 13th century, Europe was experiencing what is considered by some historians as “the” medieval renaissance, otherwise referred to as the European Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. The time appears to have been ripe for an explosion of cultural and intellectual advancement and change. Two fields that experienced significant development during that period were law and governance, both secular and ecclesiastical.
In England, the period which most legal historians consider to be the key formative years of the common law was the reign of King Henry II. Indeed, Sir William Holdsworth credits Henry II for “substituting one common law for that confused mass of local customs of which the law of England had formerly consisted”. But as R.H. Helmholz said, “legal history, like any other, is a history of winners, and the history of the losing side is often overlooked. That we only hint of the history of the canon law by reference to the common law is a fact of life and not to be lamented”. However, he admonishes us not to ignore the intrinsic importance of the jurisdiction once exercised by the courts of the Church in the development of the law of England.
I take up Helmholz’ challenge in this thesis and examine the relationship that developed between the English royal authorities and the Latin (Western) Christian Church from the beginning of the reign of Edward the Confessor to the end of the reign of King John. Through a review of cases reported by the Selden Society from the royal courts of Henry II, Richard I and John, I then focus my research on the 62 year period between the beginning of the reign of Henry II and the death of John, and consider the influence of the Church and State relationship on the structure and processes of the developing English royal law and its scope.Graduate
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Du, Plessis Hanri Magdalena. "The harmonisation of good faith and ubuntu in the South African common law of contract." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23606.
Full textAbstract:
The legal historical development of fairness in the South African common law of contract is investigated in the context of the political, social and economic developments of the last four centuries. It emerges that the common law of contract is still dominated by the ideologies of individualism and economic liberalism which were imported from English law during the nineteenth century. Together with the theories of legal positivism and formalism which are closely related to parliamentary sovereignty and the classical rule of law, these ideals were transposed into the common law of contract through the classical model of contract law which emphasises freedom and sanctity of contract and promotes legal certainty. This approach resulted in the negation of the court’s equitable discretion and the limitation of good faith which sustain the social and economic inequalities that were created under colonialism and exacerbated under apartheid rule. In stark contrast, the modern human rights culture grounded in human dignity and aimed at the promotion of substantive equality led to the introduction of modern contract theory in other parts of the world. The introduction of the Constitution as grounded in human dignity and aimed at the achievement of substantive equality has resulted in a sophisticated jurisprudence on human dignity that reflects a harmonisation between its Western conception as based on Kantian dignity and ubuntu which provides an African understanding thereof. In this respect, ubuntu plays an important role in infusing the common law of contract with African values and in promoting substantive equality between contracting parties in line with modern contract theory. It is submitted that this approach to human dignity should result in the development of good faith into a substantive rule of the common law of contract which can be used to set aside an unfair contract term or the unfair enforcement thereof.Private Law
LL. D.
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Dallmann, Abigail Armstrong. "To Have and To Hold: Courting Property in Law and Literature, 1837-1917." 2011. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/444.
Full textAbstract:
Beginning in the early nineteenth century, American jurisprudence grappled with the issue of marital property. States under the Anglo-American legal tradition of common law revised marital property allocations to allow wives to hold certain categories of property separate from their husbands. These changes were enacted, in part, to insulate a wife's property from the vagaries of the market but the judicial response reveals a larger narrative of ambivalence and anxiety about women, property, and the suggested mobility of separately held possessions. Marital property reform begins in an historical moment when the question of what a woman could own in marriage morphed into larger cultural anxieties such as the very meaning of ownership and things themselves in the face of new intangible properties. Writers of fiction also captured these anxieties, and created imagined scenarios of marriage and property to expose constructions of ownership, property, womanhood, and marriage. Edna Pontellier in Kate Chopin's The Awakening attempts her withdrawal from her marriage by dismantling the Pontellier home and removing what she believes she owns to a separate physical space. The tragedy of her story can be understood for its legal impossibility under common law, as well as the restricted meanings of marriage and separate property under Louisiana's civil law jurisdiction. At the end of Edith Wharton's Summer, Charity Royall chooses to secretly reclaim a brooch that was a gift from her lover. Her action suggests a desire for privacy and could be viewed as fraudulent to her marriage vows. Pauline Hopkins's character Hagar in Hagar's Daughter repossesses material spaces in which she was forbidden to own and control because of her race and gender, and uses the American justice system to support her claims to ownership and contractual rights. In contrast to Hopkins's tenuous but nonetheless optimistic portrayal of contract, Marìa Amparo Ruiz de Burton's novel Who Would Have Thought It? describes contract and the American legal system overall as empty promises. Marriage and property in Ruiz de Burton's novel work as tropes through which to critique nineteenth-century American society and the destructive force of capitalism within its most intimate spaces.
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Keady, Joseph. "A Translation of Dominik Nagl’s Grenzfälle with an Introductory Analysis of the Translation Process." 2020. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/881.
Full textAbstract:
My thesis is an analysis of my own translation of a chapter from Dominik Nagl's legal history 'Grenzfälle,' which addresses questions of citizenship and nationality in the context of the German colonies in Africa and the South Pacific. My analysis focuses primarily on strategies that I used in an effort to preserve the strangeness of a linguistic context that is, in many ways, "foreign" to twenty first-century North Americans while also striving to avoid reproducing the violence embedded in language that is historically laden with extreme power disparities.