Academic literature on the topic 'COMMON INHIBITOR'
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Journal articles on the topic "COMMON INHIBITOR"
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Hopkins, Michael, John J. Tyson, and Béla Novák. "Cell-cycle transitions: a common role for stoichiometric inhibitors." Molecular Biology of the Cell 28, no. 23 (November 7, 2017): 3437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0349.
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The cell division cycle is the process by which eukaryotic cells replicate their chromosomes and partition them to two daughter cells. To maintain the integrity of the genome, proliferating cells must be able to block progression through the division cycle at key transition points (called “checkpoints”) if there have been problems in the replication of the chromosomes or their biorientation on the mitotic spindle. These checkpoints are governed by protein-interaction networks, composed of phase-specific cell-cycle activators and inhibitors. Examples include Cdk1:Clb5 and its inhibitor Sic1 at the G1/S checkpoint in budding yeast, APC:Cdc20 and its inhibitor MCC at the mitotic checkpoint, and PP2A:B55 and its inhibitor, alpha-endosulfine, at the mitotic-exit checkpoint. Each of these inhibitors is a substrate as well as a stoichiometric inhibitor of the cell-cycle activator. Because the production of each inhibitor is promoted by a regulatory protein that is itself inhibited by the cell-cycle activator, their interaction network presents a regulatory motif characteristic of a “feedback-amplified domineering substrate” (FADS). We describe how the FADS motif responds to signals in the manner of a bistable toggle switch, and then we discuss how this toggle switch accounts for the abrupt and irreversible nature of three specific cell-cycle checkpoints.
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Silva, Maria Cristina Mattar da, Luciane Vieira Mello, Marise Ventura Coutinho, Daniel John Rigden, Goran Neshich, Maarten John Chrispeels, and Maria Fátima Grossi-de-Sá. "Mutants of common bean alpha-amylase inhibitor-2 as an approach to investigate binding specificity to alpha-amylases." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 39, no. 3 (March 2004): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2004000300001.
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Despite the presence of a family of defense proteins, Phaseolus vulgaris can be attacked by bruchid insects resulting in serious damage to stored grains. The two distinct active forms of a-amylase inhibitors, a-AI1 and a-AI2, in P. vulgaris show different specificity toward a-amylases. Zabrotes subfasciatus a-amylase is inhibited by a-AI2 but not by a-AI1. In contrast, porcine a-amylase is inhibited by a-AI1 but not by a-AI2. The objective of this work was to understand the molecular basis of the specificity of two inhibitors in P. vulgaris (a-AI1 and a-AI2) in relation to a-amylases. Mutants of a-AI2 were made and expressed in tobacco plants. The results showed that all the a-AI2 mutant inhibitors lost their activity against the insect a-amylases but none exhibited activity toward the mammalian a-amylase. The replacement of His33 of a-AI2 with the a-AI1-like sequence Ser-Tyr-Asn abolished inhibition of Z. subfasciatus a-amylase. From structural modeling, the conclusion is that the size and complexity of the amylase-inhibitor interface explain why mutation of the N-terminal loop and resultant abolition of Z. subfasciatus a-amylase inhibition are not accompanied by gain of inhibitory activity against porcine a-amylase.
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Arita, Minetaro, Takaji Wakita, and Hiroyuki Shimizu. "Cellular kinase inhibitors that suppress enterovirus replication have a conserved target in viral protein 3A similar to that of enviroxime." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 1869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.012096-0.
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Previously, we identified a cellular kinase inhibitor, GW5074, that inhibits poliovirus (PV) and enterovirus 71 replication strongly, although its target has remained unknown. To identify the target of GW5074, we searched for cellular kinase inhibitors that have anti-enterovirus activity similar or related to that of GW5074. With this aim, we performed screenings to identify cellular kinase inhibitors that could inhibit PV replication cooperatively with GW5074 or synthetically in the absence of GW5074. We identified MEK1/2 inhibitors (SL327 and U0126), an EGFR inhibitor (AG1478) and a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor (wortmannin) as compounds with a cooperative inhibitory effect with GW5074, and an Akt1/2 inhibitor (Akt inhibitor VIII) as a compound with a synthetic inhibitory effect with MEK1/2 inhibitors and AG1478. Individual treatment with the identified kinase inhibitors did not affect PV replication significantly, but combined treatment with MEK1/2 inhibitor, AG1478 and Akt1/2 inhibitor suppressed the replication synthetically. The effect of AG1478 in this synthetic inhibition was compensated by other receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (IGF-1R inhibitor II and Flt3 inhibitor II). We isolated mutants resistant to Flt3 inhibitor II and GW5074 and found that these mutants had cross-resistance to each treatment. These mutants had a common mutation in viral protein 3A that results in an amino acid change at position 70 (Ala to Thr), a mutation that was previously identified in mutants resistant to a potent anti-enterovirus compound, enviroxime. These results suggest that cellular kinase inhibitors and enviroxime have a conserved target in viral protein 3A to suppress enterovirus replication.
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Scandella, D., GE Gilbert, M. Shima, H. Nakai, C. Eagleson, M. Felch, R. Prescott, KJ Rajalakshmi, LW Hoyer, and E. Saenko. "Some factor VIII inhibitor antibodies recognize a common epitope corresponding to C2 domain amino acids 2248 through 2312, which overlap a phospholipid-binding site." Blood 86, no. 5 (September 1, 1995): 1811–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v86.5.1811.bloodjournal8651811.
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The finding that human factor VIII (fVIII) inhibitor antibodies with C2 domain epitopes interfere with the binding of fVIII to phosphatidylserine (PS) suggested that this is the mechanism by which they inactivate fVIII. We constructed a recombinant C2 domain polypeptide and demonstrated that it bound to all six human inhibitors with fVIII light chain specificity. Thus, some antibodies within the polyclonal anti-light chain population require only amino acids within C2 for binding. Recombinant C2 also partially or completely neutralized the inhibitor titer of these plasmas, demonstrating that anti-C2 antibodies inhibit fVIII activity. Immunoblotting of a series of C2 deletion polypeptides, expressed in Escherichia coli, with inhibitor plasmas showed that the epitopes for human inhibitors consist of a common core of amino acid residues 2248 through 2312 with differing extensions for individual inhibitors. The epitope of inhibitory monoclonal antibody (MoAb) ESH8 was localized to residues 2248 through 2285. Three human antibodies and anti-C2 MoAb NMC-VIII/5 bound to a synthetic peptide consisting of amino acids 2303 through 2332, a PS- binding site, but MoAb ESH8 did not. These antibodies also inhibited the binding of fVIII to synthetic phospholipid membranes of PS and phosphatidylcholine, confirming that the blocked epitopes contribute to membrane binding as well as binding to PS. In contrast, MoAb ESH8 did not inhibit binding. As the maximal function of activated fVIII in the intrinsic factor Xase complex requires its binding to a phospholipid membrane, we propose that fVIII inhibition by anti-C2 antibodies is related to the overlap of their epitopes with the PS-binding site. MoAb ESH8 did not inhibit fVIII binding to PS-containing membranes, suggesting the existence of a second mechanism of fVIII inhibition by anti-C2 antibodies.
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Watson, R. J., and B. Blackwell. "Purification and characterization of a common soil component which inhibits the polymerase chain reaction." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-043.
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DNA prepared from soil usually contains a brown-tinted inhibitor of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which limits the sensitivity of this technique for specific detection of microorganisms. To localize the inhibitor, soil fractions were tested for their inhibitory effect on the PCR reaction. A highly inhibitory activity, sufficient to account for the inhibition typically exhibited by soil DNA, was found to be tightly associated with the soil microorganism fraction. After cell breakage, the inhibitory material became soluble, and was not separable from DNA by standard purification procedures. A method was derived by which most of the inhibitory material could be selectively solubilized from the microorganism fraction without cell breakage, using successive washes with buffers differing in EDTA concentration. This technique was used to isolate a substance with characteristics suggesting that it is the major PCR inhibitor contaminating DNA purified from soil. It was found to be an organic, water-soluble compound of high molecular weight, and was present in a variety of soil types from different locations. It was found to be distinctly different in its solubility properties from humic and fulvic acids, and also in its FT-IR and NMR spectra. It forms a complex with protein and may inhibit the PCR reaction by an interaction with Taq DNA polymerase.Key words: fulvic acid, humic acid, PCR inhibitor, soil DNA, soil microorganisms.
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E, Jingwen, Ye Liu, Shanshan Guan, Zhijian Luo, Fei Han, Weiwei Han, Song Wang, and Hao Zhang. "How Different Substitution Positions of F, Cl Atoms in Benzene Ring of 5-Methylpyrimidine Pyridine Derivatives Affect the Inhibition Ability of EGFRL858R/T790M/C797S Inhibitors: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040895.
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Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and mutations in the kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are a common cause of non-small-cell lung cancers, which is a major subtype of lung cancers. Recently, a series of 5-methylpyrimidine-pyridinone derivatives have been designed and synthesized as novel selective inhibitors of EGFR and EGFR mutants. However, the binding-based inhibition mechanism has not yet been determined. In this study, we carried out molecular dynamic simulations and free-energy calculations for EGFR derivatives to fill this gap. Based on the investigation, the three factors that influence the inhibitory effect of inhibitors are as follows: (1) The substitution site of the Cl atom is the main factor influencing the activity through steric effect; (2) The secondary factors are repulsion between the F atom (present in the inhibitor) and Glu762, and the blocking effect of Lys745 on the phenyl ring of the inhibitor. (3) The two factors function synergistically to influence the inhibitory capacity of the inhibitor. The theoretical results of this study can provide further insights that will aid the design of oncogenic EGFR inhibitors with high selectivity.
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Meeks, Shannon L., John F. Healey, Ernest T. Parker, Rachel T. Barrow, and Pete Lollar. "Nonclassical anti-C2 domain antibodies are present in patients with factor VIII inhibitors." Blood 112, no. 4 (August 15, 2008): 1151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-01-132639.
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Abstract The antihuman factor VIII (fVIII) C2 domain immune response in hemophilia A mice consists of antibodies that can be divided into 5 groups of structural epitopes and 2 groups of functional epitopes. Groups A, AB, and B consist of classical C2 antibodies that inhibit the binding of fVIII to phospholipid and von Willebrand factor. Groups BC and C contain nonclassical C2 antibodies that block the activation of fVIII by thrombin or factor Xa. Group BC antibodies are the most common and display high specific inhibitory activity and type II kinetics. The C2 epitope groups recognized by 26 polyclonal human anti-fVIII inhibitor plasmas were identified by a novel competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using group-specific murine monoclonal antibodies. Most of the anti-C2 inhibitor plasmas inhibited the binding of both classical and nonclassical antibodies. These results suggest that nonclassical anti-C2 antibodies contribute significantly to the pathogenicity of fVIII inhibitors.
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Yee, Kevin W. H., Marcus Schittenhelm, Anne-Marie O'Farrell, Ajia R. Town, Laura McGreevey, Troy Bainbridge, Julie M. Cherrington, and Michael C. Heinrich. "Synergistic effect of SU11248 with cytarabine or daunorubicin on FLT3 ITD–positive leukemic cells." Blood 104, no. 13 (December 15, 2004): 4202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-10-3381.
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Abstract Fetal liver tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3 ITD) mutations are the most common molecular abnormality associated with adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To exploit this molecular target, a number of potent and specific FLT3 kinase inhibitors have been developed and are currently being tested in early phase clinical trials of patients with refractory AML. To explore the efficacy of combining a FLT3 inhibitor with standard AML chemotherapy drugs, we tested the effect of combining the FLT3 inhibitor SU11248 with cytarabine or daunorubicin on the proliferation and survival of cell lines expressing either mutant (FLT3 ITD or FLT3 D835V) or wild-type (WT) FLT3. SU11248 had additive-to-synergistic inhibitory effects on FLT3-dependent leukemic cell proliferation when combined with cytarabine or daunorubicin. The synergistic interaction of SU11248 and the traditional antileukemic agents was more pronounced for induction of apoptosis. SU11248 inhibited the proliferation of primary AML myeloblasts expressing mutant FLT3 ITD but not WT FLT3 protein. Combining SU11248 and cytarabine synergistically inhibited the proliferation of primary AML myeloblasts expressing FLT3 ITD but not WT FLT3 protein. These data suggest that the addition of potent FLT3 inhibitors such as SU11248 to AML chemotherapy regimens could result in improved treatment results.
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Chen, Shanshan, Yutong Xue, Liping Peng, Haobo Li, Yabo Lei, Zhixiang Huang, and Jian Jiao. "Research Progress on Types and Mechanism of Common Organic Corrosion Inhibitors." International Journal of Energy 2, no. 3 (May 25, 2023): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ije.v2i3.8739.
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In this paper, several kinds of common organic corrosion inhibitors, such as heterocyclic, aldehydes and ketones, organic phosphonic acid, are introduced. The development prospects and application limitations of some corrosion inhibitors are discussed and pointed out. There are also studies have shown that usually two or more corrosion inhibitors are combined or better than a single corrosion inhibitor. Taking the effect as the introduction point, the mechanism of action of organic corrosion inhibitors is generally recognized. Finally, the future research direction of organic corrosion inhibitors is prospected.
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Korsten, Sandra G. P. J., Laura Peracic, Luka M. B. van Groeningen, Mara A. P. Diks, Herman Vromans, Johan Garssen, and Linette E. M. Willemsen. "Butyrate Prevents Induction of CXCL10 and Non-Canonical IRF9 Expression by Activated Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells via HDAC Inhibition." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (April 2, 2022): 3980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073980.
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Non-communicable diseases are increasing and have an underlying low-grade inflammation in common, which may affect gut health. To maintain intestinal homeostasis, unwanted epithelial activation needs to be avoided. This study compared the efficacy of butyrate, propionate and acetate to suppress IFN-γ+/−TNF-α induced intestinal epithelial activation in association with their HDAC inhibitory capacity, while studying the canonical and non-canonical STAT1 pathway. HT-29 were activated with IFN-γ+/−TNF-α and treated with short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) or histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. CXCL10 release and protein and mRNA expression of proteins involved in the STAT1 pathway were determined. All SCFAs dose-dependently inhibited CXCL10 release of the cells after activation with IFN-γ or IFN-γ+TNF-α. Butyrate was the most effective, completely preventing CXCL10 induction. Butyrate did not affect phosphorylated STAT1, nor phosphorylated NFκB p65, but inhibited IRF9 and phosphorylated JAK2 protein expression in activated cells. Additionally, butyrate inhibited CXCL10, SOCS1, JAK2 and IRF9 mRNA in activated cells. The effect of butyrate was mimicked by class I HDAC inhibitors and a general HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A. Butyrate is the most potent inhibitor of CXCL10 release compared to other SCFAs and acts via HDAC inhibition. This causes downregulation of CXCL10, JAK2 and IRF9 genes, resulting in a decreased IRF9 protein expression which inhibits the non-canonical pathway and CXCL10 transcription.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "COMMON INHIBITOR"
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Hay, Marshall Mark. "Control of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) in double crop soybean and with very long chain fatty acid inhibitor herbicides." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35489.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agronomy
Dallas E. Peterson
During 2015 and 2016, five site years of research were implemented in double crop soybean after winter wheat at experiment fields in Kansas near Manhattan, Hutchinson, and Ottawa to assess various non-glyphosate herbicide treatments at three different application timings for control of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) and common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis Sauer). Spring-post (SP) treatments with residual control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp were applied in the winter wheat at Feekes 4 and resulted in less than 50% control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp at the time of double crop soybean planting. Pre-harvest treatments were applied two weeks before winter wheat harvest. 2,4-D resulted in highly variable Palmer amaranth and waterhemp control whereas flumioxazin resulted in comparable control to PRE treatments that contained paraquat plus a residual herbicide. Excellent Palmer amaranth and waterhemp control was observed at 1 week after planting (WAP) double crop soybean with a preemergence (PRE) paraquat application; however, reduced control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp was noted at 8WAP due to extended emergence. Palmer amaranth and waterhemp control was 85% or greater at 8WAP for most PRE treatments that included a combination of paraquat plus residual herbicides. PRE treatments that did not include the combination of paraquat and residual herbicides did not provide acceptable control. A second set of field experiments were established in 2015 and 2016 near Manhattan, Hutchinson, and Ottawa to assess residual Palmer amaranth and waterhemp control with very-long-chain-fatty acid (VLFCA) inhibiting herbicides. Acetochlor (non-encapsulated and encapsulated), alachlor, dimethenamid-P, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, and pyroxasulfone as well as the microtubule inhibiting herbicide pendimethalin were applied at three different field use rates (high, middle, and low) based on labeled rate ranges for soybean as PRE treatments in a non-crop scenario after the plot was clean tilled with a field cultivator. The experiment was conducted one time in 2015 and four times in 2016 at two different locations for a total of five site years of data. PRE applications were made June 1, 2015, near Manhattan. PRE applications in 2016 were made in April at locations near Hutchinson and Ottawa; the second run of the experiment was applied in June at the same locations on a different set of plot areas. At Manhattan pyroxasulfone, S-metolachlor, and dimethenamid-P resulted in the highest Palmer amaranth control at 4WAT. At Hutchinson, pyroxasulfone resulted in superior Palmer amaranth control compared to dimethenamid-P and pendimethalin at 4WAT and 8WAT. At Ottawa, acetochlor, S-metolachlor, and pyroxasulfone resulted in higher waterhemp control than alachlor and pendimethalin at 4WAT and 8WAT.
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Rothmayr, Christoph. "Common and distinct neural networks for theory of mind reasoning and inhibitory control." Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-124976.
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Pei, Fen, Susanne DiSalvo, Suzanne S. Sindi, and Tricia R. Serio. "A dominant-negative mutant inhibits multiple prion variants through a common mechanism." PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626074.
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Prions adopt alternative, self-replicating protein conformations and thereby determine novel phenotypes that are often irreversible. Nevertheless, dominant-negative prion mutants can revert phenotypes associated with some conformations. These observations suggest that, while intervention is possible, distinct inhibitors must be developed to overcome the conformational plasticity of prions. To understand the basis of this specificity, we determined the impact of the G58D mutant of the Sup35 prion on three of its conformational variants, which form amyloids in S. cerevisiae. G58D had been previously proposed to have unique effects on these variants, but our studies suggest a common mechanism. All variants, including those reported to be resistant, are inhibited by G58D but at distinct doses. G58D lowers the kinetic stability of the associated amyloid, enhancing its fragmentation by molecular chaperones, promoting Sup35 resolubilization, and leading to amyloid clearance particularly in daughter cells. Reducing the availability or activity of the chaperone Hsp104, even transiently, reverses curing. Thus, the specificity of inhibition is determined by the sensitivity of variants to the mutant dosage rather than mode of action, challenging the view that a unique inhibitor must be developed to combat each variant.
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Maire, Marie-Aline Vasseur Paule. "Inhibition de l'apoptose comme facteur de la transformation morphologique des cellules embryonnaires de hamster Syrien." Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2004/Maire.Marie_Aline.SMZ0434.pdf.
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Isaacs, Mark Allen. "Investigations on the Interations of Acetolactate Synthase (ALS)-Inhibiting Herbicides with Growth Regulator and non ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides in Corn (Zea mays) and Selected Weeds." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77970.
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Herbicide combinations are common in corn production in the United States to control broadleaf and grass weed species. Studies were conducted in 1995 and 1996 to: (1) investigate the interactions of 2,4-D and dicamba with halosulfuron-methyl on common lambsquarters and common ragweed control in corn, (2) determine the effect of 2,4-D on the foliar absorption, translocation, and metabolism of 14C halosulfuron-methyl in common lambsquarters, (3) examine the interactions of 2,4-D, dicamba, and ALS-inhibitor herbicides with rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron-methyl (RT) and with sethoxydim on giant foxtail, common ragweed, and common lambsquarters control in corn. Combinations of halosulfuron-methyl with 2,4-D or dicamba were generally additive in their effects on common lambsquarters and common ragweed control, and were occasionally synergistic on common lambsquarters. Synergistic herbicide interactions in the greenhouse were observed with 2,4-D (17 g/ha ) and halosulfuron-methyl (18 g/ha) and 2,4-D (70 g/ha ) in combination with halosulfuron-methyl at 4.5 and 36 g/ha, respectively. Absorption and translocation of 14C-halosulfuron-methyl were not influenced by the addition of 2,4-D, with absorption increasing with time. Three unknown halosulfuron-methyl metabolites (M1, M2, and M3) with Rf values of 0.0, 0.97, and 0.94, respectively, were isolated. The addition of 2,4-D increased the level of M3 at the 18 g/ha halosulfuron-methyl rate, which may contribute to common lambsquarters phytotoxicity. Antagonism on giant foxtail control was observed with all combinations of RT and 2,4-D. Tank mixtures of RT with flumetsulam plus clopyralid plus 2,4-D, atrazine, 2,4-D, and dicamba plus atrazine controlled giant foxtail £ 78% 65 (DAT). RT mixed with flumetsulam plus clopyralid plus 2,4-D injured corn 26%, and yields were reduced 34% when compared to RT alone. Giant foxtail control from sethoxydim tank-mixed with bentazon plus atrazine with urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), or with ALS-inhibiting herbicides except halosulfuron-methyl in combination with 2,4-D was 24% lower when averaged over treatments. Yields of sethoxydim-resistant (SR) corn treated with sethoxydim mixed with combinations of sulfonylurea herbicides plus 2,4-D were low, with the exception of the combination halosulfuron-methyl with sethoxydim and 2,4-D. These studies indicate that thoroughly understanding postemergence (POST) corn herbicide tank mixtures is crucial for effective weed management.Ph. D.
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Lang, Jean. "Calcium et actions pharmacologiques sur les tissus spécialisé et commun auriculaires." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO1H069.
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Zaffarano, Jennifer I. "MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATIONS OF TWO COMMON FOOD PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF SWINE FECES IN VITRO." UKnowledge, 2003. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/182.
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Feeding sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics to livestock has been associated withdevelopment and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The present experiment was conductedto investigate the effect of antibiotic alternatives (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and carbadox)on the microbial ecology of swine feces in vitro.Minimum inhibitory concentrations of caffeic and chlorogenic acids were determined forseveral pathogens using macrobroth and agar dilution techniques. Gram-negative bacteria werenot inhibited. Caffeic acid inhibited four Staphylococcus aureus strains at 200 ppm or less, andtwo Clostridium perfringens strains at 300 ppm. Chlorogenic acid inhibited all S. aureus strainsat 500 ppm, and one C. perfringens strain at 400 ppm.Effects of antibiotic alternatives on fecal microbial ecology were determined using an invitro incubation. Caffeic acid lowered total anaerobes, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli, andpercent E. coli (pandlt;0.01). Chlorogenic acid lowered total anaerobes, Bifidobacteria, andlactobacilli (pandlt;0.01), and increased acetate concentration (pandlt;0.0001). Carbadox lowered totalanaerobes, Bifidobacteria, E. coli, and coliforms (pandlt;0.01), and lowered acetate, propionate,butyrate, valerate, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations (pandlt;0.01). It can be concluded thataddition of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, or carbadox effected bacterial and chemicalcomponents of the microbial ecology of swine feces.
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Zaffarano, Jennifer I. "Minimum inhibitory concentration of two common food phenolic compounds and their effects on the microbial ecology of swine feces in vitro." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2003. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyansc2003t00099/JZThesis.pdf.
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Thesis--University of Kentucky (M.S.), 2003.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 127 p. : ill. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-126).
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Sekhon, Jaspreet. "Antisense inhibition of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase as a cancer treatment and a pharmacogenetic study to examine the effects of a common polymorphism." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33029.
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Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is an important enzyme in the metabolism of folate and methionine. MTHFR catalyzes the conversion of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate (5,10-methyleneTHF) to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF). 5-MethylTHF is a co-substrate for homocysteine remethylation to methionine catalyzed by the vitamin B12-dependent enzyme methionine synthase. A common MTHFR variant, 677C → T substitution resulting in the conversion of an alanine to a valine residue, has been shown to be a thermolabile form of MTHFR and to have reduced activity (Frosst et al., 1995). Since many diverse cancer cells have been documented to be methionine-dependent in culture, the effects of MTHFR downregulation on cell survival of transformed cells was examined. In addition, the influence of the MTHFR 677C → T polymorphism on the sensitivity of transformed lines to antifolate drug treatment was studied.To test the effect of decreased MTHFR expression on cell viability, we transfected antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) complementary to the MTHFR mRNA into the colon carcinoma cell line SW620. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Sköld, Anna-Carin. "Teratogenicity as a consequence of drug-induced embryonic cardiac arrhythmia : Common mechanism for almokalant, sotalol, cisapride, and phenytoin via inhibition of IKr." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-515.
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During the last years, drugs that prolong the repolarisation phase of the myocardial action potential, due to inhibition of the rapid component of the delayed-rectifying potassium channel (IKr) have been in focus. In addition to arrhythmogenic potential, selective Ikr-blockers have also been shown to be embryotoxic and teratogenic in animal studies. The aim of this thesis was to investigate a theory that these developmental toxic results from pharmacologically induced episodes of embryonic cardiac arrhythmias leading to hypoxia related damage in the embryo. Almokalant (ALM) was used as a model compound for selective Ikr-blockers. ALM induced embryonic cardiac arrhythmia, and in similarity with results obtained by maternal hypoxia, ALM induced embryonic death and growth retardation in both rats, and mice.
The theory of a hypoxia-related mechanism was strengthened by the results that ALM induce phase specific external and visceral defects (e.g. cleft lip/palate, distal digital, cardiovascular, and urogenital defects), and that the skeletal defects (not shown before) showed a clear trend; the later the treatment the more caudal was the site of the defect, which is in accordance with results from maternal hypoxia induced by e.g. lowering of the O2 content in the air. The spin trapping agent PBN decreased almokalant induced malformations, suggesting that the defects mainly are caused by reoxygenation damage after episodes of severe embryonic dysrhythmia, rather than "pure hypoxia".
Sotalol was tested in a third species, the rabbit who expresses functional IKr channels both in the embryo and in the adult, where it induced developmental toxicity, and indicating that the embryo is more sensitive than the adult towards arrhythmia caused by IKr-blockers.
Books on the topic "COMMON INHIBITOR"
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1943-, Greenwald Robert A., Golub Lorne M, and New York Academy of Sciences., eds. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases: Therapeutic potential. New York, N.Y: New York Academy of Sciences, 1994.
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Gregory, Bock, Marsh Joan, and Widdows Kate, eds. Polyfunctional cytokines: IL-6 and LIF. Chichester, Eng: Wiley, 1992.
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NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Regulation of Extravascular Fibrinolysis in Nervous System Development and Disease (1989 Maratea, Italy). Serine proteases and their serpin inhibitors in the nervous system: Regulation in development and in degenerative and malignant disease. Edited by Festoff Barry W, Hantaï Daniel, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. New York: Plenum Press, 1990.
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Takao, Kumazawa, Kruger Lawrence, and Mizumura Kazue, eds. The polymodal receptor: A gateway to pathological pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996.
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McMahon, Chris G. Ejaculatory disorders. Edited by David John Ralph. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0105.
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Ejaculatory/orgasmic disorders are common male sexual dysfunctions, and include premature ejaculation (PE), inhibited ejaculation, anejaculation, retrograde ejaculation, and anorgasmia.Premature ejaculation management is largely dependent upon aetiology. Life-long PE is best managed with PE pharmacotherapy (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor [SSRI] and/or topical anaesthetics). The management of acquired PE is aetiology-specific and may include erectile dysfunction (ED) pharmacotherapy in men with co-morbid ED. Behavioural therapy is indicated when psychogenic or relationship factors are present and is often best combined with PE pharmacotherapy in an integrated treatment programme. Delayed ejaculation, anejaculation, and/or anorgasmia may have a biogenic and/or psychogenic aetiology. Men with age-related penile hypoanesthesia should be educated, reassured, and instructed in revised sexual techniques which maximize arousal. No drugs have yet been approved by regulatory agencies for this purpose, and most drugs identified for potential use have limited efficacy, impart significant side effects, or are considered experimental in nature.
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Tobon, Amalia Londono, and Hanna E. Stevens. Adolescents with SSRI-Resistant Depression. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0008.
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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in child and adolescent psychiatry addressing the common clinical experience of an adolescent that does not respond to initial antidepressant treatment. Should adolescents with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) resistant depression be switched to another SSRI or to venlafaxine with or without cognitive behavioral therapy? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study locations, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study interventions, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. This chapter also briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications of the findings, and concludes with a relevant clinical case scenario and suggested management for the case.
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Biotransformation Potential and Uncoupling Behavior of Common Benzotriazole-Based Corrosion Inhibitors. Storming Media, 2002.
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Jani, Suni, Ryan Herringa, and Derek Hursey. Pharmacologic Treatment of Children with Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0023.
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This chapter reviews the principles of psychopharmacological treatment for trauma and stressor-related disorders in children. It will discuss emerging psychopharmacological treatments and theories of trauma- and stress-related disorders (TSRDs) common to childhood, reactive attachment disorder, and disinhibited social engagement disorder. Although there is limited literature on the role of pharmacotherapy in treating TSRDs in children, it has been recognized that α- and β-adrenergic blocking agents, novel antipsychotic agents, non-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants, and mood-stabilizing agents may be effective for children based on several open clinical trials. These trials, as well as existing promising clinical trials, are discussed in this chapter. It also provides an in-depth review of factors such as potential side effects, medication interactions, and black box warnings as they specifically apply to the pediatric population.
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Hopkins, Philip M. Adverse drug reactions in anaesthesia. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0022.
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Adverse drug reactions are implicated in more than 40% of anaesthesia-related deaths. Undoubtedly, many more patients experience morbidity from adverse drug reactions. Widely cited definitions of adverse drug reactions encompass common side-effects but this chapter focuses on those that are unexpected reactions to drugs administered by anaesthetists and that occur at normal drug doses. The chapter includes a comprehensive account of malignant hyperthermia, which remains a major contributor to anaesthesia related to deaths. Malignant hyperthermia is a pharmacogenetic condition triggered by potent inhalational anaesthetics and possibly also suxamethonium. The genetic basis, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and management of malignant hyperthermia are discussed. The chapter covers two other pharmacogenetic conditions: the acute porphyrias and butyrylcholinesterase (plasma cholinesterase) deficiency. Drug-induced anaphylaxis is another cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality. Recent data indicate that anaphylaxis during anaesthesia may be much more common than previously thought. The other type of adverse drug reaction covered in the chapter is serotonin syndrome. Perioperative serotonin syndrome is most likely to occur when patients who are already taking serotonergic drugs, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants or ‘triptan’ antimigraine treatments, are given a second drug with serotonergic properties, such as tramadol.
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Preusser, Matthias, Gabriele Schackert, and Brigitta G. Baumert. Metastatic brain tumours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0019.
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Brain metastasis is a common clinical challenge in cancer patients, particularly those with lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma. The prognosis is poor, with median overall survival times measured in months for most patient populations. Established treatments include neurosurgical resection, radiotherapy (including stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy, whole-brain radiotherapy, and new radiation techniques), and supportive care measures. Recently, more and more targeted therapies such as EGFR inhibitors, HER2 antagonists, BRAF inhibitors, ALK inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors are demonstrating some efficacy in brain metastasis patients and should be considered in the clinical setting.
Book chapters on the topic "COMMON INHIBITOR"
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Argyropoulos, Vasilike, Stamatis C. Boyatzis, Maria Giannoulaki, Elodie Guilminot, and Aggeliki Zacharopoulou. "Organic Green Corrosion Inhibitors Derived from Natural and/or Biological Sources for Conservation of Metals Cultural Heritage." In Microorganisms in the Deterioration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage, 341–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69411-1_15.
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AbstractIn the last decade, there has been an increase in research related to green corrosion inhibitors for conservation of metals cultural heritage to help promote sustainable practices in the field that are safe, environmentally friendly, and ecologically acceptable. The most common are organic substances derived either from natural and/or biological sources: plant extracts and oils, amino acids, microorganisms, and biopolymers. The chapter will provide a review of these substances as corrosion inhibitors for metals conservation, by discussing the state-of-the-art research to date, with a special focus on cysteine. Most of the research has focused on the examination of such inhibitors on metal coupons with or without corrosion products using electrochemical techniques or weight-loss measurements to determine their effectiveness. Some of these studies have also considered the conservation principles for practice, i.e., reversibility of the treatment and the visual aspect of the modification of the treated metal surface. However, before such green inhibitors can be routinely applied by conservators, more research is required on their application to real artefacts/monuments using in situ corrosion measurements. Furthermore, given that the composition of a green inhibitor is highly dependent on its extraction process, research must also involve identifying the specific adsorption models and involved mechanisms to ensure reproducibility of results.
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Rathmayer, Werner. "Inhibition Through Neurons of the Common Inhibitory Type (CI-Neurons) in Crab Muscles." In Frontiers in Crustacean Neurobiology, 271–78. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-5689-8_31.
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Frankel, Adam, and B. Mark Smithers. "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease." In Mastering Endo-Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery, 219–27. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3755-2_34.
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AbstractGastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is defined as troublesome symptoms and/or injury to the oesophageal mucosa consistent with acid exposure [1]. GORD is common, with an age-adjusted global prevalence of 9% but significant variation across the world [2]. The diagnosis can often be made on clinical grounds and is more likely if there is at least a partial response to a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) [3]. Indications for oesophageal testing have been recently updated in international consensus guidelines, which include guidelines where diagnosis is not clearly established [4]. Fundoplication is the use of the gastric fundus to create a high-pressure zone on or around the lower oesophagus and is usually performed laparoscopically. It can be considered in terms of the completeness of the wrap (generally from 90 to 360°), and if less than 360°, whether the wrap is brought anterior to the oesophagus, posterior, or both. The efficacy and side effect profiles of many of the approaches have been subjected to randomised trials: anterior 90 vs 360° [5]; anterior 180 vs 360° [6]; and posterior 270 vs 360° [7]. The relative merits of each have been recently reviewed by Morino and colleagues [8]. Fundoplication is at least as safe and effective as PPI in relieving the symptoms of GORD [9]. For PPI-refractory GORD, fundoplication is more effective than escalating medical therapy [10].
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Bui, Sarah, Drew Stark, Jie Li, Jianchao Zhang, and Yanzhuang Wang. "Common Markers and Small Molecule Inhibitors in Golgi Studies." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 453–93. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_27.
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Guttmann, Oliver P., Ronald Binder, Oliver Gämperli, and Andreas Baumbach. "Antithrombotics for Acute and Chronic Coronary Syndromes." In Manual of Cardiovascular Medicine, 117–24. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198850311.003.0014.
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Thrombus formation involves activation of aggregating platelets as well as the formation of fibrin after activation of the coagulation cascade. Fibrin eventually binds to glycoprotein IIB/IIIA receptors on platelets thereby forming a very solid occlusive clot. There are several molecules interfering with platelet activation: (1) aspirin, which blocks the formation of thromboxane A2; (2) clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor which block P2Y12 receptors and their activation by ADP; (3) glycoprotein inhibitors that interfere with glycoprotein IIB/IIIA on platelets, the final common pathway of platelet activation, and finally (4) thrombin inhibitors blocking PAR-1 receptors on platelets. Commonly, after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) or even bypass surgery, dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is recommended consisting of aspirin plus a P2Y12 inhibitor. The duration of treatment after the acute event is commonly 12 months for those with ACS and 6 months for those with a high bleeding risk. In patients with high ischaemic risk, prolonged DAPT treatment can be considered, but often such patients also have a high bleeding risk. Intravenous platelet inhibitors, such as Reopro, tirofiban, and others, are used mainly during PCI, particularly in patients with ACS. Inhibitors of coagulation cascade, such as factor Xa or factor II inhibitors or vitamin K antagonists are mainly used in patients with ACS and concomitant atrial fibrillation. In these patients, mainly aspirin or in some the P2Y12 inhibitor is skipped for some weeks or months.
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Brody, David L. "Sexual Dysfunction." In Concussion Care Manual, edited by David L. Brody, 143–45. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190054793.003.0024.
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In private, ask specifically about sexual dysfunction, and if appropriate, ask the collateral source separately. Assess for depression, severe fatigue or hypersomnia, untreated pain, and alcohol or drug abuse (especially marijuana). Check medications for sexual side effects; serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors are the most common culprits. Test for hormonal imbalances and unrecognized cauda equina or lower spinal cord injury. Consider a trial of a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, and refer to urology for more advanced options.
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Brody, David L. "Sexual Dysfunction." In Concussion Care Manual, 97–98. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199383863.003.0023.
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This chapter addresses issues surrounding sexual dysfunction after concussion. Ask the patient specifically about sexual dysfunction in private, and if appropriate ask the collateral source separately. Assess for depression, severe fatigue or hypersomnia, untreated pain, and alcohol or drug abuse (especially marijuana). Check medications for sexual side effects; serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors are the most common culprits. Test for hormonal imbalances and unrecognized cauda equina or lower spinal cord injury. Consider a trial of a PDE5 inhibitor and refer to urology for more advanced options.
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Cleland, John G. F., and Thomas F. Lüscher. "Chronic Heart Failure." In Manual of Cardiovascular Medicine, 281–94. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198850311.003.0035.
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One in five people will develop heart failure. It mainly affects older people and is usually due to the cumulative effects of many common cardiovascular problems, such as hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, and valve disease. Renal retention of water leads to congestion that causes symptoms (e.g. breathlessness) and signs (e.g. peripheral oedema) that can be controlled to a variable extent with diuretics. The prognosis is poor unless the underlying cause of heart failure can be corrected, or congestion can be controlled. For some causes of heart failure, effective treatments exist. Diseased heart valves may be repaired or replaced surgically or percutaneously. A combination of RAAS inhibitors, beta blockers, CRT, ICD, ARNI (angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor), and SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the mortality rate of heart failure with an LVEF <40% (HFrEF) by greater than 60%. However, for other common types of heart failure (e.g. those with an LVEF >50%) effective treatments are mainly lacking.
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Aanniz, Tarik, Wissal Bakri, Safae El Mazouri, Hajar Wakrim, Ilham Kandoussi, Lahcen Belyamani, Mouna Ouadghiri, and Azeddine Ibrahimi. "Biofilm and Quorum Sensing in Helicobacter pylori." In Bacterial Biofilms [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104568.
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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative bacterium living in the human gastrointestinal tract considered as the most common cause of gastritis. H. pylori was listed as the main risk factor for gastric cancer. Triple therapy consisting of a proton pump inhibitor and combinations of antibiotics is the main treatment used. However, this line of therapy has proven less effective mainly due to biofilm formation. Bacteria can regulate and synchronize the expression of multiple genes involved in virulence, toxin production, motility, chemotaxis, and biofilm formation by quorum sensing (QS), thus contributing to antimicrobial resistance. Henceforth, the inhibition of QS called quorum quenching (QQ) is a promising target and alternative to fight H. pylori resistance to antimicrobials. Many phytochemicals as well as synthetic compounds acting as quorum quenchers in H. pylori were described in vitro and in vivo. Otherwise, many other compounds known as quorum quenchers in other species and inhibitors of biofilm formation in H. pylori could act as quorum quenchers in H. pylori. Here, we summarize and discuss the latest findings on H. pylori’s biofilm formation, QS sensing, and QQ mechanisms.
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Eardley, Ian. "Sexual dysfunction." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Mark Gurnell, 2408–15. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0254.
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Male sexual dysfunction is common, with the most common types being erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, penile deformity, and priapism. Erectile dysfunction is common, becomes commoner with increasing age, and is often associated with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. Patient assessment should seek to identify causative risk factors and treatment in the first instance is usually the management of risk factors and oral pharmacotherapy with a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor. In women, sexual desire disorders are commoner in older postmenopausal women and a new treatment, flibanserin, has recently been licensed for this indication. Sexual arousal disorders in women also become more common postmenopausally and have a multifactorial aetiology. Treatment should be directed at the aetiological factor in the first instance while trials of oral pharmacotherapy for this condition have been disappointing.
Conference papers on the topic "COMMON INHIBITOR"
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Dai, Chong, Zhaoyi Dai, Samiridhdi Paudyal, Saebom Ko, Yue Zhao, Xin Wang, Xuanzhu Yao, Amy Kan, and Mason Tomson. "New Kinetic Turbidity Test Method and Prediction Model for Calcite Inhibition." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204398-ms.
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Abstract Calcite, as one of the most common scales in oilfield can be inhibited by common scale inhibitors. The measurement of calcite nucleation and inhibition is a challenge, because of the difficulty to control pH as a result of CO2 partitioning in and out of the aqueous phase. A new kinetic turbidity test method was developed so that the partial pressure of CO2, pH, and SI can be precisely controlled. Calcite nucleation and inhibition batch tests were conducted under various conditions (SI = 0.24-2.41, T = 4-175 °C, and pH = 5.5-7.5) in the presence of common phosphonate and polymeric inhibitors. Based on experimental results, calcite nucleation and inhibition semi-empirical models are proposed, and the logarithm of the predicted induction time is in good agreement with the measured induction time. The models are also validated with laboratory and field observations. Furthermore, a new BCC CSTR Inhibition (BCIn) test method that applied the Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) theory has been developed, for the first time. This BCIn method was used for calcite inhibitor screening tests and minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) estimation. By only running one experiment (< 1 hour) for each inhibitor, BCIn method selected the effective inhibitors among 18 common inhibitors under the conditions of SI = 1.23 at 90 °C and pH = 6. It was also found that the critical concentration (Ccrit) from BCIn method has a correlation with the MIC from batch tests. This study provided a simple and reliable solution for conducting calcite scale inhibition tests in an efficient and low-cost way. Furthermore, the newly developed prediction models can be used as guidance for laboratory tests and field applications, potentially saving enormous amounts of time and money.
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Savin, A. J. J., B. Adamson, J. J. J. Wylde, J. R. R. Kerr, C. W. W. Kayser, T. Trallenkamp, D. Fischer, and C. Okocha. "Sulfide Scale Control: A High Efficacy Breakthrough Using an Innovative Class of Polymeric Inhibitors." In SPE International Oilfield Scale Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169777-ms.
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Abstract Prevention of sulfide scale through the use of chemistry is a developing area of focus within the oil industry. There are few examples of a single chemical approach working, where scale inhibitor species function at threshold concentrations. Partial inhibition may be provided by ‘standard’ scale inhibitors using established chemistries such as phosphonates or polymeric species. However, the efficacy of these inhibitors against sulfide scale is generally poor and high concentrations are typically required. Based on an industry need for a true, high-performance sulfide scale inhibitor, work was undertaken to develop a novel chemistry that would offer a step-change in performance from existing technologies. Using a new advanced rapid screening technique, a wide range of ‘standard’ scale inhibitors were assessed, which proved that the majority of these chemistries display no efficacy against sulfide scale. A select few of the standard scale inhibitors displayed limited efficacy and from this data common molecular features which contributed to sulfide scale inhibition were identified. Utilizing this knowledge, a range of novel polymeric chemistries were synthesized which provide significantly superior inhibition than any other postulated for this application. It has been possible to identify specific moieties within these complex polymers which are required for sulfide scale inhibition and to theorize on likely molecular structure-performance relationships for this new class of scale inhibitor. Additionally, hypotheses on the specific mechanisms by which these inhibitors function have been provided, showing why they are so successful at sulfide crystal growth retardation. Static and dynamic test methods are described that accurately mimic formation of these scales in the field, in comparing the novel polymeric chemistry with the best-performing ‘standard’ scale inhibitors. Order of magnitude increases in performance over standard species are reported which represents a true step-change in the efficacy of sulfide scale inhibition.
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Navarathna, Chanaka, Cianna Leschied, Xin Wang, Amit Reiss, Yuqing Ye, Daniel Pimentel, Yu-Yi Shen, Xuanzhu Yao, Amy Kan, and Mason Tomson. "A Novel Experiment Setup to Model the Effects of Temperature on Halite Scaling and Inhibition." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213849-ms.
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Abstract Halite is a common scale in oil/gas production. Freshwater is widely used to combat halite scaling, but this is costly. Therefore, halite inhibitors have also been examined in laboratory and field tests. However, there are certain flaws in the laboratory studies of halite inhibitors, the temperature decreases were so abrupt, or the experiments are limited to lower temperatures. As a result, inaccurate results and unrepresentative field conditions are produced. Our new precisely temperature-controlled method simulates halite precipitation at high temperatures up to 120+ °C with real-time monitoring using a laser and a video camera. This method uses batch reactor convection cooling to gradually increase the saturation index (SI) to trigger the halite nucleation observed by turbidity laser measurements. The cooling rate is commonly set at 0.5 °C/min to simulate a real-world downhole to surface hot brine movement, typically 25-35 °C of cooling. Low to high Ca2+ values were used to validate the experimental data with thermodynamic predictions. The experimental data and ScaleSoftPitzer™ (SSP) predictions are very close and with high precision. The high temperature inhibition properties of halite inhibitors are not well-known, and lack of information can lead to overtreating the scale with higher inhibitor concentrations than needed. By simulating the temperature drop that occurs when brine is transported from the downhole to the surface, this approach can establish the effective SI range for a specific inhibitor. Our data shows that even at low 0.1-100 mg/L concentrations, some inhibitors with carboxylate, sulfonate, and acetamide moieties can effectively treated halite scale and dramatically extend the stability range. Despite the weak thermal stability and incompatibility with high Ca2+ concentrations, potassium ferrocyanide demonstrated outstanding inhibitory effectiveness. The longer the inhibition period or brine transit distance, the lower the scaling temperature. By treating the scale with the least amount of inhibitors and combining it with less water dilution, production can continue uninterrupted at significantly enhanced cost savings. Overall, this approach is reliable while remaining straightforward. In addition, it can model field conditions in an oil/gas production system to evaluate the risk of halite scaling at higher temperatures than any previous method.
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Johnston, Clare, and Louise Sutherland. "The Influence of Turbulence (or Hydrodynamic Effects) on Strontium Sulphate Scale Formation and Inhibitor Performance." In SPE International Oilfield Scale Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169760-ms.
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Abstract Inorganic scale (carbonate, sulphate and sulphides) formation can be predicted from thermodynamic models and over recent years better kinetic data has improved the prediction of such scales in field conditions. However these models have not been able to predict the observed deposition where flow disturbances occur, such as at chokes, tubing joints, gas lift valves and safety valves. This can lead to unexpected failures of critical equipment such as downhole safety valves (DHSV’s), and operational issues such as failure to access the well for coiled tubing operations due to tubing restrictions. In recent years it has been recognised that the turbulence found at these locations increases the likelihood of scale formation and experiments have been able to demonstrate that increased turbulence also impacts the minimum scale inhibitor concentration required to prevent scale. One of the industry standard test methods used to screen inhibitors for sulphate scale inhibition is the static bottle test. In this paper the ‘static’ bottle test method is modified to investigate the effects of increasing levels of turbulence on the formation of strontium sulphate scale at a fixed brine composition. Using this modified method it has been possible to demonstrate the impact of varying turbulence on the performance of two common generic types of scale inhibitor (phosphonate and vinyl sulphonate co-polymer). Data on the mass of scale formed, scale morphology using SEM imaging and inhibitor efficiency will be linked to degree of turbulence and scale inhibitor functionality (nucleation inhibition vs. crystal growth retardation). This study builds on the previously published10 findings for barium sulphate which showed phosphonates were less affected by turbulent conditions by carrying out similar tests on strontium sulphate. A clear mechanistic conclusion can now be drawn for sulphate scale formation and inhibition under increasingly turbulent conditions. The findings from this study have a significant impact on the methods of screening scale inhibitors for field application that should be utilised and development of suitable inhibitors that perform better under higher shear conditions.
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Jansen, J. W. C. M. "EFFECTS OF INHIBITORS ON COLLAGEN INDUCED PLATELET AGGREGATION IN SIX DIFFERENT SPECIES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643445.
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One approach to the development of antithrombotics is inhibition of platelet aggregation. The pharmacological approach often used is to test compounds on collagen induced platelet aggregation measured in platelet rich plasma. Therefore we have compared inhibitors with different mechanism of action on aggregation of platelets from six different species commonly used in pharmacological studies. Aggregation was induced with submaximal amounts of collagen (Hormone Chemie).Inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase system, aspirin and indomethacin, were very potent in inhibiting aggregation of platelets from humans guinea pig and dog (IC50 20-60 and 1-3 ¼M resp.). Aggregation of pig and rat platelets was poorly inhibited by both of these compounds (IC5: 700-900 ¼M), whereas platelets from mice showed intermediate sensitivety (IC50 ca.100 ¼M).The combined lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase inhibitor BW755C, was extremely active on platelets of guinea pig (IC50 1 ¼M) and was poorly active in mice platelets (IC50 300 ¼M). In the other species the inhibitory activity ranged from 20-80 ¼M.The phosphodiesterase inhibitors, papaverine and BL3459 inhibited aggregation in all species (IC50 50-100 and 1-5 ¼M resp.). Dipyridamole inhibited aggregation also in all species but with lower activity (IC50 > 100 ¼M).Conclusion: remarkable species differences are present with respect to inhibition of collagen induced platelet aggregation by the various compounds e.g. rat and porcine platelet aggregation was hardly inhibited by cyclooxygenase inhibitors. The effects of the compounds on human platelets are comparable to the effects on canine plateletes.
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Ouled Ameur, Zied, Abdulla AlThawadi, and Borislav Grbic. "Selection, Implementation and Monitoring of Corrosion Inhibitors for Downhole Chemical Treatment on Rod/Beam Pump Wells Bahrain Fields." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22329-ms.
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Abstract Corrosion is a naturally occurring phenomenon commonly defined as the destructive attack of a metal that results from a chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. The effect of corrosion in the oil and gas industry leads to economic loss, a loss of containment and associated impact on HSE and asset integrity. There are many technologies to bring the oil to the surface. Rod or Beam pumps are the most common form of artificial lift for oil wells in onshore oilfields. They are simple machines that have a long and well documented history in the industry and are economically inexpensive. Corrosion inhibitors are commonly used to mitigate electrochemical corrosion in the oilfield. When added in small quantities to an aggressive medium, these chemicals inhibit corrosion by changing the surface conditions of the metal surface. In downhole systems, the prevailing conditions may be very severe, resulting in high corrosion rates. Corrosion inhibitors can be applied downhole, however, the selection and application of a corrosion inhibitor for downhole is typically more challenging than for a surface application. The paper gives a brief view on the selection of the suitable corrosion inhibitor that meets the well condition. It will explain how to select the best application methods for downhole corrosion on Rod Wells. The paper also demonstrates how the downhole treatment for rod wells is carried out giving in depth details of the method that has been used. It will present the results of a downhole treatment case and make recommendations for a performance monitoring program to optimize a treatment program ensuring its success. Finally, the paper concludes with a case history of downhole corrosion inhibitor application from an onshore field in the Middle East with 550 producing wells, where downhole corrosion inhibitor was successfully applied to 165 wells, leading to a major reduction in tubing corrosion failures
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Zhang, Y., J. K. K. Daniels, J. Hardy-Fidoe, C. Durnell, M. E. Broussard, E. Hammond, and X. Huang. "Scale Inhibitor Residual Analysis: Twenty-first Century Approach." In SPE International Oilfield Scale Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169773-ms.
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AbstractControl of inorganic scale deposition within the near well bore area under both natural depletion and injection water support has been a challenge to the oil industry for a number of decades. The application of scale inhibitor squeeze treatments to production wells to control the onset of inorganic scale within the near-wellbore and production tubing has been a common practice within the onshore and offshore oil and gas industry for over 30 years.The development of subsea fields require scale inhibitor squeeze treatments with extended squeeze lifetimes while limited number of flowlines to the host facility has increased the difficulty in obtaining and evaluating individual well water samples from which residual scale inhibitor concentrations are derived. Traditional analytical techniques, while robust and widely accepted, do not provide differentiation between scale inhibitors that belong to the same chemical family (i.e.: two or more phosphonates or two or more polymers).The individual analysis of phosphonate scale inhibitors in co-mingled flow backs from subsea wells is a particularly challenging application for analytical techniques in the industry. Advances in separation and mass detection techniques, however, provide new options to accurately measure the concentration of scale inhibitors in these fluids to very low detection limits.This paper will describe the analytical development of these new techniques and discuss its implication to the optimization of scale squeeze treatments in subsea, deepwater developments.
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Yue, Zhiwei David, Andrew Slocum, Xiaohong Lucy Tian, Linping Ke, Megan Westerman, and John Hazlewood. "An Integrated Scale Protection Package for Offshore Fractured Wells Under Designed Shut-In Extension." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204363-ms.
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Abstract After fracturing, it is common practice to leave offshore wells shut-in from days to weeks for operational purposes. During the recent historic decline of demand for global crude, a trend has been witnessed to shut in even newly fractured wells under design for an extended period. The cause of these extended shut-ins can be attributed to various factors including operational logistics as well as economic factors. The shut-in extension brings some unique scaling challenges for well designs. In this paper, an integrated scale inhibitor (SI)/fracturing fluid package is presented with detailed laboratory prerequisites data to validate its efficacy for long-term scale protection during the extended shut-in. Utilizing seawater in offshore fracturing can provide significant cost savings to an operation. Unfortunately, in regions with barium-rich formations, the use of seawater brings tremendous barite scaling risk. In order to solve this challenge, the investigation focused on the selection of the most effective inhibitors for long-term barite inhibition under the simulated reservoir conditions. Along with the scale inhibitor selection, the crosslinked gel had to be carefully optimized to eliminate any potential negative interference the gel additives could impart to the performance of the inhibitor. Furthermore, the inhibitor was tested in the crosslinking system to meet optimum rheology requirements. Utilizing the broken gel containing the designed inhibitor package, barite precipitation could be prevented for months under the simulated testing conditions. Due to high levels of sulfate from seawater and the barium originating from the formation, barite scale formed immediately upon mixing of the two types of water in absence of the appropriate scale inhibitors. Solid scale products featuring slow releasing of the inhibitor ingredients was proven insufficient for this application. With extensive laboratory screening, the candidate chemistry demonstrated great brine-calcium tolerance, superior scale inhibition performance for both sulfate and carbonate scales, and the minimum interferences for the crosslinking engineering to meet necessary proppant carrying capacity. To mimic the gel-breaking process and heterogeneous bleeding from the formation water, the inhibitor was crosslinked with the gel at various loading rates (1 gpt to 10 gpt) and broken at the elevated reservoir temperature, then mixed with the different ratios of the formation water. Reliable scale inhibition performance was achieved for an extended period of time for up to six weeks. Incorporating SI into the fracturing stimulation package is a convenient method for operators to include a scale-control program into well-defined fracturing designs with minimal adjustment and also add significant cost-saving for offshore logistics and rig time (Fitzgerald, et al., 2008). The scale inhibitor product presented in this paper shows a superior solution to protect assets from scale deposition for an extended shut-in period.
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Liu, Ya, Rebecca Vilain, and Dong Shen. "How Does EOR Polymer Impact Scale Control During ASP Flooding?" In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204350-ms.
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Abstract Polymer based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology has drawn more and more attention in the oil and gas industry. The impacts of EOR polymer on scale formation and control are not well known yet. This research investigated the impacts of EOR polymer on calcite scale formation with and without the presence of scale inhibitors. Seven different types of scale inhibitors were tested, including four different phosphonate inhibitors and three different polymeric inhibitors. Test brines included severe and moderate calcite scaling brines. The severe calcite brine is to simulate alkaline surfactant polymer (ASP) flooding conditions with high pH and high carbonate concentration. The test method used was the 24 hours static bottle test. Visual observation and the residual calcium (Ca2+) concentration determination were conducted after bottle test finished. It was found that EOR polymer can serve as a scale inhibitor in moderate calcite scaling brines, although the required dosage was significantly higher than common scale inhibitors. Strong synergistic effects were observed between EOR polymer and phosphonate scale inhibitors on calcite control, which can significantly reduce scale inhibitor dosage and provides a solution for calcite control in ASP flooding. The impact of EOR polymer on polymeric scale inhibitors varied depending on polymer types. Antagonism was observed between EOR polymer and sulfonated copolymer inhibitor, while there was weak synergism between EOR polymer and acrylic copolymer inhibitors. Therefore, when selecting scale inhibitors for polymer flooding wells in the future, the impact of EOR polymer on scale inhibitor performance should be considered.
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Kandolf Sekulović, Lidija. "TOXICITIES OF TARGETED THERAPY AND IMMUNE-RELATED ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS OF IMMUNOTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF METASTATIC MELANOMA." In Okrugli sto s međunarodnim učešćem "Melanom". Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/pi2019.180.04.
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Targeted therapy and immunotherapy changed the treatment landscape for metastatic melanoma, which is chemotherapy resistant cancer. In pre-innovation era, the overall survival of patients with metastatic melanoma was 6 months, while today 5-year overall survival rate of 34% (and 50% in good prognostic groups) is evident. However, both treatments have their side effects, and cutaneous are the most frequent. Treating physicians in oncology centres, but also primary care specialists, need to be aware of their spectrum which differs for each class of drug: BRAF inhibitors, MEK inhibitors and immunotherapy with anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4. While BRAF inhibitors have the most prominent adverse effects which are class specific, there are also drug-specific adverse effects. For example, vemurafenib causes photosensitivity, which is not specific for dabrafenib, while dabrafenib induces pyrexia, that occurs much less frequently with other BRAF inhibitors. Cutaneous rash and cutaneous neoplasms which develop due to paradoxical activation of RAS signalling are described with BRAF inhibitor monotherapy. These side-effects are much less common in combination therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitor, but MEK inhibitor itself causes characteristic acneiform eruption, and serous retinopathy. Immune related adverse drug reactions are a hallmark of the immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy, which can affect every organ system, and most commonly skin, lungs and gastrointestinal system, with differential frequencies recorded with anti-CTLA4 therapy and anti PD-1 therapy. Skin reactions most frequently include pruritus and eczematous reactions, as well as vitiligo-like hypopigmentation, which is linked Melanom 45 to the better response to treatment. In this review, frequent and rare side effects are presented, as well as the current algorithms for their treatment.
Reports on the topic "COMMON INHIBITOR"
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Olszewski, Neil, and David Weiss. Role of Serine/Threonine O-GlcNAc Modifications in Signaling Networks. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696544.bard.
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Significant evidence suggests that serine/threonine-O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine0-(GlcNAc) modifications play a central role in the regulation of plant signaling networks. Forexample, mutations in SPINDLY,) SPY (an O-GlcNAc transferase,) OGT (promote gibberellin GA) (signal transduction and inhibit cytokinin responses. In addition, mutating both Arabidopsis OGTsSEC (and SPY) causes embryo lethality. The long-term goal of this research is to elucidate the mechanism by which Arabidopsis OGTs regulate signaling networks. This project investigated the mechanisms of O-GlcNAc regulation of cytokinin and gibberellin signaling, identified additional processes regulated by this modification and investigated the regulation of SEC activity. Although SPY is a nucleocytoplasmic protein, its site of action and targets were unknown. Severalstudies suggested that SPY acted in the nucleus where it modified nuclear components such as the DELLA proteins. Using chimeric GFP-SPY fused to a nuclear-export signal or to a nuclear-import signal, we showed that cytosolic, but not nuclear SPY, regulated cytokinin and GA signaling. We also obtained evidence suggesting that GA and SPY affect cytokinin signaling via a DELLA-independent pathway. Although SEC and SPY were believed to have overlapping functions, the role of SEC in cytokinin and GA signaling was unclear. The role of SEC in cytokinin and GA responses was investigated by partially suppressing SPY expression in secplants using a synthetic Spymicro RNA miR(SPY). The possible contribution of SEC to the regulation of GA and cytokinin signaling wastest by determining the resistance of the miR spy secplants to the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol and to cytokinin. We found that the transgenic plants were resistant to paclobutrazol and to cytokinin, butonlyata level similar to spy. Moreover, expressing SEC under the 35S promoter in spy mutant did not complement the spy mutation. Therefore, we believe that SEC does not act with SPY to regulate GA or cytokinin responses. The cellular targets of Spy are largely unknown. We identified the transcription factor TCP15 in a two-hybrid screen for SPY-interacting proteins and showed that both TCP15 and its closely homolog TCP14 were O-GlcNAc modified by bacterially-produced SEC. The significance of the interaction between SPY and these TCPs was examined by over-expressing the minwild-type and spy-4plants. Overexpression of TCP14 or TCP15 in wild-type background produced phenotypes typical of plants with increased cytokinin and reduced GA signaling. TCP14 overexpression phenotypes were strongly suppressed in the spy background, suggesting that TCP14 and TCP15 affect cytokinin and GA signaling and that SPY activates them. In agreement with this hypothesis, we created a tcp14tcp15 double mutant and found that it has defects similar to spyplants. In animals, O-GlcNAc modification is proposed to regulate the activity of the nuclear pore. Therefore, after discovering that SEC modified a nucleoporinNUP) (that also interacts with SPY, we performed genetic experiments exploring the relationship between NUPs and SPY nupspy double mutants exhibited phenotypes consistent with SPY and NUPs functioning in common processes and nupseeds were resistant to GA biosynthesis inhibitors. All eukaryotic OGTs have a TPR domain. Deletion studies with bacterially-expressed SEC demonstrated SEC'sTPR domain inhibits SEC enzymatic activity. Since the TPR domain interacts with other proteins, we propose that regulatory proteins regulate OGT activity by binding and modulating the inhibitory activity of the TPR domain.
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Obrien, Ivette Z. Biotransformation Potential and Uncoupling Behavior of Common Benzotriazole-Based Corrosion Inhibitors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada414450.
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Carger, Elizabeth A., and Erwin J. Tan. Concurrent Anticholinergic and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Drug Use Among Older Adults with Dementia: Commonly Done; Never Advised. AARP Public Policy Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/ppi.00137.001.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Role of Phosphorylation in Fungal Spore Germination. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568761.bard.
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Spore germination is a common and fundamental event in fungal development and in many instances an essential phase of fungal infection and dissemination. Spore germination is also critical for hyperparasites to function as biocontrol agents as well as in fermentation proceses. Our common objective is to understand the mechanisms which regulated spore germination and identify factors involved in pathogenicity related prepenetration development. Our approach is to exploit the overall similarity among filamentous fungi using both a plant pathogen (Colletotricum trifolii) and a model system that is genetically sophisticated (Neurospora crassa). The simulataneous use of two organisms has the advantage of the available tools in Neurospora to rapidly advance the functional analysis of genes involved in spore germination and development of an economically important fungal phytopathogen. Towards this we have isolated a protein kinase gene from C. trifolii (TB3) that is maximally expressed during the first hour of conidial germination and prior to any visible gene tube formation. Based on sequence similarities with other organisms, this gene is likely to be involved in the proliferative response in the fungus. In addition, TB3 was able to functionally complement a N. crassa mutant (COT-1). Pharmacological studies indicated the importance of calmodulin in both germination and appressorium differentiation. Using an antisense vector from N. crassa, direct inhibition of calmodulin results in prevention of differentiation as well as pathogenicity. Both cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) like genes have been cloned from C. trifolii. Biochemical inhibition of PKA prevents germination; biochemical inhibitors of PKC prevents appressorium differentiation. In order to analyze reversible phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism, some ser.thr dephosphorylative events have also been analyzed. Type 2A and Type 2B (calcineurin) phosphatases have been identified and structurally and functionally analyzed in N. crassa during this project. Both phosphatases are essential for hyphal growth and maintenance of proper hyphal architecture. In addition, a first novel-type (PPT/PP5-like) ser/thr phosphatase has been identified in a filamentous fungus. The highly collaborative project has improved our understanding of a fundamental process in fungi, and has identified targets which can be used to develop new approaches for control of fungal plant pathogens as well as improve the performance of beneficial fungi in the field and in industry. In addition, the feasibility of molecular technology transfer in comparative mycology has been demonstrated.
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Shoseyov, Oded, Steven A. Weinbaum, Raphael Goren, and Abhaya M. Dandekar. Biological Thinning of Fruit Set by RNAase in Deciduous Fruit Trees. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568110.bard.
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Fruit thinning is a common and necessary practice for commercial fruit production in many deciduous tree fruit species. Fruit thinning in apple may be accomplished with a variety of chemical thinning agents, but the use of these chemicals is a subject of environmental concern. It has been shown recently that RNase enzyme, secreted from the stigma and the style, inhibits pollen germination and pollen tube elongation. In this study we have been able to show that Aspergillus niger B-1 RNase can effectively inhibit peach and apple pollen germination, and tube elongation in-vitro, as well as thin fruit in peach and apple, and reduce the number of seeds in citrus. The objectives of the research were to detrmine the conditions for effective thinning of (USA and Israel), develop fermentation process for cost effective production of RNase from A. niger. (Israel), and clone apple S-RNase cDNA (USA). All the objectives of the research were addressed. We have determined the optimal fermentation conditions for cost effective production of the A. niger at a 20,000 liters scale. TheA. niger B1 RNase was isolated to homogeneity and its kinetic and biochemical properties including its N-terminal sequence were fully characterized. The field test results both in Israel and California have shown variability in effectiveness and more work is needed to define the RNase concentration necessary to completely inhibit pollen development. Plant transformation vectors expressing anti-sense apple S-RNase genes were constructed (USA) with an attempt to produce self compatible transgenic apple trees. Bovine S-Protein cDNA was cloned and successfully expressed in E. coli (Israel). Plant transformation vector expressing the S-Protein gene was constructed (USA) with an attempt to produce transgenic plants expressing S-protein in the style. Exogenous application of S-peptide to these plants will result in active RNase and consequently prevention of fertilization.
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Oh, Ju Sun, Yoo Jin Choo, and Min Cheol Chang. Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors on Motor Recovery After Stroke: A Systematic Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0084.
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Review question / Objective: We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the effectiveness of SSRIs in improving motor outcomes after stroke. Condition being studied: Stroke is a major cause of disability, and motor weakness is one of the most disabling and common complications of stroke. It impairs patients’ ability to perform daily activities independently and deteriorates their quality of life. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been reported to have a positive effect on motor recovery after stroke, as well as on the prevention or management of post-stroke depression. In contrast, some previous studies have revealed no positive therapeutic effects of SSRIs on motor recovery after stroke. In the current study, to accurately determine the effectiveness of SSRIs for improving motor outcomes after stroke, we only included studies in which SSRIs were administered to patients in the recovery phase after stroke (<6 months after stroke onset).
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Li, Ting, Shudan Ge, Wei Zheng, Chao Luan, Xingtong Liu, Zongxiu Luo, Qi Zhao, and Lulu Xie. Effectiveness and safety of panretinal photocoagulation combined with intravitreous ranibizumab for patients with type 2 proliferative diabetic retinopathy：A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0048.
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Review question / Objective: Our study aims to synthesise results from randomised controlled trials to assess the effectiveness and safety of PRP combined with intravitreous ranibizumab for T2PDR. Condition being studied: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus, which will seriously affect the quality of life of patients and bring great burden to patients’ families and society. DR is one of the most important diseases of blindness in people aged 20 to 60 years worldwide. Nearly 15% of diabetic patients with a disease duration of more than 5 years were combined with DR.The prevalence of vision threatening diabetic retinopathy in the United States is 4.4 percent. Worldwide, the prevalence is estimated at 10.2%.At present, the treatment methods for type 2 proliferative diabetic retinopathy (T2PDR), at home and abroad mainly include retinal laser photocoagulation and intravitreal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors.
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McElwain, Terry, Eugene Pipano, Guy Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephen Hines, and Douglas Jasmer. Protection of Cattle Against Babesiosis: Immunization with Recombinant DNA Derived Apical Complex Antigens of Babesia bovis. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612835.bard.
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Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis continues to be a significant deterrent to global livestock production. Current control methods have both biological and technical drawbacks that have stimulated research on improved methods of vaccination. This BARD project has focused on characterization of candidate Babesia bovis vaccine antigens located in the apical complex, a unique group of subcellular organelles - including rhoptries, micronemes, and spherical bodies - involved in the invation of erythrocytes. Spherical bodies and rhoptries were partially purified and their contents characterized using monoclonal antibodies. Existing and newly developed monoclonal antibodies bound to antigens in the spherical body, rhoptry, merozoite membrane, and infected erythrocyte membrane. In an initial immunization study using biologically cloned strains, it was demonstrated that strain-common epitopes are important for inducing immune protection against heterologous challenge. Rhoptry-associated antigen 1 (RAP-1) had been demonstrated previously to induce partial immune protection, fulfilled criteria of broad interstrain B and T cell epitope conservation, and thus was further characterized. The RAP-1 gene family consists of at least two gene copies, is homologous to the RAP-1 gene family in B. bigemina, and contains significant sequence similarity to other erythroparasitic protozoan candidate vaccine antigens, including the apical membrane antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. A new RAP-1 monoclonal antibody was developed that inhibits merozoite growth in vitro, demonstrating the presence of a RAP-1 neutralization sensitive domain. Based on these observations, cattle were immunized with Mo7 (Mexico) strain recombinant RAP-1 representing one of the two gene copies. All cattle responded with variable levels of serum antibodies inhibitory to heterologous Israel strain merozoite growth in vitro, and RAP-1 specific T lymphocytes that proliferated when stimulated with either homologous or heterologous native parasite antigen. Minimal protection from clinical disease was present after virulent Israel (heterologous) strain B. bovis challenge. In total, the results support the continued development of RAP-1 as a vaccine antigen, but indicate that additional information about the native structure and function of both RAP-1 gene copies, including the relationship of conserved and polymorphic sequences to B and T cell lepitopes relevant for protection, is necessary for optimization of RAP-1 as a vaccine component.
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Lees-Deutsch, Liz, and Catherine Hulley. Implementation of a Criteria Led Discharge Standard Operating Procedure in an Acute Medicine Ward: A Pilot Study. Coventry University, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18552/rihw/2020/0001.
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Background: Criteria Led Discharge (CLD) is advocated globally as a way of improving patient flow in hospital by bringing forward the time of patient discharge. Problem: Complexities regarding the heterogeneity of patient conditions have inhibited development of CLD in acute medicine. A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) was operational for CLD although this had not been introduced in practice within acute medicine. Approach: Prospective observation of the CLD procedure in practice through testing which included; staff involvement, development of supporting tools, interrogation of patient clinical criteria and staff feedback. Design, data collection and analysis were undertaken using the Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) to reveal contradictions to the SOP in acute medicine. Outcomes: Common and special cause contradictions to the SOP were revealed namely; delay in writing discharge medications / GP letters and nurses being unable to routinely participate in the patient clinical reviews. Staff were engaged with usual discharge practices, which effectively isolated them from agreed activities to support CLD. Conclusion: activities within the SOP need to be routinely and systematically supported in order for the CLD SOP to be successfully implemented in acute medicine. Oversight and continuity from acute medicine consultant team is also essential.
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Patil, Bhimanagouda S., Ron Porat, G. K. Jayaprakasha, and K. N. C. Murthy. Optimization of Postharvest Storage Conditions to Maintain Fruit Quality and Health Maintaining Properties of Grapefruit. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613879.bard.
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Antioxidant activity of fruits is gaining wide interest among consumers due to its importance in counteracting oxidative stress, free radicals and preventing DNA damage. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay is one of the commonly used assays to measure the antioxidant activity, which is based on hydrogen atom transfer mechanism. Furocoumarins present in grapefruit are reported to have antiproliferative activity, induce GST activity, inhibit biofilm formation and increase bioavailability of drugs. In the present project ORAC values were measured of Star Ruby grapefruit undergone ethylene degreening treatment, cold storage and temperature conditioning treatment, and modified atmosphere packaging which were stored at different temperatures for prolonged period. In addition, furocoumarins were quantified in Star Ruby grapefruits from cold storage and conditioning experiment conducted in Israel. Conditioning treatment is practiced prior cold storage to reduce chilling injury in grapefruits during cold storage for prolonged period. Levels of 6,7-dihyrdoxy bergamottin decreased during storage period in all three treatments.