Journal articles: 'Common external tariff choice'

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Melatos, Mark, and Alan Woodland. "Common External Tariff Choice in Core Customs Unions." Review of International Economics 17, no. 2 (May 2009): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2009.00824.x.

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Ehrlich, Sean D. "How Common is the Common External Tariff?" European Union Politics 10, no. 1 (March 2009): 115–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116508099763.

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Srinivasan, T. N. "The common external tariff of a customs union: Alternative approaches." Japan and the World Economy 9, no. 4 (December 1997): 447–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0922-1425(97)00025-x.

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Bandyopadhyay, Subhayu, and Sajal Lahiri. "Lobbying for a Common External Tariff from inside and out." International Review of Economics & Finance 50 (July 2017): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2017.03.026.

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AZEVEDO, ANDRÉ FILIPE ZAGO DE. "Mercosur: ambitious policies, poor practices." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 24, no. 4 (December 2004): 594–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-35172004-1604.

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ABSTRACT Mercosur has achieved important advances like the removal of intra- bloc tariff and non-tariff barriers and the establishment of a common external tariff for most products. However, its ambitious plans to deepen the integration process comprising harmonisation of policies in areas like competition policy, government procurement, technical barriers and phytosanitary measures have not been implemented yet. This paper examines Mercosur policies in relation to tariffs and other non-tariff barriers comparing them with their implementation, in order to examine the extent to which the proposals have actually been fulfilled.

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Bünder, Tobias. "How Common Is the East African Community’s Common External Tariff Really? The Influence of Interest Groups on the EAC’s Tariff Negotiations." SAGE Open 8, no. 1 (January 2018): 215824401774823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244017748235.

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Togan, Subidey. "Tariff Equilibrium with Customs Union." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 4II (December 1, 1994): 1217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.1217-1228.

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It is well known from Kemp and Wan (1976) that under customs union an increase in group welfare can occur without affecting that of the rest of the world whenever the common external tariff is positioned in a way so as to offset exactly the terms of trade and export quantity effects felt by it. The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of the customs union starting from arbitrary given initial tariff rates and determine cases when the union as well as the non-union countries may gain from the formation of the customs union.

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Zahore, Martin Gnoleba. "Common External Tariff and Dynamism of Economic and Regional Integration in the WAEMU Zone: An Analysis Based on the Econometric Approach of Panels." International Journal of Business and Management 11, no. 10 (September 18, 2016): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n10p224.

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This article discusses the implications of the introduction of the Common External Tariff on the dynamism of economic and regional integration in the WAEMU zone. The sample includes eight countries and covers the period from 1990 to 2014. The study is based on the econometric approach of panels. The results suggest that the common external tariff has significantly contributed to strengthen the dynamism of the economic and regional integration in the Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa. These results show that the WAEMU countries have an interest in developing new Community mechanisms conducive to strengthen the integration within them. > Transformational leadership does not significantly affect technology transfer effectiveness. tor in Egypt. rsonal authority of the leader; On technology transfer effectiveness.

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Diop, Ibrahima Thione. "Assessment of the Impact of WAEMU Common External Tariff (CET) in Senegal." Modern Economy 06, no. 12 (2015): 1219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2015.612115.

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Pitigala, Nihal, and Jose Lopez-Calix. "Trade policy options for export diversification: The case of Mali, Chad, Niger, and Guinea." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 4, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v4i2.1200.

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The landlocked and fragile countries’ ability to create a sustainable path to economic growth and poverty reduction is inextricably linked to their export diversification potential, itself related to their connectivity within themselves, in the region, and other external markets. Mali, Chad, and Niger are first challenged by their geography—their landlocked nature with their vast and thinly populated space serves to isolate the most vulnerable communities from external and internal markets. Adding to these geographic disadvantages non-landlocked is incentive environment—defined by high and variable customs common external tariff regimes resulting from multiple overlapping regional trade arrangements—places a wedge between domestic and international prices, provides a disincentive to exports in favor of non-tradable and domestic-oriented sectors. By bringing greater coherence and convergence between the many common external tariff regimes in operation and the rationalization of their structures, and improving connectivity within and between markets, Mali, Chad, Niger, and Guinea can better promote the reallocation of resources toward tradable goods and services, putting the countries on a path toward greater economic inclusion and sustainable growth.

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Weerth, Carsten. "Model of Non–uniform Application of the Common External Tariff in the EC." Global Trade and Customs Journal 4, Issue 3 (March 1, 2009): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2009010.

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Many legal advisers, scientists and practitioners know since many years, that the Common External Tariff (CET) of the European Community (EC) is being applied non–uniform from the different national customs services and that the economic operators are using this systematic fault of the EC for their advantage. Which forms of advantages of price differences according to different duty rates at market entry into the EC common market are there? A model of non–uniform application of the CET of the EC has been developed and proven during three years of research and is presented in this paper.

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Bandyopadhyay, Subhayu, Sajal Lahiri, and Suryadipta Roy. "Enlargement and Common External Tariff in a Political-Economic Model of Customs Union." Arthaniti-Journal of Economic Theory and Practice 8, no. 1-2 (June 2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976747920090101.

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Cieślik, Andrzej, and Oleg Gurshev. "Factor Endowments, Economic Integration, Round-Tripping, and Inward FDI: Evidence from the Baltic Economies." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14080348.

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This paper studies the location choice of foreign multinational firms in the Baltic economies of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania using a knowledge-and-physical capital model across 2004–2017. We used the Bayesian model averaging estimation method to investigate a set of possible factors that drive inward FDI. Our analysis demonstrates that factor endowments play a dominant role in driving vertical foreign direct investment, while external market barriers generate “tariff-jumping” FDI. Our analysis quantifies the effects of round-trip FDI, European integration, and external bilateral free trade agreements vis-à-vis inward FDI in the Baltics.

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Agu, Chukwuma, Anthonia Ifeyinwa Achike, and Moses O. Oduh. "Economic partnership agreements, common external tariff and prospects for staple food items in Nigeria." International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry 3, no. 1/2 (2010): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijlse.2010.031828.

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TAVARES, SAMIA COSTA. "THE COMMON EXTERNAL TARIFF IN A CUSTOMS UNION: VOTING, LOGROLLING, AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENT INTERESTS." Economics & Politics 19, no. 3 (November 2007): 345–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2007.00322.x.

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Wang, Yu Ter. "FDI and Global Economic Integration: A Welfare Analysis." International Research in Economics and Finance 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/iref.v3i2.596.

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This paper investigates the welfare impact on all member countries when nonmember countries invest in a member of an economic region, in which capital is allowed to move freely. It is shown that the nonmember investment will affects the welfare of all members despite that some members do not receive such investment directly. In general, the results depend on the relative magnitude of the tariff revenue effect, the tax revenue effect and the capital returns effect. Specific conditions for welfare change in each member country as well as the criterion for a common external tariff which ensures welfare improvement in all the member countries are derived.

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Valantiejus, Gediminas. "Legal Aspects of the Implementation of European Union’s Common Commercial Policy: Lithuanian Experience and Practice." Economics and Culture 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jec-2016-0008.

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Abstract The Common Commercial Policy is the essential basis of the European Union (hereinafter - the EU), which, in particular, is a free trade area between the 28 Member States with a common external customs tariff and a common foreign trade policy as well as common trade rules with the third countries. Implementation of this policy is characterized by the fact that it is based on an exclusive competence of the EU, which after the Treaty of Lisbon (2009) became even more apparent. Therefore the countries of the EU should follow the same legal principles and rules in the regulation of their foreign trade, that is to apply the uniform EU rules on the calculation of customs duties and determination of the customs origin of goods, customs valuation and tariff classification of goods (Common Customs Tariff). However, implementation of these provisions is always experiencing stress due to the different interests of the EU Member States and the different national practices, especially when the administration of customs duties is actually implemented only at the level of individual EU Member States. Therefore the aim of the article is to assess the implementation of the EU’s CCP from the perspective of the EU Member State (Lithuania) and to describe existing discrepancies which may serve as an obstacle for the development of common regulatory regime for import customs duties in the EU or hinder its main economic goals in international trade. Analysis of relevant scientific problems is mainly based on the comparative method (comparison of the practice of the national courts in the Republic of Lithuania and the Court of Justice of the European Union in disputes related to the functioning of the EU's customs union) and generalization of professional experience (national and EU judicial practice). The research leads to the conclusion that a uniform implementation of Common Commercial Policy and the Common Customs Tariff, as its main element, is not fully ensured on the practical level from the perspective of certain Member States (i.e. Lithuania).

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Pezzola, Anthony A. "The Deep Roots of Protectionism in the Southern Cone: Constituent Interests and Mercosur’s Common External Tariff." Latin American Politics and Society 60, no. 4 (October 22, 2018): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lap.2018.42.

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AbstractThis article examines the influence of subnational economic interests on the formation of supranational trade policy in the Southern Common Market (Mercosur). Accounting for differences in the relative importance of member countries, the article argues that subnational economic interests influenced the structure of Mercosur’s common external tariff (CET). Although the CET was negotiated without direct input from voters or legislators, its structure reflects the interests of geographically specific economic interests in the member countries. The results of a regression analysis of tariffs toward nonmembers indicate that the economic composition of subnational political jurisdictions shaped the structure of the CET. These findings suggest that by overlooking subnational economic interests, much of the current literature on the evolution of Mercosur misses a critical aspect of the policymaking process.

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Ha, Yooseok, Seung Song, Nak Kang, and Sang-Ha Oh. "Proper Choice of Vessels for Supermicrosurgery Training: An Experimental Animal study." Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 34, no. 09 (May 2, 2018): 742–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1648221.

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Background Reconstruction using supermicrosurgery, a technique of microneurovascular anastomosis for smaller vessels (< 0.8 mm), has become popular. Experimental animal studies for supermicrosurgery training have been reported; however, there have been few studies performed according to vessel diameter and pedicle length. In this study, the external diameters of four vessels (femoral, superficial epigastric, axillary, and common thoracic) and pedicle length of two flaps (superficial epigastric and common thoracic–long thoracic) were measured. Methods The inguinal and pectoral regions of Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 19) were dissected anatomically, and the external diameters of the four vessels were measured (right and left, artery and vein measured separately). After elevating the superficial epigastric and common thoracic–long thoracic flaps, the pedicle length of the flaps was also measured. Results Among the 16 vessels examined, the external diameters of 11 and 5 vessels were above and below 0.8 mm, respectively. The external diameters of the superficial epigastric vessel and common thoracic vessel (both arteries and veins) were below 0.8 mm. The external diameters of the femoral and axillary vessels (veins) were above 0.8 mm. The length of the common thoracic–long thoracic pedicle was approximately10 mm longer than that of the superficial epigastric pedicle. Conclusions The external diameters of the superficial epigastric vessel and common thoracic vessel are small enough for supermicrosurgery training. The pedicle lengths of both the superficial epigastric and common thoracic–long thoracic flaps are sufficient to perform free flap experiments. Supermicrosurgical free flaps using these two vessels and a study of the physiology and pharmacology of the flaps will likely be possible in the future.

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Conley-Tyler, Melissa. "A Fundamental Choice: Internal or External Evaluation?" Evaluation Journal of Australasia 4, no. 1-2 (March 2005): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035719x05004001-202.

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An organisation wishes to evaluate one of its programs. It can ask a staff member or hire someone outside the organisation. Which should it choose? Surprisingly little guidance is available for this common scenario. A review of 30 texts dealing with organisational performance and evaluation shows that too often the issue is assumed one way or the other. Management texts aimed at business and organisational audiences tend to presume that evaluation is conducted by internal evaluators, usually managers. By contrast the specialist evaluation literature almost always proceeds from the opposite assumption: that evaluation is undertaken by external evaluators. This paper proposes a series of measures for comparing the strengths and weaknesses of internal and external evaluators. These include cost, knowledge, flexibility, objectivity, accountability, willingness to criticise, ethics and utilisation of results. A set of guidelines is offered to assist organisations in choosing between internal and external evaluation in each particular case.

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Syropoulos, Constantinos. "Rules for the disposition of tariff revenues and the determination of common external tariffs in customs unions." Journal of International Economics 60, no. 2 (August 2003): 387–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(02)00046-6.

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Rivero-Arias, Oliver, Melissa Ouellet, Alastair Gray, Jane Wolstenholme, Peter M. Rothwell, and Ramon Luengo-Fernandez. "Mapping the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) Measurement into the Generic EuroQol (EQ-5D) Health Outcome." Medical Decision Making 30, no. 3 (October 26, 2009): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x09349961.

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Background. Mapping disease-specific instruments into generic health outcomes or utility values is an expanding field of interest in health economics. This article constructs an algorithm to translate the modified Rankin scale (mRS) into EQ-5D utility values. Methods. mRS and EQ-5D information was derived from stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients identified as part of the Oxford Vascular study (OXVASC). Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to predict UK EQ-5D tariffs from mRS scores. An alternative method, using multinomial logistic regression with a Monte Carlo simulation approach (MLogit) to predict responses to each EQ-5D question, was also explored. The performance of the models was compared according to the magnitude of their predicted-to-actual mean EQ-5D tariff difference, their mean absolute and mean squared errors (MAE and MSE), and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Out-of-sample validation was carried out in a subset of coronary disease and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) patients also identified as part of OXVASC but not used in the original estimation. Results. The OLS and MLogit yielded similar MAE and MSE in the internal and external validation data sets. Both approaches also underestimated the uncertainty around the actual mean EQ-5D tariff producing tighter 95% CIs in both data sets. Conclusions. The choice of algorithm will be dependent on the study aim. Individuals outside the United Kingdom may find it more useful to use the multinomial results, which can be used with different country-specific tariff valuations. However, these algorithms should not replace prospective collection of utility data.

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Georges, Patrick. "Toward a North American customs union: Rules of origin liberalization matters more than a common external tariff for Canada." North American Journal of Economics and Finance 19, no. 3 (December 2008): 304–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2008.06.002.

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Rodríguez, Enrique Valerdi, and Elena Dulguerova. "Blues at the Border: The Quest for Uniform Tariff Classification in the European Union." Global Trade and Customs Journal 8, Issue 11/12 (November 1, 2013): 368–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2013050.

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The European Union has established a customs union between its Member States. A customs union means that no customs duties are levied on goods traded within the customs union and that Member States apply a common external tariff to all goods entering the territory of the customs union. However the reality is sometimes far from the theory. This article examines the reasons for which theory and reality do not always match. It mainly focuses on the issue of potential divergent classification of goods upon entry in the EU and the subsequent divergent application of duties and various commercial measures to imports. After explaining how the current system to address divergences works, this article presents solutions that would not only improve the existing system but also substantially modify it to prevent divergences in the future.

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Napierała, Michał. "A Study on Improving Economy Efficiency of Pumping Stations Based on Tariff Changes." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 22, 2022): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030799.

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In this paper, research on improving the economic efficiency of 38 drainage pumping stations was undertaken. Particular attention was paid to the effectiveness of activities without considering any expenditures. Energy costs for this type of machine are usually high, approximately 45% of the total maintenance cost. The main assumption of this work was the selection of appropriate energy tariffs to reduce operating costs. Liquid transport in any economy consumes significant amounts of electricity, estimated at 20–30% of the total electricity production. The optimization of the energy consumption of pumping processes is, therefore, very important. While analyzing the choice of energy tariffs, we designed profitability ratios (PR) specifically for different daily time zones. With the forecasted distribution of energy demands for different daily time zones (usually 2 or 3 zones), it was possible to compare multi-zone tariffs with 24 h tariffs. The profitability of the tariffs was decided by the value of the PR indicator. The lower, the better. In practice, this meant that the analyzed multi-zone tariffs, in most cases, are more profitable compared to single-zone tariffs. In the Polish energy system, each entrepreneur, depending on the connection power, has a right to choose a particular energy tariff from three tariff groups, i.e., high (A), medium (B), and low (C) voltage. In the case of land reclamation pumping stations, energy tariffs are usually from groups B and C. The choice of tariffs largely depends on the contracted capacity and is determined by tariff regulation. Nowadays, the current energy system forces entrepreneurs to declare a connected power load at the level corresponding to the maximum use of the production potential. Lack of knowledge of the hydrological regime, quite common for land reclamation pumping stations, usually results in overestimating the contracted capacity. When comparing the effect of changing tariffs, it was found that the profitability of this method is significant. The four-year study period (2010–2013) showed that active energy in the multi-part tariffs of groups B and C is on average 10.2% cheaper than in the single-part tariffs and varies in a wide range from 2% to 20.4%. The analysis carried out on 38 drainage pumping stations shows that for only five pumping stations could changing the current tariff be unjustified. In the other cases, the four years of analysis demonstrates that changing the current energy tariff could reduce electricity costs by approximately 5%., i.e., approximately PLN 124,000 per year (approximately EUR 27,000).

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Cyvínová, Petra. "The characteristic of the problems of the Common organization of the market for wine." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, no. 6 (2004): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452060211.

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The Czech Republic is part of integrated domestic market of the European Union and it is abided by rules of the Common agricultural policy for the common organization of the market for single sectors of commodities in case of agrarian products. All Czech commodities have free access on the whole territory of domestic market of the European Union without the tariff and non-tariff barriers. It was abolished the customs procedure, the proving of the origin and the founding of bonded warehouse and the paying of licence fee and charges for certification. The Czech farmers (vine-growers) can operate in stabilized business environment on the basis of definite rules of economic competition.The Czech Republic within a regulation of an agrarian trade must manage common regulations of a horizontal character and vertical regulations for the sectors of commodities after the integration into the EU. The regulation is executed through the common organization of the market. The common organization of the market in wine is based on three principles – regulation of the supply, regulation of the wine quality and regulation of the market.These rules are concerned with domestic market, when the commodities move within European Union and within foreign trade, when commodities are transported a frontier. The regulation of external agrarian trade, which is concerned with conditions of import and conditions of export, is executed through the so-called trade mechanisms. The import licence and export licence, export aid and guarantee belong among these mechanisms of regulation. The intervention purchases, sales, support of private storage and so on belong among basic tools of regulation of domestic agrarian market.The paper is focused on an analysis of the problems of the common organization of the market in wine and its impact on the wine-growing industry in the Czech Republic.

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Killian, Pantri Muthriana Erza. "ASEAN�s External Economic Relations and the Limits of Its Economic Diplomacy." Intermestic: Journal of International Studies 6, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v6n2.4.

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The purpose of this article is to outline the multiple facets of ASEAN�s external economic relations (EER), loosely termed as ASEAN economic diplomacy. In doing so, this article builds on two main frameworks: strands of economic diplomacy and general framework of economic diplomacy and employs research interviews and documentary analysis as the main research method. Findings suggest that ASEAN is most advanced in its trade diplomacy, relying on the ASEAN-plus scheme. ASEAN also displays an interesting pattern in their trade diplomacy, since it is mostly aimed at achieving political goals rather than economic ones. The main reason for this is because ASEAN member states can actually achieve larger economic gains by negotiating individually rather than collectively through ASEAN. However, ASEAN still faces limitations in doing collective negotiations due to its regional development gap, different levels of economic ambition, absence of a common external tariff and the lack of a regional negotiator acting on behalf of ASEAN. Keywords: ASEAN, economic diplomacy, external economic relations, trade diplomacy

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Bibi, Iram, Remco Polman, and Samuel R. Nyman. "Reliability of the ICECAP-O Quality of Life Scale With Community-Dwelling People With Dementia." Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 8 (January 2022): 233372142210868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23337214221086802.

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Currently, measures of quality of life used with older people with dementia (PWD) are mainly health related. Health is not an actual attribute of but a means to attain quality of life. The Investigating Choice Experiments for the Preferences of Older People - CAPability index (ICECAP-O) measures attributes of quality of life. While its construct validity has been tested with PWD, no study has yet published data on the reliability of this scale used directly with PWD. In this study, we tested the external (test-retest) reliability of the ICECAP-O with 54 community-dwelling older PWD from the south of England. The ICECAP-O had acceptable test-retest reliability (r = .68, p < .01 and r = .56, p < .01 for raw and tariff scores, respectively). This suggests that the ICECAP-O is both a reliable and valid measure of quality of life for use directly with community-dwelling PWD.

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Schouten, Marco, and Meine Pieter van Dijk. "Regulation and comparative discretion of publicly and privately owned water companies in The Netherlands, England and Wales." Water Policy 12, no. 2 (November 9, 2009): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.079.

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Any water company is subject to regulation, either through bylaws, national or supra-national regulations. In this contribution we assess how these regulatory regimes affect the discretion of privately owned companies in England and Wales and publicly owned water companies in the Netherlands. The issue is studied by comparing the discretion of such companies to pursue strategies of their choice. We look in particular at the constraints and the opportunities posed by the regulatory regime on the provider's discretion in dealing with clients, offering products/services, setting tariffs, organizing themselves and establishing relationships with external actors. Our research shows that the regulatory context invites water providers to differ in their strategies for markets, products and tariff setting. The regulatory context seems not to be a determinant for their strategies with respect to their internal and external organization. The findings of our research are particularly relevant for future research in comparing publicly and privately owned producers. Hence, in future comparative research between companies from different regulatory regimes, it is important to acknowledge the influence regulation may have on the actions and performance of companies, next to demographical and hydrological features.

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De Baere, Geert, and Tina Van den Sanden. "Interinstitutional Gravity and Pirates of the Parliament on Stranger Tides: the Continued Constitutional Significance of the Choice of Legal Basis in Post-Lisbon External Action." European Constitutional Law Review 12, no. 1 (April 11, 2016): 85–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019616000055.

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Choice of legal basis in EU external action – Conclusion of international agreements – Application of the centre of gravity test – Delimitation of the Common Commercial Policy, the Common Foreign and Security Policy and Development Cooperation Policy – Institutional balance

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KRASNORUTSKYY, Oleksij, Yuriy DANKO, and Anna OREL. "DETERMINANTS OF THE IMPACT OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE COMPETITIVE POTENTIAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES AND THEIR EVALUATION." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 5, no. 3 (September 7, 2020): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2020-3-6.

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Introduction. For the agricultural sector, as a key set of sectors of the national economy, current trends in innovation, in addition to positive results, create additional difficulties in the environmental context, necessitating the need to take into account all aspects of agricultural business and the degree of anthropogenic impact. The multilevel environment and complex causal links between its factors, which determine the choice of competitive strategy to ensure the competitiveness of the enterprise in the system of innovation and investment development, plays a crucial role in determining the formation and use of competitive potential of agribusiness entities. The purpose of the article is to identify environmental factors for the formation of the competitive potential of agricultural enterprises and the development of methods for their evaluation. Results. The most significant factors of the external environment for the formation of the competitive potential of agricultural enterprises were conditionally divided into microeconomic, macroeconomic and supranational. Microeconomic factors include: market capacity, suppliers, type of market on the basis of conditions of competition, conditions of competition in the resource market, the state of logistics infrastructure. Macroeconomic factors include: political stability, exchange rate, inflation, the state of development of the financial market, legal regulation, environmental situation, involvement in the processes of scientific and technological progress, demographic. Factors of a supranational nature include: trade rules, tariff restrictions in countries - trading partners, non-tariff restrictions in countries - trading partners, world prices. In order to assess the impact of environmental factors, previously grouped into 3 sets, a cognitive map was developed, which is a sign-oriented graph, the concepts of which correspond to the selected factors, including the competitive potential of agricultural businesses. The structure of the cognitive map reflects the relationships between factors that become positive, negative or neutral, depending on the channel of general characteristics. Based on the constructed cognitive map, scenarios were developed by introducing impulses into individual vertices of the graph. By calculating the excitation that carries such an impulse, the value of competitive potential was established depending on the influence of each of the selected factors. Key words: assessment, competition, competitive potential, environmental factors.

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Lefebvre, Fabien, M. Francois, J. Cacot, C. Hemery, P. Le-Bec, E. Baumhauer, Denis Bouscaud, et al. "External Reference Samples for Residual Stress Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction." Materials Science Forum 681 (March 2011): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.681.215.

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The GFAC (French Association for residual stress analysis) decided in 2007 to work on external reference samples for residual stress analysis by X-ray diffraction as defined in the XPA 09-285 and EN 15305-2009 standards. Seven materials are studied: ferritic steel, martensitic steel, aluminium alloy, titanium alloy, 2 types of Nickel-Chromium alloy and tungsten thin layers deposited on silicon wafers. The purpose of this external round robin campaign is threefold: (i) to give possibilities for each laboratory involved in the campaign test to obtain external reference samples for each material tested, (ii) to validate a common procedure for qualification of external samples and (iii) to commercialise validated external reference samples through the GFAC association. A common approach of X-Ray diffraction parameters, samples geometry and standard procedure has been chosen and adopted by each laboratory involved in these tests. No indication in terms of residual stress calculation method is given; the choice of the method (centroid, middle point, maximum of peak, fitting…) is the choice of the laboratory according to their X-ray diffraction set-ups, softwares and experience. Once all samples are analysed, values given by each laboratory are compared and analysed.

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JAN, ROOHULLAH, ZAHID ASKAR, and JAVED IQBAL. "EXTERNAL FIXATOR;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 04 (August 15, 2013): 600–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.04.1107.

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Introduction: Open Tibial shaft fractures are one of the most common fractures of long bones. External fixation is methodof choice for the treatment of open tibial shaft fractures. The subcutaneous location of tibia makes it suitable for the application of externalfixator. Patients and Methods: This study was done on 50 patients at Orthopaedics and Trauma unit “B” at Khyber Teaching Hospital,Peshawar, from Jan 2008 to Feb. 2009 to determine functional outcome of A.O. external fixator in open tibial fractures in terms of knee andankle mobility, pain and gait on full body weight bearing. The data of all patients was entered in standardized proforma and analyzed onSPSS 10. Results: There were 43 (86%) males and 7 (14%) females. There were 17 (34%) type-II and 20 (40%) type IIIA and 13 (26%)type III B fractures. Knee mobility was full (100%) in 49 (98%) cases, 75% in 1(2%). 43 (86%) cases retained 100% ankle joint mobilitywhile it was 75% in 4 (8%), 50 % in 2 (4%) cases and 25 % in 1(2%) cases. On full body weight bearing, 42(84%) patients were pain free,and moderate pain was in 4(8%) cases. In 42(84%) cases the gait was completely normal on full body weight bearing while 3(6%) casesshowed significant limping. Conclusion: The excellent functional results in our series show that external fixation of tibia is safe andeffective in terms of restoring functions of tibia.

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Souto Barros, Fanilda, Sergio X. Salles-Cunha, Leonard Hermann Roelke, Domingos de Morais Filho, Nélio Artur de Paula Brandão, and Sandra Maria Pontes. "Arterial Compression of Left Iliac Veins: Five-Year Patency Rates of Endovascular Treatment." Journal for Vascular Ultrasound 42, no. 1 (March 2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1544316718763388.

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Endovascular angioplasty and stenting have become a treatment of choice for severely symptomatic left iliac veins under external, arterial compression. Patency rates of stented iliac veins based on ultrasonographic (US) findings were estimated. Retrospective analyses of gender, age, deep venous thrombosis (DVT) prior to stenting, stent location at common and/or external iliac veins, and patency rates from 1 month to 5 years were performed. Patients treated were mostly women (72 of 79, 91%), aged 51 ± 16 (25-89) years. Patency rates were 96% at 1 month, 89% at 1 year, and 85% at 3 to 5 years, best for common iliac, 95%, than for external iliac vein stents, subgroup with prior DVT, with secondary patency rates of 75%. US demonstrated acceptable patency rates for iliac vein stenting showing good performance for common iliac vein stents but a decreased performance with stent extending to the external iliac vein or stents placed in patients with prior iliac DVT.

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Ainscow, Mel. "Looking to the Future: Towards a Common Sense of Purpose." Australasian Journal of Special Education 29, no. 2 (2005): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1030011200025355.

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The articles in this journal focus on what is, arguably, the biggest challenge facing school systems throughout the world, that of educational inclusion. It is hardly surprising that this is particularly challenging in secondary schools. Within such schools, internal factors, such as size and organisational complexity, clearly complicate attempts to foster more flexible and responsive arrangements. At the same time, external factors, not least the effects of competition between schools and parental choice, create particularly intensive pressures to achieve improved results in tests and examinations.

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Shnyrkov, O. "ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF UKRAINE WITH THE EU IN TECHNICAL STANDARDS REGULATION AREA." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, no. 131 (2017): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2017.131.0.111-120.

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The structural reforms in Ukraine are taking place under extraordinary and unprecedented for international economy circumstances. The annexation of Crimea, the war in Donbas region, the loss of important economical potential, human causalities, lack of territorial integrity guaranties from other countries formed a new system of challenges not only for our country but for the whole world in total. Under the external aggression and trade war with Russia the Association Agreement with the European Union should become the main and effective Ukraine’s economical structural changes mechanism. The economical part of Association Agreement with the EU and the deep free trade agreement are characterized as liberalization of mutual trade and regulatory convergence especially including the technical standards regulation field. Modern liberalization in mutual trade between Ukraine and EU has low tariff protection of the EU market for Ukrainian goods and doesn’t not affect the common volume of trade. That is why the technical barriers remains the main obstacles in Ukrainian goods export to the European single market.

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Debataraja, Mintauli, Elian Juan Gonzales, and Amanda Septia Kosaanah. "Sistem Informasi Transaksi dalam P2P di Pasar Cryptocurrency Binance." IJAcc 3, no. 1 (February 9, 2022): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/jakbi.v3i1.2157.

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With this research to determine the effect of public literacy in investing, the most common are currency, paper money and coins. Now the blockchain technology that we hear more often, namely with cryptocurrencies, has made many meanings of the benefits of profit because it is without the costs of administrative services, without intermediaries, and delays. In this case, one of them is the Binance Platform, the Fintech P2P lending Ecosystem and digital transaction system are growing very quickly and become one of the cashless payment options, an alternative choice for new tariff categories because of the multiple advantages of fast and technology-based processes which are the supporting culture of the MSME generation. Cryptocurrency despite very significant progress but not many countries have legalized it as a legal medium of exchange. With the influence of information systems science, namely by knowing more about the extent of acceptance of cryptocurrencies in society in terms of social finance

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Davis, Donald R. "Comments on: “A common external tariff of a customs union: Alternative approaches” by T.N. Srinivasan (Japan and the World Economy 9 (1997) 447–465)." Japan and the World Economy 9, no. 4 (December 1997): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0922-1425(97)00029-7.

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Е. Д., Костоглодова,, Хапилин, А. Ф., Хапилин, С. А., and Квиткина, А. А. "TRANSFORMATION OF STRATEGY FOR ENSURING MACROECONOMIC STABILITY AND INCREASING STABILITY OF ECONOMICS OF EAEU MEMBER STATES UNDER SANCTIONS PRESSURE: CUSTOMS ASPECT." Vestnik of Rostov state University (RINH), no. 2(78) (November 23, 2022): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54220/v.rsue.1991-0533.2022.78.2.016.

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В работе обоснованы приоритеты реформирования системы таможенного регулирования внешнеэкономической деятельности в Евразийском экономическом союзе в условиях усиления внешнего давления и давно назревшей необходимости реализации стратегии опережающего экономического развития и импортозамещения широкого спектра промышленных товаров. Сделан вывод о необходимости создания единых подходов к выработке мер реагирования на внешнее давление недружественных стран, в том числе предусматривающих необходимость внесения изменений в Договор о ЕАЭС, фиксации в правовой базе ЕАЭС приоритетов реализации таможенно-тарифной политики, совершенствования инфраструктуры пунктов пропуска через таможенную границу на базе унифицированных стандартов осуществления таможенного и иных видов контроля. Article substantiates the priorities of reforming the system of customs regulation of foreign economic activity in Eurasian Economic Union in context of increasing external pressure and long overdue need to implement a strategy of rapid economic development and import substitution of wide range of industrial goods. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop common approaches to developing measures to respond to external pressure from unfriendly countries, including the need to amend the Treaty on EAEU, fix the priorities for implementation of customs tariff policy in legal framework of EAEU, improve the infrastructure of checkpoints across customs border on basis of unified standards for implementation of customs and other types of control.

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Chatterjee, Argha, Rochita V. Ramanan, and Sumit Mukhopadhyay. "Imaging Postoperative Abdominal Hernias: A Review with a Clinical Perspective." Journal of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology 3, S 01 (August 27, 2020): S35—S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715772.

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AbstractPostoperative internal hernia is a challenging but critical diagnosis in postoperative patients presenting with acute abdomen. Postoperative internal hernias are increasingly being recognized after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and bariatric surgeries. These internal hernias have a high risk of closed-loop obstruction and bowel ischemia; therefore, prompt recognition is necessary. Computed tomography (CT) is the imaging modality of choice in cases of postoperative acute abdomen. Understanding the types of postoperative internal hernia and their common imaging features on CT is crucial for the abdominal radiologist. Postoperative external hernias are usually a result of defect or weakness of the abdominal wall created because of the surgery. CT helps in the detection, delineation, diagnosis of complications, and surgical planning of an external hernia. In this article, the anatomy, pathophysiology, and CT features of common postoperative hernias are discussed. Afterreading this review, the readers should be able to (1) enumerate the common postoperative internal and external abdominal hernias, (2) explain the pathophysiology and surgical anatomy of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass-related hernia, (3) identify the common imaging features of postoperative hernia, and (4) diagnose the complications of postoperative hernias.

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Gehler, Michael, and Wolfram Kaiser. "A Study in Ambivalence: Austria and European Integration 1945–95." Contemporary European History 6, no. 1 (March 1997): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300004057.

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During the Cold War era the smaller states in Western Europe were confronted with numerous external pressures. These included most of all the need for closer economic co-operation within Western Europe to sustain the process of post-war economic and political reconstruction and the impact on Europe of the confrontation between the new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. The responses of the smaller states to these external pressures varied considerably between two poles: on the one hand, a policy of active integration, with common policies and the transfer of at least some degree of national sovereignty to common institutions, and, on the other, a policy of neutrality, either chosen freely or initially forced upon, to retain as much decision-making autonomy as possible, while safeguarding core economic interests through intergovernmental co-operation. The choice of strategy depended not only on the character and degree of the external political pressures, but also on the respective historical preconditions and on what domestic and external aims the smaller states hoped to achieve with their policies.

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Elomrani, N. F., A. G. Kasis, J. E. Tis, and M. Saleh. "Outcome After Foot and Ankle Deformity Correction Using Circular External Fixation." Foot & Ankle International 26, no. 12 (December 2005): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110070502601205.

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Background: External fixation is the method of choice for correction of chronic severe foot and ankle deformities. We report our experience and outcomes of circular external fixation. Methods: Fifty-five patients (60 feet) were treated with circular external fixation. The mean age at surgery was 36 (range 16 to 65) years. The mean followup was 4.4 (range 1 to 10) years. The mean time spent in external fixation was 2.1 (range 1 to 12) months. Results: There were six excellent, 35 good, eight fair, and six poor results, five of which had below knee amputations. All the patients who had an amputation were treated for infected nonunion of the ankle. Conclusion: Circular external fixation was found to be an effective method for treating a variety of complex foot and ankle problems. The complications were more common in patients with infected nonunions.

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Hiremath, Mallaya, Srinath S K, and Padmapriya Surendranath. "Management of External Root Resorption Associated with a Replanted Maxillary Central Incisor in an 11-Year-Old Patient: A Rare Case Report." RGUHS Journal of Dental Sciences 14, no. 1 (2022): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26715/rjds.14_1_11.

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Avulsion of permanent teeth is one of the serious injuries that require immediate attention in a dental setup and immediate replantation and splinting is the treatment of choice. The replantation of avulsed tooth improves aesthetics, occlusion, and function. Most common complication of tooth replantation is inflammatory external root resorption. Mineral trioxide aggregate is a calcium silicate-based material that maintains high alkaline pH for a longer duration and it helps in preventing inflammatory external root resorption. The purpose of this article is to report the successful management of inflammatory external root resorption associated with a replanted maxillary right central incisor using MTA in an 11-year-old girl with one-year follow-up.

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Burkitt, Brian, and Mark Baimbridge. "The Performance of British Agriculture and the Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy: An Historical Review." Rural History 1, no. 2 (October 1990): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300003344.

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United Kingdom (UK) accession into the European Economic Community (EEC), which became a political likelihood in 1970 and an actuality in 1973, led to a major change in agricultural policy away from a deficiency payments system supporting farmers' incomes towards the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) method of assistance through farm prices above the market level. Such a basic alteration in government activity not only imposed well-known and thoroughly researched costs on the British economy in the form of higher food prices and an additional burden of protection, it also undermined dominant post-1945 historical trends.Firstly, it reversed a thirty year old process towards greater British self-sufficiency Between 1938 and 1946 UK agricultural production rose in value from 42% to 52% of the country's food imports, while under the deficiency payments scheme, permanently established in peacetime by the 1947 Agriculture Act, the proportion of UK food consumption supplied by domestic producers grew steadily until it reached a level of just under 72% in 1972. EEC membership, involving compulsory adoption of the CAP, initially reversed this movement; British agricultural self-sufficiency fell to 66% in 1977, the year when the Common External Tariff (CET) was first applied in full. The higher import bill that inevitably resulted imposed a severe strain on the UK balance of payments, estimated by the pro-market. Heath government in 1970 at a net annual deterioration in the range of 18% to 26%.

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Milanés-Montero, Patricia, Alberto Arroyo-Farrona, and Esteban Pérez-Calderón. "Assessment of the Influence of Feed-In Tariffs on the Profitability of European Photovoltaic Companies." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2018): 3427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103427.

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Feed-in tariff policies have been the most common and effective tool contributing towards the important growth in photovoltaic solar energy in Europe. The purpose of this study is to analyze their influence on the economic profitability of photovoltaic companies operating in the most characteristic regions, Germany, Italy, France and Spain in the period 2008–2012. Variables characterizing these companies are also included. Regarding the method, a static linear panel data model is used. The results show how feed-in tariffs (FITs henceforth) have in fact had a significant positive influence on the economic profitability of these companies. In addition, the findings suggest that the expansion of these companies in terms of assets implies increased competition in the sector, positively influencing their profitability given the economies of scale generated. Moreover, contrary to expectations, photovoltaic companies with the highest leverage ratios are those with the largest return on investment in the analyzed period, what could be a consequence of their higher possibilities of investing the obtained external funds on PV technology.

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Gotsova, Boryana. "The Gordian Knot of European Union Competence: Commercial Aspects of Intellectual Property After the Judgment in Case C-414/11Daiichi Sankyo." German Law Journal 15, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 511–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200019027.

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The division of external competences between the European Union and the Member States is a long-standing object of contention for constitutional and practical reasons. The competence to negotiate and conclude international agreements in a given area has as many highly political implications as concrete policy-making ones. This tension is well illustrated by the field of the commercial aspects of intellectual property. Community, and later Union, competence over this area was established only gradually. After multiple Treaty revisions and legal disputes over competence, the Treaty of Lisbon now lists the field as one of the main elements of the Union's Common Commercial Policy (CCP). The CCP itself is one of the founding policies, dating back to the European Economic Community. It structures the Union's trade relations with third countries, encompassing bilateral and multilateral trade and tariff agreements, as well as unilateral trade defense measures such as anti-dumping and anti-subsidy instruments. Today, the Treaty of Lisbon expressly provides for exclusive Union competence over the CCP, codifying the case law of the Court of Justice.

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Sakaniya, L. R., O. Yu Smolkina, and I. M. Korsunskaya. "Hand eczema: possible risks and choice of therapy." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-3-32-36.

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Hand eczema is a common disease – up to 5% in the general population. In addition, eczema is closely related to atopy and, like atopic dermatitis, to a mutation in the FLG gene. In addition to genetic factors, eczema is caused by external irritants and toxic substances. Eczema often occurs in families with atopic diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis/hay fever (and food allergies), and atopic dermatitis. These diseases share a common pathogenesis and often occur together in the same person and/or family. Eczematous rashes are often accompanied by itching. This symptom can lead not only to sleep disturbances but also to secondary infections. According to some data, the rate of infections in eczema can be more than 70%. In such cases, the drugs of choice are combined glucocorticosteroids (GC), which in addition to GC contain an antimycotic and an antibiotic. Our practical experience shows the high effectiveness of the combination of beclomethasone dipropionate, gentamicin, and clotrimazole not only in cases of eczema complicated by secondary infection but also in patients with other infected chronic dermatoses. This article reviews these and other practical aspects and problems in the treatment of hand eczema, discusses the etiological factors that lead to the development of the disease, and presents current data from clinical recommendations and guidelines for the treatment of eczema.

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Zoratto, Francesca, Emma Sinclair, Arianna Manciocco, Augusto Vitale, Giovanni Laviola, and Walter Adriani. "Individual Differences in Gambling Proneness among Rats and Common Marmosets: An Automated Choice Task." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/927685.

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Interest is rising for animal modeling of pathological gambling. Using the operant probabilistic-delivery task (PDT), gambling proneness can be evaluated in laboratory animals. Drawing a comparison with rats, this study evaluated the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) using a PDT. By nose- or hand-poking, subjects learnt to prefer a large (LLL, 5-6 pellets) over a small (SS, 1-2 pellets) reward and, subsequently, the probability of occurrence of large-reward delivery was decreased progressively to very low levels (from 100% to 17% and 14%). As probability decreased, subjects showed a great versus little shift in preference from LLL to SS reinforcer. Hence, two distinct subpopulations (“non-gambler” versus “gambler”) were differentiated within each species. A proof of the model validity comes from marmosets’ reaction to reward-delivery omission. Namely, depending on individual temperament (“gambler” versus “non-gambler”), they showed either persistence (i.e., inadequate pokes towards LLL) or restlessness (i.e., inadequate pokes towards SS), respectively. In conclusion, the marmoset could be a suitable model for preclinical gambling studies. Implementation of the PDT to species other than rats may be relevant for determining its external validity/generalizability and improving its face/construct validity.

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Onogwu, G. O. "Determinants of the intra-industry trade in cereal and miscellaneous edible preparations: the evidence for Nigeria and the ECOWAS partners." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 1 (February 5, 2014): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/18/2013-agricecon.

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The trade liberalization processes of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) are implemented through such interventions like free international trade, common external tariff wall, the consolidation or freezing of custom duties and non-tariff barriers to the intra-trade among others. However, the extent to which these efforts have translated to the intra-industry trade in the prepared foodstuff products has not been investigated yet. The objectives of this study are to assess the intra-industry trade theory in cereal and miscellaneous edible preparations; to evaluate the growth rates of simultaneous exports and imports in these prepared foodstuff sub-sections; to evaluate the extent of the intra-industry trade in the sub sections, and to determine the effects of the Nigeria’s and partners’ characteristics on the intra-industry trade. The results revealed that the intra-industry trade in cereal preparations are positively and significantly influenced by the partners’ gross national income (GNI) per capita and the partners’ foreign direct investment (FDI), but they are negatively influenced by the Nigeria’s household final consumption expenditure. Also, the intra-industry trade in miscellaneous edible preparations is influenced positively by the partners’ GNI per capita and the partners’ households’ final consumption expenditures, while the Nigeria’s foreign direct investment and the value added by manufacturing negatively influence the intra-industry trade in the product sub-sections within the ECOWAS sub-region. Both exports and imports growth rates of these products fluctuate, but more in the imports of miscellaneous edible preparations. Cost saving options in transportation, the use of efficient machines during the production, processing and packaging are recommended.

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Heed, Tobias, and Brigitte Röder. "Common Anatomical and External Coding for Hands and Feet in Tactile Attention: Evidence from Event-related Potentials." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 1 (January 2010): 184–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.21168.

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Recent studies have suggested that the location of tactile stimuli is automatically recoded from anatomical into external coordinates, independent of the task requirements. However, research has mainly involved the two hands, which may not be representative for the whole body because they are excessively used for the visually guided manipulation of objects and tools. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants received tactile stimuli to the hands and feet, but attended only one limb. The hands were placed near the feet either in an uncrossed or a crossed posture, thus varying the spatial distance of each hand from each foot. Centro-parietal ERPs 100–140 msec poststimulus were more positive when stimulating the anatomically same-side hand while attending a foot. They were also more positive when the Euclidean distance between the stimulated hand and the attended foot was small rather than large. When a foot was stimulated and a hand attended, a similar modulation of foot ERPs was observed for the right foot. To assess the spatial distance between two limbs in space, the external location of both must be known. The present ERP results therefore suggest that not only the hands but also other body parts are remapped into external coordinates. The use of both anatomical and external coordinates may facilitate the control of actions toward tactile events and the choice of the most suitable effector.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Common external tariff choice'

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