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Journal articles on the topic 'Commodity trade'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Jeníček, V. "World commodity trade in the globalisation processes." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 3 (January 7, 2008): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/454-agricecon.

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The real trade development is estimated by the recalculation of nominal value through unit values (prices). The unit value indices reflect, besides the change of prices, also the changes in the structure and qualitative changes of the traded products. In the 70s, the average yearly increase of unit values reached 14% and reflected namely the inflation caused by the oil shocks. Since then, it reaches in average up to 1%. We can suppose that, under the normal conditions, unit values growth is rather the consequence of the qualitative and structural changes (increased share of the more sophisticated products of processing industry), in fact, prices in international trade have been decreasing for years already. The question whether the world trade growth rates decrease or accelerate is then still open. It is certain that the world trade volume growth rate (6.3%) has shown a considerable surpass to the production growth rate (4.1%).

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2

Gruss, Bertrand, and Suhaib Kebhaj. "Commodity Terms of Trade." IMF Working Papers 19, no. 21 (January 24, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484393857.001.

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3

Rich, Karl M., and Brian D. Perry. "Whither Commodity-based Trade?" Development Policy Review 29, no. 3 (April 4, 2011): 331–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2011.00536.x.

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4

Cuñat, Alejandro, and Marco Maffezzoli. "Neoclassical growth and commodity trade." Review of Economic Dynamics 7, no. 3 (July 2004): 707–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2004.01.001.

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5

Bignon, Vincent, and Richard Dutu. "COIN ASSAYING AND COMMODITY MONEY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 21, no. 6 (June 10, 2016): 1305–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100515000875.

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We build a model of search and matching in which agents trade using coins that are imperfectly recognizable, but have access to a coin inspection technology—known as coin assaying—that reveals the intrinsic content of coins for a fee. We consider two sources of imperfect information: counterfeit coins and clipping. With counterfeits, coin assaying reduces the extent of inefficiencies associated with imperfect recognizability of coins (namely lower traded quantities and lower trading frequencies). Yet coin assaying does not necessarily increase welfare, because it unmasks counterfeits that then trade at a discount, reducing total output. With clipping, we show that agents clip for two reasons: in the hope of passing an inferior coin for a superior one, and to reduce the purchasing power of coins that are too valuable. Although coin assaying could remove the first type of clipping, it had no effect on the second.

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6

Lazhnik, Volodymyr, Serhii Puhach, and Andrii Maister. "Regional differentiation of commodity trade of Ukraine with Poland." Geographia Polonica 93, no. 3 (2020): 421–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/gpol.0181.

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The purpose of this article is to examine the status of the Ukrainian-Polish bilateral trade links, to identify regional characteristics and disparities in the Ukrainian commodity trade with Poland. The place of Poland in the geographical structure of commodity exports and imports with regard to Ukrainian regions has been studied. Balance and connectivity coefficients of commodity trade with Poland have been calculated for 25 regions of Ukraine. Regionally influenced differentiations between the Ukrainian and Polish regional commodity trade links have been revealed. The groups of Ukrainian regions have been determined on the basis of the level of their commodity trade balance and type of external trade links with Poland.

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7

Thompson, Jada M., Dustin L. Pendell, Amy D. Hagerman, and Kamina K. Johnson. "International Trade Implications of Highly Pathogenic Poultry Disease Events." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 49, no. 3 (November 8, 2019): 517–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2019.24.

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Animal disease events can lead to international trade restrictions which can vary in duration, products included, and geographical extent. Accounting for multilateral resistance between trading partners, a general gravity model of trade is estimated with a Hausman-Taylor and a Hausman-Taylor seemingly unrelated estimator to evaluate the trade quantity impact by commodity resulting from highly pathogenic poultry disease events in 24 exporting markets. Commodity specific results show that quantity traded and products demanded during a disease event differ by commodities. Understanding these impacts can better prepare exporters for potential changes in trade quantity given a disease event.

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8

Masyitah, Putri Maya, Endang Susilowati, and Singgih Tri Sulistiyono. "The Trade of Sago in Ambon, 1880-1900." Indonesian Historical Studies 4, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ihis.v4i2.7625.

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During the late 19th century, sago in Ambon turned out not only to be a subsistence crop used as a staple food, but also as a commercial crop. Historical sources shown that sago became one of the important commodities in trade in the 19th century, as one of the commodities that affected the economy of the Ambonese people and the colonial government. Sago became a prominent commodity when the spices trade decreased. So, there is commercialization process of sago as an important trade commodity. In this connection, this article examines several issues, the sago became a strategic commodity and the role of sago in the Ambonese economy during 1880-1900. It is analyzed by using the historical method, which emphasized on primary sources based on official reports in the form of colonial publications. According to the study, between 1880 -1900 it was known that the local community and colonial government traded the sago. One interesting thing is that aside from being a staple food, sago is also used as a currency that is bartered with other commodities that have the same value. For the colonial government, sago became a commercial commodity that was quite productive, even having become an export commodity to various countries, such as Singapore and Europe. The colonial government sold sago in various forms such as bundles, basketry, slabs, flour, and grains. In addition, the government also rents sago lands to Christians and Muslims merchants for a specified period and cost.

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9

Cai, Hongbo, and Yuanyuan Song. "The state’s position in international agricultural commodity trade." China Agricultural Economic Review 8, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 430–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-02-2016-0032.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply an analysis of complex networks to empirically research international agricultural commodity trade and countries’ trading relations. The structure of global agricultural commodity trade is quantitatively described and analysed. Design/methodology/approach Based on statistical physics and graph theory, the research paradigm of a complex network, which has sprung up in the last decade, provides us with new global perspective to discuss the topic of international trade, especially agricultural commodity trade. In this paper, the authors engage in the issue of countries’ positions in international agricultural commodity trade using the latest complex network theories. The authors at first time introduce the improved bootstrap percolation to simulate cascading influences following the breaking down of bilateral agricultural commodity trade relations. Findings On a mid-level structure, countries are classified into three communities that reflect the structure of the “core/periphery” using the weighted extremal optimisation algorithm and the coarse graining process. On a micro-level, countries’ rankings are provided with the aid of network’s node centralities, which presents world agricultural commodity trade as a closed, imbalanced, diversified and multi-polar development. Originality/value The authors at first time introduce the improved bootstrap percolation to simulate cascading influences following the breaking down of bilateral agricultural commodity trade relations.

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10

Peterson, Julia C. "Online Agricultural Commodity Trade Information Sources." Journal of Agricultural & Food Information 1, no. 1 (May 25, 1993): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j108v01n01_14.

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11

Lord, Montague J. "PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION IN INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY TRADE*." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 51, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1989.mp51001003.x.

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12

Cole, Harold L., and Maurice Obstfeld. "Commodity trade and international risk sharing." Journal of Monetary Economics 28, no. 1 (August 1991): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(91)90023-h.

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13

Roy, John R. "A dispersed equilibrium commodity trade model." Annals of Regional Science 24, no. 1 (March 1990): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01579891.

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14

Gnidchenko, A., and V. Salnikov. "Russian foreign trade price competitiveness." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2014): 108–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-1-108-129.

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We examine export and import prices for Russian commodities relative to world prices during 2002—2011 across aggregated and disaggregated commodity groups. We also propose an aggregated export price competitiveness index as a tool of monitoring quality dynamics and a composite price competitiveness rating by commodity groups.

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15

Ogundipe, Adeyemi. "Commodity price volatility and economic growth in Africa: the mitigating role of trade policy." Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, no. 3 (October 5, 2020): 350–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(3).2020.29.

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The extreme volatile behavior of Africa’s output and consumption is strongly related to the extent of exposure to external shocks in its trade earnings. The volatility of export earnings inherent in African economies depicts trade and export structure not diversified, and the need for development managers in easing the over-arching dependence on commodity exports earnings as a major source of budget financing. This study investigates the effect of commodity price volatility on real GDP using a longitudinal data covering fifty-three African commodity-dependent countries for the period 1970–2017. The theoretical framework is premised on the neoclassical growth model, and the system generalized method of moments (SGMM) estimation technique was adopted. The results from the estimation procedure indicate a negative contemporaneous relationship between commodity price volatility and growth. However, the intervention of policy instruments such as contrasting openness degree signals short-run relief for commodity export-dependent economies, as trade policy mitigates the adverse effect of commodity price volatility on growth.

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16

Easton, Stephen T. "Is Tourism Just Another Commodity? Links between Commodity Trade and Tourism." Journal of Economic Integration 13, no. 3 (September 15, 1998): 522–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.1998.13.3.522.

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17

Paul, Karen, Simon Pak, John Zdanowicz, and Peter Curwen. "The Ethics of International Trade: Use of Deviation from Average World Price to Indicate Possible Wrongdoing." Business Ethics Quarterly 4, no. 1 (January 1994): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857557.

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Abstract:The measure proposed here, the ratio of the price reported in a given trade to the average world price for that commodity, is based on the average world price for a given commodity reported for all trades between the U.S. and all other countries for a given period. This new measure can be used to enable government agencies to identify trades between U.S. firms or individuals and their counterparts in other countries which are designed to further prohibited activities such as money laundering or tax avoidance. This measure would also enable the U.S. government to monitor trade flows more accurately, facilitating more analysis of trade imbalances between countries and tracking trade in strategic materials, for example, weapons. Use of this new measure could enable naive buyers and sellers of goods, for example, those situated in remote or underdeveloped markets, to know what their counterparts in more central and informed countries are paying or being paid for comparable goods, and hence to become more informed as trading partners.

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18

Oramah, B. O., and C. Abou-Lehaf. "Commodity Composition of African Trade and Intra-African Trade Potential." Journal of African Economies 7, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): 263–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jae.a020951.

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19

Cabalu, Helen, and Cristina Alfonso. "Does AFTA Create or Divert Trade?" Global Economy Journal 7, no. 4 (October 2007): 1850122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1315.

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In this article the changes in trade patterns introduced by the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) are examined. Variation in growth trends and the shift-and-share methodology are used to identify the impact of trade liberalization under AFTA on intra- and extra-regional commodity trade. Data at the commodity level are used and the results indicate that AFTA had trade creation effects, with little evidence of trade diversion.

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20

Eremic, Milan. "Razvijeni oblik trgovine na robnim berzama - trziste robnih fjucersa -." Ekonomski anali 44, no. 158 (2003): 7–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0358007e.

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At the very beginning of this paper, we stress the fact that capitalism, during a very long period of its emergence and development, was based on simple forms of commodity trading. It is true that capital left its mark on these simple forms. However, it did not change its simple character. Several centuries were to pass in for capital to build its own autochthonous forms of commodity exchange, the forms inherent in capitalism. The early forms of commodity futures, as the basic instrument of this developed commodity exchange, are thought to have been introduced on the Chicago Board of Trade - CBOT in 1985. The introduction of commodity futures contracts into commodity exchange enabled commodity markets to be divided into physical commodity markets and contract markets. This was the beginning of a complex system of commodity trade, the emergence of new economic entities in commodity markets and the development of a very complex system of trading, settlement and trade clearing through commodity futures contracts. The construction of this new system of commodity trade has lasted more than a century and during its gradual development a tremendous construct has been created, a market structure of extraordinary internal complexity and a solid logical design. The process of creating commodity futures market in the USA was outlined only in the early 1970s. We can say that it is an almost perfectly developed system, being today a dominant system in the world. Almost 100 percent of all commodity futures markets in the world are based on the commodity futures markets in the USA. The only exception is the London Metal Exchange, which is, although not being any less perfect, essentially different from the American exchanges.

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21

Firoozi, Fathali. "On the Second-Best Foreign Investment Policy and Pattern of Commodity Trade." American Economist 42, no. 1 (March 1998): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943459804200103.

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An agreement on free commodity trade often does not preclude countries from protecting their national interests through restrictive policies toward cross-border movements of production factors (e.g., capital and labor). A number of studies have suggested second-best international capital flows (welfare maximizing under free commodity trade) that officials of a country must encourage via various policy measures. However, an emerging literature indicates that policy toward foreign direct investment is being increasingly utilized as a new form of protectionism under free trade. Utilizing a generalized Heckscher-Ohlin model, this study characterizes the necessary adjustments to the suggested second-best foreign investment policies of a country when there is an extraneous protectionist objective regarding the pattern of trade in a commodity. An implication is that until all production factors can freely move internationally without policy impediments of a participating country, unrestricted commodity trade alone cannot achieve its full potential in removing protectionism and setting comparative advantage as the basis for trade. (JEL F21, F15)

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22

Casas, F. R. "La configuration des échanges dans un modèle à biens multiples : quelques paradoxes." Articles 54, no. 3 (July 6, 2009): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800782ar.

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In the framework of a two-good, two-factor model it is evident that the pattern of trade can be inferred from the change in commodity prices resulting from the opening of trade. Thus, if trade increases the relative price of a commodity, we expect that commodity to be exported, while the good whose relative price decreases will be imported. Under certain circumstances however, it may be possible to observe a country importing a commodity even though its free trade relative price is higher than under autarky. The purpose of this paper is to point out that a similar paradox can be established even if we rule out distributional effects of changes in commodity prices on the demand for goods attributable to different tastes. In particular, we focus our attention on a simple three-good, two-factor model with fixed production coefficients. It is well known that when the number of goods exceeds the numbers of factors, a basic indeterminacy exists in the relationship between output levels and relative commodity prices. Our interest lies in establishing that one application of this indeterminacy is that technological characteristics—in particular, the factor intensity ranking of commodities and a country's factor endowment—may result in the reversal of the expected pattern of trade.

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23

Mann, Janelle, and Derek Brewin. "Investigating the Impact of Trade Disruptions on Price Transmission in Commodity Markets: An Application of Threshold Cointegration." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14090450.

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Threshold cointegration is introduced as an econometric technique to model the impact of trade disruptions on spatial price transmission in commodity markets so that market participants and policy makers can understand the global impact of trade disruptions on prices. The threshold cointegration technique that is employed is flexible in that it allows the number of thresholds and their location to be determined endogenously and the threshold variable to be exogenous to the system. We innovate on the threshold cointegration technique by selecting a measure of trade disruptions as the threshold variable. This innovation can be used for any commodity market that is spatially connected due to arbitrage; however, to illustrate its usefulness we apply the technique to trade disruptions for canola traded between Canada and China using weekly data between 2014 and 2019 and find that canola trade disruptions between Canada and China impacted global price transmission and resulted in market fragmentation.

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24

Doncova, Olesya, and V. Zas'ko. "Institutional Framework for Cross-Border Commodity Trade." Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 9, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-627x-2020-43-48.

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The article analyzes the basic strategies and business models of international commodity trade. The success factors of the organization of an effective system of commodity sales are highlighted: 1) a reliable network of global communication, which is provided by highly qualified personnel; 2) the ability to attract resources in international financial markets; 3) control over the objects of the basic logistics infrastructure of cross-border trade; 4) timely digital transformation of business. The article concludes that the current organizational mechanism for cross-border commodity trade is based on the following key success factors: an effective network of global business contacts, access to Bank financing and risk hedging tools, qualified personnel, and effective digitalization of business processes. The intersection of the competencies that lie in these planes allows us to obtain a stable competitive advantage in the most important commodity markets for the world economy. From a practical point of view, the greatest synergy of the key success factors of cross-border trade is achieved in the main hubs, which is important to take into account when implementing projects to build organizations that are competitive in foreign markets.

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25

Innella, Giovanni, and Paul Anthony Rodgers. "The Commodity of Trade in Contemporary Design." Design Journal 20, sup1 (July 28, 2017): S647—S668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1353012.

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26

Bidarkota, Prasad, and Mario J. Crucini. "Commodity Prices and the Terms of Trade." Review of International Economics 8, no. 4 (November 2000): 647–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00248.

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27

Sheppard, Eric. "COMMODITY TRADE, CORPORATE OWNERSHIP AND URBAN GROWTH." Papers in Regional Science 52, no. 1 (January 14, 2005): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1983.tb01657.x.

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28

Estrades, Carmen, and María Inés Terra. "Commodity prices, trade, and poverty in Uruguay." Food Policy 37, no. 1 (February 2012): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2011.11.007.

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29

Efrinaldi, Efrinaldi. "POLA TRANSAKSI PADA COMMODITY EXCHANGE : Perspektif Hukum Islam." Al-Istinbath : Jurnal Hukum Islam 2, no. 2 (December 27, 2017): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v2i2.283.

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Transactions on commodity exchange as futures trading are seen from the contract cycles as a pure trade activity, reduce the risk of profit from buying and selling, as a result of price fluctuations on trading commodities. Price fluctuations can be predicted and transactions begin with analysis, while risk can be protected. The type of transaction on physical goods and the spot market, in the perspective of Islamic economic law, can be tolerated. Certain types of trade (al-tijarah) have been arranged in syara ', because indeed the forms of transactions in such trades have been tolerated in the time of the Prophet. Spot markets, such as transactions of agricultural products, livestock, minerals, handicrafts, industry, and so forth. While transactions service that are non-physical, eg rent (al-ujrah) and wage-hire (al-ijarah). The aim of trade is essentially objects of economic value with the availability of goods in aqad assemblies (at the time of the transaction). In the Islamic review, this also applies to items that are not available or without presenting the goods at the time of the transaction, provides the ordered item is concrete of its nature. This is non-existent form of trade (such as al-salam), in Islamic law studies, depends on seller's effective control and ability to deliver. There is a protection against the value of goods transacted from probabilities that are inconsistent with the properties specified in the aqad assemblies, protection against the interests of consumer from loss (cut loss) and no disappointment in the future. In futures trading, it is known as the term of hedging

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30

READY, ROBERT, NIKOLAI ROUSSANOV, and COLIN WARD. "Commodity Trade and the Carry Trade: A Tale of Two Countries." Journal of Finance 72, no. 6 (October 4, 2017): 2629–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12546.

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31

Zacher, Mark W. "Trade gaps, analytical gaps: regime analysis and international commodity trade regulation." International Organization 41, no. 2 (1987): 173–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027430.

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Studies of international regimes have sought to describe international collaborative arrangements in more systematic terms than in the past, and to analyze their development in terms of major schools of international relations theory. This article refines the commonly used definition of regimes and elucidates the major hypotheses of one theoretical school, structural realism. The strength and nature of the international commodity trade regime are systematically described, and their development is analyzed in terms of the major hypotheses of structural realism. In large part, these hypotheses are supported by the analysis of what is a relatively weak international regime.

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32

van Beers, Cees, and Hans Linnemann. "Commodity composition of trade in manufactures and south‐south trade potential." Journal of Development Studies 27, no. 4 (July 1991): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220389108422215.

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33

Svatoš, M., and L. Smutka. " Development of agricultural trade and competitiveness of the commodity structures of individual countries of the Visegrad Group." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 58, No. 5 (May 28, 2012): 222–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/51/2011-agricecon.

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The paper analyzes the development of the value, commodity and territorial structure and competitiveness of agricultural trade of the countries of the Visegrad Group in 1993–2008. Over the years, there has been a sharp increase not only to the volume, but also to the value of the traded agricultural products. The territorial structure of both exports and imports has narrowed to a decisive extent, primarily to the trade with the countries of the EU27. The commodity structure of agricultural trade has adapted very strongly both to the world and especially to the European market and it has furthermore reacted to the changes in the structure of the individual national markets. In the course of the years, the commodity structure has profiled so that there has been a limitation of aggregation with a strong comparative advantage on the market of the EU countries in relation to the aggregations that did not held this advantage. The analysis that has been performed indicates that the process of the accession to the EU has been reflected positively in the results of agricultural trade especially in the case of Poland. In the case of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the entry into the EU likewise has not led to a worsening of the results in the area of agricultural trade. Only in the case of Hungary, one does find serious structural problems after the entry into the EU in the case of agricultural trade. It can be assumed that these problems can be attributed for the most part to the Hungary’s current economic problems.    

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34

Bailey, Warren, and Lan Truong. "Opium and Empire: Some Evidence from Colonial-Era Asian Stock and Commodity Markets." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 32, no. 2 (June 2001): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002246340100008x.

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On the basis of a new database of stock and commodity prices, along with measures of government revenues, commodity exports and immigration, the article assesses the impact of the opium trade on the economies of colonial Malaya, the Netherlands Indies and China from 1873 to 1911. Stock returns for a few Malayan industries related to international trade are significantly correlated with opium price changes, as are prices for labour-intensive, Chinese-dominated export commodities such as tin and gambier. However, opium price changes explain, at most, only a small fraction of the behaviour of stock and commodity prices. On balance, stock and commodity markets ascribed only secondary importance to ups and downs in the opium trade as measured by the price of the drug.

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35

Romalis, John. "Factor Proportions and the Structure of Commodity Trade." American Economic Review 94, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 67–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282804322970715.

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This paper examines how factor proportions determine the structure of commodity trade. It integrates a many-country version of a Heckscher-Ohlin model with a continuum of goods with Paul R. Krugman's (1980) model of monopolistic competition and transport costs. The commodity structure of production and bilateral trade is fully determined. Two main predictions emerge. Countries capture larger shares of world production and trade of commodities that more intensively use their abundant factors. Countries that rapidly accumulate a factor see their production and export structures systematically shift towards industries that intensively use that factor. Both predictions receive support from detailed trade data.

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36

Surjaningsih, Ndari, Ina Nurmalia Kurniati, and Reni Indriani. "Credit Risk Models For Five Major Sectors In Indonesia." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 20, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 376–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v20i4.900.

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This paper analyze Nonperforming Loan ratio to total credit (NPL), as a proxy forcredit risk, for five major economic sectors by utilizing panel data of 117 commercialbanks in Indonesia over period 2000Q1 to 2016Q3. Our empirical analysis shows thatreal economic growth is the main driver that is negatively correlated with credit risksin all sectors. The inverse relation is also found in commodity and housing price.Commodity price inflation affects NPL in manufacturing industry and trade sectors,meanwhile housing price inflation influences NPL in manufacturing industry, trade,and construction sectors. In addition, decreased in policy rate will decline credit riskin commodity, trade, and other sectors, meanwhile nominal exchange rate only affectscredit risks in other sector. Our assessment shows that credit risks in commodity andother sectors are more sensitive to real economic growth than those on manufacturingindustry and trade sectors. Real economic growth elasticities to credit risk forcommodity and other sectors are almost twice higher than for manufacturing industryand trade sectors. Thus, during economic contraction phase, NPL in commodity andother sectors will increase higher than NPL in manufacturing industry and tradesectors.

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37

Dobler, Gregor. "From Scotch Whisky to Chinese Sneakers: International Commodity Flows and New Trade Networks in Oshikango, Namibia." Africa 78, no. 3 (August 2008): 410–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0001972008000259.

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After the end of the colonial period, international commodity flows into Africa at first continued to reproduce patterns of colonial domination. In the last ten years, however, important shifts have become visible. New commodity chains bypassing the old colonial powers have developed and are changing the way Africa is integrated into the global economy. This article looks at four trade networks that converge in Oshikango, a small trade boom town in northern Namibia. It describes how trade in Scotch whisky, Brazilian furniture, Japanese used cars and Chinese sneakers into Oshikango is organized. Whisky trade follows old colonial patterns; furniture trade relies on new South-South business contacts backed by political lobbying; in the used car trade, goods from the North are traded by networks of Southern migrant entrepreneurs; Chinese consumer goods are brought into Africa by Chinese migrants who bridge the cultural gap between the markets. Trade in Oshikango highlights the importance of new trade routes for Africa. Migrant entrepreneurs play an important role in these trade routes. A closer look at them shows, however, that their importance is largely due to opportunities arising from their place in the international system, not to a group's inherent cultural or social characteristics.

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38

Knudsen, D. C. "On the Stability of Trade Partnerships." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 20, no. 10 (October 1988): 1335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a201335.

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In his landmark study of US commodity flows, Ullman explains flow as being determined by complementarity, intervening opportunity, and transferability. Of these three concepts, only complementarity can be readily tested empirically; this may be accomplished through an analysis of trade partnerships. Despite rapidly fluctuating flow volumes, results of this analysis indicate that trade partnerships are predominantly stable. Further, partnerships involving large volumes are much more stable than those involving small volumes. This provides evidence of the role of spot markets in determining the pattern of commodity flows.

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Bhagwat, Shree, and Angad Singh Maravi. "THE ROLE OF FORWARD MARKETS COMMISSION IN INDIAN COMMODITY MARKETS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 11 (November 30, 2015): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i11.2015.2919.

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This paper examines the role of Forward Markets Commission (FMC) in Indian Commodity Markets. The Results show important developments of Forward Markets Commission. Commodity futures and derivatives have a crucial role to play in the price risk management process, especially in agriculture sector. The significance of commodity derivatives has increased in the current scenario. India has long history of trade in commodity derivatives. Organized commodity derivatives in India started as early as 1875, barely about a decade after they started in Chicago. Since 2003, when commodity futures’ trading was permitted, commodity futures market in India has experienced an unprecedented boom in terms of the number of modern exchanges, number of commodities allowed for derivatives trading as well as the value of futures trading in commodities. There are 6 national and 16 regional commodity exchanges recognized and regulated by the FMC. Different types of commodities such as agricultural; bullion, plantation, energy etc. is traded on commodity exchanges in the country. So considering these points an attempt has been made to know the regulatory framework of commodity futures and derivatives market in India and various developments in Indian commodity market and commodity exchanges. This study is an attempt to investigate the performance of Forward Markets Commission in India and its role in Indian commodity market.

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CREMERS, EMILY T. "INTERGENERATIONAL WELFARE AND TRADE." Macroeconomic Dynamics 9, no. 5 (November 2005): 585–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136510050504037x.

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This paper examines the dynamic effects of international commodity trade by merging two benchmark environments, namely, the static factor endowments model and the neoclassical growth model. Two main questions are asked. First, how does commodity trade affect the capital-accumulation paths of two trade partners? Second, do the welfare effects associated with these dynamics serve to reinforce or mitigate the well-known welfare effects associated with the static factor endowments model? It is demonstrated that trade will eventually, if not immediately, narrow the difference in domestic capital accumulation paths. This narrowing introduces a negative welfare effect that is large enough to worsen overall welfare for the country whose capital accumulation has declined. Thus, although the dynamic effects of trade are large enough to dominate the static effects, they do not reinforce the concept of mutually advantageous trade.

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Bahmani-Oskooee, Mohsen, and Huseyin Karamelikli. "Turkish-German Commodity Trade and Asymmetric J-Curve." Applied Economics Quarterly: Volume 66, Issue 2 66, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 93–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/aeq.66.2.93.

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We consider the short-run and the long-run effects of the real Turkish Lira-Euro rate on the trade balance of each of the 64 industries that trade between Turkey and Germany. We find relatively more significant effects by estimating a nonlinear ARDL model for each industry. Indeed, the approach of separating currency depreciation from appreciation identified the five largest Turkish industries that engage in more than 50 % of the trade between these two countries and that benefitted from Turkish Lira depreciation against the Euro.

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THOMPSON, JADA M. "EFFECTS OF REGIONALIZED TRADE RESTRICTIONS ON QUANTITY EXPORTED DURING A HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA EVENT." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 50, no. 2 (April 2, 2018): 270–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2017.29.

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AbstractFrom December 2014 to June 2015, U.S. poultry was affected by highly pathogenic avian influenza that led to destruction of 48 million birds and losses in international trade. During the event, 45 countries placed trade restrictions on U.S. poultry exports, varying from regionalized to national poultry restrictions. Using a gravity model of trade, the effects on quantity traded is estimated for poultry exports at the aggregated and disaggregated commodity level to understand product flows during an event. Results indicate U.S. poultry exports benefit from countries willing to apply limited trade restrictions, and the trade impact varies across disaggregated commodities.

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Gleim, Savannah W., Richard S. Gray, and Stuart J. Smyth. "Forensics at the Port: Can Diagnostic Testing Benefit Trade?" Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010106.

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A growing pool of genomic knowledge and remarkable reductions in the cost of genetic sequencing is revolutionizing the identification of plant pathogens and phytosanitary risks. This article examines available technologies of plant testing for genetics, residues, and contamination that can be imposed at port locations for the trade of bulk commodity crops. Access and deployment of lower-cost detection technologies could fundamentally change phytosanitary practices with potential consequences for agricultural trade. Investment in testing for the presence of transgenic dockage or plant and soil diseases will likely decrease time and arbitration costs. Implementation of diagnostics testing could not only protect the exporters’ position, but it could also lead to future implications of trusted trade or higher standards of phytosanitary policy. The lack of rigorous export testing creates the opportunity for trade protectionist countries to claim that commodity imports fail to meet import standards, which can either lower the price or result in shipment rejection. The failure of commodity shipments to comply with import thresholds is a regular occurrence, yet resolutions are achieved that do not disrupt international trade. This rise in the ability to accurately test for pathogen detection provides the opportunity for safer commodity trade, but also the rise in protectionism.

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Schmitz, Andrew, Hartley Furtan, and Troy G. Schmitz. "Agricultural Policy: High Commodity and Input Prices." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 38, no. 1 (April 2009): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000162.

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Because of high commodity prices, beginning in 2006, subsidies to farmers in the United States, the European Union, and Canada have been reduced significantly. However, significant losses have been experienced by the red meat sector, along with escalating food prices. Because of rising input costs, the “farm boom” may not be as great as first thought. Ethanol made from corn and country-of-origin labeling cloud the U.S. policy scene. Higher commodity prices have caused some countries to lower tariff and non-tariff barriers, resulting in freer commodity trade worldwide. Policymakers should attempt to make these trade-barrier cuts permanent and should rethink current policy legislation to deal with the possibility of a collapse of world commodity markets. Agricultural commodity prices have dropped significantly since early 2008.

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Latyshov, A. V. "THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA FOREIGN TRADE TRENDS." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 2 (July 6, 2018): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2018-2-104-112.

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The article considers the foreign trade of the Republic of Korea over the past eight years in the context of the future free trade agreement between the Republic of Korea and the Eurasian Economic Union. The author traces the dynamics of exports and imports of the country during the certain period, the change in the commodity structure of exports and imports, the geography of exports and imports, the dynamics of commodity flows as a share of GDP, as well as the most exported and imported goods at the level of six signs of the Harmonized commodity description and coding system (HS). During the research period, the structure of exports and imports of the Republic of Korea has changed little: the main exported goods, as before, are high-tech equipment (floating equipment and its elements, land road transport and parts; storage devices (about 15% of all exports). Imports are dominated by energy (one fifth of total imports) and machinery and equipment (84 and 85 of the HS groups).

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Ntshwe, Ipeleng, and Rufaro Garidzirai. "Exploring the Influence of Commodity Prices, Real Exchange Rate and Trade Openness on Economic Performance in an Emerging Country." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 5 (August 16, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n5p80.

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Do commodity prices, real exchange rate and trade openness influence economic growth in South Africa? This question is fundamental to academic research since it forms the basis of macroeconomic policies. Therefore, the comprehension of such a relationship is vital which has ushered this study into investigating the effect of real exchange rate, commodity prices and trade openness on economic growth in South Africa from 1984-2019. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the diverse literature on macroeconomics and international trade in the continent and the rest of the world. To achieve this, the Johansen cointegration method and Vector Error Correction Model were employed. The Johansen cointegration method confirmed the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables. Commodity prices and trade openness positively influenced economic growth while real exchange rate inversely influenced economic growth. The Vector Error Correction Model also confirmed that the disequilibrium in the model can be corrected in 1 year 9 months. The study`s findings suggest a methodical monetary policy synthesis that controls both the commodity price stability and exchange rate that spurs economic growth.

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Cubillos T., Julieth P., Béla Soltész, and László Vasa. "Bananas, coffee and palm oil: The trade of agricultural commodities in the framework of the EU-Colombia free trade agreement." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 24, 2021): e0256242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256242.

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Generally, research and studies about commodities focus on price trends, analysis in terms of international competitiveness, market position structure, rate of net exports, market share, and concentration index. This paper has developed an analysis of the most influential agricultural commodities traded from Colombia to European Union, which are bananas, coffee, and palm oil. Analyzing the economic and commercial effects in two traditional agricultural commodities from Colombia (bananas and coffee) with the rise of palm oil as a commodity in the trade relation with its partner; the European Union. The structure draws from the overview of general aspects and the behavior of Colombian foreign trade, as diversification of export products and trade partners, to focus on the characteristics of the trade relationship between the European Union and Colombia. The aim is analyze the proportional relation between bananas, coffee, and palm oil exported to the EU, according to three indicators, the volume of production, exports share, and trade value, from 2008 until 2019, identifying the trends before and after the implementation of the free trade agreement. Finally, with the coefficient correlation, determine the agricultural commodity that has the strongest and positive relationship with the total agricultural exports value from Colombia to the European Union.

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Khan, Shujauddin, and Aftab Alam. "Trends in India's Agricultural Commodity Trade with China." BULMIM Journal of Management and Research 1, no. 2 (2016): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2455-3298.2016.00015.5.

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Bahmani-Oskooee, Mohsen, and Ruixin Zhang. "Dynamics of the China-United Kingdom Commodity Trade." Chinese Economy 47, no. 2 (March 2014): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/ces1097-1475470204.

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Swire-Thompson, A. J. "ZIMBABWE—AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY POLICY, FOOD SECURITY AND TRADE." Agrekon 31, no. 4 (December 1992): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1992.9524681.

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