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1
Finke, Daniel, and Annika Herbel. "Coalition Politics and Parliamentary Oversight in the European Union." Government and Opposition 53, no. 3 (September 19, 2016): 388–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2016.28.
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According to the literature, parliamentary scrutiny is either used by the opposition to control the government or by a coalition partner to control the leading minister. Yet, neither the opposition alone nor individual governing parties alone can muster a parliamentary majority to adopt recommendations, resolutions or statements. Therefore, we ask which parties coalesce in co-sponsoring such joint position papers on European Union policy proposals and why. Tying in with the existing literature, we offer three explanations. Firstly, position papers are co-sponsored by so-called ‘policy coalitions’, a group of parties that hold similar preferences on the policy under discussion. Secondly, governing parties form coalitions which support their minister’s position vis-à-vis his or her international partners in Brussels. Thirdly, party groups co-sponsor position papers to counterbalance the leading minister’s deviation from the floor median.On the empirical side, we study the statements issued by committees of the Finnish Eduskunta and recommendations adopted by committees of the German Bundestag over a period of 10 years. Though having similarly strong parliaments, the two countries are characterized by very different types of coalition governments. These differences are mirrored in the observed co-sponsorship patterns.
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Colfer, Barry. "The European Trade Union Confederation." socio.hu 9, Special Issue (June 16, 2020): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2019en.9.
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The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) represents some 45 million trade union members from eighty-nine national trade union confederations and ten European Industry Federations from thirty-nine countries. In 2019, ETUC entered its forty-sixth year and marked its fourteenth quadrennial Congress in Vienna where delegates intervened to shape the work plan and direction of the organisation for the coming four years and to elect a new Executive Committee. This article takes stock of ETUC’s background and primary activities and considers whether ETUC enhances the power and influence of its members, despite the challenging environment in which trade unions in Europe reside in the 21st century. In so doing, the article assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the organisation, which remains the largest civil society organisation in Europe.
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Rudenko Olha, Rudenko Olha, Zhytar Maksym Zhytar Maksym, and Kodis Yevheniy Kodis Yevheniy. "EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP PROJECT IN UKRAINE." Socio World-Social Research & Behavioral Sciences 03, no. 01 (January 14, 2021): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd03012021139.
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It was found that today Ukraine is not ready to introduce a decentralized system due to shortcomings in budget planning and non-transparency of public financial management. In case of its introduction in the management system of EU funds of Ukraine, it is advisable to develop a preparatory stage for a decentralized management system of EU assistance resources, which will ensure an independent audit of Ukraine's external assistance management system. Based on the results of the audit, it is necessary to determine the responsible state institution that will carry out the overall coordination of the decentralized system in the subsequent stages of its implementation. An urgent challenge for modern Ukraine is the ability to develop a national research and innovation strategy in line with the best EU models. To date, Ukraine lacks a comprehensive systemic vision for the development of science, technology and innovation, and dialogue with civil society and the expert community is somewhat of a formality. The plans and proposals submitted by the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture need to be properly coordinated. After all, such inconsistency of actions of government structures is also reflected in the quality and effectiveness of the legislation of Ukraine, increases the time of adoption of laws in the Verkhovna Rada. In this regard, cooperation between the three committees in particular needs to be significantly improved, namely: the Committee on Education and Science, the Committee on Informatization and Communications and the Committee on Industrial Policy and Entrepreneurship. Promoting cooperation and integration with the European Union will allow the citizens of the respective partner countries to adapt European values faster, increase people's awareness of the experience and prospects of EU countries, and significantly strengthen their self-identification as Europeans. The importance of the role of the Eastern Partnership in security issues for both the EU and the countries participating in the Eastern Partnership should be emphasized. Keywords: European Union, European integration, Eastern Partnership, regional cooperation, Association Agreement, public administration.
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Lepola, Pirkko, Allison Needham, Jo Mendum, Peter Sallabank, David Neubauer, and Saskia de Wildt. "Informed consent for paediatric clinical trials in Europe." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 11 (May 25, 2016): 1017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-310001.
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ObjectivePaediatric clinical trials are often conducted as multinational trials. Informed consent or assent is part of the ethics committee approval for clinical trials. The consent requirements vary between countries due to national laws and regulations, which are not harmonised in Europe. These discrepancies can present challenges for paediatric clinical trials. The aim of this study was to assemble these consent and assent requirements across the European Economic Area. The collated national requirements have not been publicly available before, despite a real need for this data.MethodsNational consent and assent requirements for paediatric clinical trials were analysed and collated for 25 European Union Member States and 2 European Free Trade Association countries until the end of 2014. The data were retrieved from existing databases and through communication with the competent authorities and selected ethics committees. Results from a literature search for international or national guidelines, declarations and conventions and academic societies' publications served as comparison material.ResultsConsent and assent requirements are heterogeneous across these countries. We compiled our findings in ‘The Informed Consent and Assent Tool Kit’, a table including 27 national consent and assent requirements listed by individual country.ConclusionsWide variation in paediatric consents and assents presents challenges for multinational paediatric trials in Europe. The toolkit is available for all those involved in paediatric clinical trials and ethics committees, providing a new platform for proactive feedback on informed consent requirements, and may finally lead to a needed harmonisation process, including uniform standards accepted across Europe.
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Banelienė, Rūta. "EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ECONOMIC POLICY UNDER THE EUROPE-2020 STRATEGY IN SMALL EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Ekonomika 92, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2013.0.1418.
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Abstract. The evaluation criteria to measure the efficiency of a state’s economic policy in terms of integration processes in the European Union were determined in the Europe 2020 Strategy endorsed by the European Council in June 2010. According to the Strategy, the European Union has committed to seek progress in the fields of employment, investment in R&D, climate change and energy, education, and poverty reduction. With a view to assessing the economic impact of the above commitments by the European Union vis-a-vis small European Union countries, this article provides an evaluation of the three objectives of the Europe 2020 Strategy – employment, education, and investment in R&D – and their impact on the economic growth in smaller countries of the European Union.This article concludes that many of the smaller European Union countries choose not to be ambitious enough in their national objectives of employment, education, and investment in R&D areas under the Europe 2020 Strategy and, during the 2011–2020 period, they show on average a 4.8% lower annual GDP growth than it could potentially be, i.e. they abandon far-reaching ambitious targets.Key words: economic policy, small European Union countries, Europe 2020 Strategy, employment, education, R&D
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Toprak, Metin, Yüksel Bayraktar, Armağan Erdoğan, Deniz Kolat, and Mehmet Şengül. "New Generation University: A Model Proposal." Yuksekogretim Dergisi 11, no. 2Pt1 (August 1, 2021): 344–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/yod.21.210226.
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In the last quarter century, since the university is the main source of the human resources required by the knowledge society, structural and functional restructuring efforts of the university institution have been increasing to strengthen the positive impact on economic growth and social development through education and research activities. Today, the Anglo-Saxon and the Far East countries have the most successful university examples in this context; European universities come second in performance, although there are tremendous differences among member countries. Being a candidate for the European Union membership and as a member of the Council of Europe as the first signatory states of the Cultural Convention; implementation of reforms in the European Higher Education Area is obligatory for Turkey. In this study, an organizational and operating model has been developed in line with the European university reform agenda. CoHE's university approach which focuses on thematic and regional development has also been taken into consideration. Five innovations can be mentioned in terms of organizational and functional configuration of the model: (i) Profile of graduate and mission of the new generation university in the fields of education, research and community services, (ii) Policy development and implementation offices, (iii) University ecosystem consultation and steering committee and other committees and boards, (iv) Concept courses and branded courses, (v) Recognition of prior learning, (vi) Coop-education and solution partnerships.
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Maryniv, Ivanna. "The European Union security policy." Law and innovations, no. 1 (29) (March 31, 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2020-1(29)-13.
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Problem setting. In spite of the presence of numerous conventions, treaties and organizations in the world today, the issue of security is still a very acute issue for the world community. There are many reasons for this: the presence of nuclear powers, serious disputes between countries that are justly considered world leaders, the existence of numerous local conflicts and wars of a more global nature across the globe. These and other factors are pushing states around the world to allocate budget funds to ensure effective security policies. Given today’s realities, one can trace the tendency of several countries to pool their own efforts and resources to pursue a common security policy. The European Union is one of the clearest examples of this behavior. This intergovernmental organization is committed to maintaining peace, diplomacy, trade and development around the world. The EU also promotes cooperation with neighboring countries through the European Neighborhood Policy. Target research. The aim of the research is to study the role of the European Union’s institutional mechanism in the exercise of its powers to ensure the defense and foreign policy cooperation of the Member States. Analysis of recent research and publication. Many domestic and foreign scholars, including B. Tonro, T. Christiansen, S. Morsch, G. Mackenstein, and others. The institutional basis of foreign and security policy is analyzed in detail by J. Peterson, questions related to the European Union’s security policy. M. Shackleton. K. Gill, M. Smith and others study the general features of the development of a common EU security policy. Some contribution to the study of various problems related to European and Euro-Atlantic integration has been made by such national scientists as V. Govorukh, I. Gritsyak, G. Nemyrya, L. Prokopenko, O. Rudik, V. Streltsov, O. Tragniuk, I. Shumlyaeva, I. Yakovyuk and others. Article’s main body. The article examines the emergence and development of the European Union’s security policy from the date of the Brussels Covenant to the present. Particular attention is paid to the role of the European Union’s institutional mechanism in the exercise of its powers to ensure the defense and foreign policy cooperation of the Member States. A study of the officially adopted five-year global foreign and security policy of the EU is being done to improve stability in Europe and beyond, analyzing EU conflict resolution and crisis management activities. Conclusions and prospect of development. In view of the above, it can be concluded that the EU’s foreign and security policy institutional framework is an extensive system in which all the constituencies are endowed with a certain range of general and specific powers and are called upon to cooperate with one another to achieve a common goal. It cannot be said that such close cooperation puts pressure on Member States. Yes, a Member State has the right to refrain from voting for any decision that requires unanimity and such abstention will not prevent the above decision being taken. In this case, the mechanism of so-called “constructive retention” is triggered: the abstaining country is not obliged to comply with the decision, however, accepts the fact that it is binding on other Member States and takes this into account when concluding treaties, which should not contradict the said decision.
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Vuković, Ivan. "Development of European Union and joining perspective of Croatia." Tourism and hospitality management 13, no. 2 (June 2007): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.13.2.7.
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In this paper we researched European Union starting with the Agreement from Maastrich from year 1992, even though the European Union has a long traditional history and its origin is founded on regulations of economical integrations in Europe beginning from the 1950’s through the Roman treaty from year 1957 and the forming of the European Union Committee in year 1965. Further we follow her expansion and introduction of the European economic and monetary policy, to last, the joining perspective of Croatia. According to the Agreement from Maastrich, European Union lies on three posts: 1) Legal-political and regulative post, 2) Economical post, where the forming of European economical and monetary policy is in the first plan, especially the introducing of Euro as the unique European currency, 3) Post of Mutual foreign security policy within European Union. In that context we need to highlight the research conducted here and in European Union, including the world, regarding development of European Union and its economical, legal, political and cultural, as well as foreign diplomatic results, which are all perspectives of European Union. All the scientists and researches which were involved in exploring the development of EU with its modern tendencies and development perspective, agree that extraordinary results are achieved regards to economical, legal, political, foreign-security and diplomatic views, even tough many repercussions exist in progress of some particular members and within the EU as a whole. The biggest controversy arises in the perspective and expanding of European Union regarding ratification of the Constitution of EU from particular country members, but especially after the referendum was refused from two European countries, France and Netherlands. According to some estimates, the Constitution of EU would have difficulty to be adopted in Switzerland and some other Scandinavian countries, but also in Great Britain and other very developed countries. However the European Community and European Union were developing and expanding towards third European countries, regardless of Constitutional non-existence, where we can assume that if and when the Constitution of EU will be ratified, the EU will further develop as one of the most modern communities. This will enable economical development, especially development of European business, unique European market and free trade of goods and services, market of financial capital and labour market in free movement of labour. Being that EU has become one of the most largest dominating markets in the world, it offers a possibility to all new members to divide labour by using modern knowledge and high technology which insure economical, social and political prosperity. This results to forming a society of European countries which will guarantee all rights and freedom of development for all nations and ethnic groups. As well as, all European countries with somewhat less sovereignty, but in international relations will be stronger and significant, not only in sense of economics, but also in politics and military diplomatic relations. Therefore, Croatia has no choice and perspective if she does not join the European Union till year 2010, but until than it needs to create its strategy of economical and scientific-technological development, including demographic development, which will insure equal progress of Croatia as an equal member of European Union.
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Tomilenko, Serhii, and Lina Kushch. "The Safety and Freedom of the Press Guarantees in Ukraine: International Standards." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XX (2019): 772–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2019-52.
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The article deals with the main activities of the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine. The authors note that the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine is engaged in vigorous cooperation with international organizations, the primary objective being to protect the rights of journalists and ensure the physical safety of journalists in the country. The European Federation of Journalists and the International Federation of Journalists have been the essential partners for many years. The authors state that for the first time, the governing bodies of the European Federation of Journalists included Ukrainians, namely Serhii Tomilenko, who has joined the European Federation of Journalists Executive Committee. The latter is the largest journalistic organization in Europe consisting of 70 journalistic associations and unions from 44 countries. The article emphasizes the international support of the persecuted Ukrainian journalists. The authors mention that the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine called for the presidential candidates and Ukrainian political forces (prior to the presidential and parliamentary elections) to sign a ‘Declaration in Defence of Freedom of Expression’. The International Federation of Journalists supported the call. If elected President and to the Parliament, they will have to comply with 7 basic principles. The authors note that there is also expertise-sharing and cooperation with journalists from other countries. Keywords: National Union of Journalists of Ukraine, international cooperation, defence of freedom of expression and assistance to journalists, International Federation of Journalists, European Federation of Journalists, cooperation with All-China Journalists Association, contacts with journalists from Egypt, Bulgaria and other countries, Declaration in Defence of Freedom of Expression.
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Therre, H. "National policies for preventing antimicrobial resistance - the situation in 17 European countries in late 2000." Eurosurveillance 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.06.01.00227-en.
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A survey carried out within Member States of the European Union and Norway shows that in all but two countries national surveillance of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics existed in December 2000. In Italy, Ireland and Scotland, the systems were set up very recently (respectively in 1998, 1999 and 1999). Moreover, excepting of Ireland and Scotland, all countries have a national system for data collection on the consumption of antibiotics, namely since 2000 in Austria, Italy and Luxembourg. Several of these systems were set up after 1998 when the recommendations of the European conference ‘The Microbial Threat’ held in Copenhague were published. In addition, a certain number of other measures have been undertaken since then: education campaigns to the population in England and Wales, in Ireland or in France, creation of committees specifically in charge of consumption surveillance in Italy or of the prevention of resistance in Belgium or in Ireland, publications of recommendations on the good use of antibiotics in Austria and in Finland, etc.
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van Loock, F., Mike Rowland, T. Grein, and A. Moren. "Intervention epidemiology training: a European perspective." Eurosurveillance 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.06.03.00218-en.
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Within the widening European Union, large-scale movements of people, animals and food-products increasingly contribute to the potential for spread of communicable diseases. The EU was given a mandate for public health action only in 1992, under the Treaty of European Union ("Maastricht Treaty"), which was broadened in the 1997 with the Treaty of Amsterdam. While all EU countries have statutory requirements for notifying communicable diseases, national and regional communicable disease surveillance practices vary considerably (1). The Network Committee (NC) for the Epidemiological Surveillance and Control of Communicable Diseases in the EU was established in 1998 to harmonise these activities.
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Kovaleva, E. V., and J. K. Mamysheva. "The Eurasian Economic Union Custom – Tariff Regulation of the Trade with the People's Republic of China." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 3 (October 8, 2019): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-3-137-150.
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China is the second most important (after the European Union) economic partner of the EAEU. This Partnership has a strategic long-term character. In the early 90s liberalization of economy in China and market reforms in Russia and the other countries of the EAEU affected the increasing commodity turnover between China, Russia and other states. Due to the increasing role of People's Republic of China in a foreign trade turnover of EAEU it would be relevant to consider the features of custom-tariff regulation between China and the EAEU. The article is devoted to the problems of the theoretical and legal framework of the trade and economic cooperation between China and the the манушинаEAEU countries, the problem of the Eurasian Economic Union, custom-tariff regulation system (with the example of The Great Stone) and the analysis of its peculiarities. The key problems of the Eurasian Economic Union custom-tariff regulation system of the trade with the People's Republic of China based on the statistics from the national statistics committees, the ways of its development aimed at improving trade efficiency and also the possible effects are estimated.
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Krošláková, Monika, and Radoslava Mečiar. "The Selected Aspects of Gender Equality in European Union." Studia commercialia Bratislavensia 5, no. 19 (December 1, 2012): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10151-012-0007-6.
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Abstract Despite the laws and regulations that should ensure equal gender treatment, women are still disadvantaged in all businesses and public sector. This discrimination is manifested particularly in the approach to jobs, financial evaluation, political nominations and opportunities of developing their abilities regardless of gender. The gender differences in work and public life remain even today the most visible evidence of inequality between men and women in our society. The gender equality is one of the fundamental principles of EU law and all its member countries committed to be in the compliance with it. This article reviews the current state of gender equality in EU.
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Bjelic, Predrag. "Model spoljnotrgovinske politike Evropske unije." Ekonomski anali 44, no. 156 (2003): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0356131b.
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When the European Economic Community, the forerunner of the European Union was formed in 1958, it was agreed that the new integration would be a tariff union with common tariffs toward third countries, but also that it would have a common foreign trade policy. As the Union's executive body, the European Commission is responsible for proposing and implementing foreign trade policies. However, the main subject in creating foreign trade policies still remains the Council of Ministers as the EU's main decision-making and legislative body. The Commission negotiates trade agreements with outside countries on behalf of the Union. However, on foreign trade issues the Commission must report to a committee (the "133 Committee"), which assists the Commission in the course of the negotiations and before becoming valid all agreements must be ratified by the Council of Ministers. The Commission ensures that the European Parliament is kept quickly and fully informed at all stages of the negotiation and conclusion of international agreements, in such a way as to enable the Commission to take account of the European Parliament's view, but its role is purely consultative. The EU is trying to establish closer partnership relations with the USA through establishing transatlantic marketplace. However, as the EU is becoming a respectable economic power, an increasing number of trade disputes arise between the EU and the USA. The EU is trying to establish a closer relationship with the European countries since they are candidate countries for EU membership. However, some of them are closer to the membership than others. Therefore the agreements that the EU conclude with certain groups of countries differ among themselves. The EU has special relations with the countries in Africa the Caribbean and the Pacific, former European colonies, that have been granted a preferential treatment allowing preferential trade with the EU. Close relations have been established with countries and regional groups in Latin America as well. The EU has become a significant factor in international economic organizations. However, in order to become an economic power as respectable as the USA and Japan and to give strategic support to its companies in global competition, the EU must integrate politically as well.
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Tortell, Lisa. "The New GSP+ Beneficiaries: Ticking the Box or Truly Consistent with ILO Findings?" European Foreign Affairs Review 14, Issue 5 (December 1, 2009): 663–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2009047.
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In the past decade, the European Union (EU) has committed itself to promoting the social dimension of globalization, focusing mostly on the promotion of labour standards internationally through increased cooperation with the International Labour Organization (ILO) and by means of its external trade policies. This article addresses these two dimensions of the Union’s global social policies, by examining whether EU practise in Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) labour conditionality has been consistent with ILO assessments. In particular, we utilize a ‘hierarchy of condemnation’ to examine the implementation record of core labour standards (CLS), as evaluated by the ILO committees entrusted with assessing countries’ observance of conventions. This analysis makes clear that, although EU decisions to sanction countries through its GSP scheme are traceable to the level of condemnation by the ILO, consistency between the granting of GSP+ incentives and ILO assessments is less clear-cut and cannot entirely be explained by the EU’s attempts to use GSP+ to stimulate the implementation of CLS. Finally a number of explanations for these findings are given, pointing in particular to path-dependent processes in the EU decision-making system.
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Ishchenko, Ivan, Kostiantyn Buhaichuk, Olha Tokarchuk, Kateryna Rudoi, and Iryna Tsareva. "European experience of preventive activities performed by law enforcement agencies: administrative aspect and theoretical-legal aspect." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 75 (December 29, 2022): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.17.
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The aim of the research was to reveal the peculiarities of preventive activities carried out by law enforcement agencies in the countries of the European Union. Attention is paid to the known methods of preventive work carried out by the police of different countries, which make it possible to prevent crimes and arrest criminals when they are still preparing to commit a crime. In this regard, models of preventive activities used in continental European countries are described. The methodological basis of the research is presented in comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. In the conclusions attention is paid to the peculiarities of prevention applied by individual members of the European Union, in particular, the policy of prevention by the Polish police, in terms of recidivism of persons who have already committed crimes. This policy is developed by borrowing from the European experience, because in some countries the emphasis is on extending the powers of police officers, in others - on maximum interaction with the society involved to help implement some police functions.
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Ferreira Jr., Amarilio. "The British National Union of Teachers (NUT) against the background of the Cold War: An International Peace Conference between teachers in Western and Eastern Europe." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.175.
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The aim of this article is to explain the political and trade union stance of the British National Union of Teachers (NUT) – representing the teachers of England and Wales – against the arms race and nuclear warheads set up in the European Continent during the Cold War (1947-1991). After adopting resolutions in support of «Education for Peace» at its Annual Conferences (Jersey, 1983 and Blackpool, 1984), the NUT held an International Peace Conference (1984) involving Western and Eastern European countries in which teachers’ unions from the following countries participated: the United States, Finland, the Soviet Union, the German Democratic Republic and Bulgaria. The international event was held in Stoke Rochford Hall (England) during the British miners’ national strike against the socioeconomic reforms instituted under the governments of Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990). The article started from the methodological presupposition based on the principle of political connection on an international scale within the scope of the trade union movement of teachers. Indeed, despite differences in nationalities, the educational processes institutionalized by schooling have acquired a universal character. Thus, teachers, irrespective of their nationality, are workers who are politically committed to the cultural values consecrated by the knowledge accumulated by humanity throughout history, especially when it comes to peace among peoples. It should be emphasized that the topic addressed has never before been analysed on an international level, and that primary sources that fall within the historical context of the facts studied were used in the production of the article.
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Zavhorodnia, V. M. "The origin and development of the European Union sports policy and law." SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL, no. 39 (2022): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2022.i39.p.50.
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The presented work is devoted to highlighting the processes of evolution of the EU sports law and policy, identifying facts and events that have contributed to the development of communitarian regulation in this area and establishing trends and directions significant for Ukraine in the European integration aspect. Integration processes, first purely economic and then increasingly multidirectional, could not but affect this vital sphere of social life on the European continent and internationally. Sport is an essential element of the self-realization of a human personality and a sphere of economic activity. It is also a form of international communication, cross-cultural communication, the assertion of authority, and a positive image of countries. Also, sports can be an instrument of political and diplomatic influence or even a means of responding to violations of international law and order. The evolution of EU sports policy and law has been a difficult and long way in the general context of European integration processes. Initially, the sport was not covered by Community law and the spheres of competence of the Communities. However, since the 60s of the last century, the foundations of the European sports model began to form. Implementing the Council of Europe’s standards in the Member States’ practice was essential in forming this model. The European sports model implies, on the one hand, the unity of values and sports traditions of Europe. On the other hand, it is based on considering the national characteristics of European countries, pluralism, and diversity of the organization of sports relations and activities of non-governmental sports organizations. To the main features of the European sports model, which have developed historically and are preserved to this day, the author refers voluntary participation in sports competitions, non-discrimination, democracy, solidarity, compliance with the rules of “fair play,” good governance, and prevention of corruption and abuse. The article characterizes the role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the creation of the EU acquis in the field of sport. CJEU developed the legal criteria system for extending communitarian rules and principles to the economic aspects of sports activities, including regulating relations with non-state actors such as national Olympic committees, sports federations, etc. Relevant CJEU decisions are analyzed in the study, approaches to the application of EU competition rules in sports, as well as to labor relations, freedom of movement of workers, and the provision of services, are revealed. Further integration and reform of the EU under the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty led to the emergence of a sector of the EU policy in the field of sports and several regulations and organizational measures aimed at realization of this policy. Implementation of the relevant standards in the national legislation, introduction of the best practices of governance in the field of sports in the state policy and activities of non-governmental sports organizations are important components of the implementation of Ukraine’s European integration aspirations, fulfillment of obligations under the Association Agreement and prospectively – the criteria for the EU membership.
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Crowe, Christopher, and Ellen E. Meade. "The Evolution of Central Bank Governance around the World." Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 4 (November 1, 2007): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.4.69.
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The past two decades have seen enormous changes in central banks and their practices. In some countries, older institutions have been fundamentally restructured. In other, such as the countries of the former Soviet Union, entirely new central banks have been established. The member countries of the European Union have created a supranational central bank that oversees a monetary union. In all of these situations, central bank law was either revised or written de novo, while institutional objectives, practices, and structures were amended or created from scratch. In this article, we survey and quantify the trends in two major areas of central bank governance: independence and transparency. We document the steady progress toward greater central bank independence and transparency in a large number of industrial and developing countries over the past 10 to 15 years and discuss the effects of these aspects of governance on inflation. Finally, we touch on committee structure and decision making.
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Abdildina, B. S., and B. E. Sailaubaeva. "Инклюзивті білім беруді дамыту саясатындағы еуропалық кәсіподақтардың тәжірибелері." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 138, no. 1 (2022): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2022-138-1-8-22.
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The article examines the supportive actions of European educational trade union organizations for the comprehensive implementation of inclusive education. The main types of problems and ways to solve them in educational organizations that are in the focus of the trade union organization are considered. Since the beginning of the XXI century, especially during the crisis, education has been a major political priority at the national and pan-European level. The European sectoral social dialogue in the field of education is very important, because this industry allows bringing together European employers and employees in the field of education to discuss emerging issues. At the same time, social dialogue is considered as an institutional framework that unites social partners in negotiations on labor relations in the implementation of inclusive education. Specific examples reflecting the diversity of society are given in order to determine the need for the formation of a general inclusive education. It is very important to ensure equality and participation in education in various European societies. The need to take diversity into account in education is attracting increasing political attention at the European level. With regard to diversity and inclusivity, the need to change the mentality of Governments and the entire community is determined; the need to achieve a more complete reflection of the diversity of teachers, students and the whole society; the need to develop a unified definition of the concepts of diversity, equality and inclusivity for all countries. The authors fundamentally consider the approaches of the European Committee of Trade Unions of Education (ETUCE) to the development of inclusive education and the main elements and conditions for its support and implementation. The emphasis is on the analysis of the activities of trade unions in solving the problems of inclusive education
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Grieco, Joseph M. "The Maastricht Treaty, Economic and Monetary Union and the neo-realist research programme." Review of International Studies 21, no. 1 (January 1995): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500117504.
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With the Treaty on European Union, or the Maastricht Treaty, into force in November 1993, the member-states of the European Community (EC) appeared to be embarking on a far-reaching enterprise to enhance the authority of Community institutions. Continuing a process that had begun with the Single European Act (SEA), into force in 1987, Maastricht increased the powers of the European Parliament. It established mechanisms whereby EC countries were to seek to improve policy coordination in such diverse areas as social affairs, high technology, border controls, immigration, and anti-crime efforts. It committed the EC members to work toward the establishment of a common foreign and security policy. Most importantly, it laid out a path and timetable for qualified EC members to achieve Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) by the end of the 1990s.
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Hemmerling, Jana, Karolin Eberle, Sara Hogger, Maike Gupta, Anna Ullraum, and Silke Seemüller. "PP096 European Union-Health Technology Assessments For Medical Devices - How To Overcome Reimbursement Divergence." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317002616.
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INTRODUCTION:National Health Technology Assessments (HTAs) for medical devices are crucial to regulate the quality and costs of healthcare systems. However, there is diversity in several aspects among European countries. Consequently, controversial results might arise, generating contrary reimbursement decisions. The European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) is an interface platform for the harmonization of HTA information across Europe. The European Commission expects national uptake of a European HTA. Thus, European HTAs might overcome the diversity of national HTA requirements.METHODS:We aimed to compare German and European HTAs for medical devices regarding processes, methods, timelines, and involvement of medical device companies. Therefore we analyzed guidelines, requirements, and output of EUnetHTA and compared those aspects with the German G-BA (Federal Joint Committee, Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss) standard and IQWiG (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen) methods.RESULTS:We found differences between the European and German HTAs for medical devices regarding timelines, involvement of medical device companies, body of evidence, use of surrogate endpoints, and methodology. European HTAs for medical devices reflect the clinical reality by integrating the existing evidence (including real world data) and by using comprehensive statistical methods for medical devices. In contrast, German HTAs for medical device-based technologies are long lasting and are often restricted to a small body of evidence.CONCLUSIONS:As a conclusion, similar to pharmaceuticals, the European HTA framework might also become a worldwide platform for HTAs of medical device-based technologies with the potential to harmonize reimbursement decisions and patients health care across countries on the basis of clinical reality.
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Predmestnikov, Oleh, and Vitaliy Gumenyuk. "HARMONIZATION OF ECONOMIC AND LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR DEEPENING EU-UKRAINIAN RELATIONS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-1-174-181.
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The policy of Ukraine for the establishment and development of relations with the European Union began in 1993, was carried out all the years of Ukraine’s existence, and received intensive deepening with the beginning of the formation of an international treaty – the Association Agreement, which includes a list of legal, social, economic, and technical regulations, and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), in 2014 and its final signing in 2017. Political and economic objectives of the Agreement are of fundamental importance to the future of both Ukraine and the whole European region. The political goal is to implement European standards on the territory of Ukraine. This implies the introduction of fundamental European values, namely democracy, rule of law, respect for human rights and the standards of the European security system. The Agreement does not foresee membership in the European Union, however, does not exclude such an opportunity in the future. The economic goal is to help to modernize the Ukrainian economy by expanding trade volumes with the EU and other countries, as well as reforming economic regulation mechanisms in line with the best European practices. Subject to the improvement of the business climate, Ukraine will become attractive for foreign and domestic investment for further production for export to the EU and other markets of the world. Harmonization of standards and European regulations has become a much more important process than the fulfilment of strictly technical requirements and underlies the introduction of effective governance without corruption. In the process of harmonization of interaction, an adaptive institutional mechanism was formed (the highest level – annual Summits; the key coordinator is the Association Council, consisting of members of the Council of the European Union and members of the European Commission, and members of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine; the level of operational coordination – the Association Parliamentary Committee, which includes members of the European Parliament, representatives of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, and the Civil Society Platform; in order to coordinate processes on the territory of Ukraine, the Ukrainian government has introduced a few supervisory committees and commissions). The harmonization of the economic aspect of the mechanism has been determined in solving issues of openness of markets for duty-free import from Ukraine in April 2014, obtaining a visa-free regime with the EU, abolishing export-import tariffs, implementing European technical standards for food safety, phytosanitary norms, competition policy, service provision, and public procurement policy. The issues of further deepening of relations include a review of the terms for the introduction of regulations and legislative provisions before their actual implementation, stabilization of financial and economic processes in the country, and further development of democratic values and social institutions.
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Chaychenko, Tetyana, Jesús Argente, Bessie E. Spiliotis, Martin Wabitsch, and Claude Marcus. "Difference in Insulin Resistance Assessment between European Union and Non-European Union Obesity Treatment Centers (ESPE Obesity Working Group Insulin Resistance Project)." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 93, no. 11-12 (2020): 622–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515730.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The obesity epidemic has become one of the most important public health issues of modern times. Impaired insulin sensitivity seems to be the cornerstone of multiple obesity related comorbidities. However, there is no accepted definition of impaired insulin sensitivity. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> We hypothesize that assessment of insulin resistance differs between centers. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The ESPE Obesity Working Group (ESPE ObWG) Scientific Committee developed a questionnaire with a focus on the routine practices of assessment of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, which was distributed through Google Docs platform to the clinicians and researchers from the current ESPE ObWG database (<i>n</i> = 73). Sixty-one complete responses (84% response rate) from clinicians and researchers were analyzed: 32 from European Union (EU) centers (representatives of 14 countries) and 29 from Non-EU centers (representatives from 10 countries). Standard statistics were used for the data analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The majority of respondents considered insulin resistance (IR) as a clinical tool (85.2%) rather than a research instrument. For the purpose of IR assessment EU specialists prefer analysis of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results, whereas non-EU ones mainly use Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR; <i>p</i> = 0.032). There was no exact cutoff for the HOMA-IR in either EU or non-EU centers. A variety of OGTT time points and substances measured per local protocol were reported. Clinicians normally analyzed blood glucose (88.52% of centers) and insulin (67.21%, mainly in EU centers, <i>p</i> = 0.0051). Furthermore, most participants (70.5%) considered OGTT insulin levels as a more sensitive parameter of IR than glucose. Meanwhile, approximately two-thirds (63.9%) of the centers did not use any cutoffs for the insulin response to the glucose load. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Since there is no standard for the IR evaluation and uniform accepted indication of performing, an OGTT the assessment of insulin sensitivity varies between EU and non-EU centers. A widely accepted standardized protocol is needed to allow comparison between centers.
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Wałdoch, Marcin. "Strategie cyberbezpieczeństwa Nowej Zelandii i Polski w procesie globalizacji." Świat Idei i Polityki 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 90–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/siip201805.
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In this paper an author conduct comparative analysis of New Zealand and Poland cybersecurity strategies. During this research a hypothesis was confirmed that cybersecurity strategies of analyzed countries differ because of their political systems of these countries. Moreover an author has highlighted that alliances known from real world are transformed into cyberspace. Thus New Zealand stay close, when creating cybersecurity, to USA, Australia and Canada, when Poland is committed to the European Union structures.
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Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. "Victim Participation in the Criminal Justice System in the European Union through Private Prosecutions: Issues Emerging from the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 24, no. 2-3 (June 26, 2016): 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-24032088.
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Private prosecutions are one of the ways through which crime victims in many European countries participate in the criminal justice system. However, there seems to be a reluctance at the Council of Europe level to strengthen a victim’s right to institute a private prosecution. In a 1985 Recommendation, the Committee of Ministers stated that ‘[t]he victim should have the right to ask for a review by a competent authority of a decision not to prosecute, or the right to institute private proceeding.’ Later in 2000 in the Recommendation Rec (2000)19 on the role of public prosecution in the criminal justice system, the Committee of Ministers calls upon Member States to ‘authorise’ victims to institute private prosecutions. Directive 2012/29/eu of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 is silent on private prosecutions. The dg Justice Guidance Document related to the transposition and implementation of Directive 2012/29/eu of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 discourages private prosecutions. However, private prosecutions take part in many European countries. It is thus important to highlight some of the issues that have emerged from different European countries on the issue of private prosecutions. Case law from the European Court of Human Rights shows that private prosecutions take place in many European countries. This article, based on case law of the European Court of Human Rights, highlights the following issues with regards to private prosecutions: the right to institute a private prosecution; who may institute a private prosecution? private prosecution after state declines to prosecute; state intervention in a private prosecution; and private prosecution as a domestic remedy which has to be exhausted before a victim of crime approaches the European Court of Human Rights. The author argues that there is a need to recognise the right to private prosecution at the European Union level.
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Banta, David, and Wija Oortwijn. "CONCLUSION." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 16, no. 2 (April 2000): 626–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300101187.
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The papers on the 16 European countries presented in this issue show their great diversity of health systems. Health technology assessment (HTA) has been institutionalized in a number of members of the European Union and has a growing impact on health policy. A remaining challenge is to see HTA visible and useful at the European level, which requires more active coordination of national and regional activities. A network of HTA programs and researchers has been established. The HTA-Europe Steering Committee has suggested a number of actions by the European Commission to promote further coordination. The most important conclusion of the HTA-Europe report is that a permanent coordinating structure is needed at the European level.
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Cremona, Marise. "Creating the New Europe: The Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe in the Context of Eu-See Relations." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 2 (1999): 463–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802815734.
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“The European Union continues to be strongly committed to the stabilisation and development of South-Eastern Europe. The Union’s strategy is to draw the countries of the region closer to the prospect of European integration.” This confident statement opens the joint Report on EU action in support of the Stability Pact and South-Eastern Europe (SEE) presented by the Finnish Presidency and the European Commission to the European Council at Helsinki in December 1999. It contains three ideas which are key to the EU’s policy towards the region: stabilisation, development and integration. The Stability Pact seeks to provide a framework for the coordination of effort towards these objectives: greater political stability, security and democratisation; economic reconstruction and development; political, economic and legal integration both within the region and between the countries of SEE and the EU.
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Cremona, Marise. "Creating the New Europe: The Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe in the Context of Eu-See Relations." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 2 (1999): 463–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000003475.
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“The European Union continues to be strongly committed to the stabilisation and development of South-Eastern Europe. The Union’s strategy is to draw the countries of the region closer to the prospect of European integration.” This confident statement opens the joint Report on EU action in support of the Stability Pact and South-Eastern Europe (SEE) presented by the Finnish Presidency and the European Commission to the European Council at Helsinki in December 1999. It contains three ideas which are key to the EU’s policy towards the region: stabilisation, development and integration. The Stability Pact seeks to provide a framework for the coordination of effort towards these objectives: greater political stability, security and democratisation; economic reconstruction and development; political, economic and legal integration both within the region and between the countries of SEE and the EU.
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Kulish, A. M., and Y. M. Ragulina. "INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS OF STATE FINANCIAL CONTROL." Legal horizons, no. 18 (2019): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i18.p123.
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In this work, the authors have examined the concept of “standards” and “standardization” relating to public finance and public financial control. It was recognized that national financial systems activities should be based on generally accepted international standards in order to enhance professionalism and efficiency. Attention was paid to the peculiarities of national standards of the United States of America and European Union countries, in particular the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Lithuania, Georgia. As part of the analysis of the Association Agreement on Public Internal Financial Control, it was determined that cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community, and their Member States takes place through harmonization with the following international standards: the Institute of Internal Auditors (EA IIA), The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and International Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI). Much attention was paid to the concept of public internal financial control developed by the European Commission to provide a viable model capable of assisting national governments in revising internal controls in the field of finance and modernizing them in accordance with international standards and best practice in countries- members of the European Union. The scope of the aforementioned concept, its essence, its main elements, and features was determined. The standards of the international organization INTOSAI were analyzed, containing the guiding principles of the audit activity, the peculiarities of their implementation and direction; the activities of the International Professional Association of Internal Auditors EC IIA (European Confederation of Institutes of Internal Auditing); standards developed by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC); the activities of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission COSO. In addition, the article identified the essential elements of an efficient and effective internal financial control system. Keywords: standardization, state financial control, international standards.
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Dürr, Christoph. "Waldpolitisch relevante Gremien in Europa | Important forest policy organisations in Europe." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 162, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2011.0128.
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International forest policy is mainly shaped by the participation of countries at global level, which is why forest-related organisations in Europe and their political processes have received little attention up to now. Meanwhile, however, global forest policy is being increasingly influenced by regional processes. Efforts are underway in the context of various European processes to put sustainable forest management on a firmer footing and make it better known outside the sector. Hence the safeguarding of national interests in the European context is becoming more important for Switzerland. This contribution presents the main forest policy organisations in Europe from Switzerland's perspective, i.e. Forest Europe, the FAO European Forestry Commission, the UNECE Timber Committee, the European Union and the European Forest Institute, so as to provide a better understanding of where European forest policy originates.
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Cuzzubbo, Daniela, Victoria Gutierrez-Valle, Maddalena Casale, Vincenzo Voi, Corrina McMahon, Maria Del Mar Mañú Pereira, Mariane de Montalembert, Baba PD Inusa, and Raffaella Colombatti. "Limited Access to Transcranial Doppler Screening and Stroke Prevention for Children with Sickle Cell Disease in Europe: Results of a Multinational Eurobloodnet Survey." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-147298.
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Abstract Background: Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at increased risk of cerebrovascular events such as stroke, silent infarcts and neurocognitive impairment. The role of Transcranial Doppler ultrasound scanning (TCD) to identify sickle cell anemia (SCA) children at high risk of stroke is well established. Adam et al in 1998 recommended those with abnormal cerebrovascular flow velocities are offered prophylactic blood transfusion therapy to prevent stroke between ages 2 to 16 years. Therefore, TCD screening for stroke prevention in now is a mandatory in all guidelines for the management of children with SCA. However, there is still no uniform implementation of the program globally and in European countries (Rees 2016). Moreover, the information available on the quality of the TCD screening is limited to educational experiences in a few countries (Inusa 2019) but to evaluation of stroke prevention programs has been performed in Europe. As more disease modifying therapies become available for children with SCD, it is mandatory to know TCD availability, screening practices, and real-world data on stroke prevention in Europe. EuroBloodNet is the European Reference Network (ERN) on rare Hematological Disorders, one of the 24 ERN established by the European Union to improve care of patients with rare disorders in Europe. EuroBloodNet's main goal is to improve the healthcare and overall quality of life of patients with a Rare Hematological Disease by: 1) Improving equal access to highly specialized healthcare delivery through a multidisciplinary patient centered approach; 2) Enhancing the best practices in prevention, diagnosis and safe clinical care across Europe based on promotion of evidence based guidelines. We wanted to assess the state of the art of TCD screening and stroke prevention programs in European Expert Centers. Methods: An online survey was developed by SCD experts in 5 European countries and sent to all Representatives of the Health Care Providers (HCP) and the Red Cell Disorder representatives in each HCP within the EuroBloodNet network, as well as to National Representatives of Scientific Societies within European Countries. Items in the survey are listed in Table 1. Results 81 hematologists or pediatricians from 77 centers in 16 European countries responded to the survey (14/16 in Western Europe); 39/77 (51%) were EuroBloodNet Expert centers, 14/77 (18%) were under evaluation as being recognized; 67/77 specified their expertise: 24% were pediatric, 3% adult, 58% both; 12 centers had >200 patients in the age range 1-16 years. 36% Physicians reported not having a dedicated TCD/TCDi service for children with SCD so exams had to be performed by cardiologists (10%), general radiologists (28%), TCD is not performed (31%), or patients have to be sent in another center (31%). 74% reported requesting annual TCD for their patients, but to the question "What percentage of your patients receives annual TCD" only 28% confirmed that all their patients managed to actually receive annual TCD, due to lack of trained staff (43%), lack of TCD instruments (11%), refusal of patients due to logistical difficulties (22%) (i.e TCD in another city), lack of funds for dedicated staff or equipment (11%), or other reasons. Only 74% of hematologists were aware of the protocol in use at their center by the staff performing TCD; the STOP criteria were applied by 64% of the physicians, mainly due non evaluation of the Internal Carotid Artery. The extracranial part of the carotid artery was evaluated only in 30% of the respondents. In case of abnormal/conditional TCD results, the approach varies and is not uniform across centers. Conclusions Our data show that less than 30% of children with SCD followed in European Centers receive annual TCD according to recognized guidelines. This first multinational European survey allowed the identification of issues related to the lack of access to TCD, lack of trained staff, lack of adequate protocols for implementation of TCD and treatment afterwards, which will need to be addressed through dedicated actions. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Casale: Novartis Farma SpA: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Mañú Pereira: Novartis: Research Funding; Agios Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. de Montalembert: Vertex: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BlueBirdBio: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Addmedica: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Colombatti: Global Blood Therapeutics: Research Funding; Addmedica: Consultancy; Forma Therapeutics: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; NovoNordisk: Consultancy; BlueBirdBio: Consultancy; Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy; BlueBirdBio: Research Funding.
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Pankov, Yevhenii, Olha Filipshykh, and Dmytro Boichuk. "Problems of the environmental law of the European Union." Problems of Legality, no. 155 (December 20, 2021): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.155.243720.
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The problem of ecology is one of the most common problems of the twenty-first century. No country is immune: no country has better military equipment, no country with low inflation, no country with “perfect” legislation. The purpose of the article was to clarify legislative issues: European Union legislation was outdated, general and lacking in specificity. To address these problems, this article uses different approaches to the definition of environmental security, which makes it necessary to change the concept and the actions within which the definition is adopted. The article goes on to discuss the position of realists who argue that environmental security cannot be set because of lack of accountability “the importance” of the issue of “high” issues. Thus, the paper refers to the emergence of environmental security and its long path. This article contains the following changes and provisions: Brundtland Committee (1987), Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Habitats in Europe (1979), International Tropical Timber Agreement (1983) as well as the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (1979), the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the Hazardous Substances Directives, the impact of EU measures on the environment and the Animal Protection Directive. In addition, the article exposes Programs designed to ensure and regulate environmental safety. The report of the European Environment Agency was also reviewed and a comparative analysis of the data contained in the report and the British Broadcasting Corporation estimates was made. The authors draw attention to several directives, calling them “triumvirate”, which provide the basis for countries to regulate some environmental legislation. Almost in the end of the paper the authors pay attention to the phenomenon of environmental ethics, which is a consequence of imperfect legislation. In its conclusion, the article states that the problems that arise from the lack of accountability of legal acts of a real environmental situation occur in the member states, taking into account the special case of the European Union.
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Fyshchuk, Iryna. "CHANGES PROCESSES IN LOGISTICS PROJECTS ACCORDING TO THE NEW SILK ROAD INITIATIVE IN UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF INTEGRATION TO THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF EUROPEAN UNION." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 2, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 344–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2258.
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Modern routes of Eurasian Trans-tailor corridors do not have a conventional basis and these routes do not have an international legal status. This article opens perspectives of Ukraine`s presence in the New Silk Road initiative according to legal aspects and logistics projects. The article investigates the change management processes in logistics projects of Chinese-Ukrainian economic corridor in the framework of reconstruction project of the New Silk Road in the XXI century. Particular attention paid to the national interests of the participating countries and areas of cooperation of Ukraine and China. Considering the trading measures that will help to analyzethe change management processes in logistics according to the New Silk Road project as cooperation with neighboring countries in the committees, organization bilateral meetings on harmonization of procedures. The author reveals that Ukraine could be a core logistics connecting point between Europe and Asia through creation of a one window logistic system. Importance of the factors in the success of the simplification of logistics procedures were proposed in the paper. Transportation of containers through Ukraine of Viking and ZUBR trains were illustrated as future logistics developing projects under the New Silk Road process in the change management context.
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BĄK, Tomasz. "CROSS-BORDER SECURITY OF POLAND." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 161, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3039.
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The article discusses the issues of cross-border organized crime. It also lists offences committed by organized crime groups throughout Europe. Furthermore, the article provides statistical data concerning cross-border crimes. The author of the article pays special attention to the threats this phenomenon poses for the countries in the European Union. Moreover, the article shows what efforts should be made to effectively combat this phenomenon.
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Marovic, Branko, and Vasa Curcin. "Impact of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on Health Data Management in a European Union Candidate Country: A Case Study of Serbia." JMIR Medical Informatics 8, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): e14604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14604.
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As of May 2018, all relevant institutions within member countries of the European Economic Area are required to comply with the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or face significant fines. This regulation has also had a notable effect on the European Union (EU) candidate countries, which are undergoing the process of harmonizing their legislature with the EU as part of the accession process. The Republic of Serbia is an example of such a candidate country, and its 2018 Personal Data Protection Act mirrors the majority of provisions in the GDPR. This paper presents the impact of the GDPR on health data management and Serbia’s capability to conduct international health data research projects. Data protection incidents reported in Serbia are explored to identify common underlying causes using a novel taxonomy of contributing factors across aspects and health system levels. The GDPR has an extraterritorial application for the non-EU data controllers who process the data of EU citizens and residents, which mainly affects private practices used by medical tourists from the EU, public health care institutions frequented by foreigners, as well as expatriates, dual citizens, tourists, and other visitors. Serbia generally does not have well-established procedures to support international research collaborations around its health data. For smaller projects, contractual arrangements can be made with health data providers and their ethics committees. Even then, organizations that have not previously participated in similar ventures may require approval or support from health authorities. Extensive studies that involve multisite data typically require the support of central health system institutions and relevant research data aggregators or electronic health record vendors. The lack of a framework for preparation, anonymization, and assurance of privacy preservation forces researchers to rely heavily on local expertise and support. Given the current limitation and potential issues with the legislation, it remains to be seen whether the move toward the GDPR will be beneficial for the Serbian health system, medical research, protection of personal data and privacy rights, and research capacity. Although significant progress has been made so far, a strategic approach is needed at the national level to address insufficient resources in the area of data protection and develop the personal data protection environment further. This will also require a targeted educational effort among health workers and decision makers, aiming to improve awareness and develop skills and knowledge necessary for the workforce.
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Colomo Magaña, Ernesto, and Francisco Esteban Bara. "La Universidad Europea: entre Bolonia y la Agenda 2020." Revista Española de Educación Comparada, no. 36 (July 1, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/reec.36.2020.26179.
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Born as a meeting place for intellectuals and those who aspired to be, the confrontation between the humanist conception of the university, rooted in knowledge, and pragmatic, linked to social demand, has meant that, since its origins, the university has been in constant transformation in order to respond to the needs that social reality has claimed. In a context of global economic crisis, the European university model opted for training aimed primarily at access to the labor market, making the declaration of Bologna and the European Higher Education Area the response of a large group of European countries that are committed to building quality, diversity and competitiveness training. However, the adaptation to the common requirements did not resolve the crisis, the European Commission having to establish supranational objectives (Agenda 2020) that will ensure the increase in the rate of young people with higher degrees. Through the comparative method, the progress and status of the fulfillment of said strategic objective for 2020 at the level of the European Union and the participating countries are analyzed, taking into account the reality of the Spanish state in detail. The results reflect that, considering the 2018 data and the progressive growth achieved, the rate of graduates in the European Union will exceed the value stipulated in the 2020 Agenda, with countries that exceed or match the specific objectives set and others that do not. The data in Spain do not ensure the achievement of the specific objective, it being significant that there is a higher rate of women and universities graduates from northern Spain, together with the community of Madrid. In conclusion, underline the need to consider other aspects besides the rate of graduates in Higher Education if a smart, sustainable and inclusive European economy is to be achieved.
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Garrett, Rachel, and Nicole Barrett. "Dublin III in Practice: Synthesizing a Framework for European Non-Refoulement Cases at the Human Rights Committee." Journal of Human Rights Practice 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 250–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huab032.
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Abstract The United Nations Human Rights Committee (‘Human Rights Committee’ or ‘the Committee’) is facing an influx of complaints from asylum seekers in the European Union who have had their claim assessed under the strict criteria of the EU’s Dublin Regulation. Many asylum seekers, among them survivors of horrific violence and struggling single mothers with children, are being forced to return to their first-point-of-entry countries, where they are unable to find jobs or housing and face months in poor detention conditions. While expert bodies have established factors that should be considered to decide whether required principles of non-refoulement have been violated in asylum cases, the Human Rights Committee has varied inequitably in its procedure to determine whether a violation has occurred. In this article, we offer an original synthesis of the Human Rights Committee’s jurisprudence governing non-refoulement and apply it in a novel way to the rules governing the Dublin Regulation. The article then presents a specific test the Committee can use to analyse Dublin non-refoulement cases. The use of the proposed framework not only ensures adherence to established legal principles, but also would result in consistent decision-making valuable to both the Committee and European asylum seekers who appeal their cases to the Committee. Given recent literature demonstrating that human rights treaty bodies have an important impact on human rights compliance globally, the proposed framework would allow the Human Rights Committee to play a constructive role in increasing human rights compliance in the current European refugee context.
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Latoszek, Ewa, and Agnieszka Kłos. "The Eastern Partnership as a New Form of the European Union’s Cooperation with the Third Countries1." Studia z Polityki Publicznej, no. 4(12) (October 24, 2016): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kszpp.2016.4.8.
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Since the 2004 enlargement the European Union has reiterated the need to deepen its relations with its eastern neighbours and work out a coherent European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) to maintain the relations with its eastern and southern neighbours. In March 2009 the European Council unanimously expressed its support for the ‘ambitious Eastern Partnership project which has become a part of its ENP and covered eastern neighbourhood countries. The aims and mechanisms of the Eastern Partnership are described in the joint declaration of the E.U. member states and the partner countries. The Partnership offers more to those who show greater progress in reforming their institutions to E.U.standards. According to the authors, the main benefit of this project is the progressive integration of the partner countries with the E.U. structures. The Eastern Partnership project was allocated a budget of 1.9 billion Euros for the 2010–2013 time period. That budget was approved by the European Commission and the money was committed through the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). The sumincludes the funds for the programmes and initiatives of the Partnership of multilateral character as well as the funds for cooperation with particular partner countries that meet the main goals of the EP
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Fenwick, N., E. Ormandy, C. Gauthier, and G. Griffin. "Classifying the severity of scientific animal use: a review of international systems." Animal Welfare 20, no. 2 (May 2011): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600002761.
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AbstractSeverity classification systems (ie pain scales, categories of invasiveness, degrees of severity etc) are used to classify the adverse effects experienced by animals used for scientific purposes. Currently, eleven countries use severity classification systems. These systems have developed in various ways, depending on each country's process for overseeing the use of animals in science, as well as the particular aspects emphasised by those individuals who have championed their implementation. Severity classification serves four main purposes: as a tool to assist animal ethics committees in ethical review; education of animal users about concepts for humane animal experimentation; provision of data to inform the public about scientific animal use; and provision of data to inform national policies. At a time when the newly accepted European Union Directive will make the reporting of severity data mandatory, we review the characteristics of international severity classification systems and how they have evolved; analyse the effectiveness of some systems; and identify emerging challenges for severity classification.
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Lee, Da Yeun. "Hilary Appel and Mitchell A. Orenstein: From Triumph to Crisis: Neoliberal Economic Reform in Postcommunist Countries." Czech Journal of International Relations 54, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32422/mv.1647.
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The postcommunist countries were amongst the most fervent and committed adopters of neoliberal economic reforms. Not only did they manage to overcome the anticipated domestic opposition to 'shock therapy' and Washington Consensus reforms, but many fulfilled the membership requirements of the European Union and even adopted avant-garde neoliberal reforms like the flat tax and pension privatization. Neoliberalism in the postcommunist countries went farther and lasted longer than expected, but why? Unlike pre-existing theories based on domestic political-economic struggles, this book focuses on the imperatives of re-insertion into the international economy. Appel and Orenstein show how countries engaged in 'competitive signaling', enacting reforms in order to attract foreign investment. This signaling process explains the endurance and intensification of neoliberal reform in these countries for almost two decades, from 1989–2008, and its decline thereafter, when inflows of capital into the region suddenly dried up. This book will interest students of political economy and Eastern European and Eurasian politics.
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Maslov, Yurii. "THE EU STRATEGY FOR THE DANUBE REGION AS AN INCLUSIVE FORM OF CROSS-BORDER ECONOMY." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 5 (February 11, 2019): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-5-200-208.
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The article considers the process of creation and features of activities of various types of transborder formations peculiar for the European Union. Today the cooperation within Euroregions becomes more and more widespread practice both in the EU and among the regions of countries-participants of the Union and those ones neighbouring to the EU, including Ukraine. The problem of modernization of the EU regional policy in the context of the intensification of globalization processes is touched upon. The influence of global factors and changes in the EU regional policy on the transformation of Ukrainian regional policy is determined. In the context of the development of the regional policy of Ukraine, problems of economic development and well-being of citizens in Ukrainian regions are identified; development directions for the cooperation of Ukraine and the EU in this area are established. The purpose of the article is to consider issues of cross-border economy, cross-border region, classify them, define features of Euroregion and, based on the analysis conducted, consider imperatives and problems related to the development and introduction of the Danube Strategy and identify the place and opportunities of Ukraine in this association. The macro-regional approach to solving the tasks of the integration policy of the European Union chosen by the European Union Committee allows uniting the territories according to the principle of their mutual supplementation, reducing the barriers of national borders and creating new opportunities for cross-border regions. The Danube Strategy, despite the common principles and methodologies for the formation of Euroregions, has obvious features. Firstly, the region is characterized by deep imbalances both between countries and within countries themselves. Secondly, the Strategy is an example of a multidisciplinary approach to territorial planning in the region and has a pronounced ecological character, and environmental problems are solved in the search for a compromise with the tasks of socio-economic development. Thirdly, being the internal strategy of the European Union, however, has a significant external dimension, the incorporation of which can be quite a challenge. There are four main directions for the regional development in the Danube Strategy (so-called “pillars”: association, ecology, well-being, strengthening). For each direction, priority areas are designated that are supervised by the coordinating countries. Conceptually, the EUSDR is a continuation of the Europe-2020 strategic document of the EU and proclaims the achievement of the region of “smart, sustainable and inclusive development” as its main objectives. At the same time, a kind of paradox is that the Danube strategy aimed at levelling social, economic, institutional gaps in the region generates them by the very principles of its existence. It is hard to imagine that unequal countries, getting too different funding, will be able to equalize their capabilities at the finish. The strategy will help realize the EU’s obvious desire to transform the Danube into an internal transport artery with a highly developed infrastructure and improved cargo traffic, which will allow connecting the North Sea with the Black and Azov seas, placing the transportation of resources of Caspian region and Asia under control of European structures. The creation and activity of cross-border regions make a significant contribution both to the strengthening of political and economic integration within the EU and to the development of cooperation between the member countries of the Union and neighbouring states.
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Öberg, Marja-Liisa. "Internal Market Acquis as a Tool in EU External Relations: From Integration to Disintegration." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 47, Issue 2 (May 1, 2020): 151–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2020007.
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Brexit and the ensuing uncertainty about the United Kingdom’s (UK’s) future relationship with the European Union (EU) have brought the participation of non-EU Member States in the internal market to the centre of academic attention. The latter phenomenon is not novel and many of the existing frameworks for cooperation between the EU and its neighbourhood countries have been used as models for a possible post-Brexit arrangement. This article identifies the various roles played by the internal market acquis – both of integration and disintegration – in the EU’s relations with its neighbourhood by analysing the dynamics between the aims of various bilateral and multilateral instruments and the character and scope of the internal market acquis contained therein. The article argues that over time the function of the internal market acquis has evolved from providing a legal framework for the functioning of the internal market among the EU’s Member States to also integrating third countries into the Union’s sphere of influence beyond the accession process, and even membership. The internal market can thus no longer be regarded as an ‘internal’ and exclusive affair for the committed few that offers inspiration and limited access for third countries but rather as a dynamic and geographically inclusive form of collaboration between the Union and its periphery. internal market acquis, EU external relations, neighbourhood policy, European Common Aviation Area, Energy Community, Transport Community, European Economic Area, Switzerland, AA/DCFTA, Brexit, integration, disintegration
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Binh, Ha Thi Thanh. "Vietnam’s Commitments Under the European Union – Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement (EVIPA): Some Noteworthy Points." Vietnamese Journal of Legal Sciences 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjls-2022-0001.
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Abstract The Investment Protection Agreement among Vietnam, the European Union (EU) and each of the EU’s member states (EVIPA) was signed by Vietnam and the EU on June 30, 2019, in Ha Noi. While the Free Trade Agreement between Vietnam and the EU (EVFTA) promotes trade liberalization between Vietnam and EU countries, EVIPA establishes legal safeguards for outward investment activities of investors from EU countries into Vietnam and vice versa. The EVIPA has not yet come into effect as it needs to be approved not only by the EU Council and the National Assembly of Vietnam, but also by the Parliaments of all EU’s member states. Even so, with the EVFTA in place, Vietnam hopes to attract more investment from the EU as Vietnam has committed to provide investors from the EU with certain protection some of which have not been available in any other investment protection agreements to which Vietnam is a party. Investors with EU nationalities undoubtedly are interested in how Vietnam could implement its commitments under the EVIPA. The paper discusses key commitments of Vietnam under the EVIPA along the lines of relevant provisions of Vietnam law and addresses some noteworthy points for investors from the EU planning to invest in Vietnam. It argues that understanding how domestic law and regulations facilitate international commitments would help investors from the EU prepare for their investments in Vietnam.
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Nerudová, Danuše. "Taxing of financial sector as possible own resource of EU budget." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 4 (2013): 1051–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361041051.
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The discussion about the possible taxation of the financial sector has started in the European Union as a result of the financial crisis which has spread to the Europe from the United States in 2008. European Commission concluded that EU should lead the efforts to introduce system of levies or taxies on financial institutions. EU member states individually committed to support the financial sector for a total about EUR 4.6 trillion (i.e. 39% of EU-27 GDP in 2009). Those public interventions have significant budgetary consequences (strongly felt in Greece, Spain or Italy) and imposes a heavy burden on the present and future generations. Therefore there is a strong consensus not only on the level of the European Union but also internationally, that financial sector should contribute to the public finance more fairly. As a reaction on costs of the financial crisis which was paid out from the public money, some of the countries immediately introduced temporary measures in order to collect back paid out money. The aim of the paper is to research the possibility of financial sector taxation, to discuss the proposal of the European Union on the introduction of financial transaction tax on EU level and through the multi-criteria analysis to research, whether this type of the tax is suitable as an own resource of EU budget.
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Kovács, Kriszta. "The Rise of an Ethnocultural Constitutional Identity in the Jurisprudence of the East Central European Courts." German Law Journal 18, no. 7 (December 1, 2017): 1703–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200022501.
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The recent trend in East Central European jurisprudence is that courts apply an ethnocultural understanding of identity, thereby putting European integration in peril. Although the EU is clearly committed to shared values and principles, Article 4(2) of the Treaty on European Union emphasizes that “the Union shall respect the national identities of the Member States.” Due to the recent migration flow in Europe, the Member States are currently attempting to (re)define themselves and offer a legal definition of identity. East Central European Member States, by labelling ethnocultural national identity as constitutional identity, apply Article 4(2) as a means of derogating from some of their obligations under EU law. Despite the vast literature available on national identity and its role in EU law, little attention has been paid to the recently emerging trend of judicial reinvention of identity in East Central Europe. This is what this Article offers. It focuses on the Visegrád Group, which consists of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. The Visegrád countries (V4) are united in their views on rejecting migrant relocation quotas in the EU and define their exclusionary constitutional identities accordingly. The main subject of the Article is the relevant case law of the V4 constitutional courts. These courts have the authoritative role in enforcing nation-state policies based upon ethnocultural considerations. The Article provides a comparative-analytical description of the judicial interpretations of constitutional identity in these countries based on which we can better understand the recent East Central European trend of disintegration.
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Kern, Winfried V. "Organization of antibiotic stewardship in Europe: the way to go." Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 171, S1 (February 2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10354-020-00796-5.
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SummaryIt is more than two decades ago that a European Union conference on “The Microbial Threat” hosted by the Danish Government in Copenhagen in September 1998 issued recommendations to encourage good practice in the use of antimicrobial agents and reduce inappropriate prescribing. Essential components of those recommendations were antimicrobial teams in hospitals and the use of feedback to prescribers as well as educational activities. Two decades later, important surveillance systems on both antimicrobial resistance as well as on antibiotic consumption are functioning at the European level and in most European countries; European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) has thoroughly re-evaluated, standardized and harmonized antibiotic susceptibility testing and breakpoints; there have been educational activities in many countries; and stewardship teams are now included in many guidelines and policy papers and recommendations. Yet, antimicrobial resistance problems in Europe have shifted from methicillin-resistant Staphylococus aureus (MRSA) to vancomycin-resistent Enterococcus faecium (VRE) and to multidrug-resistant gramnegative bacteria, while antibiotic consumption volumes, trends and patterns across countries do not show major and highly significant improvements. The way to go further is to recognize that better prescribing comes at a cost and requires investment in expert personnel, practice guideline drafting, and implementation aids, and, secondly, the setting of clear goals and quantitative targets for prescribing quality.
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Kembayev, Zhenis. "Partnership between the European Union and the Republic of Kazakhstan: Problems and Perspectives." European Foreign Affairs Review 21, Issue 2 (April 1, 2016): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2016013.
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This article examines the development of the European Union-Kazakhstan partnership by discussing the provisions of: (a) the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States and the Republic of Kazakhstan of January 23, 1995 that currently serves as the legal foundation of the EU-Kazakhstan relations; (b) the enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement that was initialed on January 20, 2015 and will eventually replace the PCA; and (c) a number of other legal instruments that govern the collaboration between the EU and Kazakhstan. The author demonstrates the main achievements of the EU-Kazakhstan partnership and analyzes the major problems related to the advancement of the EU-Kazakhstan political dialogue and economic partnership (and in particular in the field of energy and transport). Finally, the author argues that the EU-Kazakhstan partnership can develop to the full extent of its potential provided that the EU and post-Soviet countries would be committed to the idea of creating a Wider Europe, i.e., a distinct region based on common values and shared interests.
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Bagci Bosi, Ayse Tulay, Kamilla Gehrt Eriksen, Tanja Sobko, Trudy MA Wijnhoven, and João Breda. "Breastfeeding practices and policies in WHO European Region Member States." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 4 (June 22, 2015): 753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015001767.
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AbstractObjectiveTo provide an update on current practices and policy development status concerning breastfeeding in the WHO European Region.DesignNational surveys and studies conducted by national health institutions were prioritized. Sub-national data were included where no national data or studies existed. Information on national breastfeeding policies was collected mainly from the WHO Seventh Meeting of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative Coordinators and European Union projects. Owing to the different data sources and methods, any comparisons between countries must be made with caution.SettingWHO European Member States.ResultsData from fifty-three WHO European Member States were investigated; however, a large proportion had not reported any data. Rates of early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding to 1 year all varied considerably within the WHO European Region. Exclusive breastfeeding rates declined considerably after 4 months, and were low in infants under 6 months and at 6 months of age. The majority of the countries with existing data reported having a national infant and young child feeding policy and the establishment of a national committee on breastfeeding or infant and young child feeding. The majority of the countries with existing data reported having baby-friendly hospitals, although the proportion of baby-friendly hospitals to the total number of national hospitals with maternity units was low in most countries.ConclusionsBreastfeeding practices within the WHO European Region, especially exclusive breastfeeding rates, are far from complying with the WHO recommendations. There are marked differences between countries in breastfeeding practices, infant and young child feeding policy adoption and proportion of baby-friendly hospitals.
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Bashynska, Yuliya I. "Environmental policy in the countries of the world in the conditions of development of ecologically conscious society." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 4(150) (2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2021-4-4.
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The article considers the current trends of environmental tax reform in the world. The main types of fiscal policy instruments in the countries of the European Union, the USA, Great Britain and others are analyzed. Indicators of changes in greenhouse gas emissions as a result of environmental tax policy in the world are presented. There is currently a clear trend in the world to change environmental taxation, in particular raising environmental tax rates and introducing new types of environmental taxation. Given the European vector of foreign economic policy, Ukraine should develop mechanisms and tools for environmental taxation, taking into account EU requirements and norms. It is important that the increase in environmental tax rates and the introduction of new types of taxes, fees or quotas is integrated with the use of economic instruments to protect and stimulate the development of domestic enterprises, so that increasing tax payments do not reduce their competitiveness or quality of goods and services. The adopted European Green Investment Plan (EGDIP), or the Sustainable Europe Investment Plan (SEIP) is analyzed in the article as the investment basis for The Green Deal. Under a new law agreed between the member states and the EU Parliament, the European Union is committed to reducing carbon emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. For Ukraine, as a neighboring EU country that has signed an Association Agreement with the EU, the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is important. This is one of the key initiatives to achieve the goals of the European Green Deal. Its main purpose is to prevent carbon leakage by creating a level playing field for EU producers in imports of electricity, cement, aluminium, fertilizer as well as iron and steel products, as specified in the annex. The CBAM will be implemented in 2026, following a transition period of three years characterized by data collection only. The priority directions of development of ecological policy for Ukraine in the conditions of European integration are defined. It is also advisable to clearly define the directions and purposes of using revenues from environmental taxes and fees in local and state budgets.