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1
Vicory, Alan H., and Peter A. Tennant. "Sustainable management of the Ohio River (USA) by an interjurisdictionally represented commission." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0600.
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In 1948 the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) was established to abate pollution of a major river basin in the United States. The commission consists of representatives of eight states in the Ohio River Valley and the United States Government. The necessity of such an interstate commission, representing multiple jurisdictions, reflects the nature of the Ohio River which is approximately 1,580 km in length, transverses six states, and is extensively used for public and industrial water supply, wastewater disposal, transportation, power generation and recreation. ORSANCO's programmes include coordination and communication, setting and enforcing wastewater discharge standards, operating key water quality monitoring programmes for the Ohio River and major tributaries, data assessments and studies to evaluate problems and programmes for remediation, and monitoring when spills occur. The Commission's approach to achieving improved water quality, while at the same time balancing the needs of the users of the river, is accomplished by successfully involving and integrating the various interests in river management (governmental agencies, industry, public utilities, other river users and the general public) into its programme planning and implementation. Thus an intergovernmental agency which encourages co-operation with non-governmental entities can be an effective approach to sustainable management of a major river.
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da Empoli, Domenico. "Bises, B. (ed.), Il progetto di riforma tributaria della Commissione Cosciani cinquant’anni dopo." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 32, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569214x15664520461852.
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Sithirith, Mak, Jaap Evers, and Joyeeta Gupta. "Damming the Mekong tributaries: water security and the MRC 1995 Agreement." Water Policy 18, no. 6 (May 12, 2016): 1420–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.003.
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Water security is a key governance challenge especially in relation to transboundary rivers. While the literature elaborates on the water security concept, there is very little on how to operationalize it in the transboundary context. Hence, this paper addresses the question: How can the governance of transboundary rivers be operationalized to deal with national water security concerns? It uses a literature review and a case study focusing on dams in the Mekong tributaries, namely the Sesan, part of the 3S Basin, in Vietnam and Cambodia. The paper describes the damming process in the 3S Basin and how it threatens water security for downstream states in terms of securing the flow, volume, quality, space, and the temporal variations of the rivers and the livelihoods of river dependent communities. It examines how the Mekong River Commission (MRC) members address these issues, balance their interests and secure the free flow of the Mekong River and its tributaries. It concludes that the MRC Agreement of 1995 is an inadequate mechanism to regulate the developments of hydrological infrastructure on the shared international tributaries, and that further operationalization of the concept of water security is necessary to enable the improvement of existing cooperative regulations and mechanisms.
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Wegner, Diana L., and Stephanie Lawless. "Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls National Inquiry:." Discourse and Writing/Rédactologie 31 (February 18, 2021): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31468/dw/r.835.
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In this paper we present a rhetorical genre analysis of the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) National Inquiry. We focus on the concepts of meta-genre and genre hybridity in the context of social change to explore the dynamics of the MMIWG Inquiry as an instantiation of the “truth commission” (TC). Following Giltrow (2002), we treat meta-genre as advice and criticism from genre participants about how a genre should be performed. We apply Gready’s analysis (2011) of the TC as a hybrid genre that has emerged in the context of transitional justice and post-modern governance: the hybrid incorporates three sub-genres: the state (public/national) inquiry, the human rights report, and the official history (rewritten and archived). Our goals are to examine what the concepts of meta-genre and genre hybridity offer to help explain the difficulties of national inquiries/truth commissions in general, and specifically to help illuminate the problematics of the MMIWG Inquiry. Our qualitative analysis focuses on public and media metageneric commentary on the MMIWG Inquiry, including the Commissioners’ responses, in both mainstream traditional media and social media. Our findings show that meta-generic commentary on the MMIWG Inquiry falls into five main categories or themes, each deriving from stakeholders’ expectations raised by the tributary genres. By far, the most dominant theme is criticism of the Inquiry for its recolonizing legal framework: the ideology of colonialism that inhabits the TC’s state inquiry tributary genre is the object of significant meta-generic criticism. The other four recurrent themes are the perception that the Inquiry should be a criminal investigation, criticism of the Inquiry for its restriction to an “advisory” role only, calls for the inquiry to have a human rights framework, and the expectation that the inquiry is to facilitate meaningful reconciliation. We suggest that, as a recurring and constitutive feature of genre, and, as an arena of negotiation over how genre is to be performed, meta-genre can function as a kind of oversight and challenge that, as an index of social change, inhabits genre as a response to its own inertia. We also suggest that the TC genre creates genre confusion through its conflation of the widely divergent and broad exigences of its tributary genres. We conclude that, at the time of this writing, stakeholders’ diverse expectations, the TC’s problematic hybridity, and the MMIWG Inquiry’s colonizing, statist, legal framework constrain the impetus for change, rendering the Inquiry “truth-lite” (Gready, p. 50) and low impact, and affording only “thin reconciliation”.
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M. Casiw, Gaypelyn. "REVISITING THE ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM IN THE SLUM AREAS OFMANILA." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 694–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11892.
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The global impact of solid waste is growing fasterthan the rate of urbanization, a threat to humanitys survival, a crime against the environment.In Manila, Philippines, estuaries are the tributaries of waterways flowing to Manila Bay.This study evaluated the degree of commission of Ecological Solid Waste Management(ESWM)as an environmental crime among theinformal settlers of the major estuaries of Manila.Italso investigatedthe causes of waste crime commission among the respondents.Using descriptive evaluative research and a purposive sampling technique,480 served as respondents of the study.For the treatment and analysis of data, percentage method, four point likert scale and Pearson Product Moment of Coefficient Correlation r were utilized.Results showed thatcommunity residents are less aware of their violation of the Ecological Solid Waste Law as an environmental crime and non-participation of the waste management program as to waste disposal.The environmental officers moderately aware on the non-strict implementation of waste management programsamong estuary residents.It showed the very great extent on the commission ESWM law. Meanwhile, there is a significant relationship on the perception of the respondent as to information campaign of the government and values orientation. Values orientation explained highly significant amount of variance on the commission of ESWM law. The results indicated the importance of understanding the community concerns, sustainable solid waste management program, awareness of environmental crimes, enforcement and prosecution of environmental laws and willingness towards involvement critical for prevention and informing in solid waste waste management program, awareness of environmental crimes, enforcement and prosecution of environmental laws and willingness towards involvement in solid waste management improvement initiatives are critical for prevention and informing interventions.
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van Meerhaeghe, Marcel. "Taxation and the European Community." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 7, no. 1 (April 1, 1989): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569298x15668907344659.
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Abstract Dopo numerosi studi preliminari, nel 1967 sono state approvate le prime due direttive comunitarie concernenti l’armonizzazione delle imposte indirette, che hanno introdotto i principi generali per l’imposizione sul valore aggiunto.L’armonizzazione dei diversi sistemi nazionali sarebbe dovuta coincidere con l’unione economica e monetaria.Il conseguimento di un’unica base tributaria era anche importante in considerazione del fatto che la principale fonte di finanziamento della Comunità doveva essere costituita dall’1% del gettito IVA, ma i progressi fatti in questa direzione non sono ancora molto soddisfacenti.Le proposte più recenti stabiliscono un limite minimo ai tassi, senza introdurre limiti di ordine superiore. Una critica è stata quella di eccessive distorsioni della concorrenza dovute a notevoli differenze nelle aliquote.Per quanto riguarda l’imposizione diretta, il Trattato si limita a prevedere l’abolizione della doppia imposizione all’interno della Comunità. La Commissione ha, tuttavia, ritenuto opportuno tendere all’armonizzazione delle imposte dirette, ma le sue numerose proposte in tema d’imposizione societaria non sono peraltro state adottate.Non sembra, tuttavia, che quello dell’armonizzazione tributaria possa essere considerato un problema prioritario rispetto agli altri che la Comunità deve affrontare. Lo stesso Trattato di Roma ritiene che l’armonizzazione sia necessaria soltanto per le imposte indirette, nei limiti in cui essa sia necessaria per assicurare il funzionamento del mercato interno.Piuttosto che l’armonizzazione, dovrebbe essere la concorrenza l’elemento unificatore del mercato europeo.
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Quang, Nguyen Nhan. "Vietnam and the sustainable development of the Mekong river basis." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0403.
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Vietnam is a riparian country located in most downstream area of the Mekong river basin which is also shared by other states namely China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia. While the Central Highlands of Vietnam has a great potential for hydropower development in tributaries of Mekong river, the Mekong delta in Vietnam territory is rich in natural resources which are favorable for agricultural development. However, besides local constraints which have being gradually remedied by Vietnam, the development of the Mekong delta is subject to, in both terms of quantity and quality, availability of water resources which relates to the water use of or discharge into the river of upper riparians. With a view to co-developing these resources in a sustainable and mutual benefit manner, Vietnam has cooperated with other states through framework of the Mekong River Commission set up by the 1995 Mekong Agreement. This paper describes the strategy and action plan applied by Viet Nam National Mekong Committee to reach the sustainable development of the Mekong river basin in general and of Vietnam parts located in the Mekong basin in particular.
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Marcu Turcanu, Andra Luciana, Liliana Mihaela Moga, and Eugen Victor Cristian Rusu. "Analysis of Some Essential Aspects Related to the Navigation Conditions on the Danube River." Inventions 6, no. 4 (December 17, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions6040097.
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The European Union has emphasized the creation of an appropriate framework to optimize the internal market and inland transport waterways, and remove barriers to their wider use. Administrative barriers in the logistics of goods on the Danube waterway and its navigable tributaries constitute a significant obstacle to the efficient and sustainable use of the Danube as the region’s central transport hub. The approach proposed in this paper was designed to identify and analyze the relationship between the main variables leading to problematic inland waterway traffic, in this case, on the Danube, and the measures taken by the European Commission to improve it. In terms of the applied research method, “Quality Function Deployment” (QFD), we assign global (overall) and local priority degrees. The proposed framework for adapting QFD as a tool for improving quality and, therefore, performance, aims to identify and prioritize directions for this improvement. The House of Quality (HOQ) is the tool that links areas for improvement to technical requirements. The disclosure of these connections helps identify and prioritize the technical features that will generate the most significant improvements.
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Bonin, Jean-Pierre, Gabrielle Chicoine, Hélène Fradet, Caroline Larue, Hélène Racine, Marie-Claude Jacques, and Denise St-Cyr Tribble. "Le rôle des familles au sein du système de santé mentale au Québec." Santé mentale au Québec 39, no. 1 (July 10, 2014): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025912ar.
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Cet article vise à résumer l’état des lieux quant au rôle des familles de personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux au sein du système de santé mentale au Québec. À cet effet, un rappel historique permet de mettre en perspective les différents rôles occupés par les familles, d’agent causal, tant au point de vue de la générique que des émotions exprimées, à prestataire de soins qui peut vivre du fardeau et finalement partenaire. Un modèle élaboré par la FFAPAMM et qui identifie trois rôles principaux permet de contextualiser le rôle actuel dans le système. Ce modèle, intitulé CAP, regroupe et décrit trois rôles des familles qui, s’ils sont tributaires du passé, continuent de se côtoyer à notre époque : celui de client, d’accompagnateur et finalement de partenaire. Des recommandations provenant d’un projet de recherche québécois et d’un rapport de la Commission de santé mentale du Canada permettront d’envisager un avenir où les besoins et les aspirations des familles seront pris en compte.
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Bearden, Bennett L. "The legal regime of the Mekong River: a look back and some proposals for the way ahead." Water Policy 12, no. 6 (December 3, 2009): 798–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.060.
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In 1957, the four lower Mekong River states jointly organized the development of the basin and established a legal regime that has spanned five decades of cooperation. In 1995, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam concluded the Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin and formed the Mekong River Commission, which has been lauded as the most progressive of river institutions and a model for the world. At the core of the 1995 Mekong Agreement is the concept of sustainable development. Guided by this sustainable development paradigm, the Lower Mekong River Basin states attempt to balance the maintenance of water quantity with protection of water quality, and agree to cooperate and use the Mekong's water resources in a manner in which the river system's environmental conditions and ecological balance are conserved and maintained. However, development of the Mekong and its tributaries has rendered the efficacy of the Mekong legal regime to support holistic water resources management questionable. More than ten years of experience has shown that there are aspects of the 1995 Mekong Agreement that should be strengthened in order to secure the environmental, economic and social benefits that it promises.
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Franklin, Richard, Ben Banipal, and Dean Rotan. "Large-Scale Oil Spill Removal and Well Plugging at Lake Oologah, Oklahoma." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-677.
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ABSTRACT The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently forged a cooperative partnership with the Oklahoma Corporation Commission (OCC) and the Oklahoma Energy Resources Board (OERB) to address substantial environmental threats posed by hundreds of leaking oil wells near Lake Oologah, Oklahoma. The leaking wells are part of a large, aging, and declining oilfield in and around Lake Oologah. Since the field began production in the early 1900s, many wells have been either incorrectly plugged and abandoned or were not plugged and abandoned at all. As a result, hundreds of wells are discharging or threatening to discharge crude oil into tributaries of the Lake Oologah watershed. Based on the enormity of the site (approximately 26,000 acres or 42 square miles), EPA developed a pilot project to mitigate the threats posed by these wells. As part of the pilot project, EPA identified leaking wells in two 640-acre sections using remote sensing techniques (color infrared aerial survey) and ground truthing. Once the wells were identified, the three agencies began jointly conducting a large removal action. EPA, with assistance from OCC, is plugging and abandoning wells that are discharging or threatening to discharge oil to navigable waters of the United States. In addition, OERB is removing surface equipment, tanks, and flow lines, and oil-contaminated soils.
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Vélez-Espino, Luis Antonio, Robert L. McLaughlin, and Thomas C. Pratt. "Management inferences from a demographic analysis of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Laurentian Great Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-166.
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We use matrix models incorporating uncertainty in values of life history traits and density-dependent survival to assess pest management strategies implemented by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission to control nonnative sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Laurentian Great Lakes. The primary method of sea lamprey control has been treatment of rearing tributaries with chemical lampricides, but release of sterilized males and deployment of migratory barriers and traps are important components of the management plan. Uncertainties in the effectiveness of alternative control remain, however. Our models demonstrated that the management target of reducing lampricide use by 20% while maintaining current levels of control could be achieved if alternative methods are used to suppress current lake-wide fecundity rates by 49%–65%, assuming equal lampricide efficiency on larvae and metamorphosing individuals, or by 42%–55% when lampricide mortality on larvae is assumed to be half of that on metamorphosing individuals. At current levels of lampricide use, reduction to 72%–88% of current fecundity rates is recommended to ensure long-term control of sea lamprey populations in the face of uncertainty in current estimates of population growth rates. New control options targeting additional vital rates, such as survival of the parasitic life stage, could further reduce reliance on lampricides while maintaining effective sea lamprey control.
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Weyand, M., M. Redeker, and E. A. Nusch. "Restoration of fish passage: development and results of a master plan established for the Ruhr river basin." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 9 (November 1, 2005): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0292.
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According to the central aim of the European Water Framework Directive, the protection and sustained management of the aquatic ecological system, the ecological condition of a specific type of water, will be the primary parameter in future. Aiming at good ecological status in surface water bodies, population diversity and abundance of fish and macroinvertebrates is decisive. Free passage in river systems, to allow the natural migration of fish and all other aquatic organisms, is a prerequisite. To achieve this for the Ruhr River Basin a study has been commissioned in order to develop a master plan for river continuum restoration. Sustainable development aimed at promoting biodiversity in the surface water body system is a key objective. This project is complemented by investigations of the sediment – which is the nursery of the fish – in the rivers to identify river sections or tributaries which obviously provide a suitable habitat for the successful reproduction of big Salmonidae. The master plan illustrates the inherent problems of projects aimed at the restoration of fish passage in water bodies which are strongly affected by anthropogenic modifications. The results obtained may as well be transferred to other catchments with similar use patterns.
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Tennant, P. A., C. G. Norman, and A. H. Vicory. "The Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission's Toxic Substances Control Program for the Ohio River." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1992): 1779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0621.
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The Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) is an interstate agency created in 1948 to administer a state compact which calls for the abatement of water pollution in the Ohio Valley. Since 1975, ORSANCO has conducted routine monitoring programs to detect the presence of toxic chemicals in the Ohio River and in fish taken from the river. Such information is particularly important as the Ohio River, a major river in the United States, serves as a water supply to over three million people and is used extensively for recreational purposes. The monitoring results have shown several problems: contamination of fish tissue by PCBs and chlordane, concentrations of certain metals which exceed chronic aquatic life criteria in 10 to 25 percent of the samples analyzed, and levels of certain volatile organic compounds which exceeded criteria established to prevent one additional cancer per one million population in almost half the samples analyzed. In 1986, the Commission initiated a Toxic Substances Control Program which was designed to identify sources of the toxics problems and prescribe corrective actions. Because of the multitude of potential sources of toxics along the Ohio, the river was divided into seven segments for intensive study. To date, studies have been initiated on four segments. In addition, special topic studies have been conducted on the river as a whole to address the suitability of the river as a source of drinking water, trends in parameter levels, and the relationship between surface and ground water quality. Findings to date:Point source discharges to the river do not cause widespread toxics problems.Nonpoint sources, including urban runoff and contaminated ground water, are significant sources of toxics to the river.Levels of certain toxics in tributaries are also an important source.Under “normal ” situations (i.e., excluding spills), the Ohio River provides a suitable source water for public supply after appropriate treatment.Levels of many metals and volatile organic compounds have decreased over the past 10 years.
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Arway, John, Douglas Nieman, Thomas Proch, and Jerry Shulte. "AQUATIC RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE UPPER OHIO RIVER BASIN USING A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-381.
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ABSTRACT The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania successfully negotiated a $1.75 million settlement with Ashland Oil Company for injuries to aquatic resources and recreational users resulting from the January 1988 oil spill into the lower Monongahela and upper Ohio Rivers. The commonwealth's natural resource trustee agencies reserved these funds for special studies to learn more about the aquatic resources of the impacted rivers. A project team including commonwealth agencies, consulting experts, and the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission agreed to use the framework of a geographic information system (GIS) to organize geo-referenced natural resource data spatially. This paper discusses the development of a GIS base map of a river system modified by a series of navigation dams and outlines the ecological basis of the aquatic habitat classification system. This system divides individual navigation pools into component parts along longitudinal, cross-sectional, and vertical axes. These components are then combined to delimit aquatic areas and habitat conditions to define aquatic habitat types. These habitat types will serve as the basis for making an inventory of environmentally sensitive areas; and the completed GIS will have coverages of infrastructural, monitoring/regulatory, recreational, and environmental themes. The GIS will be used by Pennsylvania agencies in the management and protection of the natural resources supported by the Ohio River and its tributaries.
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Swithinbank, Charles, Karsten Brunk, and Jörn Sievers. "A Glaciological Map of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 11 (1988): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500006467.
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A set of Landsat-5 multispectral scanner (MSS) images of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf was commissioned by the Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie and recorded over a short period in early 1986. A mosaic of digitally enhanced images was constructed, using all available ground control. In due course it is planned to use the data for the production of a series of digital-image maps at a scale of 1:1 000 000. Meanwhile a line map has been prepared at a scale of 1 :2 000 000 to show the principal glaciological features. The new mosaic shows much more detail than earlier Landsat images and extends coverage to higher latitudes. More of the poorly known southern boundary of the ice shelf can be identified but floating ice still extends beyond the limit of coverage. Extensive ice rumples are revealed, many of them undetected in earlier imagery. Flow bands can be tracked without a break from their ice-stream source to the ice front, over distances of up to 800 km. Even minor tributaries, and sheet flow from the inland ice sheet between the ice streams, yield narrow but identifiable flow bands. Ice thickness, velocity, and mass-flux data are reviewed, in order to underline their dependence on good mapping.
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Swithinbank, Charles, Karsten Brunk, and Jörn Sievers. "A Glaciological Map of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 11 (1988): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500006467.
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A set of Landsat-5 multispectral scanner (MSS) images of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf was commissioned by the Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie and recorded over a short period in early 1986. A mosaic of digitally enhanced images was constructed, using all available ground control. In due course it is planned to use the data for the production of a series of digital-image maps at a scale of 1:1 000 000. Meanwhile a line map has been prepared at a scale of 1 :2 000 000 to show the principal glaciological features. The new mosaic shows much more detail than earlier Landsat images and extends coverage to higher latitudes. More of the poorly known southern boundary of the ice shelf can be identified but floating ice still extends beyond the limit of coverage. Extensive ice rumples are revealed, many of them undetected in earlier imagery. Flow bands can be tracked without a break from their ice-stream source to the ice front, over distances of up to 800 km. Even minor tributaries, and sheet flow from the inland ice sheet between the ice streams, yield narrow but identifiable flow bands. Ice thickness, velocity, and mass-flux data are reviewed, in order to underline their dependence on good mapping.
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Balatonyi, Laszlo, and Tomasz Zwęgliński. "Flood Forecasting and Disaster Risk Management – a Case Study of Danube River." Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP 2, no. 80 (December 21, 2021): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6472.
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The Danube and its tributaries have been crossing mountains and plains in their almost unchanged riverbeds for thousands of years, regardless of national and administrative boundaries. Nevertheless, even decades ago, several countries provided access to only limited data and information concerning the water level and flood protection status of their rivers. In recent years, information was exchanged mainly on the basis of bilateral agreements and on successful activities of basin-wide organizations, but for others, information could only be obtained by browsing the Internet, which is sometimes rather complicated and definitely time-consuming. The EU Strategy for the Danube Region Environmental Risks Priority Area initiated a project aimed at developing the Danube Hydrological Information System, which was supported by the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River. A comprehensive overview of the complex national flood and ice forecasting systems, identification of the shortcomings of the existing forecasting practices as well as an improvement of the exchange and availability of hydrological and meteorological data between the involved countries constituted crucial fields of interests for the project. Hence the main aim of the article is to present and discuss key data and functionalities of the system. The key findings show that all authorized meteorological and hydrological data of the Danube River are stored in a central database and made available online to all licensed hydrological and flood protection institutions for further processing in virtually real time. At this moment 12 countries of the Danube have joined forces to work out the proposals that are essential for the future, for safer Danube.
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Kružíková, Kamila, and Zdeňka Svobodová. "Assessment of mercury contamination in the Bílina River (Czech Republic) using indicator fish." Acta Veterinaria Brno 81, no. 1 (2012): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201281010063.
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The aim of the study was to determine mercury content in the muscle of indicator fish and to assess mercury pollution along the Bílina River, which is one of the most important tributaries of the Elbe River. A total of eight sites were chosen on the Bílina River for sampling. Indicator fish chub (Leuciscus cephalus L), roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) and brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario L.) in the total numbers of 24, 26 and 27, respectively, were sampled at four locations, since at the remaining sites fish were absent. Mercury concentrations in the muscle of sampled indicator fish were measured using cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry on an AMA 254 analyser. The highest mercury content (0.12 ± 0.027 mg·kg-1) was found in the muscle of roach at the Ústí nad Labem site and the lowest mercury content (0.04 ± 0.008 mg·kg-1) in the muscle of brown trout from the Březenec (the first upstream site) site. A significant difference (P < 0.05) between the analyzed fish species was found only between chub (0.08 mg·kg-1) and brown trout (0.04 mg·kg-1) at the Březenec site. The priority of this study was to assess the mercury contamination of the Bílina River because this river flows through a heavy industrial activity in the region (especially production of petrochemicals, agrochemicals, sorbents, plasticizers and textile auxiliaries). Despite the fact that the Bílina is an extensively polluted river, the obtained mercury results were very low and did not exceed the limit of 0.5 mg·kg-1 set by Commission Regulation No. 1881/2006.
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SERRANO GAZTELUURRUTIA, Susana. "La confianza legítima en la recuperación de ayudas de Estado en el caso de las «vacaciones fiscales vascas»." RVAP 99-100, no. 99-100 (December 30, 2014): 2761–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.99.100.2014.115.
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LABURPENA: Lanak zergen arloko foru pizgarriak jorratzen ditu, «opor fiskalak» izenez (oker) izendatzen ditugunak, alegia. Zergen arloko gaitasun arautzailea erabiliz, Arabako, Bizkaiko eta Gipuzkoako lurralde historikoek hainbat neurri fiskal hartu izan dituzte lurraldeetan enpresen sarea babesteko. Baina arazo bat eragin zuten, Estatuak «baimendu ditzakeen» diru-laguntzen kategorian sartzen direlako (Europar Batasunaren Funtzionamendu Tratatuaren 107.3 artikulua, Europako Erkidegoa Eratzeko Tratatuaren 87.3 artikuluaren arabera), hau da, Kontseiluak baimendu ditzake Batzordeak proposatuta. Baimena eskatu ez zenez, automatikoki legez kontrako laguntzatzat jo ziren (baimenik ez zegoelako; hau da, arazo formal batengatik, ez funtsaren arazo batengatik. Izan ere, Batzordeak emanak zituen baimenak antzeko neurrietarako). Horrenbestez, Estatuaren eta/edo Batzordearen errekurtsoa duten zerga arloko foruarauak, foru-arau horien aurkako Batzordearen erabakiak eta Batzordearen erabaki horiek bete ez direla egiaztatzen duten Europako epaiak izan ditugu denboran zehar, antzeko erreklamazio eta argudioekin. Europar Batasuneko Justizia Auzitegiaren 2014ko maiatzaren 13ko epaiak ad extra erabaki zuen gaiaz, eta EAEko administrazioak zigortu zituen, araua ez betetzeagatik. Auzitegi Gorenaren 2014ko ekainaren 20ko epaiak gaia ad intra ebatzi zuen, eta zalantzan jarritako neurrien onuradunek lortutako onurak itzultzea onartu zuen. RESUMEN: El tema en cuestión se sitúa en el ámbito de los incentivos forales en materia fiscal, las (mal) llamadas «vacaciones fiscales vascas». Haciendo uso de su capacidad normativa en materia tributaria, los Territorios Históricos de Álava, Bizkaia y Gipuzkoa han ido adoptando a los largo del tiempo una serie de medidas fiscales para apoyar el entramado empresarial en sus respectivos Territorios. La cuestión de fondo es que entraban en la categoría de ayudas de Estado «autorizable» (art. 107.3 TFUE, ex. 87.3 TCE), podían ser autorizadas por el Consejo a propuesta de la Comisión. Y no se solicitó esa autorización, por lo que automáticamente pasaron a ser consideradas ayudas ilegales (por falta de autorización, una cuestión meramente formal, no de fondo. De hecho, medidas aparecidas estaban siendo autorizadas por la Comisión). Por tanto, en el tiempo se han venido cruzando normas forales fiscales recurridas por el propio Estado y/o por la Comisión, Decisiones de la Comisión contra esas normas forales y sentencias europeas constatando el incumplimiento de lo señalado en esas Decisiones de la Comisión, con similares reclamaciones y argumentos. La STJUE de 13 de mayo de 2014 zanjaba la cuestión ad extra, condenando a las administraciones vascas por el incumplimiento. Y la STS de 20 de junio de 2014 parece que cierra también la cuestión ad intra, haciendo que los beneficiados con las medidas cuestionadas devuelvan los beneficios obtenidos. ABSTRACT: The subject matter is placed on the field of the foral incentives in fiscal matters, the so (badly) called “basque tax holidays”. Using their regulatory capacity in taxation, Historical Territories of Álava, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa adopted tax measures over time in order to support the entrepreneurial fabric of their respective Territories. The substantive issue is that they were considered under the category of “allowable” aids of State (Art. 107.3 TFEU, ex 87.3 TEC), they could have been allowed by the Council on a proposal of the Commision. That authorization was not applied so they were automatically considered illegal aids (because of lacking of authorisation, a merely formal question, not substantive). Indeed, similar measures were being taken by the Commission). Thus, tax foral norms contested by the State and/or the Commission, Decisions of the Commission against those foral norms and european judgments stating the failure to comply with what was stated in those Decisions of the Commission, with similar claims and reasons have intertwined over time,. The judgment of the European Court of Justice form May 13th of 2014 settled the ad extra matter, condemning Basque administrations for the breach. And the judgment of the Supreme Court of 20th June of 2014 seems to close the ad intra issue making the beneficiaries with contested measures to return the obtained benefits.
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Wetter, Oliver. "The potential of historical hydrology in Switzerland." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 11 (November 23, 2017): 5781–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5781-2017.
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Abstract. Historical hydrology is based on data derived from historical written, pictorial and epigraphic documentary sources. It lies at the interface between hydrology and environmental history, using methodologies from both disciplines basically with the goal of significantly extending the instrumental measurement period with experience from the pre-instrumental past. Recently this field of research has gained increased recognition as a tool to improve current flood risk estimations when EU guidelines regulated by law the quantitative consideration of previous floods.1 Awareness to consider pre-instrumental experience in flood risk analysis seems to have risen at the level of local and federal authorities in Switzerland as well. The 2011 Fukushima catastrophe probably fostered this rethinking process, when pressure from the media, society and politics as well as the regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) forced the authorities to reassess the current flood risk analysis for Swiss nuclear power plants. In 2015 a historical hydrological study was commissioned by the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) to assess the magnitudes of pre-instrumental Aare River flood discharges, including the most important tributaries (the Saane, Emme, Reuss and Limmat rivers). The results of the historical hydrological study serve now as the basis for the main study, EXAR (commissioned under the lead of FOEN in cooperation with the Swiss Nuclear Safety Inspectorate (ENSI), the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), the Federal Office for Civil Protection (FOCP), and the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss)), which combines historical and climatological analysis with statistical approaches and mathematical models with the goal of better understanding the hazards and possible interactions that can be caused by extreme flood events. In a second phase the catchment of the River Rhine will be targeted as well. More recently several local historical hydrological studies of smaller catchments have been requested by the responsible local authorities. The course for further publicly requested historical hydrological analysis seems thus to have been set. This paper therefore intends to discuss the potential of historical hydrological analysis, with a focus on the specific situation in Switzerland. 1Guideline 2007/60/EG of the European Parliament and Council from 23 October 2007 on assessment and management of flood risks, Official Journal of the European Union, L 288, 27–34, Brussels, 2007.
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Llobera, Mireia. "La respuesta europea a las “empresas buzón”: normas y jurisprudencia en el ámbito social, tributario y de transporte = A European response to “letterbox companies” in social, tax and transport: rules and case." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 10, no. 2 (October 5, 2018): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2018.4388.
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Resumen: El presente trabajo estudia la respuesta comunitaria a las prácticas empresariales que pretenden, mediante sociedades ficticias, eludir las normas de acceso al mercado con el objetivo de obtener ventajas competitivas, y que vienen siendo denominadas “empresas buzón”. En particular, se analizará cómo aborda esta cuestión la Directiva 2014/67/UE relativa a la garantía de cumplimiento de la Directiva 96/71/CE relativa al desplazamiento de trabajadores y el Reglamento (CE) n.º 1071/2009 sobre el acceso a la profesión de transportista por carretera; así como las propuestas normativas de la Comisión en el marco del “paquete de movilidad” en lo concerniente al requisito de establecimiento. En definitiva, se establecerán parámetros de eficacia de tales normas, sirviéndonos de las propuestas en el sector de carreteras como paradigma de análisis. Las distintas fórmulas utilizadas por las instituciones comunitarias para hacer frente a este tipo de prácticas — en el ámbito social, fiscal y sectorial— se describirán críticamente; así como los pronunciamientos que en las últimas décadas han ofrecido criterios interpretativos para la identificación de tales “empresas buzón”.Palabras clave: dumping social, empresas buzón, libertades comunitarias, desplazamiento trasnacional de trabajadores, evasión fiscal, paquete de movilidad, transporte por carretera.Abstract: This piece of research studies EU response to the practices that pretend, through fictitious societies, to elude the norms of access to the market with the objective of obtaining competitive advantages, often called “letterbox companies”. In particular, case-law and regulations on the enforcement of Directive 96/71/EC concerning the posting of workers shall be analyzed under the light of normative proposals of the EU Commission in the framework of the “mobility package”. In short, parameters of effectiveness of such standards shall be established, taking proposals in the road sector as analytical paradigm. Different formulas used by the Community institutions, in social, tax and sectorial areas will be described critically; as well as ECJ rulings that in the last decades have offered interpretative criteria for the identification of such “letterbox companies”.Keywords: social dumping, letterbox companies, EU freedoms, posting of workers, tax elusion, mobility package, road transport.
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Rastogi, A. K., P. K. Thakur, G. S. Rao, S. P. Aggarwal, V. K. Dadhwal, and P. Chauhan. "INTEGRATED FLOOD STUDY OF BAGMATI RIVER BASIN WITH HYDRO PROCESSING, FLOOD INUNDATION MAPPING & 1-D HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5 (November 15, 2018): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-165-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Flood is one of the most the most re-occurring natural hazard in the state of Bihar, as well as in India. The major rivers responsible for flood in the state of Bihar are Kosi, Gandak, Ghagra and Bagmati, which are the tributary rivers of Ganges. The head water catchment area of these rivers lies in the Himalayan state of Nepal. The high rainfall in Nepal, siltation of hydraulic structures, rivers and low topography of North Bihar causes flood occurrence in these areas on regular basis. Remote sensing and GIS plays an important role in mapping, monitoring and providing spatial database for all flood related studies. The present work focuses on the use remote sensing based topography and images in GIS environment for integrated flood study of Bagmati River, which is one of the most flood prone rivers of North Bihar. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) was used to create detailed sub-basin and river network map of entire Bagmati basin. The floods of July–August 2002 were mapped using RADARSAT-1 data using threshold based method. The SRTM DEM and ground based river cross-section from Dheng to Benibad stretch of Bhagmati River were used to create 1-dimensional hydrodynamic (1-D HD) model for simulating flood water level, discharge and flood inundation. Validation of simulated flood flows was done using observed water level of central water commission (CWC) from Dheng to Runisaidpur stations, with coefficient of correlation of 0.85. Finally, an integrated framework for flood modelling and management system is proposed.</p>
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Jensen, J. G. "Managing fish, flood plains and food security in the Lower Mekong Basin." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 9 (May 1, 2001): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0529.
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The “Lower Mekong Basin” in this paper refers to the part of the Mekong River Basin which is shared by Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Viet Nam, all members of the Mekong River Commission, consisting of approx. 2,400 km of mainstream river, numerous tributaries and huge flood plains. Few river basins produce as much fish as the Mekong River Basin, and the fishery in the Lower Mekong Basin is among the biggest and most productive inland fisheries in the world. The flood plains of the Lower Mekong produce some four times as much fish per square kilometre as the North Sea, which is among the most productive marine areas in the world. It is quite clear that the fisheries in the Mekong Basin are very important for the population in respect to their food security and income. Its importance in nutrition is highest in the rural areas, where there are few other low cost sources of protein, and even in highland areas fish is of crucial importance in the diet. Most fish species in the Mekong Basin are migratory, and the economically most important ones are certainly so. However, with economic development gaining speed, the impact on migratory patterns and the competition for the water resources are becoming stronger. The water resources offer a large number of opportunities, and a lot of economic activities need access to the water resources for their development. However, what is seen in one sector as an opportunity may be considered as a threat in another, and a careful balance is necessary in order not to lose opportunities in important sectors. The fate of a large number of river basins in the world is frightening. Most have been left biologically near dead, with some of the big rivers reduced for a time, or forever, to be used as waste water canals for the new industries, and others almost dried out from excessive water extraction before they reach the sea.
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Vinh, V. D., S. Ouillon, T. D. Thanh, and L. V. Chu. "Impact of the Hoa Binh dam (Vietnam) on water and sediment budgets in the Red River basin and delta." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 10 (October 10, 2014): 3987–4005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3987-2014.
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Abstract. The Hoa Binh dam (HBD), located on a tributary of the Red River in Vietnam, has a capacity of 9.45 × 109 m3 and was commissioned in December 1988. Although it is important for flood prevention, electricity production and irrigation in northern Vietnam, the Hoa Binh dam has also highly influenced the suspended sediment distribution in the lower Red River basin, in the delta and in the coastal zone. Its impact was analysed from a 50-year data set of water discharge and suspended sediment concentration (1960–2010), and the distribution of water and sediment across the nine mouths of the delta was simulated using the MIKE11 numerical model before and after the dam settlement. Although water discharge at the delta inlet decreased by only 9%, the yearly suspended sediment flux dropped, on average, by 61% at Son Tay near Hanoi (from 119 to 46 × 106 t yr−1). Along the coast, reduced sedimentation rates are coincident with the lower sediment delivery observed since the impoundment of the Hoa Binh dam. Water regulation has led to decreased water discharge in the wet season (−14% in the Red River at Son Tay) and increased water discharge in the dry season (+12% at the same station). The ratios of water and suspended sediment flows, as compared to the total flows in the nine mouths, increased in the northern and southern estuaries and decreased in the central, main Ba Lat mouth. The increasing volume of dredged sediments in the Haiphong harbour is evidence of the silting up of the northern estuary of Cam–Bach Dang. The effect of tidal pumping on enhanced flow occurring in the dry season and resulting from changed water regulation is discussed as a possible cause of the enhanced siltation of the estuary after Hoa Binh dam impoundment.
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Vu, D. V., S. Ouillon, D. T. Tran, and V. C. La. "Impact of the Hoa Binh Dam (Vietnam) on water and sediment budgets in the Red River basin and delta." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 1 (January 10, 2014): 333–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-333-2014.
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Abstract. The Hoa Binh Dam, located on a tributary of the Red River in Vietnam, has a capacity of 9.45 × 109 m3 and was commissioned in December 1988. Although being important for flood prevention, electricity production, and irrigation in northern Vietnam, the Hoa Binh Dam has also highly influenced the suspended sediment distribution in the lower Red River basin, in the delta and in the coastal zone. Its impact was analysed from 50 yr dataset of water discharge and suspended sediment concentration (1960–2010) and the distribution of water and sediment across the nine mouths of the delta was calculated using the MIKE 11 numerical model before and after the dam settlement. Although water discharge at the delta inlet decreased by only 8.8%, the yearly suspended sediment flux dropped, on average from 119 to 43 × 106 t yr−1 at Son Tay near Hanoi, and from 85 to 35 × 106 t yr−1 in the river mouths. Water regulation has led to decreased water discharge in the wet season and increased water discharge in the dry season. Suspended sediment discharge proportionally increased in northern and southern estuaries and decreased through the main and central Ba Lat mouth. Tidal pumping, which causes a net sediment flux from the coast to the estuary at low discharge, is high in the northern delta, as a consequence of the high tidal range (up to 4.5 m in spring tide; diurnal tide). The shifts in the dynamic and characteristics of the turbidity maximum zone in the Cam-Bach Dang estuary are probably the cause of the enhanced sediment deposition in the Haiphong harbor. Along the coast, the reduced sedimentation rates are coincident with the lower sediment delivery that has been observed since the impoundment of the Hoa Binh Dam.
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Jha, Dharm Nath, Shyamal Chandra Sukla Das, Kalpana Srivastava, Vijay Kumar, Amiya Kumar Sahoo, Rama Shankar Srivastava, and Basanta Kumar Das. "Environmental flow estimation through a hydrology-based method in the Tamas River at Bakiya Barrage, Madhya Pradesh, India." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 25, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.025.02.70.
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Abstract The River Tamas is a right-bank tributary of the River Ganga flowing through the states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, India. It originates in Jhukehi village in the Satna district of Madhya Pradesh and after 268 km it joins with the River Ganga at Sirsa, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. The river has a diverse habitat and harbours a variety of flora and fauna. More than 70 fish species reside in the river, along with other biotic communities. A barrage, named Tons and situated at Bakiya village, was commissioned in 1992 for hydro-electric purposes. The continuity and volume of water in the river have been disturbed due to the construction of this barrage and it has changed the ecology and biodiversity. Keeping the ecosystem intact requires that environmental flow calculations be made of the river at the barrage. An attempt has been made to estimate the environmental flow requirement using a desktop hydrological method. Based on the flow duration curve (a hydrological method of flow estimation), the environmental flow for the River Tamas has been calculated using Global Environmental Flow Calculator software. Our calculation are based on flow discharge data received from the Tons Barrage Authority at Bakiya for the period January 2006 to December 2017. Average annual discharge was calculated from the recorded maximum (151.46 cumecs in 2016) and the minimum, 13.53 cumecs in 2007. Mean Annual Runoff was calculated as 1607 Million Cubic Meter with Coefficient of Variation =0.799. To maintain the river in the “slightly modified” class of Environmental Management Class, 27.8 % of Mean Annual Runoff discharge should be released into the river to largely maintain the biodiversity and habitat, while about 57% of Mean Annual Runoff discharge is required to maintain this river in pristine condition. This is a preliminary study to determine the water requirements for healthy habitat and biodiversity of the Tamas river.
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"Hydrotechnical arrangements influence on morphological and hydrological characteristics of Crişul Negru River and its tributaries - Western Apuseni Mountains, Romania." Acta Montanistica Slovaca, no. 26 (August 19, 2021): 352–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46544/ams.v26i2.13.
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The anthropic interventions on riverbeds and banks have a direct and irreversible influence on the flow regime, primarily by changing the hydraulic characteristics of rivers, like channel slope and/or geometry, channel roughness, flow depth, consequently water velocity, propagation time of floods, etc. In the Upper Basin of the Crişul Negru River, the first hydro-technical arrangements were made in the 18th and 19th centuries, mainly for flood mitigation and swampy areas amelioration. But the most important and extensive works were designed following the exceptional floods of 1980-1981 (consolidations of banks, embankments, regularizations, bottom sills, etc.) and at the end of the 20th century. The purpose of the paper is to emphasize the effects of the hydro-technical works on both the morphology of the riverbed and the flow regime (average, minimum and maximum flow) of the most affected rivers in the study area. The data utilized are elevation profiles, stages and discharges recorded on more than 40 years at four gauging stations, namely including periods before and after the execution of the extensive works. The positive and negative influences of the arrangements are highlighted through statistical analysis and trend detection in data series, corroborated with the commissioning of the hydro-technical works and the evolution of rivers' morphology.
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Foster, Eugene R., and Wayne Clander. "Data Recovery Efforts at the Millville Mill Site (41RK223), Rusk County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1993.1.19.
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In September 1993, data recovery efforts were undertaken by Espey, Huston & Associates, Inc. (EH&A) of Austin, Texas, to mitigate the effects of lignite mining on site 41RK223 in Texas Utilities Mining Company's Oak Hill/2280 Acre Mine permit area of north-central Rusk County, Texas. The data recovery efforts were planned and conducted in coordination with the Department of Antiquities Protection at the Texas Historical Commission (THC) and Mr. Matthew Tanner of TU Services. The site was originally recorded by EH&A during a 1989 survey of the Oak Hill/2280 Acre Mine permit area based on information received from local informants, Orville Todd and Herman Ballow. Both men recalled swimming as children in the vicinity of an old framework of heavy timbers submerged within Boggy Branch, a tributary to Mill Creek. Local history accounts suggested that the timbers were likely the remains of one of several old water-powered mills historically associated with the Mill Creek floodplain.
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Perttula, Timothy K., and Kevin Stingley. "Archaeological Investigations at the Walnut Branch (41CE47), Ross I (41CE485), and Ross II (41CE486) Sites, Cherokee County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2017.1.48.
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The Walnut Branch site (41CE47) was recorded by George Kegley and Dan Witter in 1969 as part of an archaeological survey funded by the Texas Building Commission (now the Texas Historical Commission) in Cherokee County and adjacent counties. This ancestral Caddo site is located about six miles southwest of the city of Rusk, in the Box’s Creek valley in the Neches River basin; Box’s Creek is a generally southern-flowing tributary to the Neches River, and enters the river not far to the westnorthwest of the George C. Davis site (41CE19), otherwise known as Caddo Mounds State Historic Site. The landowner’s son had previously collected ceramic sherds and a ceramic pipe from the Walnut Branch site, and a Caddo burial (and associated ceramic vessel, about which nothing is known) had been found at the site in 1964. Kegley obtained surface collections of ceramic sherds and lithic tools from different parts of the Walnut Branch site, including a number of ceramic sherds (n=69) and one tool fragment from the Walnut Branch stream bed, a tributary to Box’s Creek; at that time, the bank of the stream was actively eroding, exposing artifacts on the surface. Kegley also excavated two small “test pits” or shovel tests at the site, and they contained a small number of ceramic sherds in the archaeological deposits. The sediments in those “test pits” had different zones of alluvial sands to a depth of at least 58 cm. In 2017, the junior author obtained permission to reexamine the Walnut Branch site, and determine its current condition and research significance. This work consisted of an intensive program of shovel testing across a large field and floodplain north of Walnut Branch and east of Box’s Creek, which is discussed below. He also obtained a substantial collection of ancestral Caddo ceramic vessel sherds from the Walnut Branch stream bed just below the Walnut Branch site and the Ross I site; this surface collection was taken before the shovel testing work was initiated. The intensive shovel testing has demonstrated that the large pasture that contains the Walnut Branch site also contains two other spatially related ancestral Caddo sites (Ross I, 41CE485 and Ross II, 41CE486) to the west and northeast, respectively, of the Walnut Branch site; the findings from these other sites will also be discussed in this article.
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Santoriello, Ciro. "I reati tributari nella responsabilità da reato degli enti collettivi: ovvero dell'opportunità di configurare la responsabilità amministrativa delle società anche in caso di commissione di reati fiscali." Archivio penale, no. 1 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.12871/97888684181768.
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Santoriello, Ciro. "I reati tributari nella responsabilità da reato degli enti collettivi : ovvero dell'opportunità di configurare la responsabilità amministrativa delle società anche in caso di commissione di reati fiscali." Archivio penale, no. 1 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.12871/97888674181768.
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Lang, Brett, and Melissa Green. "Cultural Resources Survey of the Proposed Moore Park Athletic Complex, Plano, Collin County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2020.1.28.
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In March 2020, an intensive cultural resources survey of the proposed Moore Park athletic complex in Plano, Collin County, Texas was completed in order to inventory all cultural resources. The project parcel currently lies within an open field at the southwest corner of the intersection of Chaparral Road and Cottonwood Creek. It is bounded by Chaparral Road on the north, Cottonwood Creek to the east, Bright Star Way on the south, and Cloverhaven Way on the west in a densely residential developed area. A North Texas Municipal Water District building is located in the far northwestern corner near Cottonwood Creek. The archeological area of potential effects (APE) covers an area of approximately 103 acres (42 hectares). Because the project is owned and funded by the City of Plano, a political subdivision of the State of Texas, the project is subject to the Antiquities Code of Texas (9 Texas Natural Resources Code [TNRC] 191), which requires consideration of effects on properties designated as—or eligible to be designated as—State Antiquity Landmarks (SALs), which includes archeological resources. The survey was carried out for the City of Plano, Parks and Recreation under Texas Antiquities Permit 9334 by Brett Lang (Project Archeologist) of Cox|McLain Environmental Consulting, Inc. (CMEC). Melissa M. Green was the Principal Investigator. The parcel is situated on an upper terrace above Cottonwood Creek. From the western boundary, an unnamed tributary of Cottonwood Creek flows from the northwest corner to the southwest corner of the project parcel (as the terrace slopes southeastward) into Cottonwood Creek approximately 860 meters or 2821.5 feet away. Cottonwood Creek parallels the eastern boundary of the APE. Ground surfaces within the project area parcel were mostly covered in short, ankle-high prairie grasses used for active cattle grazing allowing for some limited visibility ranging from 20 to 50 percent. A densely wooded section was observed along the eastern boundary and along part of the tributary, allowing for 30 to 80 percent ground visibility. In all, 19 shovel test units were excavated judgmentally across the project area, of which none contained cultural materials. All materials (notes, photographs, administrative documents, and other project data) generated from this work will be housed at the Center for Archeological Studies at Texas State University at San Marcos, where they will be made permanently available to future researchers per 13 Texas Administrative Code 26.16-17. If any unanticipated cultural materials or deposits are found at any stage of clearing, preparation, or construction, the work should cease and Texas Historical Commission personnel should be notified immediately. The Texas Historical Commission concurred with the findings and recommendations of this report on 8 May 2020.
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Joshi, Pankaj, Akshansha Chauhan, Piyush Dua, Sudheer Malik, and Yuei-An Liou. "Physicochemical and biological analysis of river Yamuna at Palla station from 2009 to 2019." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (February 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06900-6.
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AbstractYamuna is one of the main tributaries of the river Ganga and passes through Delhi, the national capital of India. In the last few years, it is considered one of the most polluted rivers of India. We carried out the analysis for the physiochemical and biological conditions of the river Yamuna based on measurements acquired at Palla station, Delhi during 2009–19. For our analysis, we considered various physicochemical and biological parameters (Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Saturation, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Alkalinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Total Coliform. The water stats of river Yamuna at Palla station were matched with Water Standards of India, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), and World Health Organization (WHO). Maximum changes are observed in DO saturation and total coliform, while BOD and COD values are also seen higher than the upper limits. Total alkalinity rarely meets the minimum standards. TDS is found to be satisfactory as per the standard limit. The river quality falls under Class D or E (IS2296), Class III or IV (UNECE), and fails to fulfill WHO standards for water. After spending more than 130 million USD for the establishment of a large number of effluent treatment plants, sewage treatment plants, and common effluent treatment plants, increasing discharges of untreated sewage, partially treated industrial effluents and reduced discharge of freshwater from Hathnikund are causing deterioration in water quality and no major improvements are seen in water quality of river Yamuna.
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"Express Estimation of the Waterwork Facilities Construction Consequences in the Selenga River Basin." Water sector of Russia: problems, technologies, management, no. 1, 2016 (2016): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35567/1999-4508-2016-1-6.
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Tentative reference estimation of probable changes of the Selenga River average annual monthly runoff for various options of reservoir construction in the Mongolian part of the river catchment has been presented. The World Water Balance Atlas small-scale hydro/climatic maps were used in calculations of reservoirs’ water balances monthly components in the planned ranges of waterworks at the main river and its three tributaries. Probable value of each reservoir flowage and expected depth of river runoff regulation have been estimated. Each waterwork impact and combined influence of water discharges on the Selenga hydrological regime after commissioning of the designed hydro power system have been considered. Reservoir-originated water mass volumes within the Selenga transformed monthly runoff have been calculated. The most favorable, in terms of environmental safety, design option concerning the dams’ location taking into consideration an inevitable the Selenga downstream runoff transformation and this transformation impact upon both the Baikal level regime and its ichthyofauna has been proposed. It has been recommended to plan hydro/meteorological and topographic information collection and analysis at the stage of pre-design survey with taking into account expediency of its application in multi-version forecast calculations of the reservoirs’ hydrological regime annual variations. The detailed calculations will enable to estimate quantitatively both the Selenga water regime variability and the extent of annual variations of its water quality.
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Jalbert, Catherine, and Jennifer Kimbell. "Proposed Horsepen Bayou Conveyance Improvements City of Houston, Harris County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2019.1.16.
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Terracon Consultants, Inc. (Terracon) was retained by IDS Engineering Group (Client) to conduct an intensive pedestrian survey for the proposed Horsepen Bayou Conveyance Improvements project in Houston, Harris County, Texas. Terracon previously conducted a cultural resources desktop assessment for the Client, which was coordinated with the Texas Historical Commission (THC) on March 4, 2019. Since the proposed undertaking will occur on land owned or controlled by a political subdivision of the State of Texas (Harris County Flood Control District), this project was subject to the Antiquities Code of Texas (Texas Natural Resources Code, Title 9, Chapter 191). Additionally, since future phases of this project will trigger regulatory oversight through coordination with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, it will be subject to provisions of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) (54 USC § 306101). This project was conducted under Antiquities Permit #8974. The project area comprises an approximate six-mile reach along Horsepen Bayou, and associated tributaries, and an approximate 73-acre undeveloped tract. Fieldwork, consisting of pedestrian survey and shovel testing, was conducted from July 22 to July 26, 2019 by Catherine Jalbert (Project Archeologist), Edgar Vazquez (Staff Archeologist), and Michael Hogan (Staff Archeologist), under the oversight of Jennifer Hatchett Kimbell, who served as the Principal Investigator. The report was authored by Catherine Jalbert and Jennifer Hatchett Kimbell. The proposed project area was investigated in compliance with Texas Historical Commission (THC) and Council of Texas Archeologists (CTA) guidelines for archeological survey. No cultural resources were observed within the project area. One property, NASA’s Sonny Carter Training Facility/Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (Building 920) is adjacent to the project area and has been determined eligible for listing to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). However, the THC has determined that the project will have no adverse effect on this property. Considering the absence of other observed cultural resources eligible for inclusion on the NRHP within the project area, Terracon recommended that the proposed project be allowed to proceed as currently designed. The THC concurred with this recommendation on October 4, 2019, and consequently no additional work is required at this time. In the event that human remains or cultural features are discovered during construction, those activities should cease in the vicinity of the remains and Terracon, the THC’s Archeology Division, or other proper authorities should be contacted.
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Walters, Mark, Bryan Boyd, Bo Nelson, LeeAnna Schniebs, and Timothy K. Perttula. "The James Owens Site (41TT769) in the Sulphur River Basin of Northeast Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2003.1.23.
Full textAbstract:
The James Owens site (41TT769) is an apparent Middle to Late Caddoan settlement that was investigated in June 2001 at the request of the landowner, Mr. James Owens of Irving, Texas. The landowner is planning on building a house here in the future, and during the course of clearing the land and constructing a gravel drive way to the future house site, he noted some archeological materials on the surface. Discussions between Mr. Owens, Bryan Boyd (Texas Archeological Steward Network), and Mark Parsons, regional archeologist for the Texas Historical Commission, led to the limited investigations reported on here. The work we conducted was designed to obtain information on the age and content of the James Owens site, and determine what further archeological steps might be necessary to preserve the site and the information it contains. The James Owens site is situated on a small and heavily overgrown natural rise near the edge of an expanse of “moundy uplands” in the Post Oak Savannah. Immediately to the south is a flat stream terrace and floodplain of White Oak Creek, a tributary of the Sulphur River, and the current channel of White Oak Creek lies about 4 km to the south of the site. At the time of the 2001 investigations, the rise had been partially cleared by the landowner, with a gravel road leading from a Farm-to-Market road to the site itself. Lithic and ceramic artifacts were visible on the surface in the clearing.
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Walters, Mark, Patti Haskins, David H. Jurney, S. Eileen Goldborer, and Timothy K. Perttula. "Archaeological Investigations at the Redwine Site (41SM193), Smith County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1998.1.43.
Full textAbstract:
The Redwine site (41SM193) is a probable Middle Caddoan habitation site located on an upland terrace (Figure I) on the headwaters of Auburn Creek, a small tributary of the Sabine River in central Smith County; the Angelina River drainage basin begins about 1.5 km to the south of the site. Auburn Creek is about 100 meters to the north of the site. The Sabine River lies approximately 24 km to the north. Soils on the Redwine site are Bowie fine sandy loam. The site was discovered in the early 1960s by Sam Whlteside an avocational archaeologist who lived in the Tyler area. His work consisted of trenching, and he located and excavated several burials and a small house mound. In an attempt to relocate the site limited controlled excavations were undertaken in 1995 by the authors, under the direction of Dr. John Keller of Southern Archaeological Consultants, Inc. We hoped to gain enough information about the size, age, and integrity of the Redwine site to apply for legal designation and protection under the Antiquities Code of Texas. After confirming that the Redwine site contained important archaeological information, an application for State Archeological Landmark (SAL) designation was made in 1996, and in July 1996, the Redwine site was officially designated an SAL by the Texas Historical Commission, the first SAL in Smith County. This paper describes our findings, and discusses the artifacts and plant and animal remains recovered during the work. We also provide information on the 1960s excavations of a small house mound at the site, along with the grave goods recovered by Sam Whiteside from the four Redwine site burials.
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Gâștescu, Petre, and Elena Țuchiu. "The Danube and its delta. Hydrogeographic characteristics. Actual synthesis." Risks and Catastrophes Journal 31, no. 2 (December 10, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/rcj2022_10.
Full textAbstract:
This paper provides an updated analysis of the Danube’s hydrographic, hydrologic, and water quality features describing the characteristics of its entire course and focusing on the lower sector. The Danube is the second largest watercourse in Europe in terms of length (2860 km) and basin area (817,000 km2). In Romania, the Danube is 1,075 km long and drains over 97% of the country’s territory.. The Danube’s multiannual average discharge increases downstream collecting the tributaries waters - 1,470 m3/s at Passau, after the confluence with the river Inn; 1,920 m3/s in Vienna; 2,350 m3/s in Budapest and 5,300 m3/s after the Drava, Tisa, and Sava confluences. The Danube enters Romania at Baziaş with 5,523 m3/s (multiannual average flow during the 1931-2020 period). The maximum discharge is recorded by the high spring waters, but occasionally in summer, too: 15,800 m³/s at Baziaș in April 2006; 15,300 m3/s at Giurgiu, and 15,900 m3/s at Ceatal Chilia. The minimum discharge occurs in autumn and occasionally in winter: 1,040 m3/s at Baziaș in 1949; and 1,790 m3/s at Ceatal Chilia in 1947. The suspended sediments discharge (1840-2000) was on average 53 million tons/ year at Isaccea, that is, 1,681 kg/s. Since 1996, the qualitative monitoring of the water has been implemented through the Danube Transnational Monitoring Network (TNMN) of the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR). The spatial and temporal variation in the Pontic sector of the physical-chemical quality indicators, reflects the general characteristics and the effect/impact of the main pressures identified at the basin level for the 1996-2020 period, in monitoring stations (from Baziaș to Reni and on its 3 arms). From a complete and integrative perspective and in line with the Water Framework Directive provisions, the Danube water bodies, their typology, ecological status/potential, and chemical status have been presented. The lower Danube-associated natural protected areas that are established under the international, European and national legal requirements have been reviewed.
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Perttula, Timothy K., Mark Walters, and Bo Nelson. "Analysis of Artifacts from a 2010 Surface Collection at the Pace McDonald Site (41AN51), a Probable Middle Caddo Mound Center in Anderson County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2011.1.31.
Full textAbstract:
The Pace McDonald site (41AN51) is a prehistoric Caddo mound center on Mound Prairie Creek in Anderson County, Texas, in the upper Neches River Basin. With the permission of one of the landowners, Mr. Johnny Sanford, the Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology has initiated an archaeological research effort at the site in 2010, the first part of which was an April 2010 surface reconnaissance of the Sanford lands at the site, and the surface collection of artifacts exposed there following shallow disking of several tracts within the known boundaries of the site. This article discusses the character of the artifacts collected in the spring 2010 work. The purpose of this work at the Pace McDonald site is to learn more about the native history of this mound center-when it was occupied and used, and by which prehistoric Caddo group-and its intra-site spatial organization. Ultimately, we hope to be able to obtain site-specific archaeological information that can help us to better understand the site's place and role in the Caddo prehistory of this part of East Texas. The site is situated on a large and relatively flat upland landform (420-430 feet amsl) not far north of Mound Prairie Creek, in central Anderson County, Texas, in the East Texas Pineywoods. Mound Prairie Creek is a southward- and eastward-flowing tributary to the Neches River; the confluence of these two streams lies about 20 km to the east of the site. When the site was first visited and recorded in the 1930s, it was in a large cotton field. In more recent years, it is in an improved pasture, and the site is apparently owned by several landowners, including the Texas Historical Commission.
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Haskins, Patti, Mark Walters, and S. Elieen Goldborer. "Archaeological Investigation of an Oil Well Pad Disturbance at the Tom Moore Site (41PN149), Panola County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2001.1.32.
Full textAbstract:
The Tom Moore site (41PN149) is situated on the east slope of a circular-shaped landform at the highest point of a steeply-sloping upland in the Irons Bayou valley in Panola County, Texas. Irons Bayou, 1.2 km to the west of the site, flows east to its confluence with the Sabine River. A small tributary of Irons Bayou is 600 m to the south. Soils here are a brown sandy loam overlying a very hard red clay B-horizon. Like most of East Texas, the land has been farmed previously, as indicated by old plow furrows, and it has reforested naturally in pine and mixed hardwoods in the last 30 years. The site's upland setting is similar to other Middle Caddoan sites in the Sabine River basin in East Texas. An oil field employee, J. W. Golden of Kilgore, Texas, located the Tom Moore site. He noticed a cache of seven large celts that had been disturbed by construction equipment preparing a well site. The oil well construction consisted of two wells and three associated storage tanks. Approximately 2 acres had been disturbed during the leveling process, and part of the hill was used to form the level well pad. A cultural resources management survey had not been required by the Railroad Commission of Texas prior to construction. Mr. Golden described the celts as occurring in a group with the blade ends up. The heavy equipment had grazed them and caused some damage. He collected the celts and informed the authors. We visited the site, made a surface collection, noted a midden area at one end of the disturbance, and collected soil samples for flotation (these materials were submitted to S. Eileen Goldborer of Paleoethnobotanical Services, Austin, Texas) as well as OCR dates. No testing was conducted by the authors to determine the extent of the site. A small, circular mound is located in the wooded area adjacent to the well pad.
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Perttula, Timothy K., Bo Nelson, and Claude McCrocklin. "Archaeological Investigations Along James Bayou in Marion County, Texas and Caddo Parish, Louisiana." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2010.1.29.
Full textAbstract:
This is a report on archaeological investigations conducted along James Bayou in Marion County, Texas, and Caddo Parish, Louisiana, between 1991- 1993. This work was done primarily by Claude McCrocklin (Shreveport, Louisiana) and a large group of volunteers, some from the Northeast Texas Archeological Society and others from the Northwest Chapter of the Louisiana Archaeological Society, assisted by Perttula and Nelson on occasion. With the permission of McCrocklin, we analyzed the recovered artifacts and available notes/records/ site reports to prepare this article summarizing the archaeological findings of the project. James Bayou, also known as Coushatta Jim’s Bayou, Jim’s Bayou, and Jeems Bayou, is an eastward and southward-flowing tributary to Big Cypress Bayou and Caddo Lake. “On an upper portion of this bayou there was a small, deep lake formed by stream scour between bluffs that later came to be known as Monterey Lake. Before the 1800s, this was the only permanent lake in the region." Caddo Lake at its maximum extent may have reached elevations (although fluctuating) between 173-180 feet amsl, based on historic maps, studies of lacustrine deposits on the lake bed, and relict shorelines. The main purpose of the archaeological investigations was to identify the location or locations of the early 19th century Caddo Indian village known to have been situated in the vicinity of James Bayou, at the upper end of what was then Caddo Lake. The archaeological investigations reported on herein began in the Monterey Lake area of James Bayou. During the course of these archaeological investigations, a number of archaeological sites were located along James Bayou, and the findings from these sites are discussed below. “Several possible components of the [Caddo] village were located, but for one reason or another, no conclusive identifications could be made." McCrocklin, however, continued to periodically conduct archaeological survey and metal detecting investigations along James Bayou, and in 1998, he located several areas of an early 19th century Caddo archaeological site (41MR211) on the south side of James Bayou. The location and character of this site is consistent with the historical and archival sources concerning the James Bayou Caddo village, that being “on a bayou or creek… which is navigable for pirogues only, within about six miles of their village, and that only in the rainy season." This site in the recent archaeological literature has been identifi ed as the site of Timber Hill or Sha’chahdinnih, although other locations for that village south of Caddo Lake have been proposed by Tiller. The Texas Historical Commission conducted excavations at one area (Area 3) of 41MR211 in 1999.
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Джгамадзе, А. К. "SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE FRESH UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLIES ESTIMATION ACCORDING TO THE SOURCE KAURIDON (RSO-ALANIYA)." Геология и геофизика Юга России, no. 4 (December 15, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.23671/vnc.2014.4.55472.
Full textAbstract:
Рассмотрены результаты работ по оценке запасов пресных подземных вод по источнику Кауридон. Выход источника является устьем р. Кауридон правого притока р. Геналдон и находится в 2,8 км к югу от с. Старая Саниба Пригородного района РСО-Алания. Дебит источника в разные периоды года колеблется от 120 до 243 л/сек. Каптажным устройством выход источника не оборудован. Создан лишь водосбор, позволяющий с помощью рамочного водослива производить замеры дебита источника. По источнику в 20092010 гг. были проведены гидрогеологические разведочные работы. Их целью являлось прове- дение гидрогеологических исследований на участке недр для обеспечения хозяйственно-питьевых нужд с. Старая Саниба (183,8 м3/сутки) и производственного водоснабжения (промышленный розлив), недро- пользователя (ООО Техноир ), в количестве 1544,2 м3/сутки, с подсчетом запасов подземных вод. По ре- зультатам работ произведена госэкспертиза запасов и утверждены запасы пресных подземных вод Госу- дарственной комиссией по запасам полезных ископаемых (ГКЗ Роснедра ), в количестве 1728 м3/сутки. Проведенные работы способствуют расширить представления о подземных водах Горной Осетии, в целом, и рассматривать их как достаточно перспективные для хозяйственно-питьевого водоснабжения горных сел, а также, в виду высоких качественных показателей, для промышленного розлива Are examined The results of works on the fresh underground water supplies estimation on the basis of the Kauridon source. The output of source is mouth r. Kauridon right tributary r. Genaldon is found in 2,8 km to the south from Old Saniba village of the Prigorodny disttrict of RNO-Alaniya. The debit of source in the different periods of year varies from 120 to 243 l/s. The output of source is not equipped with capping device. Is created only the drainage basin, which makes it possible with the aid of the frame spillway to produce the measurements of the source debit. On the source in 20092010 yr. hydrogeological reconnaissance works were carried out. Their purpose was conducting hydrogeological studies in the cite depths for guaranteeing the household drinking needs of Old Saniba village (183,8 m3/day) and production water supply (industrial bottling) by subsoil user (OOO Tekhnoir ), in a quantity of 1544,2 m3/day, with the calculation of the supplies of underground water. According to the results of works is produced reserves state examination and the supplies of fresh underground water by state commission for material wealth (GKZ Of rosnedra ) are affirmed in a quantity of 1728 m3/day. The carried out works contribute to enlarge ideas about the underground waters of mountain Osetia, as a whole, and to consider them as sufficiently promising for the household drinking water supply of mountain villages, and also, in the form of high quality indicators, for industrial bottling
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Perttula, Timothy K., and Bo Nelson. "Construction Damages a Prehistoric Caddo Indian Archaeological Site at the City of Gilmer's proposed Lake Gilmer, Upshur County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1997.1.30.
Full textAbstract:
In March 1996, the archaeological work being conducted at the proposed Lake Gilmer was called to a halt by the archaeological contractor (Horizon Environmental Services of Austin, Texas) and the City of Gilmer long before the required archaeological mitigation of important prehistoric Caddo sites had been completed. The reasons are still somewhat obscure. After a delay of more than 1.5 years in the completion of the archaeological investigations at the proposed Lake Gilmer, a federal and state-permitted reservoir in Northeast Texas, the Division of Antiquities Protection at the Texas Historical Commission has taken up the task of completing the archaeological work, following the legal dictates laid down by State Representative Bob Glaze during the last legislative session. This work will apparently concentrate on completing the investigations of 4JUR133, a large Middle (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) and Late Caddoan (ca. A.D. 1400- 1680) period habitation site. While the work at 41UR133 is long over-due, we believe that additional archaeological investigations are warranted at Lake Gilmer evaluation of the research significance of a recently discovered Caddo Indian site within the Lake Gilmer floodpool that has been damaged by reservoir construction-related activities, and evaluation of the research significance of the more than 30 archaeological sites discovered within the reservoir floodpool since 1996 by the Northeast Texas Archaeological Society. All of these sites must be considered by state law to be State Archeological Landmarks since they are on land owned by the City of Gilmer (a political subdivision), and they warrant further consideration. In this paper, we discuss site 41UR210 (the 852 Bridge site), a previously unreported and newly discovered prehistoric Caddo Indian site that has been damaged by construction activities associated with the proposed Lake Gilmer project in Upshur County, Texas. The site is on a small alluvial terrace adjacent to Kelsey Creek, on property owned by the City of Gilmer, and it was not recorded during the archeological survey completed for the project several years ago. Kelsey Creek is a tributary of Little Cypress Creek. This prehistoric Caddo Indian site has been damaged by construction-related activities associated with the construction of a new and higher bridge on FM 852 that will cross over the proposed Lake Gilmer. The site has been damaged by blading and bulldozing activities to obtain sand, and sediments have been removed to an unknown depth over an area more than 2 acres in size. Considerable amounts of prehistoric Caddoan vessel and pipe ceramic sherds have been exposed in this damaged area, and it is considered likely that prehistoric habitation features (middens and structural features)--as well as Caddo burial features--are present at the site, and may have already been damaged.
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"Geoarcheological and Historical Investigations in the Comal Springs Arrea, LCRA Clear Springs Autotransformer Project, Comal County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2006.1.25.
Full textAbstract:
Prewitt and Associates, Inc. conducted testing and data recovery investigations at five archeological sites in the city of New Braunfels, in Comal County, Texas. The work was done in August and September 2005 for the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA) for its Clear Springs Autotransformer Project, which involves the replacement of high-voltage electrical transmission towers through the New Braunfels area. A transmission tower location at prehistoric site 41CM286, located on an upland ridge overlooking the Guadalupe River, was investigated with a shovel test. Deposits were limited to 10 cm overlying bedrock limestone. In a preliminary report, the site was recommended to be potentially eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (National Register) and for designation as State Archeological Landmarks (SAL), but it was recommended that no additional investigations were necessary because the shallow deposits at the tower location contained no significant archeological deposits. A transmission tower location at prehistoric site 41CM287, located in an alluvial floodplain of a tributary to the Guadalupe River, was investigated using a shovel test to 105 cm and hand augering to 190 cm. Although prehistoric remains were encountered, the deposits were extensively disturbed. In a preliminary report, the site was recommended to be potentially eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (National Register) and for designation as State Archeological Landmarks (SAL), and it was recommended that the transmission tower location could be drilled if monitored by an archeologist. Historic archival and oral history research was conducted for 41CM288, which consists of a historic trash dump and brick incinerator building with a tall smokestack. The site is on the Comal County Fairgrounds in New Braunfels, and research indicates that the city built the incinerator in the 1930s for disposal of urban household garbage. Archeological monitoring of the drill hole excavation at the LCRA tower location revealed that the trash deposits date to the early to middle 20th century and are associated with the city incinerator. In a preliminary report, the trash dump component was recommended to be not eligible for listing in the National Register or for designation as a SAL. The incinerator building and smokestack are in very good condition, but they will not be impacted by the LCRA project. A complete National Register and SAL assessment of the incinerator would require additional archival research to provide a historic contextual framework. Archeological testing was done at the Comal Power Plant site (41CM25) and the Landa Park Golf Course site (41CM167), both located on the broad Holocene alluvial terrace of the Comal River. At each site, the testing was expanded into a 2x2-m excavation block to constitute data recovery at the proposed tower location. Both sites contain deep, stratified deposits indicative of prehistoric base camp activities spanning from the Middle Archaic through Late Prehistoric periods. In a preliminary report, it was recommended that both sites are eligible for listing in the National Register and for designation as SALs, but that the excavations constituted mitigation of construction impacts. Three prehistoric components were identified within 150 cm of alluvial deposits at 41CM25, and three prehistoric components were identified within 190 cm of alluvial deposits at 41CM167. These components are defined, somewhat arbitrarily, as Archaic I, Archaic II, and Late Prehistoric, and these units are not correlated between the sites. Hand auger cores provided samples down to 330 cm at 41CM167, but these sparse cultural materials are not assigned to an analytical unit. The diagnostic artifacts recovered from 41CM25 are bone-tempered pottery and points typed as Early Triangular, Marcos, Montell, Pedernales, Perdiz, and reworked Andice. The diagnostic artifacts recovered from 41CM167 are Early Triangular, Edgewood, and Perdiz points. The cultural deposits at both sites span a long period of time and represent materials accumulated on a slowly aggrading xii surface. Both sites have some evidence of mixing of deposits or cultural reuse of older materials. No samples suitable for radiocarbon dating were recovered from 41CM25, so the ages of components there are not well defined. Four charcoal radiocarbon dates for 41CM167 demonstrate that 330 cm of alluvium was deposited within at least the last 4,500 years. The Late Prehistoric components at both sites probably represent Toyah phase occupations, and there seems to be an Early Triangular component at 41CM167. The cultural affiliations of the other components are less certain. All of the archeological and historic investigations for sites 41CM25, 41CM167, 41CM286, 41CM287, and 41CM288 were previously described in a preliminary report, and the LCRA and Texas Historical Commission concurred with the recommendations stated above. The construction of transmission towers has since been completed at all of the investigated sites, and the drill hole excavations were monitored to provide additional archeological and geological data. It is recommended that the testing and data recovery investigations mitigate the construction effects for LCRA’s Clear Springs Autotransformer Project, and no further work is recommended for any of these sites in response to the Clear Springs Autotransformer Project.
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Sefton, Jahleen, Jeffrey Owens, and Jesse Dalton. "Intensive Cultural Resources Survey of the Proposed Dripping Springs Wastewater System Improvements Project (EID 1), Dripping Springs, Hays County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2020.1.43.
Full textAbstract:
Horizon Environmental Services, Inc. (Horizon) was selected by the City of Dripping Springs to conduct an intensive cultural resources inventory survey and assessment of the proposed Dripping Springs Wastewater System Improvements Project (EID 1) in Dripping Springs, Hays County, Texas (USACE Project No. SWF-2020-00075). This survey represents the first phase of a larger project involving the proposed construction of wastewater system improvements in Dripping Springs. The current phase of the project would involve three separate components—the West Interceptor segment, which extends approximately 3.7 kilometers (2.3 miles) in length along Onion Creek west of Farm-to-Market Road (FM) 12; the Reclaimed Water Line segment, which extends approximately 1.3 kilometers (0.8 mile) in length between Needham Road and the intersection of FM 12 and FM 150; an approximately 2.3-hectare (5.7-acre) effluent pond located south of an existing water reclamation facility south of FM 150; and the proposed expansion of the existing water reclamation facility adjacent to the proposed effluent pond, which together cover 3.3 hectares (8.0 acres). The linear rights-of-way (ROW) of proposed pipeline segments would measure a maximum of 30.5 meters (100.0 feet) in width, and the proposed project components would cover a combined area of approximately 18.5 hectares (45.6 acres). The proposed undertaking would be sponsored by the City of Dripping Springs, a public subdivision of the state of Texas. As a political subdivision of the state of Texas, the project would fall under the jurisdiction of the Antiquities Code of Texas (Natural Resources Code, Title 9, Chapter 191). In addition, the project would utilize funding provided by the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) program, which is a federal-state partnership between the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the state of Texas. As the US EPA is a federal agency, the project would also fall under the jurisdiction of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended. As the proposed project represents a publicly sponsored undertaking, the project sponsor is required to provide the Texas Historical Commission (THC), which serves as the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) for the state of Texas, with an opportunity to review and comment on the project’s potential to adversely affect historic properties listed on or considered eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under the NHPA and for designation as State Antiquities Landmarks (SAL) under the Antiquities Code of Texas. From October 1 to 3, on November 4, and on November 22, 2019, Horizon archeologists Jesse Dalton, McKinzie Froese, Amy Goldstein, Elizabeth Sefton, and Jared Wiersema conducted an intensive cultural resources survey of the project area, including pedestrian walkover with shovel testing and backhoe trenching. The survey was performed under the supervision of Jeffrey D. Owens, who served as Principal Investigator, under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 9114. The purpose of the survey was to locate any significant cultural resources that potentially would be impacted by the proposed undertaking. Horizon’s archeologists traversed the project area on foot and thoroughly inspected the modern ground surface for aboriginal and historic-age cultural resources. Overall, vegetation across the entire project area generally consisted of short- to medium-length grasses interspersed with mature live oak and cedar trees, which afforded fair to good ground surface visibility (30 to 60%). Within the riparian zone of Onion Creek, vegetation consisted of tall, dense grass and mature honey mesquite, cedar, live oak, and hackberry trees, which provided poor ground surface visibility (<30%). The West Interceptor segment runs along the gravelly terraces of Onion Creek. Topographically, this segment of the project area consists of steep limestone steps and rocky outcrops that give way to flat, open fields. The proposed interceptor crosses Onion Creek at three locations, and the lower stream terraces of the creek have extensive gravel bars and debris associated with high-energy flooding. Soil profiles typically consist of a shallow A horizon of hard, calcareous clay loam underlain by dense gravelly deposits; however, in the southeastern portion of the West Interceptor, deeper clayey loam alluvium underlain by limestone bedrock was encountered. The Reclaimed Water Line segment traverses the west-facing hillslopes of upland ridges east of Onion Creek. Approximately the southeastern half of this segment of the project area would be constructed within the existing ROW of FM 12 west of the roadway, and construction, use, and ongoing maintenance of the roadway and associated facilities has resulted in extensive prior disturbances. Evidence of ground disturbance resulting from land clearing for housing developments and a transmission line were also noted within the northwestern portion of the proposed Reclaimed Water Line segment. The far northwestern end of the proposed Reclaimed Water Line segment skims the edge of the floodplain associated with a tributary of Onion Creek. Sediments on the terraces of this stream channel consist of calcareous loamy alluvial deposits, while soils across the upland portions of the segment consist of shallow deposits of gravelly clay and clay loam underlain by naturally degrading limestone bedrock. The water reclamation facility expansion and effluent pond segment are located on the upper terraces northeast of Onion Creek. The water reclamation facility is an existing industrial facility surrounded by septic fields, and prior disturbances from construction, use, and ongoing maintenance of the facility are extensive. The proposed expansion area to the north of the existing facility is currently utilized as a septic field. Sediments within this segment of the project area consist of shallow, gravelly, calcareous loamy to clayey loam alluvium underlain by naturally degrading limestone bedrock. In addition to a pedestrian walkover, the Texas State Minimum Archeological Survey Standards (TSMASS) require a minimum of 16 subsurface shovel tests per 1.6 kilometers (1.0 mile) for each 30.5-meter- (100.0-foot-) wide transect (or fraction thereof) for linear surveys unless field conditions warrant more shovel tests (e.g., in cultural high-probability areas) or fewer shovel tests (e.g., on steep slopes, in areas with excellent ground surface visibility). For block-area surveys, the TSMASS require two shovel tests per 0.4 hectare (1.0 acre) for project areas between 1.2 and 4.0 hectares (3.0 and 10.0 acres) in size. As such, a minimum of 37 shovel tests would be required within the West Interceptor segment, 13 shovel tests would be required within the Reclaimed Water Line segment, and 16 shovel tests would be required within the proposed water reclamation facility expansion and effluent pond area, for a total of 66 shovel tests for the project area as a whole. Horizon excavated a total of 106 shovel tests during the survey, including 82 shovel tests within the West Interceptor segment, 13 shovel tests within the Reclaimed Water Line segment, and 11 shovel tests within the facility expansion and effluent pond area. The shovel tests within the proposed facility expansion and effluent pond area were not all excavated directly within the final proposed construction footprint as the boundaries of this portion of the project area had not been firmly determined at the time of the survey, and no shovel tests were excavated within the existing water reclamation facility due to the extent of observable prior disturbances within this area. Overall, Horizon exceeded the minimum number of shovel tests required for the project area as a whole, and it is Horizon’s opinion that shovel testing was capable of fully penetrating sediments with the potential to contain subsurface archeological deposits (with the exception noted below where backhoe trenches were excavated along a portion of the West Interceptor segment). In addition to shovel testing, Horizon excavated four backhoe trenches within the southeastern portion of the proposed West Interceptor segment. The trenches were excavated at roughly 100.0-meter (328.0-foot) intervals along the proposed centerline to depths ranging from 105.0 to 350.0 centimeters (41.3 to 137.8 inches) below surface. Sediments observed within trench profiles typically consisted of moderately deep deposits of grayish-brown fine clay loam over yellowish-brown fine sandy loam. Dense deposits of river cobbles and/or naturally degrading limestone bedrock were observed at the base of three of the four trenches, and it is Horizon’s opinion that backhoe trenching was capable of fully penetrating sediments with the potential to contain archeological deposits. One chert flake was recorded in a shovel test (ST AG30) at a depth of 0.0 to 30.0 centimeters (0.0 to 11.8 inches) below surface at the far northwestern end of the West Interceptor project segment. Supplemental delineation shovel tests excavated around this initial discovery failed to produce any additional evidence of prehistoric cultural activity at this location, so the chert flake was recorded as an isolated artifact occurrence but was not documented as an archeological site. No other cultural resources of prehistoric or historic age were recorded within the project area during the pedestrian survey, shovel testing, or backhoe trenching. Based on the results of the survey-level investigations documented in this report, no cultural resources would be affected by the proposed undertaking. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4, Horizon has made a reasonable and good-faith effort to identify historic properties within the project area. No cultural resources were identified within the project area that meet the criteria for designation as SALs according to 13 TAC 26 or for inclusion in the NRHP according to 36 CFR 60.4. Horizon recommends a finding of “no historic properties affected,” and no further archeological work is recommended in connection with the proposed undertaking. However, human burials, both prehistoric and historic, are protected under the Texas Health and Safety Code. In the event that any human remains or burial objects are inadvertently discovered at any point during construction, use, or ongoing maintenance in the project area, even in previously surveyed areas, all work should cease immediately in the vicinity of the inadvertent discovery, and the THC should be notified immediately. Following completion of the project, all project records will be prepared for permanent curation at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL).