Journal articles on the topic 'Commercial UAS operations'
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1
Al-Tahir, Raid, and Giatri K. Lalla. "Assessment of the Emerging Landscape of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Trinidad and Tobago." West Indian Journal of Engineering 44, no. 1 (July 2021): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/mtnv5056.
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Interest in the civilian applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) has been growing worldwide, especially in government and commercial tasks such as surveillance, search and rescue, inspection of infrastructure, agriculture, mining, and mapping. Likewise, Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) has been witnessing a growing interest and application of commercial and non-commercial UAS operations. However, there is little assessment for the growth of the UAS market nor is there characterisation of UAS-based activities since the pertinent regulations established in 2016. This study seeks to formally identify the emerging UAS landscape in T&T during the period 2015 to 2019. As such, this study maps and characterises the spatial and temporal patterns of UAS distribution, then appraises the various categories for the existing operations. To achieve these goals, this study utilised qualitative and quantitative techniques of Geoinformatics. The intent for this study is to provide a perspective on the growth and the implications of the UAS industry in T&T, and to guide strategic planning among organisations with a stake in the emergence of UAS into civil airspace.
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Lee, Chee Hoe, Christian Thiessen, Douglas L. Van Bossuyt, and Britta Hale. "A Systems Analysis of Energy Usage and Effectiveness of a Counter-Unmanned Aerial System Using a Cyber-Attack Approach." Drones 6, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6080198.
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Existing counter-unmanned aerial system (C-UAS) defensive mechanisms rely heavily on radio frequency (RF) jamming techniques that require a large amount of energy to operate. The effects of RF jamming result in undesirable consequences, such as the jamming of other nearby friendly radio devices as well as the increase in RF footprint for local operators. Current cybersecurity analysis of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) UASs have revealed multiple vulnerabilities that give rise to opportunities to conduct C-UAS operations in the cyber domain. This is achieved by performing cyber-attacks on adversarial UASs through hijacking the device-specific communication’s link on a narrow RF band and without the need for broad-spectrum RF energy bursts during C-UAS operations, which can result in lower energy usage to accomplish the same outcome. This article validates the cyber-attack C-UAS (CyC-UAS) concept through reviewing recent C-UAS operational experimental scenarios and conducting analysis on the collected data. Then, a simulation model of a defense facility is constructed to analyze and validate specific mission scenarios of interest and several proposed concepts of operation. A comparison of the energy requirements between CyC-UAS and existing C-UAS techniques is performed to assess energy efficiency and trade-offs of different C-UAS approaches. In this article, the comparison of energy requirements between the CyC-UAS prototype and existing C-UAS products that utilize RF jamming methods reveals that CyC-UAS achieves significant energy savings while not affecting other telecommunication devices operating at the same frequencies. While both the C-UAS techniques adopt the denial-of-service strategy, the CyC-UAS is able to achieve the same mission by consuming much less energy. Therefore, the CyC-UAS concept shows promise as a new, lower energy, and lower collateral damage approach to defending against UAS.
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ElSaid, AbdElRahman, Daniel Adjekum, John Nordlie, and Fatima El Jamiy. "A Test-Bed For Measuring UAS Servo Reliability." Aerospace 6, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace6090096.
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Extant literature suggests minimal research on the reliability of Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components used in fabricating non-military Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). Stochastic failures of components during operational cycles over time poses a safety hazard to flight operations. The purpose of the study was to critically assess the operational performance standards (reliability) of a laboratory designed UAS component test-bed operated using real-world data collected from a Boeing Scan Eagle® UAS aileron servo unit via a flight data recorder. The study hypothesized that the test-bed’s reliability, in terms of a measured encoder output of commanded servo positions, will not be significantly different after double and triple periods of time for continuous operations compared to a base-line mean position. Results suggested that test-bed operated within reliability criteria for a baseline period but there were significant differences in the mean of the reliability after the operational cycles were doubled and tripled in time. This study adds to paucity of extant research on UAS COTS reliability and recommends further studies on reliability of other small UAS components within periods of time.
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Japins, Ivars, Sergejs Kodors, and Sandra Ežmale. "INTEGRATION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES FLYING BEYOND VISUAL LINE OF SIGHT INTO AIR TRAFFIC." HUMAN. ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. Proceedings of the Students International Scientific and Practical Conference, no. 24 (April 22, 2020): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/het2020.24.6750.
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In this article Author describes the potential of Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) that are flying Beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS). There are countless commercial applications of BVLOS UAS. Author provides an insight of the main challenges that need to be addressed in order to make BVLOS UAS operations safe and to integrate them into air traffic.
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Poorman, Christopher C. "Drone Nation." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 2, no. 3 (April 2015): 511–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v2.i3.6.
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This Comment aims to show that current regulation, or more precisely non-regulation of commercial UAS should be modified, and operators should be allowed to conduct commercial operations without subjecting UAS to the high standards of other “aircraft.” Per Congress’s mandate, the FAA should immediately create and enforce practically sound standards for small-scale, commercial UAS that operate inside the NAS while avoiding unnecessary and costly administrative burdens. Congress should modify the currently voluntary standards, instead of mandating that operators adhere to specific commercial use guidelines without requiring an arduous approval process for commercial flight, such as the current Special Airworthiness Certificate and Section 333 exemption. This Comment will not address the issues facing larger, interstate drones that will operate outside of the visual sight or immediate area of the operator.
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Kielhauser, Clemens, Raul Renteria Manzano, Jeffrey J. Hoffman, and Bryan T. Adey. "Automated Construction Progress and Quality Monitoring for Commercial Buildings with Unmanned Aerial Systems: An Application Study from Switzerland." Infrastructures 5, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5110098.
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Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs), which have become a key tool in remote sensing in recent years, have also rapidly entered the practice of Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations (AECO). This paper presents an application study of a methodology for monitoring construction progress and quality using real-time data from a commercial building during the execution phase and the results of an analysis of the costs and benefits of monitoring construction progress and quality with and without a UAS. The methodology used consists of three parts: (1) automated data collection at the construction site, (2) data processing, in which the collected data are processed to generate the outputs necessary for the data analysis, and (3) data analysis to monitor construction progress and quality. The method is based on the detection of structural elements, combined with four principles: the sectional approach, the calculation of the concrete volume, the height-distance measurement, and the detection of defects by visual comparisons. The cost-benefit analysis considers three cases: monitoring of progress (1) by the construction company using the UAS, (2) by external contractors using the UAS, and (3) by the construction company without using the UAS. We show that the in-house operation of the UAS is associated with medium costs. However, a return on investment can be achieved quickly if the strategy for the operation of the UAS is clearly defined. In summary, the use of a UAS for the automated monitoring of the construction progress and quality of commercial buildings is practicable, which can quickly lead to a return on investment. We also show that there is great potential for further improvements.
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Öz, Emrehan, Eetu Heikkilä, and Risto Tiusanen. "Development of an Organisational Certification Process for Specific Category Drone Operations." Drones 6, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6100278.
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To govern and ensure the safety of increasing drone operations, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has defined three risk-based categories of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) operations. A large part of commercial UAS operations fall into the Specific category, which includes operations with medium risk that require an authority approval. One possible way to gain approval for these operations is the light UAS operator certificate (LUC) awarded by a national aviation authority. It offers organisations the privilege to assess and approve operations without applying for authorisation from an authority. However, only general information regarding the LUC is available in the European regulatory publications. Thus, there is currently a lack of detailed guidelines and practical information about the process and requirements for acquiring LUC status. This paper describes the development of a LUC application process model following a design science research approach. The model supports organisations to assess their LUC capabilities, develop their organisation, create the documentation to fulfil relevant requirements, and to apply for the certificate. Finally, the results of a case study where the process model was applied are presented.
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Williams, Jeff, Kevin Hand, and Christian Haselwimmer. "Unmanned Air Systems: Technology and Regulatory Advances for the Oil Spill Response Community." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2017120. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000120.
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Field testing small unmanned air systems (UAS) in marine oil spill response exercises began in 2006. Soon afterward there were multiple credible examples where uas's could complement the traditional roles which manned aircraft filled for oil spill observation. Testing stopped abruptly in 2007 when the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration changed rules for the commercial use of uas's. Testing resumed in 2013 after the U.S. Congress mandated that the FAA finalize operating rules for uas commercial use. Exercise tests validated oil spill observation by uas's when an experienced aerial oil spill observer confirmed that properly equipped uas platforms and cameras could offer results equal to manned aircraft flights. Today there are a much wider variety of uas's and increasingly more capable sensors which can be utilized for creating highly detailed maps or data collection for geographic information system applications such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA). Radio technology advances have also improved the ability to transfer video/data over greater distance and faster speeds than initial tests. Mobile ad hoc networks of multiple radios can transfer uas data streams beyond line of sight and connect with the internet for even broader distribution. This same network can also be used by responders in the field to exchange video, voice and location data and be linked real time with command post map displays and data feeds creating a true common operating picture across the entire response effort. From an organizational perspective, uas's are not discussed in the 2014 USCG Incident Management Handbook. Despite this however, their activities need coordinated with manned aircraft through Air Operations for regulations and safety. Staging them at airports serves little purpose given their flexibility and small size. Better utilization would be achieved placing the uas and operators near the command posts or at staging sites alongside the boats or vehicles they would work from. Their unique differences would also support creating a UAS Group Supervisor in Air Operations to clarify their requirements and tasking. The Situation Unit would typically be the best central receiving point for incoming data and from there aerial observers and data specialists can route video / data to operations, gis users and display operators managing the common operating picture. Additional topics for final presentation:*See and avoid capabilities*Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) transmitters/receivers*Night flights approval*New operator regulations not requiring pilot's license
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Gouveia-Carvalho, Júlio, Wilson Talhão Antunes, Tiago Gonçalves, Victor Lobo, Filipe Duarte, Bernardino Veríssimo, Alfredo Baptista, and Mário Monteiro Marques. "Chemical and Radiological Sensors Integration in Unmanned Aerial Systems with ATEX Compliance." Key Engineering Materials 893 (July 20, 2021): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.893.17.
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Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) threats pose many challenges to address in terms of reconnaissance, detection, personnel protection and countermeasures comprising a common set of techniques and procedures that fit in the concept of “all hazard” approach. The scientific and technological developments that led to the use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in an ubiquitous manner, enables its integration in CBRN operations, as sensors platforms for detection. In this scope, the GammaEx project targets to validate the concepts of operation using a specifically developed UAS with ATmosphères EXplosives (ATEX) compliance, equipped with chemical and radiological sensors for detection in CBRN scenarios. This paper aims to review the main concepts and challenges involving the sensors integration in UAS for specific CBRN environments considering the ATEX compliance, followed by the GammaEx project description and the presentation of the preliminary results of the laboratory and field comparative assays concerning the specifically developed sensors for the project and the commercial of the shelf sensors, follow on activities and future trends.
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Rodriguez, Roberto. "Perspective: Agricultural Aerial Application with Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Current Regulatory Framework and Analysis of Operators in the United States." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 5 (2021): 1475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14331.
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HighlightsThe FAA has used two exemptions (17261 and 18009) as precedents for approval of numerous agricultural operations for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS).While many operators have received exemptions, a significant portion have not received an agricultural aircraft operator certificate (AAOC), despite the need for both to operate UAS in agricultural operations.Operators who have both an exemption and an AAOC tend to be clustered in geographic areas, with many states without a single such operator.Abstract. Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) have seen rapid growth in many industries in the U.S. since the introduction of small UAS regulations (14 CFR § 107). However, adoption of UAS for agricultural aerial application has been limited. Two landmark regulatory exemptions by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) have laid the foundation for commercial agricultural aerial application with UAS. Since the initial introduction of these exemptions, the pace of new exemptions for agricultural aerial application with UAS has remained steady. By the end of 2019, 64 operators had received exemptions in which the FAA cited one of the two landmark exemptions as a precedent. This study analyzed these exemptions to determine geographic distribution, aircraft manufacturer, number of employees, and time to operator certification. Results indicate that less than half of operators who received an exemption from the FAA became certified for aerial application. Additionally, certified operators were not evenly distributed throughout the U.S. despite the broader distribution of exemption holders. Two UAS manufacturers dominated the market, with over 80% of exemptions requesting UAS from one or both manufacturers. While regulatory hurdles for agricultural aerial application with UAS have been substantially reduced through the introduction of standardized exemptions, this has not resulted in the anticipated influx of certified operators. There are additional impediments preventing operator certification, including technological limitations of currently available UAS, which need to be addressed to improve the rate of UAS integration into agricultural aerial application. Keywords: Chemical applications, Drone, Precision agriculture, UAS, UAV, Unmanned aerial vehicle, Unmanned aircraft systems.
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He, Xinyu, Chengpeng Jiang, Lishuai Li, and Henk Blom. "A Simulation Study of Risk-Aware Path Planning in Mitigating the Third-Party Risk of a Commercial UAS Operation in an Urban Area." Aerospace 9, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9110682.
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UAS-based commercial services such as urban parcel delivery are expected to grow in the upcoming years and may lead to a large volume of UAS operations in urban areas. These flights may pose safety risks to persons and property on the ground, which are referred to as third-party risks. Path-planning methods have been developed to generate a nominal flight path for each UAS flight that poses relative low third-party risks by passing over less risky areas, e.g., areas with low-density unsheltered populations. However, it is not clear if risk minimization per flight works well in a commercial UAS operation that involves a large number of annual flights in an urban area. Recently, it has been shown that when using shortest flight path planning, a UAS-based parcel delivery service in an urban area can lead to society-critical third-party risk levels. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the mitigating effect of state-of-the-art risk-aware path planning on these society-critical third-party risk levels. To accomplish this, a third-party risk simulation using the shortest paths is extended with a state-of-the-art risk-aware path-planning method, and the societal effects on third-party risk levels have been assessed and compared to those obtained using shortest paths. The results show that state-of-the-art risk-aware path planning can reduce the total number of fatalities in an area, but at the cost of a critical increase in safety risks for persons living in areas that are favored by a state-of-the-art risk-aware path-planning method.
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Weinert, Andrew. "Method to Characterize Potential UAS Encounters Using Open Source Data." Aerospace 7, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7110158.
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As unmanned aerial systems (UASs) increasingly integrate into the US national airspace system, there is an increasing need to characterize how commercial and recreational UASs may encounter each other. To inform the development and evaluation of safety critical technologies, we demonstrate a methodology to analytically calculate all potential relative geometries between different UAS operations performing inspection missions. This method is based on a previously demonstrated technique that leverages open source geospatial information to generate representative unmanned aircraft trajectories. Using open source data and parallel processing techniques, we performed trillions of calculations to estimate the relative horizontal distance between geospatial points across sixteen locations.
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Siaud, Pierre-Frédéric. "The Liability Regime for the Transportation of Goods by Drones: Is There a Need for a European Union Initiative?" Air and Space Law 47, Issue 3 (July 1, 2022): 375–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2022020.
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The use of civil Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) is becoming more common place, and the application and development of this technology open the door for numerous opportunities, particularly from a commercial perspective. This article first provides an overview of the liability regime applicable in the European Union for the transportation of goods by UAS (otherwise known as drones), or more precisely, emphasises the lack of a liability regime adapted to unmanned aircraft operations within the Single European Sky. Second, an overview of the liability regime for the transportation of goods under the Montreal Convention of 1999 will be studied for its potential applicability to unmanned aircraft operations which will further underscore the lack of any such adaptability of that regime to unmanned aircraft operations. Finally, this article raises the question of whether the creation of a liability regime specially designed for the use of unmanned aircraft in the transportation of goods is needed – one which would take into account all of the specificities related to this advancing technology that cannot be adequately encompassed within the existing regimes governing manned aviation. Unmanned Aircraft System, Cargo, Liability, European Union
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Speranza, Nicholas A., Christopher J. Rave, and Yong Pei. "Energy-Efficient On-Platform Target Classification for Electric Air Transportation Systems." Electricity 2, no. 2 (April 6, 2021): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electricity2020007.
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Due to the predicted rise of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in commercial, civil, and military operations, there is a desire to make UASs more energy efficient so they can proliferate with ease of deployment and maximal life per charge. To address current limitations, a three-tiered approach is investigated to mitigate Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) hover time, reduce network datalink transmission to a ground station, and provide a real-time framework for Sense-and-Avoidance (SAA) target classification. An energy-efficient UAS architecture framework is presented, and a corresponding SAA prototype is developed using commercial hardware to validate the proposed architecture using an experimental methodology. The proposed architecture utilizes classical computer vision methods within the Detection Subsystem coupled with deeply learned Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) within the Classification Subsystem. Real-time operations of three frames per second are realized enabling UAV hover time and associated energy consumption during SAA processing to be effectively eliminated. Additional energy improvements are not addressed in the scope of this work. Inference accuracy is improved by 19% over baseline COTS models and current non-adaptive, single-stage SAA architectures. Overall, by pushing SAA processing to the edge of the sensors, network offload transmissions and reductions in processing time and energy consumption are feasible and realistic in future battery-powered electric air transportation systems.
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Miccinesi, Lapo, Alessandra Beni, and Massimiliano Pieraccini. "UAS-Borne Radar for Remote Sensing: A Review." Electronics 11, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 3324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11203324.
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Since the 1950s, radar sensors have been widely used for the monitoring of the earth’s surface. The current radars for remote sensing can be divided into two main categories: Space/aerial-borne and ground-based systems. The unmanned aerial system (UAS) could bridge the gap between these two technologies. Indeed, UAS-borne radars can perform long scans (up to 100/200 m) in a brief time (a few minutes). From the 2010s, the interest in UAS-borne radars has increased in the research community, and it has led to the development of some commercial equipment and more than 150 papers. This review aims to present a study on the state-of-the-art of UAS-borne radars and to outline the future potential of this technology. In this work, the scientific literature was categorized in terms of application, purpose of the paper, radar technology, and type of UAS. In addition, a brief review of the main national UAS regulations is presented. The review on the technological state-of-the-art shows that there is currently no standard in terms of radar technology, and that the multi-helicopter could be the most used UAS in the near future. Moreover, the UAS-borne radar can be used for several remote sensing applications: From landmine detection to smart agriculture, and from archeological survey to research and rescue applications. Finally, the UAS-borne radar appears to be a mature technology, which is almost ready for industrialization. The main developmental limit may be found in the flight regulation, which does not allow for many operations and imposes strict limits on the payload weight.
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Mohammed, Ameer, Bashir Garba Ibrahim, Muyideen Omuya Momoh, Kumater Peter Ter, Abolanle Oluwatoyin Adetifa, and Damilare Abdulbasit Oluwole. "Challenges of Ground Control System in Ensuring Safe Flights for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." MEKATRONIKA 4, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/mekatronika.v4i1.7350.
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Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are considered as evolving technology due to the diversity and feasibility of their applications. Generally, UAS are controlled by a ground operator in a ground control station (GCS). GCS can be used for several remote applications for unmanned vehicles; however, for the purpose of this review, GCS applications would be limited to its application on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). Such stations are made up of basic components consisting of commercial-off-the-shelf components and low-cost equipment depending on the sophistication of the UAV. This requires that as UAVs evolve, GCS are equally upgraded to meet with the technological feet. This paper discusses the challenges associated with GCS in ensuring safe operations of the UAV. Hence, a brief background of GCS, its architecture, applications, inherent challenges and the proposed solutions are presented.
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Sarson-Lawrence, Jarrow, Roberto Sabatini, Reece Clothier, and Alessandro Gardi. "Experimental Determination of Low-Cost Servomotor Reliability for Small Unmanned Aircraft Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 629 (October 2014): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.629.202.
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One of the key challenges of designing low-cost Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) is to ensure acceptable and certifiable reliability factors for the adopted Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) components since their reliability is often not quantified. In this paper, the experimental results obtained for quantifying the reliability of mini Unmanned Aircraft (UA) servomotors (by recording their time-to-failure on a defined set of test runs) are presented. The Weibull prediction model is adopted for quantitative analysis and the associated key mathematical models. The methodology adopted for performing the reliability analysis including the test bench setup used for the experiments is described. The results indicate a level of reliability expected for low-cost servos. Such servos could be used for low-risk UAS operations (e.g. small UA operating over sparsely populated regions) and where the economics of the business case permitted higher loss rates.
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Nordlie, John, Jeremy Straub, and Joe Vacek. "Considering Regulation of Small Unmanned Aerial Systems in the United States." Air and Space Law 39, Issue 4/5 (September 1, 2014): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2014022.
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The regulation of small unmanned aerial systems, in the United States, currently consists of a narrowly defined exemption for hobbyists and a general ban, without special authorization, for all commercial and most other activities. Recent challenges to the FAA's authority to regulate small UAS have raised interesting legal questions. This paper examines the basis for such regulation and proposes a way forward analogous to the use of free balloons and ultralight vehicles. It is proposed that small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) not require registration, pilot certification or licensing. Instead, a regime for limiting harm from their operations through design requirements (to qualify for the registration/certification/licensing exemption) and a code of conduct is proposed. This regime, which would apply to all prospective uses of this class of craft (hobbyist, educational, scientific, commercial, etc.), is presented and evaluated through the consideration of several case studies.
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Pongsakornsathien, Nichakorn, Yixiang Lim, Alessandro Gardi, Samuel Hilton, Lars Planke, Roberto Sabatini, Trevor Kistan, and Neta Ezer. "Sensor Networks for Aerospace Human-Machine Systems." Sensors 19, no. 16 (August 8, 2019): 3465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163465.
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Intelligent automation and trusted autonomy are being introduced in aerospace cyber-physical systems to support diverse tasks including data processing, decision-making, information sharing and mission execution. Due to the increasing level of integration/collaboration between humans and automation in these tasks, the operational performance of closed-loop human-machine systems can be enhanced when the machine monitors the operator’s cognitive states and adapts to them in order to maximise the effectiveness of the Human-Machine Interfaces and Interactions (HMI2). Technological developments have led to neurophysiological observations becoming a reliable methodology to evaluate the human operator’s states using a variety of wearable and remote sensors. The adoption of sensor networks can be seen as an evolution of this approach, as there are notable advantages if these sensors collect and exchange data in real-time, while their operation is controlled remotely and synchronised. This paper discusses recent advances in sensor networks for aerospace cyber-physical systems, focusing on Cognitive HMI2 (CHMI2) implementations. The key neurophysiological measurements used in this context and their relationship with the operator’s cognitive states are discussed. Suitable data analysis techniques based on machine learning and statistical inference are also presented, as these techniques allow processing both neurophysiological and operational data to obtain accurate cognitive state estimations. Lastly, to support the development of sensor networks for CHMI2 applications, the paper addresses the performance characterisation of various state-of-the-art sensors and the propagation of measurement uncertainties through a machine learning-based inference engine. Results show that a proper sensor selection and integration can support the implementation of effective human-machine systems for various challenging aerospace applications, including Air Traffic Management (ATM), commercial airliner Single-Pilot Operations (SIPO), one-to-many Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), and space operations management.
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Mani, Prashant, Pankaj Singh, Abhishek Singhal, and Apoorv Katiyar. "Design and Simulation of Smart Communication System for Unmanned Arial Vehicles." International Journal of Computers and Communications 15 (November 29, 2021): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91013.2021.15.15.
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In recent years, the use of drones has drastically increased as the evolution of drone use in commercial sectors and reduced costs of the hardware. Earlier drone services were mostly used for military operations but nowadays the Unmanned Arial Vehicles (UAV) system is very advanced and its applications are not limited to military operations. The recent years have also witnessed a network evolution of UAVs from single ground to air network to multi-UAV network systems along with usage of wireless public networks like LTE which can act as UAV communication channel. In the proposed project, a communication system used in the UAS system is simulated to analyze the UAV behavior under different conditions with respect to mission planning and the communication networks used. A comprehensive study is done on communication networks used in controlling UAVs. For a safer approach, the proposed model is simulated using available software instead of hardware implementations. ArduPilot SITL, MAVProxy and Mission Planner are used to simulate the UAV system virtually. Whereas network simulations of Wi-Fi and LTE network are done with the help of NS-3 on a separate platform. Various network parameters like network delay, throughput, etc., are graphically represented.
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Spencer, Darren. "Impact of 2018 FAA Reauthorization Act on UASs." Muma Business Review 2 (2018): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4146.
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The commercial unmanned aircraft industry exists in a rapidly evolving and uncertain environment, with a multitude of well-established, well-financed stakeholders in associated industries each vying to influence that environment. Although influence can come in many forms, Congress holds the ultimate power, and gives agencies like the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) a recurring authorization to regulate air travel and associated research. On October 5, 2018, this authorization was extended until 2023 In a variety of draft forms since introduced by Senator Schuster in June of 2017, the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 grants an additional 5 years to the FAA, and with it a multitude of new directives related to Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs). The House and Senate had versions under review for over a year, each with unique amendments that impact UAS operations and address many of the concerns of stakeholders, but not all of them will assist the industry in its efforts to integrate within the National Airspace system with manned traffic. Some like the Department of Homeland Security, local law enforcement agencies, and commercial passenger operators all have differing interests that may slow the growth and integration of UASs. With this final bill, the industry gets the opportunity to operate as it wishes in some areas, but loses some of the freedoms it once had.
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Cabanas, Manés F., Salvador B. Duque, Juan D. González, Francisco P. González, and María G. Fernández. "Preliminary Results of a Hybrid Thermoelectric Propulsion System for a Multirotor UAS with Active Rectifying, Electronic Throttle Control and Supercapacitors." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 7899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177899.
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The main drawback of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) is that almost their entire field of application is autonomous in terms of energy. Flights beyond 50 min are nearly impossible when using conventional energy storage systems (lithium-ion polymer or lithium-ion batteries). Several commercial products have been developed using hybrid systems (H-UAS). Although the improvement they have provided is undeniable, H-UAS in the present market are strongly limited by their low thrust vs. weight ratio, which is caused by limited electrical power generation and a non-optimal energy conversion with relatively low efficiencies. This paper reviews these systems to show the preliminary results of a prototype of hybrid generator which state-of-the-art electronics as well as a new approach using a supercapacitor (SC) array are used to save fuel, increase the thrust vs. weight ratio, optimize losses during conversion and prevent the overheating of the internal combustion unit (ICU). Whereas current generators mostly operate with the ICU at a constant speed, delivering maximum power, the presented prototype includes a throttle control system, and the engine works with a variable regime according to the power demand. Thus, fuel consumption is reduced, as well as heating and wear. The lifespan of the engine is also increased, and the time between maintenance operations is lengthened. The designed system provides almost twice the power of the hybrid current generators. The reduction in the RPM regime of the engine is achieved by means of a supercapacitor array that provides the necessary energy to keep the DC output power constant during the engine acceleration when the flight envelope experiences a perturbation or a sudden manoeuvre is performed by the pilot. To obtain maximum efficiency, the diode rectifiers and conventional converters used in the reviewed products are replaced by synchronous converters and rectifiers. The whole system is controlled by means of a FPGA where a specific control loop has been implemented for every device: ICU’s throttle, DC bus converter, charge and discharge of the SC’s array, cooling and monitoring of temperature for the cylinders heads, and on-line transmission, by means of a XBEE™ module, of all the monitored data to the flight ground station.
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Levin, E., A. Zarnowski, J. L. McCarty, J. Bialas, A. Banaszek, and S. Banaszek. "FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INEXPENSIVE THERMAL SENSORS AND SMALL UAS DEPLOYMENT FOR LIVING HUMAN DETECTION IN RESCUE MISSIONS APPLICATION SCENARIOS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 22, 2016): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-99-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Significant efforts are invested by rescue agencies worldwide to save human lives during natural and man-made emergency situations including those that happen in wilderness locations. These emergency situations include but not limited to: accidents with alpinists, mountainous skiers, people hiking and lost in remote areas. Sometimes in a rescue operation hundreds of first responders are involved to save a single human life. There are two critical issues where geospatial imaging can be a very useful asset in rescue operations support: 1) human detection and 2) confirming a fact that detected a human being is alive. International group of researchers from the Unites States and Poland collaborated on a pilot research project devoted to identify a feasibility of use for the human detection and alive-human state confirmation small unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAVs) and inexpensive forward looking infrared (FLIR) sensors. Equipment price for both research teams was below $8,000 including 3DR quadrotor UAV and Lepton longwave infrared (LWIR) imager which costs around $250 (for the US team); DJI Inspire 1 UAS with commercial Tamarisc-320 thermal camera (for the Polish team). Specifically both collaborating groups performed independent experiments in the USA and Poland and shared imaging data of on the ground and airborne electro-optical and FLIR sensor imaging collected. In these experiments dead bodies were emulated by use of medical training dummies. Real humans were placed nearby as live human subjects. Electro-optical imagery was used for the research in optimal human detection algorithms. Furthermore, given the fact that a dead human body after several hours has a temperature of the surrounding environment our experiments were challenged by the SUAS data optimization, i.e., distance from SUAV to object so that the FLIR sensor is still capable to distinguish temperature differences between a dummy and a real human. Our experiments indicated feasibility of use SUAVs and small thermal sensors for the human detection scenarios described above. Differences in temperatures were collected by deployed imaging acquisition platform are interpretable on FLIR images visually. Moreover, we applied ENVI image processing functions for calibration and numerical estimations of such a temperature differences. There are more potential system functionalities such as voice messages from rescue teams and even distant medication delivery for the victims of described emergencies. This paper describes experiments, processing results, and future research in more details.
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Levin, E., A. Zarnowski, J. L. McCarty, J. Bialas, A. Banaszek, and S. Banaszek. "FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INEXPENSIVE THERMAL SENSORS AND SMALL UAS DEPLOYMENT FOR LIVING HUMAN DETECTION IN RESCUE MISSIONS APPLICATION SCENARIOS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 22, 2016): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-99-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Significant efforts are invested by rescue agencies worldwide to save human lives during natural and man-made emergency situations including those that happen in wilderness locations. These emergency situations include but not limited to: accidents with alpinists, mountainous skiers, people hiking and lost in remote areas. Sometimes in a rescue operation hundreds of first responders are involved to save a single human life. There are two critical issues where geospatial imaging can be a very useful asset in rescue operations support: 1) human detection and 2) confirming a fact that detected a human being is alive. International group of researchers from the Unites States and Poland collaborated on a pilot research project devoted to identify a feasibility of use for the human detection and alive-human state confirmation small unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAVs) and inexpensive forward looking infrared (FLIR) sensors. Equipment price for both research teams was below $8,000 including 3DR quadrotor UAV and Lepton longwave infrared (LWIR) imager which costs around $250 (for the US team); DJI Inspire 1 UAS with commercial Tamarisc-320 thermal camera (for the Polish team). Specifically both collaborating groups performed independent experiments in the USA and Poland and shared imaging data of on the ground and airborne electro-optical and FLIR sensor imaging collected. In these experiments dead bodies were emulated by use of medical training dummies. Real humans were placed nearby as live human subjects. Electro-optical imagery was used for the research in optimal human detection algorithms. Furthermore, given the fact that a dead human body after several hours has a temperature of the surrounding environment our experiments were challenged by the SUAS data optimization, i.e., distance from SUAV to object so that the FLIR sensor is still capable to distinguish temperature differences between a dummy and a real human. Our experiments indicated feasibility of use SUAVs and small thermal sensors for the human detection scenarios described above. Differences in temperatures were collected by deployed imaging acquisition platform are interpretable on FLIR images visually. Moreover, we applied ENVI image processing functions for calibration and numerical estimations of such a temperature differences. There are more potential system functionalities such as voice messages from rescue teams and even distant medication delivery for the victims of described emergencies. This paper describes experiments, processing results, and future research in more details.
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Oakey, Andy, Matt Grote, Angela Smith, Tom Cherrett, Aliaksei Pilko, Janet Dickinson, and Laila AitBihiOuali. "Integrating drones into NHS patient diagnostic logistics systems: Flight or fantasy?" PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 22, 2022): e0264669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264669.
Full textAbstract:
Healthcare accounts for approximately 5% of emissions in developed nations, and the public healthcare provider in the United Kingdom (UK), the National Health Service (NHS), has set a target to reach net-zero emissions by 2040 without detriment to its quality of patient care. With Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs; a.k.a. drones, UAS, or RPAS) starting to be used in healthcare systems outside the UK, there is interest in how they could be integrated into NHS operations to transport diagnostic specimens. Reflecting on a business-as-usual analysis of current NHS diagnostic specimen logistics across the Solent region (southern UK), this paper critically evaluates the practical reality of integrating UAV deliveries of this commodity, identifying the benefits and challenges that must be addressed to realise commercial services, including dangerous goods legislation, cargo stability, routing, and weather. In the analysis, 14 out of 79 surgeries could be realistically served by a 5m wingspan vertical take-off/landing (VTOL) UAV: seven directly, and seven via ground-based transfers. The results suggested that an average of 1,628 samples could be served by UAV each week, resulting in 42 flights/week with 10 taxi services to cover periods where weather limited flying. This equated to an approximate total service cost of £2,964/week if regulations develop to relax UAV personnel constraints. The introduction of UAVs reduced the marginal external costs (greenhouse gas emissions, congestion, and air pollution) by £196 per week and cut travel times to UAV served sites by 72% (weather permitting). Tailpipe emissions (excl. taxis), vehicle-kilometres travelled, and van costs were reduced by 20%, 20%, and 23% (respectively), but the overall system cost increased by 56%. Whilst this increase is likely to make the introduction of UAV services financially challenging, the benefits in terms of emissions and journey time savings may offset some of the additional cost and warrant further investigation.
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Weldon, William T., and Joseph Hupy. "Investigating Methods for Integrating Unmanned Aerial Systems in Search and Rescue Operations." Drones 4, no. 3 (July 24, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones4030038.
Full textAbstract:
Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are increasingly being used in search and rescue (SAR) operations to assist in the discovery of missing persons. UAS are useful to first responders in SAR operations due to rapid deployment, high data volume, and high spatial resolution data collection capabilities. Relying on traditional manual interpretation methods to find a missing person in imagery data sets containing several hundred images is both challenging and time consuming. To better find small signs of missing persons in large UAS datasets, computer assisted interpretation methods have been developed. This article presents the results of an initial evaluation of a computer assisted interpretation method tested against manual methods in a simulated SAR operation. The evaluation performed focused on using resources available to first responders performing SAR operations, specifically: RGB data, volunteers, and a commercially available software program. Results from this field test were mixed, as the traditional group discovered more objects but required more time, in man hours, to discover the objects. Further field experiments, based on the capabilities of current first responder groups, should be conducted to determine to what extent computer assisted methods are useful in SAR operations.
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Whitehead, Ken, Chris H. Hugenholtz, Stephen Myshak, Owen Brown, Adam LeClair, Aaron Tamminga, Thomas E. Barchyn, Brian Moorman, and Brett Eaton. "Remote sensing of the environment with small unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), part 2: scientific and commercial applications." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 02, no. 03 (September 1, 2014): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2014-0007.
Full textAbstract:
Small unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) are often suited to applications where the cost, resolution, and (or) operational inflexibility of conventional remote sensing platforms is limiting. Remote sensing with small UASs is still relatively new, and there is limited understanding of how the data are acquired and used for scientific purposes and decision making. This paper provides practical guidance about the opportunities and limitations of small UAS-based remote sensing by highlighting a small sample of scientific and commercial case studies. Case studies span four themes: (i) mapping, which includes case studies to measure aggregate stockpile volumes and map river habitat; (ii) feature detection, which includes case studies on grassland image classification and detection of agricultural crop infection; (iii) wildlife and animal enumeration, with case studies describing the detection of fish concentrations during a major salmon spawning event, and cattle enumeration at a concentrated animal feeding operation; (iv) landscape dynamics with a case study of arctic glacier change. Collectively, these case studies only represent a fraction of possible remote sensing applications using small UASs, but they provide insight into potential challenges and outcomes, and help clarify the opportunities and limitations that UAS technology offers for remote sensing of the environment.
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Alamouri, Ahmed, Astrid Lampert, and Markus Gerke. "An Exploratory Investigation of UAS Regulations in Europe and the Impact on Effective Use and Economic Potential." Drones 5, no. 3 (July 16, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5030063.
Full textAbstract:
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) have rapidly become more common in various applications. At the same time, the need for a safe UAS operation is of great importance to minimize and avoid risks that could arise with the deployment of this technology. With these requirements, UAS regulators in the European Union (EU) are making large efforts to enable a reliable legal framework of conditions for UAS operation to keep up with new capabilities of this technology and to minimize the risk of property damage and, most importantly, human injury. A recent outcome of the mentioned efforts is that new EU drone regulations are into force since 1 January 2021. In this paper we aim to provide a sound overview of recent EU drone regulations and the main changes to the rules since the first wave of regulations adopted in 2017. We highlight how such new rules help or hinder the use of UAS technology and its economic potential in scientific and commercial sectors by providing an exploratory investigation of UAS legal frames in Europe. An example of the impact of legislation on the operation of one particular UAS in Germany is provided, which has been in use since 2013 for atmospheric research.
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Sinha, Rajeev, Jeffrey Johnson, Kiley Power, Aaron Moodie, Emily Warhurst, and Roberto Barbosa. "Understanding Spray Attributes of Commercial UAAS as Impacted by Operational and Design Parameters." Drones 6, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6100281.
Full textAbstract:
Unmanned airborne application systems (UAAS) have recently gained momentum for the application of crop protection (CP) products. Due to their high operational efficiency, mobility, and low cost, UAAS may be perceived as a more viable option for spray application when compared to conventional application techniques, especially backpack/knapsack sprayers. However, being a relatively new technology and not a common practice in the USA, there are no best management practices or guidelines for testing UAAS spray performance. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess the impact of different attributes pertinent to UAAS flight (e.g., altitude, speed, etc.), application (e.g., droplet size, tank additive, etc.), and UAAS design (e.g., nozzle placement) on spray performance. The spray performance was evaluated in terms of swath and spray drift (ground and airborne) using water-sensitive papers (WSP) and mylar card/string samplers, respectively. The samplers were respectively analyzed using image processing and fluorometry techniques. The different treatments under study were UAAS type (MG-1P and AG V6A+), flight altitude (1.5, 2.5, and 4.0 m) and speed (2 and 3 ms−1), and nozzle type (XR11001 and XR8002 flat fan nozzles) with different droplet volume median diameter (VMD) at ~207 kPa (very fine [140 µm] and fine [196 µm], respectively). The results indicated a highly variable swath for both platform types. While nozzles under each rotor may be a common design in commercial UAAS, the results indicated that placement of nozzles out on a boom might have a less variable swath and a lower drift potential. In addition, flying slower, using a relatively larger droplet VMD (i.e., 196 µm at ~207 kPa) may reduce both ground and airborne drift. This study may serve as a guideline for growers/operators to evaluate their UAAS platforms and optimize key attributes pertinent to UAAS operation for effective spraying.
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Yang, Xufei, Yaowapa Lorjaroenphon, Hong Li, Keith R. Cadwallader, Xinlei Wang, and Yuanhui Zhang. "Quantification of Odorants in Animal Feeds at Commercial Swine and Poultry Operations." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 2 (2018): 693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12611.
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Abstract. Odorants in animal feeds may come from various processes, such as fermentation and decay of feed ingredients, contamination by fecal materials, and sorption of volatiles in the air of animal houses. Those odorants may affect feed flavor and may serve as indicators of feed quality. The objective of this study was to examine the composition and concentration of odorants in animal feeds and to explore the variability of those odorants with animal operation type and season. Thirty-seven feed samples were collected from 14 swine and poultry operations in the U.S. Midwest and were submitted for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A total of 55 organic odorants were quantitated, including fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and nitrogen-containing compounds. Those compounds together accounted for 0.46% ±0.20% of fresh feed mass, with the highest percentage (0.54% ±0.19%) found at layer hen houses and the lowest percentage (0.38% ±0.14%) at swine farrowing houses. Acetic acid and ethanol were most abundant, accounting for 0.22% ±0.13% and 0.13% ±0.07% of fresh feed mass, respectively. Fecal indicators, including indole and skatole, were <5 ppm by mass. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the variability in odorant composition was largely ascribed to two loading factors that were dominated by acetic acid and ethanol, respectively. The odorant composition of feed samples showed no significant effect by animal operation type, while a gradual seasonal change was noted. This study is expected to improve the understanding of the causes of odorants in animal feeds and their implications for animal health and production performance. Keywords: Animal feed, Animal operation, GC-MS, Odorant, Principal component analysis.
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Key, Nigel. "Agricultural Contracting and the Scale of Production." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 33, no. 2 (October 2004): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500005827.
Full textAbstract:
This study presents evidence that contracting is positively associated with the scale of production for six major U.S. agricultural commodities. Specifically, contract producers tend to operate at a larger scale than do independent producers, and the likelihood of an operation contracting increases with its scale. This relationship is strongest in the cattle and hog sectors, where it persists even among large commercial operations. Six theoretical explanations for the observed correlation between scale and contracting are proposed, including imperfect capital markets, contractor transaction costs, input leverage, grower risk aversion, asset specificity, and technological change. Information from five annual national surveys is used to examine the validity of three of the proposed mechanisms.
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Campbell, Catherine G., Jorge Ruiz-Menjivar, and Alia DeLong. "Commercial Urban Agriculture in Florida: Needs, Opportunities, and Barriers." HortTechnology 32, no. 4 (August 2022): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech05038-22.
Full textAbstract:
Florida, like much of the southeastern United States, is rapidly urbanizing. With this urbanization, there is an increasing interest in commercial urban agriculture (CUA) as an important sector for agriculture in the state. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Census of Agriculture does not report data about CUA operations, thus limiting the knowledge about the status of CUA operations regarding basic features such as farm size, operator demographics, production systems, sources of revenue, barriers to business operations and profitability, and future opportunities for development. Because previous research has found differences in urban farmers’ demographics and their perceptions of barriers and opportunities, the purpose of this research was to characterize CUA operations in Florida and to understand the urban farmers’ perceptions of the primary needs, barriers, and opportunities for developing CUA, as well as CUA operators’ informational needs and preferred informational formats. We performed a cluster analysis to identify salient groups of urban growers in Florida to identify subgroups based on shared characteristics that revealed three distinct groups of urban farmers with differing perceptions of barriers, opportunities, informational needs, and preferred informational formats.
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Tan, Choon Seng, Douglas L. Van Bossuyt, and Britta Hale. "System Analysis of Counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems Kill Chain in an Operational Environment." Systems 9, no. 4 (November 3, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems9040079.
Full textAbstract:
The proliferation of Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) capabilities in the commercial sector is posing potentially significant threats to the traditional perimeter defense of civilian and military facilities. Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) UAS are small, cheap, and come with multiple types of functions which have growing interest among hobbyists. This has prompted the need for facility commanders to have a methodology to conduct quick evaluation and analysis of the facility and the existing Counter-Unmanned Aerial System (CUAS)’s effectiveness. This research proposes a methodology that follows a systems engineering perspective to provide a step-by-step process in conducting evaluation and analysis by employing Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) tools to understand the CUAS’s effectiveness and limitations. The methodology analyzes the CUAS’s operating environment and effects of the dominant factors and impacts that CUAS may pose to other stakeholders (e.g., adjacent allied forces, civilians, etc.) within the area of operation. We then identify configuration candidates for optimizing the CUAS’s performance to meet the requirements of the stakeholders. A case study of a hypothetical airport with existing CUAS is presented to demonstrate the usability of the methodology, explore the candidates, and justify the implementation of a candidate that fits the facility and the stakeholders’ requirements.
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Rizzi, Stephen, and Menachem Rafaelof. "Community noise assessment of urban air mobility vehicle operations using the FAA Aviation Environmental Design Tool." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 6 (August 1, 2021): 450–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1482.
Full textAbstract:
In contrast to most commercial air traffic today, vehicles serving the urban air mobility (UAM) market are anticipated to operate in communities close to the public at large. The approved model for assessing environmental impact of air traffic actions in the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration's Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT), does not support analysis of such operations due to a combined lack of a UAM aircraft performance model and aircraft noise data. This paper discusses the initial development of a method to assess the acoustic impact of UAM fleet operations on the community using AEDT and demonstrates its use for representative UAM operations. In particular, methods were developed using fixed-point flight profiles and user-supplied noise data in a manner that avoids unwanted behavior in AEDT. A set of 32 routes in the Dallas-Ft. Worth area were assessed for single and multiple (fleet) operations for two concept vehicles.
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Schelle, Alexander, Florian Völk, Robert T. Schwarz, Andreas Knopp, and Peter Stütz. "Evaluation of a Multi-Mode-Transceiver for Enhanced UAV Visibility and Connectivity in Mixed ATM/UTM Contexts." Drones 6, no. 4 (March 22, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6040080.
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Visibility and communication are the essential pillars for safe flight operations in dense airspaces. Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) of the order of up to 25 kg are increasingly being used at airports as a cost-effective alternative for maintenance and calibration work. However, the joint operation of manned and unmanned aircraft in busy airspaces poses a major challenge. Due to the small diameter of such UAVs, the established principle of “see and avoid” is difficult or even impossible to implement, especially during take-off and landing. For this reason, a certified Mode A/C/S transponder supporting ADS-B was extended with an embedded system and a cellular interface to realize a Multi-Mode-Transceiver (MMT). Integrated into a UAV, the MMT can provide aircraft visibility in the context of traditional manned Air Traffic Management (ATM) and future UAS Traffic Management (UTM) at the same time. This multimodal communication approach was investigated in flight test campaigns with two commercially available UAS that were connected to an experimental UTM with a simulated controlled airspace. The results confirm the safety gain of the multimodal cooperative approach. Furthermore, the collaborative interface with ATC enables the digital transmission of transponder codes, entry clearances and emergency procedures without the need for a voice radio communication. However, the parallel operation of both radio technologies in a confined space requires modifications to the transmission power and alignment of the radio antennas to avoid mutual interference. Furthermore, different reference planes of barometric altitude measurement in manned and unmanned aviation pose additional challenges that need to be addressed.
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Gilreath, Jessica, Al Rotz, Sara Place, Greg Thoma, and Tryon Wickersham. "520 Late-Breaking: Effect of Technology on Environmental Emissions from Four Representative U.S. Feedlots and the Beef Production System." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.285.
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Abstract Our objective was to evaluate effects of technological management strategies on environmental impacts and net returns of feedlot operations in the United States. Feedlot operations were simulated with the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM 4.6; USDA-ARS, University Park, PA) to quantify baseline environmental impacts of feedlot production and full US beef cattle production systems. Strategies simulated included: ionophore, implant, ractopamine hydrochloride, combined management (ionophore, implant, and ractopamine hydrochloride; I+I+R), lubabegron, reduced mortality rate, and improved fiber digestion. Days on feed were adjusted whenever necessary and according to production practices typical of commercial feedlots. Subsequently, annual number of cattle finished by the operation was adjusted according to days on feed to maintain consistent one-time capacities. Mitigation strategies were individually modeled and simulated in IFSM for each feedlot operation to calculate intensities (expressed per kg gain) for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, fossil energy use, blue water consumption, and reactive nitrogen loss. Additionally, net returns to management were estimated for each feedlot operation. Feedlots were then integrated with simulations of cow-calf, stocker, and backgrounding operations to estimate environmental intensities (expressed per kg carcass weight) for the full beef cattle production system. Carbon emission intensity was reduced most using the I+I+R strategy (10%), followed by implant (6%) and ionophore (5%) strategies alone. Similarly, energy use intensity was reduced the greatest by I+I+R (9%), ionophore (5%), and implants (4%). Reductions in water use intensity were also greatest using I+I+R (9%). Net returns increased for all strategies compared to baseline net return with the greatest improvements observed for I+I+R ($114/finished animal) and implants ($66/animal). Consistent results were observed for all strategies simulated across all four environmental intensities when quantified for the full cattle production system. Implementing I+I+R (7%), ractopamine hydrochloride (4%), and lubabegron (4%) in feedlots resulted in the greatest reductions in environmental emissions.
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Al-Tamimi, Hussein A. Hassan, and Ahmad M. Lootah. "Evaluating the operational and profitability efficiency of a UAE-based commercial bank." Journal of Financial Services Marketing 11, no. 4 (May 2007): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fsm.4760043.
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Lalman, David, Claire Andresen, Carla Goad, Lisa Kriese-Anderson, Kenneth Odde, and Mike E. King. "18 Weaning weight trends in the U.S. beef cattle industry." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (July 2019): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.039.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize the trend over time for weaning BW in commercial cow/ calf operations in the U.S. beef cattle industry. The first data set contained weaning BW data from four enterprise analysis programs from 1991 to 2015. The second data set included mean forecasted delivery BW of sale lots of beef calves sold through Superior Livestock Auction (SLA) from 1995 to 2016. The SLA data were evaluated for two regions, North Central/Rocky Mountain region (NC) and South Central region (SC) and were restricted to sale dates and projected delivery dates approximating those associated with spring-calving operations. The third data set included mean actual and adjusted weaning BW of commercial cow/calf operations participating in the Alabama Beef Cattle Improvement Association (BCIA) from 1983 to 2017. Adjusted annual weaning BW reported from the American Angus Association and American International Charolais Association were used to evaluate trend over time for bull calves from 1995 to 2016. There was a significant linear increase (0.5 kg per yr; P = 0.01) for weaning BW reported by the Kansas Farm Management Association. Projected delivery BW for NC implanted and non-implanted calves increased (P < 0.01) and plateaued in 2006 and 2007, respectively. In contrast, projected delivery BW for non-weaned SC implanted and non-implanted calves increased (P < 0.01) linearly over time. Adjusted and unadjusted weaning BW reported to the Alabama BCIA increased until 1998 and 1995, respectively. The phenotypic trend for Angus and Charolais bulls was a polynomial regression equation (P < 0.01) with declining rate of change in weaning BW. Substantial variation in the trend over time for weaning BW in commercial cow/ calf operations exists within region and record program. Furthermore, weaning BW is substantially more variable in Southern states. Environmental limitations to continued progress in this trait are evident
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Andresen, Claire, David Lalman, Carla Goad, Lisa Kriese-Anderson, Kenneth Odde, and Mike E. King. "176 Weaning weight trends in the U.S. beef cattle industry." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (July 2019): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.145.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize the trend over time for weaning BW in commercial cow/ calf operations in the U.S. beef cattle industry. The first data set contained weaning BW data from four enterprise analysis programs from 1991 to 2015. The second data set included mean forecasted delivery BW of sale lots of beef calves sold through Superior Livestock Auction (SLA) from 1995 to 2016. The SLA data were evaluated for two regions, North Central/Rocky Mountain region (NC) and South Central region (SC) and were restricted to sale dates and projected delivery dates approximating those associated with spring-calving operations. The third data set included mean actual and adjusted weaning BW of commercial cow/calf operations participating in the Alabama Beef Cattle Improvement Association (BCIA) from 1983 to 2017. Adjusted annual weaning BW reported from the American Angus Association and American International Charolais Association were used to evaluate trend over time for bull calves from 1995 to 2016. There was a significant linear increase (0.5 kg per yr; P = 0.01) for weaning BW reported by the Kansas Farm Management Association. Projected delivery BW for NC implanted and non-implanted calves increased (P < 0.01) and plateaued in 2006 and 2007, respectively. In contrast, projected delivery BW for non-weaned SC implanted and non-implanted calves increased (P < 0.01) linearly over time. Adjusted and unadjusted weaning BW reported to the Alabama BCIA increased until 1998 and 1995, respectively. The phenotypic trend for Angus and Charolais bulls was a polynomial regression equation (P < 0.01) with declining rate of change in weaning BW. Substantial variation in the trend over time for weaning BW in commercial cow/ calf operations exists within region and record program. Furthermore, weaning BW is substantially more variable in Southern states. Environmental limitations to continued progress in this trait are evident
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Clark, Christopher A., Tara P. Smith, Donald M. Ferrin, and Arthur Q. Villordon. "Performance of Sweetpotato Foundation Seed after Incorporation into Commercial Operations in Louisiana." HortTechnology 20, no. 6 (December 2010): 977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.6.977.
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Because sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is vegetatively propagated, viruses and mutations can accumulate readily, which can lead to cultivar decline. Sweetpotato foundation seed programs in the United States maintain the integrity of commercial seed stock by providing virus-tested (VT) foundation seed to commercial producers. A survey was conducted in Louisiana from 2007 to 2009 to examine the performance and quality of the foundation seed after it had been integrated into commercial sweetpotato operations. G1 seed [grown 1 year after virus therapy in the foundation seed production field at the Sweet Potato Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center (LSU AgCenter), at Chase, LA] was used as a reference to compare the yield and virus incidence of growers' generation 2 (G2) and generation 3 (G3) seed roots (grown in the growers' seed production fields 1 or 2 years following the year of foundation seed production). Although yields of plants grown from G2 and G3 seed were 86.3% and 86.1% for U.S. No. 1 and 83.3% and 86.0% for total marketable, respectively, compared with the yields from G1 seed, they were not significantly different. Yield and virus incidence data suggest that seed quality may vary from year to year and from location to location. Results from this study suggest that producers are realizing yield benefits by incorporating VT foundation seed into their production schemes, but further benefits could be attained if ways to reduce re-infection with viruses can be found.
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Onn, Norhusna Emirah, and Farah Sherwani Md Tahir. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVs) IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 7, no. 28 (June 10, 2022): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.728003.
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The development of agriculture in Malaysia is expanding from conventional methods to the latest technology of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The potential of the operation of UAVs in the agriculture sector in Malaysia has enforced the Civil Aviation Authority Malaysia (CAAM) by the power given in the Civil Aviation Act 1969, to come out with the first directive designed specifically for UAVs in agriculture. It contains the proper guidelines and safety procedures of the said operation. This article is aimed to analyse and examine the legal framework of the Civil Aviation Directive 6011 Part II (CAD 6011 Part (II) – UAS AGR) set by the CAAM in administering the operation of UAV agriculture. As a member of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Malaysia is obliged to develop its national regulations based on the Chicago convention and the International Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs). This article will adopt the doctrinal research by referring to the current directive of CAAM, current laws, and regulations as enforced in Malaysia in administering the extensive operation of UAVs in agriculture. Further, this article is aimed to analyse safety, risk assessment, and liabilities vis-à-vis the UAV agriculture. In brief, the operation of UAVs in agriculture is a part of CAAM’s mission towards the integration of manned and unmanned aircraft into the navigable airspace in line with the mission of ICAO together for the sustainability of the economy and the efficiency of the industry to cope with the development of digital and technology.
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Gold, Michael A., Mihaela M. Cernusca, and Larry D. Godsey. "Competitive Market Analysis: Chestnut Producers." HortTechnology 16, no. 2 (January 2006): 360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.2.0360.
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In 2004, a nationwide survey of chestnut (Castanea spp.) producers in the United States was conducted. Results show that the U.S. chestnut industry is in its infancy. The majority of chestnut producers have been in business less than 10 years and are just beginning to produce commercially. Volume of production is low (<1.5 million lb). U.S. chestnut producers are mainly part-timers or hobbyists with small, manually harvested operations. The majority of respondents sell fresh chestnuts. Demand exceeds supply, and prices often exceed $3.50/lb. Barriers to success in the chestnut business include the lack of information for producers, retailers, and consumers, 5- to 10-year time lag to get a return on investment, and shortage of available chestnut nursery stock of commercial cultivars. There are also concerns related to pest and disease control and market uncertainties. Lengthy quarantines for cultivars from other countries and lack of chemicals registered for use with chestnuts can also be considered barriers to success. Chestnut grower associations, universities, and state and federal agencies must join their efforts to fund and support chestnut research and industry development.
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Hotle, Susan, and Stacey Mumbower. "The impact of COVID-19 on domestic U.S. air travel operations and commercial airport service." Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 9 (March 2021): 100277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100277.
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Wykle, Kenneth R., Isaac Maya, Richard A. Myers, Thomas A. Remus, and J. Richard Williams. "High-Speed Sealift/Agile Port Operational Concept." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1620, no. 1 (January 1998): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1620-06.
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How might emerging High-Speed Sealift (HSS) operating in conjunction with Agile Ports (AP) enhance Department of Defense (DOD) power-projection capability? The goal is to develop a concept for how a combination of HSS ships and Agile Ports, operating in concert with complementary technologies, focused logistics, and advanced management information systems, may be applied by the DOD to accelerate the movement of high-priority cargo to crisis and conflict locations. The capability sought is rapid entry into a theater of operations in support of missions requiring the projection, employment, and sustainment of forces across the entire spectrum of military operations: deterrence, Operations Other Than War (OOTW), or war. HSS ships can perform critical delivery tasks that will allow U.S. forces to increase their operational and logistical flexibility. For example, an appropriately configured HSS ship has the potential to assist the halting and build-up phase by transporting cargo that is normally moved by air, but is prevented from doing so by aircraft shortages or in-theater airfield constraints; transporting equipment and materiel for an Airborne Battalion Task Force (BTF) to an Intermediate Staging Base (ISB), or transporting to the theater of operations the equipment and cargoes of a Light Infantry BTF or an Air Assault BTF; or transporting during surge critical resupply items with early Required Delivery Dates (RDDs), such as Class V (ammunition), Class VIII (medical), or Class IX (repair parts). The incorporation of AP technologies into the coordinated commercial and defense transportation systems provides a superb complement to the overall value of HSS. In addition, Agile Ports significantly enhance and supplement conventional sealift by providing a conduit for the incorporation of next-generation technologies supporting both DOD mobility and the general efficiency of commercial shipping.
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Katipamula, Srinivas, Ronald M. Underhill, Nick Fernandez, Woohyun Kim, Robert G. Lutes, and Danny Taasevigen. "Prevalence of typical operational problems and energy savings opportunities in U.S. commercial buildings." Energy and Buildings 253 (December 2021): 111544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111544.
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Klingenberg, Bjorn. "Opportunities for Progressive Deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems/Automated Highway System Technologies in Support of Commercial Vehicle Operations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1651, no. 1 (January 1998): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1651-15.
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The U.S. Department of Transportation has undertaken the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) to improve transportation safety and productivity by accelerating the progressive deployment of intelligent transportation systems/automated highway system (ITS/AHS) technologies. Commercial vehicle operations (CVO) stand a unique chance to benefit from this initiative. Truck manufacturers and the trucking industry have made great progress in raising the standards of safety and operating efficiency over the past few years, but further significant advancements can be accomplished only by increased automation of vehicle controls and operations. That opportunity is addressed.
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Seiford, Lawrence M., and Joe Zhu. "Profitability and Marketability of the Top 55 U.S. Commercial Banks." Management Science 45, no. 9 (September 1999): 1270–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.45.9.1270.
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Rezendes, Sérgio. "The American Naval Base in Ponta Delgada, 1917–19." Marine Corps History 7, no. 1 (August 26, 2021): 24–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35318/mch.2021070102.
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This article derives from a master’s thesis about the consequences of World War I in the Azores archipelago that included a chapter dedicated to the U.S. Navy facilities at Ponta Delgada on the island of São Miguel. With its two U.S. Marine Corps units, U.S. Naval Base 13 defended the port, a British wireless station near Ponta Delgada, and support structures for the assigned or passing naval units. This article offers a vision of Naval Base 13 as a U.S./Europe border during World War I that was critical to the protection of British and American military and commercial shipping and denying Germany any base of operations in the region from which to launch attacks on Allied forces.
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Panesar, Karanvir, Akshay Mathur, Ella Atkins, and Nadine Sarter. "Moving From Piloted to Autonomous Operations: Investigating Human Factors Challenges in Urban Air Mobility." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 65, no. 1 (September 2021): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181321651143.
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Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is expected to be the next major revolution in the aviation industry and a solution to the growing traffic congestion on the ground. The long-term goal of UAM is to reach fully autonomous operations with minimal to no human supervision. Transitioning from today’s piloted to fully autonomous operations while maintaining or exceeding the current safety level in commercial aviation will require sig-nificant advances in technology and extensive collaboration between government, industry, and community stakeholders. In this paper, we discuss results from a focus group aimed at capturing the perspectives of five subject matter experts on the challenges associated with transitioning to fully autonomous operations. The focus group revealed five major themes for future research: overall system and automation design, training, system safety and security, community and, regulations and policy. The findings from this research highlight gaps in technology, regulations and our understanding of large-scale complex systems.
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Adams, M. S., R. Fromm, and V. Lechner. "HIGH-RESOLUTION DEBRIS FLOW VOLUME MAPPING WITH UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS (UAS) AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 6, 2016): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-749-2016.
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Debris flows cause an average € 30 million damages and 1-2 fatalities every year in Austria. Detailed documentation of their extent and magnitude is essential for understanding, preventing and mitigating these natural hazard events. The recent development of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) has provided a new possibility for on-demand high-resolution monitoring and mapping. Here, we present a study, where the spatial extent and volume of a large debris flow event were mapped with different UAS, fitted with commercial off-the-shelf sensors. Orthophotos and digital terrain models (DTM) were calculated using structure-from-motion photogrammetry software. Terrain height differences caused by the debris flow in the catchment and valley floor were derived by subtracting the pre-event airborne laser scanning (ALS) DTM from a post-event UAS-DTM. The analysis of the volumetric sediment budget showed, that approximately 265,000 m³ material was mobilised in the catchment, of which 45,000 m³ settled there; of the material, which reached the valley floor, 120,000 m³ was deposited, while another 10,000 m³ was eroded from there. The UAS-results were validated against ALS data and imagery from a traditional manned-aircraft photogrammetry campaign. In conclusion, the UAS-data can reach an accuracy and precision comparable to manned aircraft data, but with the added benefits of higher flexibility, easier repeatability, less operational constraints and higher spatial resolution.