Relevant bibliographies by topics / Commercial shark fishing

Academic literature on the topic 'Commercial shark fishing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Commercial shark fishing"

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Berrow, S. D. "Incidental capture of elasmobranchs in the bottom-set gill-net fishery off the south coast of Ireland." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 74, no. 4 (November 1994): 837–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400090081.

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The incidental capture of sharks in the bottom-set gill-net fishery off the south coast of Ireland was quantified by placing observers on commercial gill-netters for the duration of a fishing trip. Forty fishing trips were sampled resulting in 1,167 km and 19,760 km h of observed fishing effort. Sixty individual sharks of seven species were reported entangled in the fishing gear. Tope, porbeagle and six-gilled sharks were the most frequently caught species, with black-mouthed dogfish, blue shark, basking shark and starry smooth hound also recorded. Total fishing effort along the south coast was calculated and total capture extrapolated from observed catch rates. An estimated 6,000 sharks were caught in this fishery during the study period.
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Campana, Steven E., Linda Marks, Warren Joyce, and Nancy E. Kohler. "Effects of recreational and commercial fishing on blue sharks (Prionace glauca) in Atlantic Canada, with inferences on the North Atlantic population." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 670–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-251.

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The nominal catch of blue sharks (Prionace glauca) reported for the Canadian Atlantic grossly underestimates the annual catch mortality of about 1000 tonnes (t), making blue sharks the most frequently caught large shark in Canadian waters. Although blue sharks accounted for 99% of all sharks landed at recreational shark fishing tournaments, tournament catches accounted for only 3% of total fishing mortality. Standardized catch rate indices suggested a decline in blue shark abundance of about 5%–6%·year–1 since 1995. An increased mortality rate in recent years was suggested by a decline in the median size of blue sharks in the commercial catch. Two independent calculations suggest that North Atlantic catches exceeded 100 000 t, with catch mortalities ranging between 26 000 and 37 000 t. Because tagging studies indicated that blue sharks are highly migratory with a single population in the North Atlantic, the Canadian contribution to overall population mortality accounts for only 2% of the total. The fact that blue shark populations are relatively productive and resilient may help explain their persistence in the face of high international catch mortality and a decline in relative abundance.
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Daly-Engel, Toby S., R. Dean Grubbs, Brian W. Bowen, and Robert J. Toonen. "Frequency of multiple paternity in an unexploited tropical population of sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-005.

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Elasmobranch mating systems have received growing attention in the past few years because of worldwide overexploitation of shark populations. Few studies to date have examined mating systems in sharks because of difficulty in sampling. The sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) is heavily harvested around the world and is the dominant species in the main commercial fishery for large coastal sharks in the United States. In contrast, Hawaii hosts one of the few unexploited populations of sandbar sharks and represents an opportunity to gather data on the reproductive biology of a vulnerable shark species without the confounding effects of fishing mortality. We examined the frequency of multiple paternity in Hawaiian sandbar sharks using 130 individuals (20 gravid females with three–eight pups each per litter) surveyed with six polymorphic microsatellite loci and determined that 8 of the 20 litters (40%) were multiple- sired. A Bayesian approach estimated the frequency of multiple mating in this population at 43.8%, with a 95% confidence interval of 23%–63%. We conclude that multiple paternity and genetic monogamy occur with roughly equal frequency in the Hawaiian sandbar shark population. This study may serve as groundwork for understanding the impact of commercial fishing pressure on elasmobranch mating systems.
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Cartamil, D., N. C. Wegner, S. Aalbers, C. A. Sepulveda, A. Baquero, and J. B. Graham. "Diel movement patterns and habitat preferences of the common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the Southern California Bight." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 5 (2010): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09153.

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The common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus, is the basis of the largest commercial shark fishery in California waters. We used acoustic telemetry to determine the diel movement patterns and habitat preferences of this species in the Southern California Bight (SCB), where commercial fishing for the common thresher shark is concentrated. Eight common threshers (fork length: 122–203 cm) were tagged with temperature and depth-sensing acoustic transmitters and tracked for periods ranging from 22 to 49 h. Tracked sharks preferentially utilized deep offshore waters, and avoided shallower waters over the continental shelf. Mean rate of movement (ROM ± s.d.) was 2.15 ± 0.46 km h−1. ROM and angular concentration (r, a measure of relative linearity) both showed a strong daytime pattern, with highest values at dawn that decreased throughout the day, whereas nocturnal ROM and r were less variable. Daytime vertical movements consisted of either vertical excursions below the thermocline or relatively level swimming within the upper portion of the thermocline. Nocturnally, all sharks remained within the mixed layer. These findings suggest that the common thresher shark is primarily a daytime predator, and have relevance for estimating how the alteration of the set depth of fishing-gear could affect catch rates of this species in the SCB.
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Braccini, Matias, and Hilario Murua. "Quantifying shark and ray discards in Western Australia’s shark fisheries." Marine and Freshwater Research 73, no. 3 (November 9, 2021): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf21159.

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Commercial fisheries can discard a considerable volume of sharks and rays, which, as a group, are of high conservation concern. In Western Australia (WA), commercial shark fishing commenced in the 1940s; however, catch time series are not available for discarded species. The present study quantified catch (i.e. dead individuals) time series of discarded sharks and rays in WA’s shark fisheries using on-board observer information collected since 1993 and testing assumptions through sensitivity analysis. Overall, 18 shark and ray taxonomic groups were discarded, comprising ~20% of the observed catch by number. Port Jackson shark, southern eagle ray and spurdogs were the most commonly discarded elasmobranchs, followed by western wobbegong, angel sharks, stingrays, and guitarfish and shovelnose rays. For the base case scenario, the catch of these species was small, peaking at 12.6, 5.6, 1.3, 1.8, 4, 1.3 and 2.7 tonnes (Mg) respectively, given their low post-release mortality (PRM). Current catch levels were even lower (e.g. <5 Mg for Port Jackson shark). Other discarded elasmobranchs were rarely caught. Assuming 100% PRM resulted in higher annual catches, highlighting the need for further research on the PRM of sharks and rays. The reconstructed catch series will be used in risk assessments to determine the sustainability of discarded species.
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Francis, Malcolm P. "New Zealand shark fisheries: development, size and management." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 7 (1998): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97076.

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New Zealand’s shark fisheries have increased steadily since 1975 to reach 17 000–19 000 t per year. Commercial fisheries catch mainly spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), school shark (Galeorhinus galeus), skates (Raja nasuta and R. innominata), ghost sharks (Hydrolagus novaezealandiae and Hydrolagus sp.), rig (Mustelus lenticulatus) and elephantfish (Callorhinchus milii). School shark, rig and elephantfish fisheries have long histories, and catches are limited by Individual Transferable Quotas. Fisheries for spiny dogfish, skates and ghost sharks have only developed since 1979. Spiny dogfish and skate landings are partially regulated by total quotas. Other sharks are prohibited target species. Blue (Prionace glauca), porbeagle (Lamna nasus) and mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) sharks are taken as by-catch of the tuna longline fishery. There is a small recreational catch of spiny dogfish, school shark, rig, mako shark and blue shark. Historically important Maori fisheries for spiny dogfish, school shark and rig are now minor. A beach netting programme has operated off Dunedin beaches since 1969 to protect swimmers from shark attacks. Fisheries management measures include commercial quotas, prohibitions on target fishing many species, recreational bag limits, limits on set-net length, mesh size and soak time, and closure of many inshore waters to set-netting, trawling and Danish seining.
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Barnes, Michele L., John Lynham, Kolter Kalberg, and PingSun Leung. "Social networks and environmental outcomes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 23 (May 23, 2016): 6466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523245113.

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Social networks can profoundly affect human behavior, which is the primary force driving environmental change. However, empirical evidence linking microlevel social interactions to large-scale environmental outcomes has remained scarce. Here, we leverage comprehensive data on information-sharing networks among large-scale commercial tuna fishers to examine how social networks relate to shark bycatch, a global environmental issue. We demonstrate that the tendency for fishers to primarily share information within their ethnic group creates segregated networks that are strongly correlated with shark bycatch. However, some fishers share information across ethnic lines, and examinations of their bycatch rates show that network contacts are more strongly related to fishing behaviors than ethnicity. Our findings indicate that social networks are tied to actions that can directly impact marine ecosystems, and that biases toward within-group ties may impede the diffusion of sustainable behaviors. Importantly, our analysis suggests that enhanced communication channels across segregated fisher groups could have prevented the incidental catch of over 46,000 sharks between 2008 and 2012 in a single commercial fishery.
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Walker, TI. "Fishery simulation model for sharks applied to the Gummy Shark, Mustelus antarcticus Gunther, from Southern Australian waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 43, no. 1 (1992): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9920195.

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A dynamic pool simulation model is derived and applied to the gummy shark stock of the southern shark fishery. Inputs to the model are fishing effort reported by fishers for hooks and for gill-nets with mesh sizes of 6 inches (152 mm), 7 inches (178 mm) and 8 inches (203 mm) along with estimates for growth, natural mortality, catchability, hook and gill-net mesh selectivity, size at maturity and fecundity of females, sex ratio at birth, and length-weight relationships. Growth is described by the von Bertalanffy equation; hook selectivity is constant with length for sharks recruited to the fishery; gill-net selectivity is based on the probability density distribution of the gamma function where selectivity varies with the mesh size of the gill-nets and the length of the sharks; number of births is related to the proportion of females mature at each length, and the relationship between number of births and maternal weight is linear; parturition is annual and time is standardized so that parturition occurs at the beginning of each year; sex ratio at birth is based on observations of a 1: 1 sex ratio of embryos; and allometric weight-length is based on the power curve. Natural mortality of recruits, catchability, reproduction and growth parameters are held constant, but density-dependent natural mortality of prerecruits is varied in proportion to stock abundance. The model is used to simulate effects of historical longline fishing effort and gill-net fishing effort for each mesh size on stock biomass, numbers of sharks in the stock, and numbers of births. The performance of the model is evaluated by comparing simulated annual catches and the simulated mean weight of sharks captured with annual catches reported by the fishers and the mean weight of sharks sampled in commercial landings. Uncertainties surrounding estimates of some of the parameters are discussed. Notwithstanding its shortcomings, the model indicates that the stock of gummy shark has been severely reduced and is in danger of further depletion unless immediate action is taken to reduce the commercial catch.
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Agyeman, Narkie Akua, Carmen Blanco-Fernandez, Sophie Leonie Steinhaussen, Eva Garcia-Vazquez, and Gonzalo Machado-Schiaffino. "Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fisheries Threatening Shark Conservation in African Waters Revealed from High Levels of Shark Mislabelling in Ghana." Genes 12, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12071002.

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Mislabelling of fish and fish products has attracted much attention over the last decades, following public awareness of the practice of substituting high-value with low-value fish in markets, restaurants, and processed seafood. In some cases, mislabelling includes illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, contributing to overexploit substitute species that are undetectable when sold under wrong names. This is the first study of DNA barcoding to assess the level of mislabelling in fish marketed in Ghana, focusing on endangered shark species. Genetic identification was obtained from 650 base pair sequences within the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. All except one of 17 shark fillets analysed were wrongly labelled as compared with none of 28 samples of small commercial pelagic fish and 14 commercial shark samples purchased in Europe. Several substitute shark species in Ghana are endangered (Carcharhinus signatus and Isurus oxyrinchus) and critically endangered (Squatina aculeata). Shark products commercialized in Europe (n = 14) did not reveal mislabelling, thus specific shark mislabelling cannot be generalized. Although based on a limited number of samples and fish markets, the results that reveal trade of endangered sharks in Ghana markets encourage Ghanaian authorities to improve controls to enforce conservation measures.
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Chiaramonte, Gustavo E. "Shark fisheries in Argentina." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 7 (1998): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97136.

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In the Argentine Sea there are about 35 species of sharks. Three species are subjected to directed fishing: the smoothhound Mustelus schmitti, the school shark Galeorhinus galeus and the copper shark Carcharhinus brachyurus. Other species of elasmobranchs with commercial importance are the angel shark Squatina spp. and several species of skates and rays. The rise in chondrichthyan declared landings registered from 1988 to 1996 is due to the increase in landings of smoothhound and rays. The most important directed shark fishery in the South-West Atlantic is the Necochea gill-net fishery for school shark, which is carried out by the coastal fleet; details are given of the ships and the gill-nets used in this area. The length frequencies of the catches by gill-nets are presented for the school shark; fishing effort (length (km) of net in the water per ship per day) and CPUE (number of sharks per fishing effort) were found not to be good indicators of population trends in the school shark fishery. Resumen. En el Mar Argentino se han registrado 35 especies de tiburones. Tres de estas especies están sometidas a una pesca dirigida; el gatuzo, Mustelus schmitti, el cazón, tiburón vitamínico o trompa de cristal, Galeorhinus galeus y la bacota, Carcharhinus brachyurus. Otras especies de elasmobranquios de importancia comercial son el pez ángel Squatina spp. y algunas especies de rayas. El incremento en los desembarcos de condríctios declarados a las autoridades pesqueras entre 1988 y 1996 es debido principalmente al incremento del desembarco de gatuzo y rayas. La pesquería dirigida a tiburón más importante en el Atlántico Sudoccidental es la pesquería costera de enmalle de Necochea para el cazón. Se describen el largo de las embarcaciones y las redes utilizadas en el área (la medida de malla, el calado y la operación del arte de pesca). Se presenta la frecuencia del largo total de las capturas de cazón en redes de enmalle. Se halló para la pesquería del cazón que el esfuerzo pesquero (estimado como km de red en el agua por embarcación por día) y la CPUE (estimada como tiburones/esfuerzo de pesca) no son buenos indicadores de la tendencia en la abundancia poblacional.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Commercial shark fishing"

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Jones-Garcia, Dawn Elizabeth. "Last of the watermen : the end of the commercial fishing tradition in the Florida Keys." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-12-2332.

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The time-honored profession of commercial fishing in the Florida Keys is in danger of extinction as each year passes and fewer commercial fishermen remain in an industry that is sinking in the wake of politicians, land developers, and financial woes. At the heart of the problem is the threat of overfishing, a subject that is increasingly at the forefront of media attention and environmental campaigns. The villain in this story of death and destruction more often than not are commercial fishermen. But the blame is misguided. Our fishermen work according to the letter of the law and strive to maintain healthy sustainable fish stocks and sound marine ecosystems. It is unlikely that the American hunger for seafood will diminish so in the absence of locally caught fish the public has no choice but to support the efforts of unchecked foreign fisheries—Fisheries that are not managed as well as ours and in some instances fish until there is nothing left to take.
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Books on the topic "Commercial shark fishing"

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The Gray Curtain: The Impact of Seals, Sharks, and Commercial Fishing on the Northeast Coast. Schiffer, 2015.

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Library, The Law. Atlantic Highly Migratory Species - Atlantic Shark Commercial Fishing Season (Us National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regulation) (Noaa) (2018 Edition). Independently Published, 2019.

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The Law The Law Library. Atlantic Highly Migratory Species - 2015 Atlantic Shark Commercial Fishing Seasons (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regulation) (NOAA) (2018 Edition). Independently Published, 2019.

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Library, The Law. Atlantic Highly Migratory Species - 2017 Atlantic Shark Commercial Fishing Season (Us National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regulation) (Noaa) (2018 Edition). Independently Published, 2019.

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Library, The Law. Atlantic Highly Migratory Species - 2011 Commercial Fishing Season and Adaptive Management Measures for the Atlantic Shark Fishery (Us National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regulation) (Noaa) (2018 Edition). Independently Published, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Commercial shark fishing"

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Plata Zepeda, Yessica Miriam, Patricia Ramírez Romero, and Fabíola S. Sosa-Rodríguez. "Economic Assessment of Tourism Based on Shark-Seeing and Diving as a More Profitable Activity Than Commercial Fishing." In World Sustainability Series, 205–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73028-8_12.

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"Biology and Management of Dogfish Sharks." In Biology and Management of Dogfish Sharks, edited by Marc L. Miller, Alex T. Lowe, and Vincent F. Gallucci. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874073.ch34.

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Abstract.—Spiny dogfish <em>Squalus acanthias </em>have historically been a prominent species in the Pacific Northwest. Overfishing, however, has resulted in the curtailment of some commercial dogfish fisheries in Washington State. Historically valuable for oil and also as a food fish, dogfish has nevertheless garnered the reputation of a trash fish for its predation on commercial and recreational species, and of a nuisance fish for damage caused to fishing gear. This study employs cultural consensus analysis to compare expert knowledge structures of recreational fishermen and fishery scientists concerning dogfish biology, ecology, and management and conservation in Puget Sound. Results show that fishermen and scientists share a common knowledge base. Cultural consensus findings have positive implications for the future development of hypotheses fundamental in scientific inquiry and also for regulatory and educational functions of dogfish management.
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"Biology and Management of Dogfish Sharks." In Biology and Management of Dogfish Sharks, edited by Jackie R. King and Gordon A. McFarlane. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874073.ch8.

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Abstract.—Spiny dogfish <em>Squalus acanthias </em>have been an important component of the Strait of Georgia fisheries from the late 1800s to the late 1940s, when the fishery collapsed owing to overfishing and changes in market demand. The stock population levels have sustained a commercial fishery of approximately 2,000 metric tons since 1978. Recent concerns regarding the status of dogfish stocks worldwide have reprioritized the status assessment of dogfish in British Columbia. Longline research surveys were conducted for dogfish in the Strait of Georgia in 1986, 1989, and 2005. Additional sources of information are catch and effort data collected through logbook records from the commercial longline fishery. Recent improvements in gear configuration resulted in a switch in the mid-1990s from traditional J hooks to circle hooks, which makes direct comparison of catch rates difficult. In November 2004 a calibration experiment using J hooks and circle hooks demonstrated that, overall, spiny dogfish catch per unit effort (CPUE) for circle-hook gear was 1.6–1.7 times higher than that for J-hook gear. After applying this conversion to the commercial longline CPUE data available for 1980–1984 and 2000–2004, no significant trend in catch rate over time was detected. The catch rate observed in the longline research survey actually increased in 2005 compared to 1986 and 1989. In both fisheries and research data, the proportion of smaller spiny dogfish in the size distribution has increased, reducing the overall mean size. The decline in mean size is probably due to an increase in recruitment of juvenile fish. However, caution in management of this stock is warranted given that the current commercial fishery is now landing a large proportion (estimated 80%) of immature fish. Increased fishing pressure on juveniles could have implications for the abundance of mature fish in upcoming decades.
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"Biology and Management of Dogfish Sharks." In Biology and Management of Dogfish Sharks, edited by Tamee Mawani. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874073.ch28.

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Abstract.—The fishery for spiny dogfish <em>Squalus acanthias </em>within British Columbia (B.C.) has fluctuated greatly over the past 150 years. During the 1930s and 1940s it was one of the most valuable fisheries on the West Coast. Active management of this fishery began in 1977 after Canada extended its exclusive economic zone to 200 mi. The management of Pacific groundfish fisheries, including dogfish, is complex, and is further complicated by serious conservation concerns. Bycatch issues and the lack of full catch monitoring have been of particular concern. As a result, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) approached groundfish industry representatives to develop a plan to address these key issues. A program to make individual fishers more accountable for their harvest, to improve compliance with the DFO’s selective fishing and fishery monitoring policies, and to be consistent with Pacific fisheries reform was developed. This integration program was implemented in 2006 for commercial groundfish fisheries within B.C. As a result, at-sea monitoring was maximized to 100% and individual transferable quotas within each fishery allow fishermen to account for their groundfish bycatch on an annual basis. This new management system could help pave the way for other fisheries around the world to learn, adjust accordingly, and implement similar regimes.
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Howard, Penny McCall. "‘You just can’t get a price’ The difference political economy makes." In Environment, Labour and Capitalism at Sea. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781784994143.003.0006.

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Chapter Five focuses on the structuring effect of political economy on commercial fishers in Scotland (and elsewhere). It outlines how sea creatures like crabs and lobsters were made into tradeable commodities, and how commodity relations affected ownership of boats and gear, and the distribution of fishing surplus among owners and crew. Commodity relations extended to the commodification of people’s own labour, and permeated and structured social relations between fishermen, generating new forms of class relations. Following Henry Bernstein’s key questions of political economy, the chapter investigates ‘who owns what’ and ‘who gets what’ and how these relations have changed historically. Over time, ownership of boats has been centralised and the fishing share system has been modified so that owners appropriated a greater portion of the fishing surplus. The position of crew has moved in the opposite direction, as they have shifted from being part owners of boats and gear, to a pool of casual waged labourers, to migrant workers (mainly Filipino) on very low wages. In ecological terms, commodity relations encouraged a strategy of catching tiny prawns in bulk, a fishing strategy which is facilitated the employment of low-waged fishers.
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"Conservation, Ecology, and Management of Catfish: The Second International Symposium." In Conservation, Ecology, and Management of Catfish: The Second International Symposium, edited by REBECCA M. KROGMAN, JESSE R. FISCHER, MICHAEL C. QUIST, MICHAEL J. STEUCK, and MICHELLE M. MARRON. American Fisheries Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874257.ch11.

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<em>Abstract</em>.—Ictalurids compose a substantial portion of the commercial harvest in the upper Mississippi River (UMR). The purpose of this investigation was to examine spatial and temporal trends in commercial harvest of ictalurids in the UMR. The study focused on four species: channel catfish <em>Ictalurus punctatus</em>, flathead catfish<em> Pylodictis olivaris</em>, blue catfish <em>I. furcatus</em>, and black bullhead <em>Ameiurus melas</em>. We described trends in yield and market value and evaluated the influence of numerous factors on commercial catfish harvest in Pools 3–26 of the UMR between 1953 and 2001. Spatial and temporal variations in commercial harvest of catfish appeared to be driven by different factors through time. Early factors included habitat loss and overexploitation, and later factors included loss of the market share and increased market competition with aquaculture. Ictalurids have maintained a consistent proportion of the total commercial harvest in the UMR, and decreases in catfish harvest may indicate larger declines in commercial fishing.
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"From Catastrophe to Recovery: Stories of Fishery Management Success." In From Catastrophe to Recovery: Stories of Fishery Management Success, edited by Nukhkadi I. Rabazanov, Alexei M. Orlov, Akhma S. Abdusamadov, Ruslan M. Barkhalov, and Kurban M. Akhemedkhanov. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874554.ch20.

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<i>Abstract.</i>—This chapter provides the history of the Caspian Kutum <i>Rutilus kutum</i> (Kamensky 1901) fishery in the Caspian Sea, analyzes long-term changes of stock condition and the main causes of fluctuations in abundance, and describes conservation measures that allowed resumption of fishing. Caspian Kutum (Cyprinidae family) is an endemic, semi-anadromous, medium-sized fish, reaching 53–67 cm in total length (rarely 71 cm) and weighing up to 4.0 kg (rarely 5.0 kg). Commercially important fisheries occur in Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, and Turkmenistan. Flesh and roe are enjoyed as food and have a high price in markets. Variability in sea level, construction of hydroelectric power plants on rivers, water irrigation withdrawals, industrial and domestic pollution, overfishing, and illegal fishing resulted in a sharp decline of Caspian Kutum abundance and resulted in a total ban on harvest in Russia between 1995 and 2004. In Iran, fishing for Caspian Kutum continued due to their stocking program. Conservation measures for Caspian Kutum stocks (e.g., listing in federal and local Red Data books, fishing ban, fight against illegal fishing), as well as an increase of artificial propagation in Iran, Azerbaijan, and Dagestan (Russia) during subsequent years, have allowed the recovery of stocks in Russian waters to 1990s levels as well as the resumption of fishing. The follow lessons may be applicable to fishery management programs elsewhere:
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Conference papers on the topic "Commercial shark fishing"

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Dahm, Erdmann. "Innovations in Fishing Gear Design Aiming at the Sustainable Use of Commercial Fish Stocks." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92087.

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The present status of some of the fish stocks in North Sea and Baltic shows them to be outside safe biological limits. Reasons for this lie partly in hydrographic and ecological changes not in favour for a constant supply of fresh recruits to the fishery every year. On the other hand, fishery has its share in the observed downward trend by growth overfishing and reducing the size and number of possible spawners. The only mean available for the fishery management to restore a fish stock composed of several year classes is to apply technical measures as e.g.closures in space and time or fishing gear regulations. The breakdown of the historical measure “mesh size regulation in diamond mesh trawls” due to technological progress has created a wave of worldwide research. It has focused on trawl codends where the meshes are held artificially in their most open shape or by introducing into the trawl metal structures able to separate small from big fish or fish from crayfish. A parallel development of a scientifically objective mesh measuring instrument will help to enforce the new regulations. However, longer use of some of the new designs has revealed some deficiencies. Other innovative designs or the concept of certified codends will hopefully ensure the permanently better selectivity of contemporary trawl codends.
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