Journal articles on the topic 'Commercial products Econometric models'
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1
GASANOVA, Marina R. "An approach to building a financial model for the purposes of planning resource products of the corporate segment in commercial banks." Finance and Credit 28, no. 5 (May 30, 2022): 1078–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.28.5.1078.
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Subject. The paper considers planning of resource products in the corporate business segment of a commercial bank. Objectives. The aim is to develop a model for planning financial results generated by attracted time deposit accounts and demand accounts of the corporate business segment in a commercial bank. Methods. I employ mathematical, statistical, and econometric methods and applied programming methods (SARIMA model for planning the profile of resource products of corporate clients, taking into account seasonality; the Ward's method for clustering corporate clients to create a pattern of financial behavior; SQL language for building uniquely designed models of resource product planning). Results. I identified the main drivers, algorithms and pricing principles of resource products. On their basis, I developed my own models for planning financial results from attracting time deposit accounts and demand accounts of the corporate business segment in a commercial bank. The uniquely designed planning models were tested on the basis of the medium-sized corporate business segment of one of the largest Russian commercial banks. Conclusions. The use of proprietary models enables to increase the accuracy of financial planning. The definition of a corporate client as the main driver contributes to the construction of a customer-oriented corporate customer service system, develops an incentive system, and allows to create additional incentives to increase cross-sales of banking products.
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Hong, Pham Van, Nguyen Thao Nguyen, Dinh Tran Ngoc Huy, Nguyen Thu Thuy, and Le Thi Thanh Huong. "Evaluating Several Models of Quality Management and Impacts on Lychee Price Applying for Vietnam Agriculture Products Value Chain Sustainable Development." Alinteri Journal of Agricultural Sciences 36, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i1/ajas21018.
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Sustainability of Vietnam agriculture value chain will be dependent on various factors such as skills and experience of farmers, advanced technology, agricultural engineering, standards and models such as VIETGAP or GLOBAL GAP, etc. The role is still important, but Vietnam's agricultural production still has many Weakness points compared to other countries in the region when comparing resource use efficiency (land, water and labor). As a result, the efficiency of agricultural production tends to decrease recently. Specifically, the growth in average agricultural labor productivity annual rate of Vietnam also decreased correspondingly from 2.7% in the period 1990-1999 to 2.5% in the period 2000-2013 (World Bank, 2016). In Vietnam, we will evaluate the effectiveness of VIETGAP and GLOBAL GAP models, principles and standards applying in Vietnam agriculture value chain in a specific case study. The research results show a strict condition for applying VIETGAP and GLOBAL GAP for better quality in agriculture, including: Conditions for soil, irrigation water, fertilizers, pest control, etc. Last but not least, we also use an econometric model to measure impacts of multi macro factors on lychee price in Vietnam market over past years 2014-2019. Regression results show that we need to control inflation at low level, stable GDP growth and trade balance and exchange rate to stabilize lychee price. The research findings are of value to policy makers, farmers and investors in making decisions to invest for sustainability of Vietnam agriculture value chain. We will also make suggestions for commercial bank system in agriculture sector development.
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León Serrano, Lady Andrea Andrea, Josselyn Lissbeth Chamba Bernal, and Samantha Abigail Vega Aguilar. "Comportamiento de la cartera comercial de los bancos privados del ecuador, 2010-2018." ECA Sinergia 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/eca_sinergia.v12i1.2064.
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El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar el comportamiento de la cartera comercial del sistema bancario privado del Ecuador durante el período 2010-2018, los factores considerados corresponden a cartera improductiva, tasa de morosidad, Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), Índice de precios del consumidor, riesgo país, variación de la deuda pública y liquidez. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la Superintendencia de Compañías, Banco Central del Ecuador y Superintendencia de Bancos. La metodología plantea dos modelos econométricos, el primero el Univariante Autoregresivo Integrado Media Móvil (ARIMA) por las estimaciones de las variables a corto plazo y el segundo Multivariante del Análisis de la Covarianza (ANCOVA) que permite relacionar variables con el comportamiento de la cartera comercial. Los principales resultados determinan que los factores de estudio provocan alteraciones en la cartera comercial, por lo tanto, las conclusiones se deducen a un sistema bancario sensible ante las crisis económicas, especialmente a factores externos como el precio del petróleo y planteamientos de políticas económicas.
Palabras clave: Cartera comercial; morosidad; liquidez; bancos privados; Ecuador.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to determine the behavior of the commercial portfolio of the private banking system of Ecuador during the period 2010-2018, the factors considered correspond to unproductive portfolio, late payment Rate, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), consumer price index , country risk, variation of public debt and liquidity. The data were obtained from the Superintendence of Companies, Central Bank of Ecuador and Superintendence of Banks. The methodology proposes two econometric models, the first the Mobile Media Integrated Autoregressive Univariate (ARIMA) by the estimates of the short-term variables and the second Multivariate of the covariance analysis (ANCOVA) allows to relate variables with the behavior of the commercial portfolio. The main results determine that the study factors cause alterations in the commercial portfolio, therefore, the conclusions are deduced to a banking system sensitive to economic crises, especially to external factors such as the price of oil and economic policy approaches.
Keywords: Commercial portfolio; late payment; liquidity; private banks; Ecuador.
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BOWN, CHAD P., and JENNIFER A. HILLMAN. "Bird Flu, the OIE, and National Regulation: The WTO's India–Agricultural Products Dispute." World Trade Review 15, no. 2 (March 2, 2016): 235–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000701.
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AbstractThis paper provides a legal-economic assessment of issues arising in the Panel Report over the WTO's India–Agricultural Products dispute, one of a growing list of disputes arising at the intersection of the WTO and domestic regulatory policy over human, animal, or plant health. This dispute featured allegations that India's import measures applied against avian influenza- (AI-) infected countries over poultry and related products were too restrictive, in light of the World Organisation for Animal Health's (OIE's) scientifically motivated standards and guidelines. We rely on insights from a set of economic models of commercial poultry markets in the presence of negative externalities such as AI. We use such models to motivate critical tradeoffs arising at the intersection of government regulatory regimes designed to deal with AI and how they fit alongside trade agreements such as the WTO and standard-setting bodies such as the OIE, which combine to impose constraints on regulatory and trade policy. While we find the institutional design of the OIE to be well-motivated and we are in broad agreement with the overall thrust of the Panel Report in the dispute, we also highlight a number of subtle issues which pose long-term challenges for the multilateral trading system's ability to balance trade rules with public health concerns.
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León Serrano, Lady Andrea. "Deuda externa y crecimiento económico de México, período 2002-2014." ECA Sinergia 10, no. 3 (September 17, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/eca_sinergia.v10i3.1882.
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México es uno de los países más influyentes de América Latina, por el avance comercial, manejo crediticio y de crisis económicas, a pesar de tener índices de endeudamiento externo altos, es considerada una economía emergente. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de estudio es conocer el impacto de la deuda externa en el crecimiento económico de México, período 2002–2014. Se ha considerado variables macroeconómicas con la aplicación de modelos econométricos como regresión bivariado y múltiple, los datos corresponden al Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). Los resultados evidencian una fuerte correlación inversa entre deuda externa y desempleo, y una débil relación con inflación y producto interno bruto. Se concluye que los porcentajes de desempleo afectan el nivel de endeudamiento externo provocando renegociaciones de deuda para solventar necesidades internas en el marco de decisiones de política macroeconómica.
Palabras clave: deuda externa, desempleo, inflación, producto interno bruto, crecimiento.
ABSTRACT
Mexico is one of the most influential countries in Latin America, because of the commercial advance, credit management and economic crises, despite having high external debt ratios, it is considered an emerging economy. For this reason, the objective of the study is to know the impact of external debt on Mexico’s economic growth, 2002-2014 period. Macroeconomic variables have been considered with the application of econometric models such as bivariate and multiple regression, the data correspond to the Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). he results show a strong inverse correlation between external debt and unemployment, and a weak relationship with inflation and gross domestic product. It is concluded that the percentages of unemployment affect the level of external indebtedness causing debt renegotiations to solve internal needs within the framework of macroeconomic policy decisions.
Key words: External debt, unemployment, inflation, gross domestic product, growth.
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Saiz, Albert. "Bricks, mortar, and proptech." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 38, no. 4 (March 23, 2020): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-10-2019-0139.
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PurposeDigital and information technologies (IT) are becoming silently pervasive in old-fashioned real estate markets. This paper focuses on three important avenues for the diffusion of IT in commercial real estate: online brokerage and sales, the commoditization of space and Fintech in mortgage and equity funding. We describe the main new markets and products created by this IT revolution. The focus is on the pioneering US market, with some attention devoted to the specific firms and institutions taking these innovations into the mainstream. We also carefully analyze the economic underpinnings from which the new technologies can expect to generate cash flows, thus becoming viable—or not. Finally, we discuss their likely impact on established players in the commercial real estate arena.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the author chooses to focus on three separate arenas where the IT revolution—sometimes referred to as Proptech, as applied to real estate—is having discernible impacts: sales and brokerage, space commoditization and online finance platforms. The author invites the reader to think seriously about the economic fundamentals that may—or may not—sustain new business models in Proptech. Real estate economists and investors alike need to be critical of new business models, especially when they are being aggressively marketed by their promoters. Trying to avoid any hype, the author provides thoughts about the likely impact of the innovations on their markets, guided by economic and finance theory, and previous experience.FindingsThe author evaluates the evolution of commercial real estate brokerage. While innovations will, no doubt, have an impact on the ways in which we buy and lease commercial properties, the lessons from the housing market should make us skeptical about the possibility of the new technologies dramatically facilitating disintermediation in this market. In fact, new oligopolies seem to be emerging with regard to market data provision.Practical implicationsProptech will change some aspects of the real estate industry, but not others!Originality/valueAs change pervades the property industry, only a relatively few research pieces are illustrating or—more importantly—providing insights about the likely economic and financial impacts of IT penetration. Similarly, only a few papers have so far addressed the economic viability of the alternative business models of tech startups targeting real estate markets and transactions.
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Kosar, Nataliia, Nataliia Kuzo, Jacek Binda, Nataliya Hayvanovych, and Nataliya Pytulyak. "Modeling of the factors influencing the dairy market in Ukraine." Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 8, no. 3 (September 20, 2022): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2022.08.03.03.
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Purpose. The present article aims to identify main determinants influencing development of demand at the dairy market in Ukraine (the average volume of milk consumption per capita), to evaluate their impact on the demand, to assess dependencies between the factors and the partial elasticity coefficients for their further use in forecasting.
Methodology / approach. In the research, the authors used information from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine concerning dynamics of the volume of milk consumption per capita and supply of milk to processing enterprises in Ukraine, as well as dynamics of the main factors influencing the mentioned indicators in 2006–2020. The factors, which were analyzed in the work, included milk production by farms of all categories, volume of produced dairy products, the average price of milk and number of cattle. The multicollinearity was studied by applying the Farrar-Glauber test separately for each of the factors influencing the above-mentioned resulting characteristics. To develop the econometric model, the authors used the least squares method, identified density of connection, the model adequacy by the F-test, available autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity, statistical significance of the model parameters.
Results. According to the results of conducted research it is determined that all conditions of adequacy of the economic-and-mathematical model are satisfied to assess the dependency of milk consumption per capita on the supply of milk to processing enterprises, dependency of the supply of milk to processing enterprises on the average price of milk, and dependency of the supply of milk to processing enterprises on the number of cattle. These models can be used for the further analysis of the corresponding economic processes at the dairy market of Ukraine. Calculation of the partial elasticity coefficients confirms that the factors’ impact on the resulting characteristics is characterized by low elasticity, particularly the growth of the supply of milk to processing enterprises by 1 % causes the increase of milk consumption per capita by 0.209 %, whilst the raise of the average price of milk by 1 % results in reduction of the supply of milk to processing enterprises by 0.562 %, and the increase in the number of cattle by 1 % causes the growth of the supply of milk to processing enterprises by 0.546 % under other similar conditions. By using the developed models, the authors calculated the expected volume of milk consumption per capita under increasing prices of milk and reducing number of cattle and the optimistic scenarios of agriculture development under martial law.
Originality / scientific novelty. The obtained results provide a deeper study of the methodology of modeling and forecasting the main indicators influencing performance of the market of milk and dairy products in Ukraine. The authors identify the main factors influencing the demand for dairy products that enables forecasting their prospects depending on the change of some factors of the macro environment of milk processing enterprises. In addition to the above mentioned factors influencing milk consumption per capita, milk processing enterprises can partially influence the indicator by activating commercial promotion of consumption of the milk and dairy products of factory production and expanding the range of supplied products.
Practical value / implications. Findings of the research can be used as an information basis to evaluate marketability of milk processing enterprises in Ukraine based on forecasting the level of the demand for milk. Moreover, the results of the research also confirm reasonability of joined efforts of milk processing enterprises to implement marketing communications in order to increase the demand for milk and dairy products of factory production. The research findings can be also used to make forecast of the conjuncture of milk and dairy market that will identify the directions of the state regulation of its development.
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Battaglia, Giuseppe, Giuseppe Musolino, and Antonino Vitetta. "Freight Demand Distribution in a Suburban Area: Calibration of an Acquisition Model with Floating Car Data." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (February 23, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1535090.
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The paper deals with the interaction between freight flows, land use, and economy of a suburban area. In urban freight distribution, the process of freight acquisition of commercial establishments represents a crucial element. Therefore, it is necessary to plan city logistics in order to reduce the negative externalities generated by freight transport without depressing the economic and social vitality. In order to estimate and evaluate the performance and impacts generated by urban freight distribution, Transport System Models (TSMs) play an important role in reproducing and forecasting the process of distribution of final products to retailers and consumers. In recent years, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have made new sources of data in great amounts available at lower costs than data provided from traditional surveys. Among the different data sources, Floating Car Data (FCD), obtained through GPS trackers installed on board the vehicles, offer partial insights into the examined process with lower cost and provide continuous information in space and time. In order to obtain reliable results, it is necessary to combine TSMs and ICTs as observed data could feed Transport System Models and could allow their calibration and therefore their application in real cases. In the above context, the paper deals with TSMs related to estimating urban freight demand flows. The work carried out concerns the specification-calibration-validation of a freight zonal acquisition model by means of FCD related to interzonal trips of commercial vehicles inside the Locride area (Reggio Calabria, Italy). The obtained models, estimated from FCD, could support the a priori evaluation of city logistics measures. The results are more important considering that they are obtained in an area with a lack of transport monitoring technologies. They could be adopted in other similar areas and confirm that adequate planning of city logistics determines advantages for environmental, social, and economic sustainability.
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Nerantzidis, Michail. "A multi-methodology on building a corporate governance index from the perspectives of academics and practitioners for firms in Greece." Corporate Governance 16, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 295–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-08-2015-0107.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to look inside the “black box” in corporate governance (CG) measurement, and shed some light on how to construct a transparent, reliable and valid index, considering equally both the academics and practitioners’ perspectives. Design/methodology/approach A synthesized literature review is presented and a CG index is developed combining the strengths of three different methodologies: the Delphi method, the classical test theory (CTT) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). This approach helps authors to break the process into separate steps and to select the appropriate techniques to support their decision regarding the norms, the criteria, the variables and the weights that someone should use to construct a CG index. Findings The authors’ analysis indicates that a well-designed CG index requires a combination of research methods to identify the best options to solve several methodological issues in index construction. For the application of this multi-methodology in Greece, the authors used two equal and independent samples to explore the different perspectives regarding the importance of the index criteria and sub-criteria. This process provides evidence that the opinion of academics and practitioners in Greece tend to converge. Moreover, it is found that this multi-methodology produces the highest variation in CG scores and ranking orders, as opposed to a traditional approach, in measuring CG disclosure, an important issue with econometric implications. Research limitations/implications The limitations of this study are associated with the methods used. Practical implications This paper provides practical implications for investors and commercial vendors. For the former, it highlights the need to be more cautious and/or suspicious when they use CG ratings, meaning that they should comprehend the base of the ratings models, and for the latter, it demonstrates the importance of enhancing the transparency in CG indices construction. Originality/value The value of the paper lies in improved understanding of the methodological issues in constructing CG indices. This is quite interesting because this approach could serve as a roadmap for other researchers.
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Torquati, Biancamaria, Lucio Cecchini, Chiara Paffarini, and Massimo Chiorri. "The economic and environmental sustainability of extra virgin olive oil supply chains: An analysis based on food miles and value chains." Economia agro-alimentare, no. 1 (May 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag1-2021oa11391.
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Following the growing trend towards globalisation of the agrifood system over the last few years, a number of scientific publications with different aims and methodological approaches have addressed the issue of the progressive link loss between the place of consumption and production of food. In part, thescientific debate has focused on the various agri-food production commercial outlets, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of both the dominant models like mass market retail, as well as emerging models like solidarity purchasing groups The present study can be classified as concerning the sustainability of agri-food supply chains. It compares five different extra virgin olive oil (evoo) supply chains in terms of the distance between the agricultural producer and end consumer, from both an economic perspective (the number of intermediaries) and a geographical one (production and consumption places). The examined aspects are 1) all the supply chain segments in which value is added to what will be the final food product purchased by the consumer, with a focus on trade and the transport cost estimated in relation to food miles; 2) the environmental impact of transport along the entire supply chain up to the distribution of evoo to the final consumer; and 3) the trade-offs between the environmental impact and economic results.The results obtained confirm some existing general evidence in the literature, such as the greater enhancement of agricultural products through short supply chains, and they emphasize as combining the value chain results with the environmental impact based on FMs, no real trade-offs, but rather trends, emerge.
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Andrijauskiene, Meda, Daiva Dumciuviene, and Alina Stundziene. "EU framework programmes: positive and negative effects on member states' innovation performance." Equilibrium 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 471–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2021.017.
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Research background: Seeking to ensure competitiveness in the global market, the EU is constantly improving its innovation policy. Compared to other EU initiatives, the Framework Programs for Research and Innovation (FPs) act as the main instrument with the longest history and the largest budget to boost member states' innovation performance. Despite the initial presumptions that these financial inflows should bring positive and constructive effects, the results significantly diverge across the countries with highly uneven and incoherent progress. Therefore, complex and reliable tools must be adopted to evaluate the long-term influence of EU investment and the reasons which distort the innovation performance in separate member states.
Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to evaluate the influence of EU investment on its member states? innovation performance by using a redeveloped national innovative capacity framework and including technological, non-technological and commercial innovative output.
Methods: Panel unit root tests were used to assess the time series stationarity. Autoregressive distributed lag models helped in calculating the long-term influence of EU investment on member states? innovation performance. Finally, by employing dummies, it was analysed how this influence varied over time and across different countries.
Findings & value added: The findings provide evidence that EU investment exerts positive long-term influence on the technological innovative output proxied as total, business and higher education institutions? patent applications, as well as product and process innovations. The effects were also positive on trademarks and marketing, and organisational innovations. However, small but negative influence was found in the case of patent applications by the government sector and the exports of hi-tech products and knowledge-intensive services. These insights may serve in the designing process of the specific instruments and the future innovation policies, which would bring the maximum benefit for the society and economy.
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Andrijauskiene, Meda, Daiva Dumciuviene, and Alina Stundziene. "EU framework programmes: positive and negative effects on member states' innovation performance." Equilibrium 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 471–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2021.017.
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Research background: Seeking to ensure competitiveness in the global market, the EU is constantly improving its innovation policy. Compared to other EU initiatives, the Framework Programs for Research and Innovation (FPs) act as the main instrument with the longest history and the largest budget to boost member states' innovation performance. Despite the initial presumptions that these financial inflows should bring positive and constructive effects, the results significantly diverge across the countries with highly uneven and incoherent progress. Therefore, complex and reliable tools must be adopted to evaluate the long-term influence of EU investment and the reasons which distort the innovation performance in separate member states.
Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to evaluate the influence of EU investment on its member states? innovation performance by using a redeveloped national innovative capacity framework and including technological, non-technological and commercial innovative output.
Methods: Panel unit root tests were used to assess the time series stationarity. Autoregressive distributed lag models helped in calculating the long-term influence of EU investment on member states? innovation performance. Finally, by employing dummies, it was analysed how this influence varied over time and across different countries.
Findings & value added: The findings provide evidence that EU investment exerts positive long-term influence on the technological innovative output proxied as total, business and higher education institutions? patent applications, as well as product and process innovations. The effects were also positive on trademarks and marketing, and organisational innovations. However, small but negative influence was found in the case of patent applications by the government sector and the exports of hi-tech products and knowledge-intensive services. These insights may serve in the designing process of the specific instruments and the future innovation policies, which would bring the maximum benefit for the society and economy.
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Gerasimov, Aleksey N., Evgeny I. Gromov, Yury S. Skripnichenko, Oksana P. Grigoryeva, and Victoria Yu Skripnichenko. "Models and Forecasts of the Export Potential of the Regional Economic System." REGIONOLOGY 30, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 762–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.121.030.202204.762-782.
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Introduction. The export potential of the regional agricultural market causes great interest from both the scientific community and government agencies. Many scientific studies are devoted to the search for methods to increase the export potential in order to ensure the sustainable development of regional economic systems. The article proposes and tests the original author’s algorithm for creating a dynamic econometric model for forecasting the volumes of production, sales and exports of the main types of livestock products at the regional level. The purpose of the article is to assess the export potential of the main products of the regional agricultural market based on the built dynamic econometric models. Materials and Methods. The research is based on a set of empirical data of result and input variables characterizing the production, sales and export of the main livestock products in the region for the period 2010–2020. Research methods include dynamic analysis, econometric modeling and forecasting. The dynamic analysis carried out made it possible to assess the change in the production, sale and export of the main agricultural products in the region, to assess the current trends. Based on the constructed econometric models, the most significant factors influencing the resulting variables were identified, the specifications and verification of the models were carried out. The method of extrapolation of the identified trends made it possible to evaluate the predicted values of the resulting variables for the medium term. Results. Based on the selected input variables, models of production, sale and export of milk, wool and eggs by agricultural producers in the region were built. From a variety of alternative models, models with the best statistical quality characteristics were selected. The high level of quality of the obtained models made it possible to use them for predictive calculations of the levels of resulting variables for the period 2021–2026. Comparison of the results of the forecasts made it possible to identify the types of livestock products that already have a high level of exportability. In addition, types of products with a low level of exportability were identified, which have a high potential for increase. Discussion and Conclusion. As a result of using econometric modeling methods, dynamic models were obtained that made it possible to obtain a forecast for the development of livestock in a region with a high export potential in the near future. The practical significance of this article lies in the possibility of influencing the production, sale and export of livestock products in the region through a change in the corresponding set of factor variables of the models. Thus, the resulting dynamic models can be used both by agricultural producers for planning economic activities, and by regional authorities when drawing up regional development programs.
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Riznyk, Nataliia, Olena Berestetska, and Nelya Ivaskiv. "Simulation of competitiveness of a trade enterprise on the basis of econometric approach." Socio-Economic Problems and the State 25, no. 2 (2021): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/sepd2022.02.533.
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Competition is an important attribute of a market economy and is the basis of the whole mechanism of commodity production, market economy and creates a powerful alternative to monopolization in the economy. Competition is an important factor in stimulating economic activity, increasing diversity and improving product quality, reducing costs and stabilizing economic growth. In market conditions, an important problem is the analysis and modeling of competitiveness as the ability of economic units to function effectively in the market, this is especially true for commercial enterprises. The main purpose of this article is to determine and analyze the system of measures necessary for econometric modeling the competitiveness of a commercial enterprise on the basis of the developed algorithm. The authors solved a number of tasks, in particular, analyzed in detail each of the algorithm steps and adapted to the features and needs of the trading company. Methods of analysis and synthesis, analytical generalizations, the graphical method for the construction of the main stages of the algorithm, as well as mathematical modeling, in particular, econometric modeling are used in the research. The obtained algorithm is the basis for modeling the competitiveness of a trading company based on the econometric approach. The application of this algorithm will make it possible to obtain not only adequate econometric models, but also effective management decisions for enterprise development based on the detailed analysis and research of these models. Further research is needed to identify the impact factors that are important for the activities of a commercial enterprise and that can be quantified and used to model competitiveness.
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Saull, Andrew, Andrew Baum, and Fabian Braesemann. "Can digital technologies speed up real estate transactions?" Journal of Property Investment & Finance 38, no. 4 (May 19, 2020): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-09-2019-0131.
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PurposeThis study presents a structured investigation of the most important causes for delay in commercial real estate transactions. It assesses the potential of digital technologies such as “Blockchain”, “Property Passports” or “Automated Valuation Models” to make transactions faster and cheaper.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conduct a focus group interview to identify the individual steps and the parties involved in real estate transactions. Subsequently, the authors discuss the prospects of digital technologies based on semi-structured interviews with real estate professionals and PropTech executives, and a comprehensive screening of technological solutions offered by PropTech firms.FindingsThe lack of an up-to-date, single pool of standardised property information turns out to be the most critical cause for delay in real estate transactions. However, the most promising technologies to mitigate this problem, in particular digital property passports summarising all relevant building information, face substantial barriers to adoption. The real estate industry has so far not been willing to more openly share data, which is a pre-requiste for the successful introduction of property passports. In addition, the principle of caveat emptor makes a lengthy due diligence process essential for buyers.Practical implicationsThe authors conclude that industry-wide collaborations are necessary to help major efficiency gaining technologies to break through. Insurance products should accompany property data log books to guarantee the quality of data provided.Originality/valueThis study considers the potential impact of technologies in the wider context of the complete real estate transaction process. It identifies the major phases of that process and the associated bottlenecks. The authors gather evidence both from industry experts and PropTech executives and contrast their views regarding the potential of digital technologies to remove those bottlenecks.
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Salem, Mohamed, and Andrew Baum. "Determinants of foreign direct real estate investment in selected MENA countries." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 34, no. 2 (March 7, 2016): 116–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-06-2015-0042.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the main determinants of foreign direct real estate investments (foreign direct investment (FDI)) in selected Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical work of this study is an econometric analysis of FDI in the commercial real estate sector for eight MENA markets, namely Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Tunisia and the UAE during the period 2003-2009. The econometric analysis is carried out using the pooled Tobit model technique for panel data. Findings – The paper finds that both country-specific factors and real estate sector-specific variables consistently support hypotheses explaining commercial real estate-related FDI, and find evidence that political stability explains why some selected MENA countries attract more real estate investments than other MENA countries. Practical implications – The findings should be seriously considered in any policy making effort on the part of governments in the region. Originality/value – The authors contribute to the existing literature in many ways. First, the study aims to develop econometric models, using both conventional and unique variables, to be generalised and applied to any developed or emerging market. The study applies relevant techniques in estimating the models, including the pooled Tobit model. Second, the research studies eight selected MENA real estate markets from 2003 to 2009, a timeframe and geography not examined in previous published empirical work on commercial real estate investments. Lastly, and for the first time in real estate literature, the study applies the location dimension of Dunning’s OLI paradigm as a theoretical explanation for the behaviour of foreign investors in commercial real estate towards the selected MENA markets.
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Hudson, Darren, R. Karina Gallardo, and Terrill R. Hanson. "A Comparison of Choice Experiments and Actual Grocery Store Behavior: An Empirical Application to Seafood Products." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 44, no. 1 (February 2012): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080000016x.
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In this paper we compare results from an in-store field experiment and a mail survey choice experiment (CE) to investigate CE's capacity in predicting grocery store market share. For the comparison, we used three seafood products: freshwater prawns, marine shrimp, and lobster. CE estimates were obtained via four econometric models: the conditional logit, the random parameter logit, the heteroskedastic extreme value, and the multinomial probit. We found that the level of control in the grocery store experiment and the choice of econometric model influenced the capacity of CE to predict grocery store market shares.
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Ruzha, Oksana, Victor Voronov, and Tatjana Tambovceva. "Econometric Models for the Estimation of the Commercial Value of Residential Real Estate Objects in Latvia." International Journal of Economics and Statistics 10 (March 15, 2022): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9103.2022.10.10.
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Real estate market formation in Latvia occurs in the conditions of practical absence of a single system of methodological approaches to real estate estimation adapted for the Latvian conditions. In the article it is proved that along with individual estimation it is possible to use methods of mass appraisal of the commercial value of the real estate, constructed on the basis of econometric models. Application of such models will allow us to receive rather precise, authentic estimation of the commercial value of residential real estate in the conditions of dynamics of the Latvian market of real estate.
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Habib, Abdi Hassen. "Factor Influencing Customer Attitude towards Use Interest-free financial products and services of Commercial Banks in Ethiopia." Journal of Corporate Finance Management and Banking System, no. 12 (November 26, 2022): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jcfmbs.12.11.26.
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Islamic banking has become one of the global financial industries' fastestgrowing segments. This study analysis of Customer Attitudes towards the Use of Interest- Free Financial Products and Services of Commercial Banks in Ethiopia (The Case of Jigjiga City). 398 sample respondents were chosen from commercial banks in Ethiopia utilizing multistage staged sampling processes. Both of the original sources were used to gather the study's data. Interviews and structured questionnaires were used to gather primary data. The results of multiple regressions revealed that relative advantage and compatibility have a significant positive impact on the attitude toward interest-free banking products and services in commercial banks in Ethiopia. The data were used for descriptive analysis (frequency, percentile, mean, and standard deviation) as well as econometric analysis (correlation and multiple regressions). Similarly, complexity has no obvious influence on attitude, whereas perceived trust and customers awareness have a negative influence on attitude. .
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Amoussou, Amour Gbaguidi, and Aristide Medenou. "Application of ARIMA models on Export potential Indicator." African Journal of Applied Statistics 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 1165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.16929/ajas/2021.1165.263.
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The export potential indicator is designed for countries that aim to support established exports by increasing exports to new or existing target markets, and several studies are being managed using various mathematical model to predict the export values. Here, we propose an econometric model that could be useful to predict the export values. We performed the ARIMA model to evaluate the realized and unrealized export potentials of products. We therefore propose to carry out actions in favor of increasing the export potential.
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DeYoung, Robert, Emma Y. Peng, and Meng Yan. "Executive Compensation and Business Policy Choices at U.S. Commercial Banks." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 48, no. 1 (January 8, 2013): 165–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109012000646.
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AbstractWe show that contractual risk-taking incentives for chief executive officers (CEOs) increased at large U.S. commercial banks around 2000, when industry deregulation expanded these banks’ growth opportunities. Our econometric models indicate that CEOs responded positively to these incentives, especially at the larger banks best able to take advantage of these opportunities. Our results also suggest that bank boards responded to higher-than-average levels of risk by moderating CEO risk-taking incentives; however, this feedback effect is absent at the very largest banks with strong growth opportunities and a history of highly aggressive risk-taking incentives.
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Prišenk, Jernej, and Jernej Turk. "Assessment of Concept between Rural Development Challenges and Local Food Systems: A Combination between Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis and Econometric Modelling Approach." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 3477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063477.
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This study investigates the influence of social, economic, and environmental impacts on the promotion and marketing systems of local food products from mountain areas in Slovenia. These impacts were assessed using an econometric modelling approach. Two econometric models were developed (one for production and one for marketing). The case studies of local food products were selected from Slovenian mountain regions, most of which were from less-favored areas (LFAs). A majority of the selected food commodities were of high quality, with or without protected designations. Data collection was carried out via interviews. Due to production limitation on mountain areas in Slovenia and other constraints in LFAs, the socio-economic and environmental impacts on success of production and marketing systems need to be clarified. These relations present a potential impact on the wider socio-economic development in the region. The empirical results, obtained using an econometric modelling approach, clearly show the importance of encouraging the socio-economic and environmental impacts in ensuring the marketing and production potentials of local food products. The result express good relationships, and cooperation between the actors in the food supply chains contributing to a successful marketing system and production system of local food products (small, average, large) is dependent on the available local labour in mountain rural areas.
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VOLONTYR, Ludmila, Nadiya POTAPOVA, and Oksana ZELINSKA. "ECONOMETRIC MODELING IN FORMATION OF OPTIMAL PRICE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 5 (45) (May 2019): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-5-9.
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Ukraine is a predominantly agricultural country, and this branch has been recently demonstrating relatively high efficiency. Vegetable growing is a specific branch of crop production, which includes a large set of vegetables grown according to different technologies, with different shelf life of vegetable products, their different cost and production efficiency. The analysis of the situation on the vegetable market of Ukraine showed that there is a certain correlation between production volumes, sales and products sales prices. The price market environment on the vegetable market in recent years is largely determined by the ratio of supply and demand on the market. Thus, sales volumes increase when the supply on the market is the highest and the price level on the market is the lowest. The absence of permanent wholesale distribution channels also leads to an increase in the hidden market for vegetable products. According to experts of the Ukrainian Agrarian Confederation, the hidden market for fruit and vegetables is about $ 14 billion, or about 60% of the total turnover of vegetable products in Ukraine. Due to the moratorium on the sale of agricultural land, businesses are not able to buy land on their own and develop their business in the long-term prospects. Today, government support in the vegetable sector is limited to preferential lending and to individual funding programs, most often in collaboration with international donors. Much of the support for agro-industrial farms goes to grain and pulse plant producers, which significantly limits the opportunity for developing crop producers with higher marginality. The conditions in which the agrarian sector operates have a high degree of changeable uncertainty, and this circumstance requires agricultural producers to find ways to obtain reliable information about the state of the agricultural market, organizational and functional links between the subjects of the agricultural market, prices for agricultural products. etc. The purpose of this study is to: analyze the price of vegetable sales in Ukraine; substantiation of the use of the AGMEMOD partial equilibrium model for forecasting vegetable production in Ukraine; establish dependence of demand and supply of vegetable production on their sales price; determine the point of equilibrium of supply and demand and calculate of the optimal selling price of vegetables in Ukraine; justify the optimal costs for vegetable production; analyze of the price of selling vegetables in Ukraine and determine the optimal price according to supply and demand, as well as the optimal cost of vegetable production. Now, there are 12 key vegetable crops in Ukraine. These are potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes, cabbage, beets, carrots, onions, garlic, peppers, zucchini, eggplants and pumpkin. Of these 12 cultures, 9 showed an increase in the period 2010-2016, even without taking into account the uncontrolled Crimea and Donbass. This increase has been driven by two crucial factors: - yield increase. This was made possible due to improving the quality of the seed and natural technological progress in the processing and the use of crop protecting agents. - increase in export demand for products. The demand, for example, for Ukrainian carrots and onions has increased, and therefore the opportunities for their cultivation have become greater. Price is a complex economic category, practically the only element of marketing that enables an enterprise to earn real income. Without proper economic justification of the price level, the normal functioning of economic entities and entire sectors of the economy is impossible, which in turn has a significant impact on the material well-being of the population. The level of market price depends on the value of other marketing elements, as well as on the level of competition on the market and the general state of the economy. As a rule, other marketing elements also change (for example, with increasing product differentiation in order to maximize price or at least the difference between price and cost). The price formation strategy allows determining the price level and marginal prices for individual product groups. The price formation should always be carried out taking into account the nomenclature and quality of products, their usefulness, importance and purchasing power of consumers and prices of the competitors. The strategy of price formation management is a set of measures to maintain conditional prices while actually regulating them in accordance with the variety and characteristics of demand, competition in the market. The AGMEMOD model is an example of the partial equilibrium (PE) models used in agriculture. The main advantages of partial equilibrium models are: the simplicity of the implemented algorithms, the operation of which is quite easily traced; relative availability of necessary data; the calculations are amenable to adequate economic interpretation, making it possible to quickly analyze the consequences of making a decision in the agricultural sector. However, partial equilibrium models are not without their disadvantages. In particular, they do not permit to assess macroeconomic effects such as changes in national income or employment levels, the effects that may be obtained from the redistribution of resources (labor, capital, etc.) into more efficient sectors. For national researchers, it is advisable to use these models, because they have a module of Ukraine, but it is necessary to supplement the program with statistics on vegetables. The demand is a function of price changes in the current period, and the supply is a function of price changes in previous periods. Econometric models of supply and demand dependence of vegetable production on the price of their sale are constructed. The equilibrium of the system is observed at the price of 6558 UAH. for 1 ton of vegetables under the given conditions of consumption, the demand is equal to supply and is 9321 thousand tons. Econometric models of price dependence on material costs, labor costs and depreciation have been constructed. By the first model, it can be determined that the content of unaccounted factors is estimated at 99.82 UAH. per hectare; with an increase in material costs by 1 hectare by 1 UAH, selling price increases by 0.9 UAH. per ton. Based on the Fisher's ratio test, the model is adequate, the relationship between the indicators is tight. The relationship between the indicators of the second model is weak, the calculated correlation coefficient can be trusted, but in general, the adequacy of the model conclusion cannot be made. The model shows that with an increase in labor costs by 1 UAH per hectare, the price increases by 10.03 UAH per ton. The third model based on the Fisher's ratio test is adequate, the relationship between the indicators is average. With the increase in depreciation costs per hectare by 1 UAH, the selling price will increase by 12.42 UAH per ton. The value of the linear correlation coefficient other than zero is statistically significant. Based on the calculated models, we will determine the optimal cost per hectare: material – 7144.2 UAH, labor costs – 689.4 UAH, depreciation costs – 543.4 UAH.
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Ishaq, Maryam, Asad Ali, and Ismat Nasim. "Interest Spread and the Banking Sector Profitability- An Empirical Investigation for Pakistan." Review of Education, Administration & Law 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v5i3.260.
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The paper is an empirical exploration around the commercial banks’ interest spread and the profitability performance for Pakistani banking industry. Earlier studies have evidently proven the sensitivity of commercial banks financial performance towards the gap between their deposit rate and the lending rate. The present study therefore aims at validating (invalidating) the subject relationship using advance time-series econometric procedures. The study attempts to yield a robust statistical analysis since three different measures of banks’ profitability are employed for the purpose of econometric testing i.e. return on assets, return on equity and earnings per share. The study sample comprises seven major participants from commercial banking sector of Pakistan and the sample study period rangers from year 2002 to 2018. From the series of robust regression models, Newey-West Hetroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent (HAC) estimator is used to test the hypothesized relationship. Valid statistical support is yielded in case of all three measures of profitability; however, return on assets as indicator of profitability receives highest amount of statistical support. The results hold strong policy implications for commercial banking sector of the country, calling for wise management decisions whilst deciding the deposit and the lending and rates since they are key to determining the interest spread observed by a bank which in return determines its profitability margins.
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Obilor, Ibe Sunny, Egbujor Kelechi, and Jude Nathaniel Osuagwu. "Analysis of Critical Determinants of Commercial Banks Profitability: Evidence from Nigeria." Sumerianz Journal of Economics and Finance, no. 41 (March 28, 2021): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjef.41.52.63.
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This study investigated the critical determinants of commercial bank profitability in Nigeria. The objective was to develop empirical models for predicting commercial bank profitability. The study adopted a combination of ex-post facto and survey research design in data collection and analysis, while quantitative and qualitative tools were employed in data analysis. The CAMELS performance basket provided the framework that guided the investigation. Two industry drivers (bank size and market share) and one macroeconomic driver (cyclic output growth rate of the economy) were included into the CAMELS basket. The quantitative approach made use of descriptive statistics and set of econometric tools in the analysis. The result of econometric analysis identified assets quality, liquidity and earnings as the significant determinants of commercial bank profitability in Nigeria. The result of the qualitative analysis based on expert opinion equally identified asset quality, earnings and liquidity as three top determinants of commercial bank profitability. This also validates the result of quantitative analysis. The study concludes that irrespective of whatever is the industry and macroeconomic state of the economy, commercial banks’ ability to remain profitable, strictly dependent on the capacity of internal management to invest the banks resources into quality assets that affords the bank the opportunity to maintain optimal liquidity and generate earnings sufficient to offset all associated cost of doing business as well as create positive margin adequate to reward shareholders. Based on the above conclusion, the study recommends for increased capacity building (technical and managerial) of internal managers of commercial banks in Nigeria for enhanced strategic, tactical and operational planning and management of banks.
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Ogundeji, Abiodun, Andre Jooste, and D. Uchezuba. "Econometric estimation of Armington elasticities for selected agricultural products in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 13, no. 2 (December 3, 2010): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v13i2.41.
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Price transmission behaviour is used to model the impacts of different trade regimes; if this behaviour is not modelled correctly, the trade impacts can be either under- or overestimated. Due to the lack of elasticities of substitution pertaining to selected imported and domestically produced agricultural products in South Africa, ‘Armington’ elasticities, using quarterly data from 1995-2006 and three different models, based on the time series properties of the data, are estimated in this paper. Considering the long-run elasticity results, soyabeans (whether broken or not) and meat of bovine animals (frozen) are the most sensitive import products, followed by maize, meat of bovine animals (fresh or chilled), sunflower seeds, and wheat and meslin. Regarding the short-run elasticity, soyabeans are the most sensitive import product, followed by meat of bovine animals (fresh or chilled); meat of swine (fresh, chilled or frozen) is the least sensitive import product.
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Zaród, Jadwiga. "Czynniki kształtujące ceny wybranych produktów rolno żywnościowych." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.3.75.
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Price differences significantly shape trade and affect consumer behavior. Change in prices of agricultural products imply changes in food prices. Factors shaping the prices of agri-food products can divide into structural factors (for example: area of crops, consumption, import, export) and cyclical factors (for example: extreme weather events, exchange rates). The purpose of this article is to study the influence of supply and demand factors on the purchase prices of selected products on the EU and Polish markets. The main research methods are the econometric causal-effect models. In addition, trend models will allow to determine the direction of development for the prices of analyzed agri-food products. OECD, FAO and EUROSTAT data were used to this study. The results show the relationship between the purchase price of agri-food products and supply and demand factors and allow comparison of these prices in Poland and in the EU. Trend models have helped to set price forecasts for the next two years.
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Maslova, Vlada, Natalya Zaruk, Clemens Fuchs, and Mikhail Avdeev. "Competitiveness of Agricultural Products in the Eurasian Economic Union." Agriculture 9, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9030061.
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This article discusses the outcomes of a quantitative analysis using econometric panel data models of the competitiveness of grains in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The analysis was based on the public authorities’ statistics of EAEU countries as well as the United Nations Comtrade Database, which is a repository of official international trade statistics. The results of the analysis allowed us to assess the level of competitiveness of the agricultural products produced in EAEU countries and to determine the extent to which various factors affect the competitiveness. The research conclusions can be used to develop and adjust the agricultural policy in the EAEU.
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ZAVHORODNIA, TETIANA, OKSANA PROSKUROVYCH, and KATERYNA GORBATIUK. "DIAGNOSIS OF THE RESULT OF A SEWING ENTERPRISE PRODUCTION ACTIVITY." MODELING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 1, no. 1 (June 2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/mdes/2021-1-6.
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In the scientific article, the process of diagnosing the production activity result of a sewing enterprise is investigated. An assessment of the state of production and marketing activities of a sewing enterprise based on the dynamics of the volume of marketable and sold products. The factor analysis of the efficiency of resources using (number of human resources, cost of materials and fixed assets) on an enterprise of sewing branch is carried out. Econometric modeling and forecasting of the production activity results, concerning the change of the basic components of resource potential of a sewing enterprise, are applied. Several econometric and one trend models, which describe the change of the volume of marketable products on a sewing factory, have been built. In addition to linear dependences, the power and multiplicative production function of changing the production activity result is formed. All constructed models have a high value of the coefficient of determination, which indicates a significant share of the influence of selected factors on the performance indicator. At the same time, they are adequate, so they can be used for forecasting the volume of marketable products. The results of modeling and further forecasting proved that the best models are the three-factor model, power model, two-factor model built on the impact of staff and cost of material resources, and one-factor relationship between product volume and cost of materials. These models have a sufficiently high value of the coefficient of determination, the lowest value of the standard error, and the adequacy of these models according to Fisher's criterion and the reliability of their parameters according to Student's criterion.
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Dobronravova, E. P. "Industry effects of monetary policy in Russia: Econometric analysis." Journal of the New Economic Association 55, no. 3 (2022): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-55-3-3.
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This paper presents the econometric analysis of the heterogenous effects of monetary policy on industrial output and producer prices in manufacturing sector in Russia. The estimation of the differences in the impulce responses to the interest rate shock is conducted using structural VAR-models, the analysis of key industrial characteristics, explaining differences through monetary transmission channes, is based on principal components and correlations. Our findings reveal the strongest response to monetary policy in such industries as manufacture of rubber and plastic products, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products, manufacture of pulp and paper, manufacture of machinery nd equipment, manufacture of electrical, electronic and optical equipment and manufacture of motor vehicles and equipment. Besides, in these industries the response is usually deffered to 2–3 months after the shock. Our findings also show that the impact of monetary shocks on output is particulary strong in industries producing capital goods and supplies for construction but particularly weak in industries with high concentration and high profits. That means that differences in industrial responses to monetary policy can be described by two key channels of monetary transmission — interest rate channel (due to high demand sensitivity to interest rate changes) and bank lending channel (due to important role of bank loans in fi rms’ financing).
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Chen, Qiang, Yabin Zhang, and Lian Chen. "A Study of Internet Development and Enterprise Financing in China." Networks and Spatial Economics 21, no. 3 (May 7, 2021): 495–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11067-021-09535-8.
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AbstractThe development of the Internet has changed many traditional commercial models of enterprises. Therefore, the term Internet development is increasingly drawing attention from scholars. However, we are not certain whether the development of the Internet improves the problem of difficult financing of enterprises and enhances enterprise financing efficiency. This paper analyzes whether Internet development can promote enterprise financing efficiency. First, the Data Envelopment Analysis- Slack Based Measure (DEA-SBM) model is applied to measure the enterprise financing efficiency values of 31 provinces in China. The measurement results indicate that the enterprise financing efficiency in the eastern regions is higher than that of central and western regions. Then, this paper further tests if Internet development can contribute to enterprise financing efficiency based on an econometric model. The analysis results indicate that Internet development has an obvious promoting effect on enterprise financing efficiency. Later, spatial econometric models are adopted in this paper to further analyze if Internet development has a spatial overflow effect on enterprise financing efficiency. The results indicate that Internet development indeed has a spatial overflow effect on enterprise financing efficiency.
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VILLALBA, M. TERESA, LUIS FERNÁNDEZ-SANZ, JUAN J. CUADRADO-GALLEGO, and JOSE J. MARTÍNEZ. "SOFTWARE QUALITY EVALUATION FOR SECURITY COTS PRODUCTS." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 20, no. 01 (February 2010): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194010004633.
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Increasing demand for security commercial products requires an improvement of methods for evaluating their software quality. Existing standards offer general frameworks but more specific models which reflect the perception of experts and customers as well as the particular characteristics of this type of products are needed. This article presents a method for generating domain-oriented software quality models for specific types of applications. It is applied to the generation of a model for security COTS products based on systematic review of standards, related literature and conclusions of evaluation experiences as well as the statistical analysis of information collected from 203 security experts and practitioners. Results reveal interesting conclusions on the importance given by users to the different quality characteristics of security commercial software products.
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Huu Nguyen, Anh, Hang Thu Nguyen, and Huong Thanh Pham. "Applying the CAMEL model to assess performance of commercial banks: empirical evidence from Vietnam." Banks and Bank Systems 15, no. 2 (June 23, 2020): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(2).2020.16.
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The paper aims to investigate the impact of CAMEL components on the financial performance of commercial banks in Vietnam. Three econometric models are built using four CAMEL’s crucial indicators as independent variables (capital adequacy, asset quality, management effectiveness, bank liquidity) and return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and net interest margin (NIM) as proxies for commercial banks’ financial performance – dependent variables. The research sample includes 31 Vietnamese commercial banks over the 6-year period, from 2013 to 2018. The results show a better fit of the fixed effects model (FEM) in terms of the research methodology compared to the ordinary least squares (OLS) and random effects model (REM). It was found that capital adequacy, asset quality, liquidity and management efficiency affect the performance of Vietnamese commercial banks. Acknowledgement This research is funded by National Economics University (NEU), Hanoi, Vietnam. The authors thank anonymous referees for their contributions and the NEU for funding this research.
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VARSHAVSKII, Aleksandr E., Tat'yana A. KOMKINA, Ekaterina V. KOCHETKOVA, Marina G. DUBININA, Viktoriya V. DUBININA, and Mariya S. KUZNETSOVA. "Analyzing the indicators of development and distribution of high-tech products (the case of robotics and mobile devices)." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 21, no. 10 (October 27, 2022): 1651–978. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.21.10.1951.
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Subject. The article discusses a methodology for analysis of development and distribution of high-tech products. Objectives. The aim is to elaborate methods and models to analyze and predict the development of high-tech products on the case of robotics and mobile devices. Methods. We offered methods of analyzing the dynamics of technical indicators, developed models of price dependence on absolute and relative technical indicators by generation. For certain types of high-tech products, we constructed price models for various stages of life cycle (initial stage, stages of growth, maturity and saturation), proposed models to identify the impact of socio-economic factors and to assess possible risks of using high-tech products. Results. The paper offers a methodology and tools to analyze and predict indicators of development and distribution of high-tech products, presents modifications of logistic models that help forecast changes in technical and economic indicators in the short term. We constructed econometric models that consider socio-economic factors and risks affecting the speed of distribution and the scale of use of high-tech products, using the case of industrial and service robotics, mobile devices. The study unveils positive correlation of price and complex indicator of technical complexity of the considered types of high-tech products. Conclusions. The paper demonstrates that the developed models and methods enable to forecast the dynamics of technical and economic indicators, distribution in the market, and to assess potential risks of usage.
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Hossain, Md Imran, Md Al-Amin, and Md Abu Toha. "Are Commercial Agent Banking Services Worthwhile For Financial Inclusion?" Business Management and Strategy 12, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bms.v12i2.19070.
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In recent times, commercial agent banking services have got considerable attention from academia and the banking industry for accelerating financial inclusion in emerging economies. However, it's incomprehensible to accelerate the economic progression through financial inclusion while ignoring a huge segment of the nonbank people from unprivileged areas. A very few studies have been conducted on the association between agent banking services and financial inclusion in emerging economies such as Bangladesh. The present study aims to investigate the impact of agent banking services provided by commercial banks on financial inclusion. To begin with the investigation, this study was based on agency theory considering the purposive sampling technique. This quantitative study was conducted on 19 commercial banks which are currently providing agent banking services in Bangladesh. An econometric model was proposed whereas the dependent construct has one specific dimension named as financial inclusion proxy by several accounts as a percentage of the adult population, in contrast, the independent construct had three dimensions named as-deposited amount, credited amount, and inward remittance of agent bank. In addition to that, this econometric model was based on secondary data whereas data analysis was conducted by considering panel data statistical method using GRETL (2019) software. This statistical analysis revealed that currently both the deposited amount and credited amount do have a significant impact on financial inclusion. It has also been inferred that using agent banking for in-warding remittance and new accounts open by clients have a positive significant relationship with financial inclusion. It is argued that agent banking services by comprising unbanked people in financial inclusion will ultimately prompt the opportunity for proper mobilization of resources and funds while maintaining safety and security. Further, it is also claimed that this study would assist to illustrate the present performance of agent banking services in financial inclusion from a multidimensional perspective which will contribute to providing some more innovative and sustainable products and services towards the unbanked people. Finally, this study recommends that commercial banks through agent banking should include a maximum number of nonbank populations into the financial inclusion by ensuring sustainable agent banking services which will accelerate the emerging economics Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) performance.
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Anysiadou, Melpomeni. "Card or Cash? An Econometrical and Behavioral Analysis in Greece during Covid-19." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 8, no. 3 (June 23, 2022): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v8n3p1.
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Purpose: This study aims to investigate Greek bank card holders’ behavior and verify the use of this means of payment against cash in their various transactions.Methodology: A variety of econometric and behavioral models were used to capture those factors that can affect satisfaction and attitude towards bank cards and behavioral intention to continue using them, in conjunction with the choice of using this payment method over cash, during the Covid-19 period in Greece.By performing Factor Analysis, Multiple Logistic Regression, Structural Equation, and Multiple Linear Regressions Models, it was proved that factors such as transaction security, acceptance of the payment, ease of use, and the characteristics of bank cards could be influencing the use of such banking products. Exceptional were the findings regarding the influence of the type of good, the sector, and transaction size, on the choice of payment method. In addition, individuals’ perceptions about the prestige and benefits offered by bank cards against cash, in combination with elements of an individual’s personality, such as materialism and compulsive buyers, were equally important factors that could enhance the use of these banking products in Greece.Originality: The novelty of this study lies in the fact that a variety of different econometric and behavioral models were used to investigate in-depth personal factors and factors related to the conduction of transactions that both affect the use of bank cards and cash at a time that Greek transactions require to be contactless.
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Kholodova, M. A., and O. P. Shakhbazova. "Econometric forecasting methods industrial sectors of the agro-industrial complex." Agrarian-And-Food Innovations 14 (June 29, 2021): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31208/2618-7353-2021-14-20-28.
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Aim. Development and justification of the calculation and analytical tool and adaptation of the methodology of its use to the laws of the development of individual branches of agricultural production and scientific interpretation of promising directions of their development. Materials and Methods. In the course of the work, econometric models were used, the main ones of which should be considered correlation and regression, including ridge regression, simulation and trend. The method of simulation modeling was supplemented by the method of expert assessments. Calculations of econometric models were carried out using the SPSS Statistics, Mathcad packages and the FAR-AREA 4.0 software tool. Results. Calculations using econometric models allowed us to develop and justify three author's scenarios for the development of sunflower production in the region: inertial, moderate and optimistic, in the context of the implementation of an export-oriented strategy in the agro-industrial complex for the period up to 2023. Conclusion. To implement the conditions of all three variants of the forecast of sunflower production, it is necessary to increase the use of elite seeds of domestic production and imported seeds in the structure of crops, as well as to ensure a positive dynamics of the introduction of plant protection products per 1 hectare of sown area, which in the future will contribute to the growth of crop yields. The forecast parameters of sunflower yield obtained by us in 2023 in the Rostov region for all three variants are realistic and correspond to the production conditions of the region.
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Yudhistira Ardana, Nur Syamsiyah, Misfi Laili Rohmi, and Lilis Renfiana. "Error Correction Model Analysis in Measuring the Effect of Bank Internal Factors on Mudharabah Deposits for Islamic Commercial Banks." El-Qish: Journal of Islamic Economics 1, no. 2 (December 4, 2021): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/elqish.v1i2.1518.2021.
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Islamic bank products to raise public funds can be in the form of demand deposits (wadiah), savings (mudharabah), and deposits (mudharabah). One of the profit-sharing rates in Islamic banks comes from internal factors, namely Return on Assets, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Financing to Deposit Ratio, and Operational Expenses Operating Costs. This study will examine the effect of bank internal factors on mudharabah deposits of Islamic commercial banks using an econometric model, namely the error correction model. Findings. The results showed that the bank's internal variables had a significant effect on mudharabah deposits both in the short and long term. Variables Return on Assets, Capital Adequacy Ratio, and Operational Expenses Operational costs both short and long term have a negative effect on mudharabah deposits.
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Guillermo, Benavides-Perales, Tellez-Leon Isela Elizabeth, and Venegas-Martinez Francisco. "The impact of banking and external sectors on Mexican agriculture in the period 1995–2015." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 1 (January 18, 2018): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/193/2016-agricecon.
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Mexican agricultural production has been characterised by a lack of dynamism in recent years and is losing ground in terms of GDP. This may reflect the lack of funding from commercial and development banks. This research aims at studying the dynamics of the agriculture sector through econometric analysis using Vector Autoregressive (VAR) and Vector Error Correction (VEC) models in order to examine the short- and long-run relationships among agricultural production, terms of trade (ratio of agricultural prices and general price level), agricultural exports and lending from commercial and development banks. The main empirical findings, contrary to what was expected, is that even though there was a precarious level of funding from the banking sector, credit from commercial banking was higher than that from development banking in the last decades. Further, relative prices were found to have a negative relationship with agricultural exports, showing the importance of the external sector in agriculture.
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Bolkesjø, Torjus Folsland, Michael Obersteiner, and Birger Solberg. "Information technology and the newsprint demand in Western Europe: a Bayesian approach." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-083.
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This paper focuses on the impacts of new information technology on newsprint demand in a sample of West European countries (Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom). It is hypothesized that information technology, through the ready and free availability of news content on the Internet, could induce a structural shift in the newsprint consumption pattern in these markets. Econometric analyses based on historical data for the four countries mentioned above do not yet support this hypothesis. Based on evidence from the United States, where Internet penetration is higher, and several recently published market studies, there is, however, reason to expect stagnating newsprint consumption in Western Europe. By using Bayesian demand models, we try to incorporate prior information from these market studies in the econometric analysis. A classical demand model, based solely on historical data from 1971 to 1999, is estimated for comparison with the Bayesian models. Predictions for newsprint consumption based on the Bayesian approach show lower future consumption levels than those predicted by the classical models, which are commonly used in forest product demand studies. We conclude that Bayesian models carry the potential to improve the quality of forest products demand analyses when a structural break can be expected and sufficient information on its dynamics is available.
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Schein, Jonah, Peter Chan, Yuting Chen, Camilla Dunham, Heidi Fuchs, Virginie Letschert, Michael McNeil, et al. "Methodology for the national water savings models– indoor residential and commercial/institutional products, and outdoor residential products." Water Supply 19, no. 3 (July 19, 2018): 879–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.136.
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Abstract Since 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has operated WaterSense® in partnership with manufacturers, utilities, and consumer groups. Similar to EPA's ENERGY STAR® role for energy-efficient products, WaterSense® employs a labeling system to identify water-efficient products, homes, and services. As of 2015, the WaterSense® program can claim credit for a total savings of 1.5 trillion gallons of water and $32.6 billion in consumer water and energy bills. Savings are tracked in the National Water Savings (NWS) model that combines innovative analyses with methodologies established in the energy sector. Merging life-cycle cost and national impact analysis models, the NWS model estimates savings from a bottom-up accounting method for individual products. The model extends those savings to the national level by employing parameters such as frequency of product use by number of people and building type, product lifetime, stock accounting, and market saturation. The NWS model tracks the water and consumer monetary savings of WaterSense-labeled products for residential and commercial water use both indoors and out.
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Nakazi, Florence, Immaculate Babirye, Eliud Birachi, and Michael Adrogu Ugen. "Exploring retailer marketing strategies for value added bean products in Kenya." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 22, no. 5 (September 11, 2019): 675–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2018.0073.
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Unlike many other Sub-Saharan African countries, for many years Kenya had comparative advantages in the manufacturing of processed bean products. However, for new competitors intending to join the bean processing industry, little is known about marketing strategies for value added bean products. Using data from 90 retailers in the Nairobi and Kiambu counties in Kenya, a two-step econometric procedure-multivariate probit and Poisson regression models were applied to analyse retailers’ marketing strategy decisions. Findings show that information sources, cost of marketing, supply modalities, price of products, and quantities handled significantly influenced retailers’ marketing strategy choice. Surveyed retailers applied varying marketing strategies to market value added bean products. There is need for prospective retailers to choose an appropriate mix of strategies to penetrate the dynamic market with a number of value added bean products, and promote local consumption of value added bean products.
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Melnyk, Mykola, Mykyta Kuchkin, and Andriy Blyznyukov. "Commercial Banks: Traditional Banking Models Vs. Fintechs Solutions." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 6, no. 2 (2022): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.6(2).122-129.2022.
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This research is dedicated to ambitions of commercial banks in a form of a comparison of existing traditional banking models Versus FinTech solutions. Examples presented in the study are based on global market and forecasts are based on McKinsey and CB Insights reports. The hypothesis of this research imposed and suggested there are neither traditional model of commercial banks will remain at the constant, instead due to the mutual gain of the symbiosis the symbiosis commercial banks and FinTechs will respond to incentives. Research questions were: i) what are the ambitions of commercial banks in generating profits and how do they change in line with growth of the market of FinTechs? ii) to which extent traditional banking models and FinTechs solutions can be compared by assessed form the perspective of operations?; iii) which scenario out of tradition banking models, FinTechs only and a symbiosis between both is most likely to progress in the closest decade? Findings demonstrate that commercial banks’ financial ambitions continue to transform in line with product diversification they propose, commercial banks transform in their products and pricing will keep in balance between remaining competitive and profitable. The most realistic scenario in the future of commercial banks and FinTech solutions is the in-depth symbiosis.
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Seitenova, Gaini Zhumagalievna, Rizagul Muslimovna Dusova, Dauren Nurlanovich Kabylkaiyr, Vladislav Viktorovich Grebenkin, and Lyudmila Mikhailovna Bolsunovskaya. "OPTIMIZATION OF THE PROCESS OF PREPARING MOTOR FUELS AT REFINERIES." Science and Technology of Kazakhstan, no. 4.2020 (January 10, 2021): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/xyen7072.
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One of the key tasks of modern oil refining in Kazakhstan is the production of commercial oil products that meet international environmental standards K-4, K-5. Undoubtedly, this is facilitated by the modernization of primary and secondary production facilities of refineries, which allows you to expand the range of commercial products and improve their quality. The compounding process plays an equally important role in the formation of quantitative and qualitative indicators of commercial gasoline.The article considers the main mathematical models for calculating the preparation of commercial gasoline, the main purpose of which is to select a recipe that ensures compliance of petroleum products with GOST requirements. the basis is a mathematical model for calculating the detonation resistance of gasoline, taking into account the intermolecular interactions of the mixture components. Currently, the modeling of mathematical models of various oil refining processes is of particular relevance, since this allows reducing the cost of the experimental part, calculate all possible scenarios and make the most appropriate choice.
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Ovcharov, A. O., and A. M. Terekhov. "Econometric analysis of the use of biological assets in agricultural organizations." Statistics and Economics 17, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2020-1-79-87.
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The purpose of the study. The purpose is to analysis the use of biological assets through econometric models and quantifies the relationship between economic indicators of agricultural activity. The article is devoted to the possibilities of econometric analysis in the context of limited empirical data on Russia regarding the use of biological assets.Materials and methods. The article analyzed the Russian and foreign bibliography on the problems of biological assets research. In the context of the study of biological assets, the possibilities of using econometric analysis methods based on spatial, temporal or panel data are shown. A multi-regression model based on three groups of indicators (livestock and crop indicators, as well as indicators reflecting agricultural development in general) and implemented in two phases has been built. This model allowed making estimates of the impact of biological assets on the value of agricultural products in Russia. The methods of correlation analysis investigated the closeness of the relationship between the variables in the model. The initial data for this study were the annual data for the period 2000–2018. An array of more than 150 observations was used. For the purpose of comparability, this array has been converted into relative values, i.e. econometric analysis was carried out on growth rates.Results. This article highlights the main areas of research on biological assets presented in the works of Russian and foreign scientists-economists. It is concluded that there are a wide range of issues of assessment and accounting of biological assets in Russian publications and in the context of the transition to international reporting standards. These problems are not relevant for foreign researchers – in foreign publications presented mainly the search for effective mechanisms for assessing the market value of biological assets using complex econometric models. The article substantiates the importance of using econometric analysis methods in Russian conditions, highlights a number of areas of such analysis and presents a multifactorial regression model. The implementation of the model allowed quantifying the hypothesis of the strong impact of biological asset productivity on the value of agricultural organizations. Based on the construction of the trend line and the choice of the optimal value of the value of the value of the approximation, a short-term forecast of the value of agricultural products produced by livestock and crop production was made. In addition, the correlation matrix assesses the closeness of the relationship between economic indicators.Conclusion. Economic analysis of biological assets should include a variety of areas – valuation, accounting and auditing, insurance and leasing, efficient use and management. The debate between proponents and opponents of the valuation of biological assets at fair value as an alternative to historical value accounting is of particular relevance today. Many issues relating to the valuation and use of biological assets can be addressed by econometric analysis techniques. In Russian practice, this approach is not yet widespread. However, it is it that it quantifies the complex links between economic variables (including biological assets) that characterize agricultural activities.
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Morina, Fisnik, and Ercan Özen. "Does the Commercial Bank's Loans Affect Economic Growth? Empirical Evidence for the Real Sector Economy in Kosovo (2005-2018)." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 15, no. 8 (December 22, 2020): 1205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.150807.
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The study aims to analyze the impact of credit policies of commercial banks on financing and development of the real sector of Kosovo's economy. In this context, some statistical and econometric models and techniques have been applied in order to test the impact of commercial banks through the lending process in the development of the real sector of Kosovo's economy for the period 2005-2018, using time series on a monthly basis. The empirical results of this study prove that commercial banks through the lending process have had a positive substantive impact on the development of the real sector in the economy of Kosovo. Economic development cannot happen without the development of the private sector and banks are the ones who can help and are helping in this regard. This study will provide a theoretical and practical analysis of contemporary forms of real sector lending, as well as, the importance of credit policy reform in financing and developing this sector and provide empirical evidence of how much bank loans have affected in the development of the real sector of Kosovo's economy.
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Vasylieva, Natalia, and John R. Kruse. "Models on providing food security: case of Ukraine." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(4).2018.28.
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Providing food security is a top issue of agricultural economics in a global scale. Although Ukraine helps other countries become more food secure through its exports of wheat, corn, barley, and sunflower, low per capita income levels create challenges for Ukrainians to keep their diet nutrition balance in animal food basket. The research objective supposed applying mathematical apparatus to support solving this problem. The offered consumption optimization model has been developed to ensure inelastic customers’ food preferences by animal products subject to income and calories constraints. The proposed econometric models have been designed to project broiler, pork, eggs, milk, and beef productions. Complex implementation of the set mathematical models maintained the tool to analyze scenarios by expected export/import and demands for grain and oilseed crops used for feed in animal husbandry. The results of this research provide state authorities, livestock and poultry producers, Ukrainian consumers and other interested parties with management guidance focused on developing animal husbandry in the presence of income, as well as animal product price variability.
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Howell, Bronwyn E., and Petrus H. Potgieter. "Bundles of trouble: Can competition law adapt to digital pricing innovation?" Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 19, no. 1-2 (March 2018): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1783591718801102.
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The burgeoning digital economy is characterized by bundled offers of goods and services, many with near-zero marginal cost, in highly concentrated markets often exhibiting competition ‘for the market’ and ‘winner-takes-all’ outcomes. Acceptable competitive behaviour in these markets likely differs substantially from that in markets for goods with standard economic characteristics. The suitability of current tools used to specify and enforce competition laws for governing commercial activity in a digital economy dominated by bundled offers is questionable. Classical market analysis focuses narrowly on individual product markets. In bundle product markets, quantitative econometric analysis becomes computationally intractable as the own- and cross-elasticities increase exponentially with the number of products in the bundle and providers in the market. Furthermore, classic econometric analysis cannot inform decisions in markets where bundles are yet to be offered. Simulation and numerical analysis of hypothetical scenarios under different consumer preferences and firm strategic choices offers another means of evaluating effects of intervention in specific circumstances. We illustrate using a model based on the (declined) proposed New Zealand merger between Sky Television and Vodafone and make recommendations for both theory and practice as to how simulation analysis can be used to complement more conventional competition analyses.
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Santana, Lorena Figueira de, Thiago Manoel Sozinho, João Carlos Garzel Leodoro da Silva, José Roberto Frega, Lauro Brito de Almeida, and Jaqueline Valerius. "Analysis of Seasonal Behavior, Cycle Occurrences and Price Trends of Brazil nut Products Exported from Brazil." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 5 (April 11, 2018): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n5p220.
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The exploitation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) represent a way of subsistence for Amazon extractive communities, which demonstrate great recognition of its importance to income generation, notably in rural areas. This paper aims to identify and analyze the existence of seasonal behavior, cycle occurrence and price tendency upon Brazil nuts products (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) exported by Brazil to international market during 2005 to 2015. Products quantity and price database were collected from Foreign Trade Information Analysis System (AliceWeb) and used as proxy to estimate its unit price in US$/kg. Deflated by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), using as reference base December 2015, the analysis consisted on applying the Mobile Geometric Mean (MGM) and the ARIMA econometric models. The evaluation of cycles and tendency were realized by graphic analysis of the stationary indexes, visual identification of structural series breaks and plotting reference value to analyze the occurrence of increase or decrease price. Because of the models application a seasonal price behavior was observed for both Brazil nuts products analyzed, shelled and in shell. Although the tendency of price growth was verified for both, the in shell products presented short term annual cycles, while for the shelled product only three long term cycles with distinct intervals were noticed.
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Rankovic, Nenad, Branko Glavonjic, Leon Oblak, and Slavica Petrovic. "Trends of wood window and door consumption in Spain, France and Germany as elements of strategy for their export from Serbia." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 96 (2007): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0796083r.
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The paper gives results of the analysis of econometric models and trends of wood window and door consumption in Spain, France and Germany in the period 2008-2012. The results of the analysis are important for the process of creating export strategy for the chosen wood products from Serbia on the markets of the chosen countries. For each of the abovementioned markets, main recommendations in view of the possibilities for wood windows and doors export from Serbia are given, as well as the recommendations for the appearance of domestic producers on each of the chosen markets.