Academic literature on the topic 'Commercial products Econometric models'
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Journal articles on the topic "Commercial products Econometric models"
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GASANOVA, Marina R. "An approach to building a financial model for the purposes of planning resource products of the corporate segment in commercial banks." Finance and Credit 28, no. 5 (May 30, 2022): 1078–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.28.5.1078.
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Subject. The paper considers planning of resource products in the corporate business segment of a commercial bank. Objectives. The aim is to develop a model for planning financial results generated by attracted time deposit accounts and demand accounts of the corporate business segment in a commercial bank. Methods. I employ mathematical, statistical, and econometric methods and applied programming methods (SARIMA model for planning the profile of resource products of corporate clients, taking into account seasonality; the Ward's method for clustering corporate clients to create a pattern of financial behavior; SQL language for building uniquely designed models of resource product planning). Results. I identified the main drivers, algorithms and pricing principles of resource products. On their basis, I developed my own models for planning financial results from attracting time deposit accounts and demand accounts of the corporate business segment in a commercial bank. The uniquely designed planning models were tested on the basis of the medium-sized corporate business segment of one of the largest Russian commercial banks. Conclusions. The use of proprietary models enables to increase the accuracy of financial planning. The definition of a corporate client as the main driver contributes to the construction of a customer-oriented corporate customer service system, develops an incentive system, and allows to create additional incentives to increase cross-sales of banking products.
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Hong, Pham Van, Nguyen Thao Nguyen, Dinh Tran Ngoc Huy, Nguyen Thu Thuy, and Le Thi Thanh Huong. "Evaluating Several Models of Quality Management and Impacts on Lychee Price Applying for Vietnam Agriculture Products Value Chain Sustainable Development." Alinteri Journal of Agricultural Sciences 36, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i1/ajas21018.
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Sustainability of Vietnam agriculture value chain will be dependent on various factors such as skills and experience of farmers, advanced technology, agricultural engineering, standards and models such as VIETGAP or GLOBAL GAP, etc. The role is still important, but Vietnam's agricultural production still has many Weakness points compared to other countries in the region when comparing resource use efficiency (land, water and labor). As a result, the efficiency of agricultural production tends to decrease recently. Specifically, the growth in average agricultural labor productivity annual rate of Vietnam also decreased correspondingly from 2.7% in the period 1990-1999 to 2.5% in the period 2000-2013 (World Bank, 2016). In Vietnam, we will evaluate the effectiveness of VIETGAP and GLOBAL GAP models, principles and standards applying in Vietnam agriculture value chain in a specific case study. The research results show a strict condition for applying VIETGAP and GLOBAL GAP for better quality in agriculture, including: Conditions for soil, irrigation water, fertilizers, pest control, etc. Last but not least, we also use an econometric model to measure impacts of multi macro factors on lychee price in Vietnam market over past years 2014-2019. Regression results show that we need to control inflation at low level, stable GDP growth and trade balance and exchange rate to stabilize lychee price. The research findings are of value to policy makers, farmers and investors in making decisions to invest for sustainability of Vietnam agriculture value chain. We will also make suggestions for commercial bank system in agriculture sector development.
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León Serrano, Lady Andrea Andrea, Josselyn Lissbeth Chamba Bernal, and Samantha Abigail Vega Aguilar. "Comportamiento de la cartera comercial de los bancos privados del ecuador, 2010-2018." ECA Sinergia 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/eca_sinergia.v12i1.2064.
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El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar el comportamiento de la cartera comercial del sistema bancario privado del Ecuador durante el período 2010-2018, los factores considerados corresponden a cartera improductiva, tasa de morosidad, Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), Índice de precios del consumidor, riesgo país, variación de la deuda pública y liquidez. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la Superintendencia de Compañías, Banco Central del Ecuador y Superintendencia de Bancos. La metodología plantea dos modelos econométricos, el primero el Univariante Autoregresivo Integrado Media Móvil (ARIMA) por las estimaciones de las variables a corto plazo y el segundo Multivariante del Análisis de la Covarianza (ANCOVA) que permite relacionar variables con el comportamiento de la cartera comercial. Los principales resultados determinan que los factores de estudio provocan alteraciones en la cartera comercial, por lo tanto, las conclusiones se deducen a un sistema bancario sensible ante las crisis económicas, especialmente a factores externos como el precio del petróleo y planteamientos de políticas económicas.
Palabras clave: Cartera comercial; morosidad; liquidez; bancos privados; Ecuador.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to determine the behavior of the commercial portfolio of the private banking system of Ecuador during the period 2010-2018, the factors considered correspond to unproductive portfolio, late payment Rate, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), consumer price index , country risk, variation of public debt and liquidity. The data were obtained from the Superintendence of Companies, Central Bank of Ecuador and Superintendence of Banks. The methodology proposes two econometric models, the first the Mobile Media Integrated Autoregressive Univariate (ARIMA) by the estimates of the short-term variables and the second Multivariate of the covariance analysis (ANCOVA) allows to relate variables with the behavior of the commercial portfolio. The main results determine that the study factors cause alterations in the commercial portfolio, therefore, the conclusions are deduced to a banking system sensitive to economic crises, especially to external factors such as the price of oil and economic policy approaches.
Keywords: Commercial portfolio; late payment; liquidity; private banks; Ecuador.
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BOWN, CHAD P., and JENNIFER A. HILLMAN. "Bird Flu, the OIE, and National Regulation: The WTO's India–Agricultural Products Dispute." World Trade Review 15, no. 2 (March 2, 2016): 235–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000701.
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AbstractThis paper provides a legal-economic assessment of issues arising in the Panel Report over the WTO's India–Agricultural Products dispute, one of a growing list of disputes arising at the intersection of the WTO and domestic regulatory policy over human, animal, or plant health. This dispute featured allegations that India's import measures applied against avian influenza- (AI-) infected countries over poultry and related products were too restrictive, in light of the World Organisation for Animal Health's (OIE's) scientifically motivated standards and guidelines. We rely on insights from a set of economic models of commercial poultry markets in the presence of negative externalities such as AI. We use such models to motivate critical tradeoffs arising at the intersection of government regulatory regimes designed to deal with AI and how they fit alongside trade agreements such as the WTO and standard-setting bodies such as the OIE, which combine to impose constraints on regulatory and trade policy. While we find the institutional design of the OIE to be well-motivated and we are in broad agreement with the overall thrust of the Panel Report in the dispute, we also highlight a number of subtle issues which pose long-term challenges for the multilateral trading system's ability to balance trade rules with public health concerns.
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León Serrano, Lady Andrea. "Deuda externa y crecimiento económico de México, período 2002-2014." ECA Sinergia 10, no. 3 (September 17, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/eca_sinergia.v10i3.1882.
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México es uno de los países más influyentes de América Latina, por el avance comercial, manejo crediticio y de crisis económicas, a pesar de tener índices de endeudamiento externo altos, es considerada una economía emergente. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de estudio es conocer el impacto de la deuda externa en el crecimiento económico de México, período 2002–2014. Se ha considerado variables macroeconómicas con la aplicación de modelos econométricos como regresión bivariado y múltiple, los datos corresponden al Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). Los resultados evidencian una fuerte correlación inversa entre deuda externa y desempleo, y una débil relación con inflación y producto interno bruto. Se concluye que los porcentajes de desempleo afectan el nivel de endeudamiento externo provocando renegociaciones de deuda para solventar necesidades internas en el marco de decisiones de política macroeconómica.
Palabras clave: deuda externa, desempleo, inflación, producto interno bruto, crecimiento.
ABSTRACT
Mexico is one of the most influential countries in Latin America, because of the commercial advance, credit management and economic crises, despite having high external debt ratios, it is considered an emerging economy. For this reason, the objective of the study is to know the impact of external debt on Mexico’s economic growth, 2002-2014 period. Macroeconomic variables have been considered with the application of econometric models such as bivariate and multiple regression, the data correspond to the Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). he results show a strong inverse correlation between external debt and unemployment, and a weak relationship with inflation and gross domestic product. It is concluded that the percentages of unemployment affect the level of external indebtedness causing debt renegotiations to solve internal needs within the framework of macroeconomic policy decisions.
Key words: External debt, unemployment, inflation, gross domestic product, growth.
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Saiz, Albert. "Bricks, mortar, and proptech." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 38, no. 4 (March 23, 2020): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-10-2019-0139.
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PurposeDigital and information technologies (IT) are becoming silently pervasive in old-fashioned real estate markets. This paper focuses on three important avenues for the diffusion of IT in commercial real estate: online brokerage and sales, the commoditization of space and Fintech in mortgage and equity funding. We describe the main new markets and products created by this IT revolution. The focus is on the pioneering US market, with some attention devoted to the specific firms and institutions taking these innovations into the mainstream. We also carefully analyze the economic underpinnings from which the new technologies can expect to generate cash flows, thus becoming viable—or not. Finally, we discuss their likely impact on established players in the commercial real estate arena.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the author chooses to focus on three separate arenas where the IT revolution—sometimes referred to as Proptech, as applied to real estate—is having discernible impacts: sales and brokerage, space commoditization and online finance platforms. The author invites the reader to think seriously about the economic fundamentals that may—or may not—sustain new business models in Proptech. Real estate economists and investors alike need to be critical of new business models, especially when they are being aggressively marketed by their promoters. Trying to avoid any hype, the author provides thoughts about the likely impact of the innovations on their markets, guided by economic and finance theory, and previous experience.FindingsThe author evaluates the evolution of commercial real estate brokerage. While innovations will, no doubt, have an impact on the ways in which we buy and lease commercial properties, the lessons from the housing market should make us skeptical about the possibility of the new technologies dramatically facilitating disintermediation in this market. In fact, new oligopolies seem to be emerging with regard to market data provision.Practical implicationsProptech will change some aspects of the real estate industry, but not others!Originality/valueAs change pervades the property industry, only a relatively few research pieces are illustrating or—more importantly—providing insights about the likely economic and financial impacts of IT penetration. Similarly, only a few papers have so far addressed the economic viability of the alternative business models of tech startups targeting real estate markets and transactions.
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Kosar, Nataliia, Nataliia Kuzo, Jacek Binda, Nataliya Hayvanovych, and Nataliya Pytulyak. "Modeling of the factors influencing the dairy market in Ukraine." Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 8, no. 3 (September 20, 2022): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2022.08.03.03.
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Purpose. The present article aims to identify main determinants influencing development of demand at the dairy market in Ukraine (the average volume of milk consumption per capita), to evaluate their impact on the demand, to assess dependencies between the factors and the partial elasticity coefficients for their further use in forecasting.
Methodology / approach. In the research, the authors used information from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine concerning dynamics of the volume of milk consumption per capita and supply of milk to processing enterprises in Ukraine, as well as dynamics of the main factors influencing the mentioned indicators in 2006–2020. The factors, which were analyzed in the work, included milk production by farms of all categories, volume of produced dairy products, the average price of milk and number of cattle. The multicollinearity was studied by applying the Farrar-Glauber test separately for each of the factors influencing the above-mentioned resulting characteristics. To develop the econometric model, the authors used the least squares method, identified density of connection, the model adequacy by the F-test, available autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity, statistical significance of the model parameters.
Results. According to the results of conducted research it is determined that all conditions of adequacy of the economic-and-mathematical model are satisfied to assess the dependency of milk consumption per capita on the supply of milk to processing enterprises, dependency of the supply of milk to processing enterprises on the average price of milk, and dependency of the supply of milk to processing enterprises on the number of cattle. These models can be used for the further analysis of the corresponding economic processes at the dairy market of Ukraine. Calculation of the partial elasticity coefficients confirms that the factors’ impact on the resulting characteristics is characterized by low elasticity, particularly the growth of the supply of milk to processing enterprises by 1 % causes the increase of milk consumption per capita by 0.209 %, whilst the raise of the average price of milk by 1 % results in reduction of the supply of milk to processing enterprises by 0.562 %, and the increase in the number of cattle by 1 % causes the growth of the supply of milk to processing enterprises by 0.546 % under other similar conditions. By using the developed models, the authors calculated the expected volume of milk consumption per capita under increasing prices of milk and reducing number of cattle and the optimistic scenarios of agriculture development under martial law.
Originality / scientific novelty. The obtained results provide a deeper study of the methodology of modeling and forecasting the main indicators influencing performance of the market of milk and dairy products in Ukraine. The authors identify the main factors influencing the demand for dairy products that enables forecasting their prospects depending on the change of some factors of the macro environment of milk processing enterprises. In addition to the above mentioned factors influencing milk consumption per capita, milk processing enterprises can partially influence the indicator by activating commercial promotion of consumption of the milk and dairy products of factory production and expanding the range of supplied products.
Practical value / implications. Findings of the research can be used as an information basis to evaluate marketability of milk processing enterprises in Ukraine based on forecasting the level of the demand for milk. Moreover, the results of the research also confirm reasonability of joined efforts of milk processing enterprises to implement marketing communications in order to increase the demand for milk and dairy products of factory production. The research findings can be also used to make forecast of the conjuncture of milk and dairy market that will identify the directions of the state regulation of its development.
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Battaglia, Giuseppe, Giuseppe Musolino, and Antonino Vitetta. "Freight Demand Distribution in a Suburban Area: Calibration of an Acquisition Model with Floating Car Data." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (February 23, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1535090.
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The paper deals with the interaction between freight flows, land use, and economy of a suburban area. In urban freight distribution, the process of freight acquisition of commercial establishments represents a crucial element. Therefore, it is necessary to plan city logistics in order to reduce the negative externalities generated by freight transport without depressing the economic and social vitality. In order to estimate and evaluate the performance and impacts generated by urban freight distribution, Transport System Models (TSMs) play an important role in reproducing and forecasting the process of distribution of final products to retailers and consumers. In recent years, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have made new sources of data in great amounts available at lower costs than data provided from traditional surveys. Among the different data sources, Floating Car Data (FCD), obtained through GPS trackers installed on board the vehicles, offer partial insights into the examined process with lower cost and provide continuous information in space and time. In order to obtain reliable results, it is necessary to combine TSMs and ICTs as observed data could feed Transport System Models and could allow their calibration and therefore their application in real cases. In the above context, the paper deals with TSMs related to estimating urban freight demand flows. The work carried out concerns the specification-calibration-validation of a freight zonal acquisition model by means of FCD related to interzonal trips of commercial vehicles inside the Locride area (Reggio Calabria, Italy). The obtained models, estimated from FCD, could support the a priori evaluation of city logistics measures. The results are more important considering that they are obtained in an area with a lack of transport monitoring technologies. They could be adopted in other similar areas and confirm that adequate planning of city logistics determines advantages for environmental, social, and economic sustainability.
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Nerantzidis, Michail. "A multi-methodology on building a corporate governance index from the perspectives of academics and practitioners for firms in Greece." Corporate Governance 16, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 295–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-08-2015-0107.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to look inside the “black box” in corporate governance (CG) measurement, and shed some light on how to construct a transparent, reliable and valid index, considering equally both the academics and practitioners’ perspectives. Design/methodology/approach A synthesized literature review is presented and a CG index is developed combining the strengths of three different methodologies: the Delphi method, the classical test theory (CTT) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). This approach helps authors to break the process into separate steps and to select the appropriate techniques to support their decision regarding the norms, the criteria, the variables and the weights that someone should use to construct a CG index. Findings The authors’ analysis indicates that a well-designed CG index requires a combination of research methods to identify the best options to solve several methodological issues in index construction. For the application of this multi-methodology in Greece, the authors used two equal and independent samples to explore the different perspectives regarding the importance of the index criteria and sub-criteria. This process provides evidence that the opinion of academics and practitioners in Greece tend to converge. Moreover, it is found that this multi-methodology produces the highest variation in CG scores and ranking orders, as opposed to a traditional approach, in measuring CG disclosure, an important issue with econometric implications. Research limitations/implications The limitations of this study are associated with the methods used. Practical implications This paper provides practical implications for investors and commercial vendors. For the former, it highlights the need to be more cautious and/or suspicious when they use CG ratings, meaning that they should comprehend the base of the ratings models, and for the latter, it demonstrates the importance of enhancing the transparency in CG indices construction. Originality/value The value of the paper lies in improved understanding of the methodological issues in constructing CG indices. This is quite interesting because this approach could serve as a roadmap for other researchers.
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Torquati, Biancamaria, Lucio Cecchini, Chiara Paffarini, and Massimo Chiorri. "The economic and environmental sustainability of extra virgin olive oil supply chains: An analysis based on food miles and value chains." Economia agro-alimentare, no. 1 (May 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag1-2021oa11391.
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Following the growing trend towards globalisation of the agrifood system over the last few years, a number of scientific publications with different aims and methodological approaches have addressed the issue of the progressive link loss between the place of consumption and production of food. In part, thescientific debate has focused on the various agri-food production commercial outlets, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of both the dominant models like mass market retail, as well as emerging models like solidarity purchasing groups The present study can be classified as concerning the sustainability of agri-food supply chains. It compares five different extra virgin olive oil (evoo) supply chains in terms of the distance between the agricultural producer and end consumer, from both an economic perspective (the number of intermediaries) and a geographical one (production and consumption places). The examined aspects are 1) all the supply chain segments in which value is added to what will be the final food product purchased by the consumer, with a focus on trade and the transport cost estimated in relation to food miles; 2) the environmental impact of transport along the entire supply chain up to the distribution of evoo to the final consumer; and 3) the trade-offs between the environmental impact and economic results.The results obtained confirm some existing general evidence in the literature, such as the greater enhancement of agricultural products through short supply chains, and they emphasize as combining the value chain results with the environmental impact based on FMs, no real trade-offs, but rather trends, emerge.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Commercial products Econometric models"
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Andriamanjay, Eric. "An econometric analysis of the consumer demand for dairy products in Canada 1968-1982 /." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61840.
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Zajicek, Edward K. "Valuation of quality determinants in consumer demand for automobile : a hedonic price approach /." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08232007-112211/.
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Ben-Belhassen, Boubaker. "Econometric models of the Argentine cereal economy : a focus on policy simulation analysis /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9842508.
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Barkley, David L., and Peter E. Helander. "The Role of Commercial Bank Loans in Nonmetropolitan Economic Development." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/602137.
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Berger, Nicholas. "Modelling structural and policy changes in the world wine market into the 21st century." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ECM/09ecmb496.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references. Addresses the question of what an economic model of the world wine market suggests will happen to wine production, consumption, trade and prices in various regions in the early 21st century. A subsidiary issue is what difference would global or European regional wine liberalisation make to that outlook, according to such a model. Accompanying CD-ROM comprises spreadsheet written by Nick Berger, November 2000, for the Windows and Office97 versions of Excel; a seven region world wine model (WWM7) - base version projecting the world wine market 1996-2005 as a non-linear Armington model. System requirements for accompanying CD-ROM: IBM compatible computer ; Microsoft Excel 97 or later.
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Budu, Ben Asare. "Economic feasibility of processing food waste and incorporating processed food waste products in least cost duck feeds." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33067.
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The focus of this thesis was to analyze the least cost of producing rations for ducks in three age categories from a mixture of conventional feed ingredients and three different processed food waste products and to examine the financial and economic feasibility of establishing an industrial plant to produce these food waste products in the Montreal region. The first part of the thesis was investigated through the use of a linear programming model. The effect of recognizing the variability of protein levels in the various feed ingredients was examined through the use of chance-constrained programming.The second part of the thesis was examined using economic and financial analyses for the investment. The basic plant requirements to produce the three processed food waste products were the same, however energy costs were different for the three products. Revenue was generated from tipping fees and the sale of the three processed food waste products. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Senzangakhona, Phakama. "The impact of oil price volatility on unemployment: a case study of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1697.
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This study analyses and investigates the impact of crude oil price vitality on unemployment in South Africa. This is done by firstly surveying theoretical and empirical literature on the crude oil price-unemployment relationship before relating it to South Africa. Secondly, crude oil and unemployment trends with their causes are overviewed. The study employs a Johansen co-integration technique based on VAR to model unemployment against crude oil prices, real effective exchange rate, real interest rates and real gross domestic product. Using quarterly data for the period 1990-2010, econometric results show that crude oil prices are positively related to unemployment in the long run while the opposite is true in the short run. Parameter estimates and variables are statistically significant; hence there are also policy recommendations which are related to both empirical and theoretical literature. Lastly, impulse response functions show that unemployment returns to equilibrium in the long run when crude oil price changes whereas real interest rates followed by crude oil prices explain most of unemployment changes compared to other variables in the long run.
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Garcia-Martinez, Salvador. "Demand and profitability for albacore products : a multi-attribute analysis." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/34370.
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The main purpose of this research is to provide the
commercial seafood industry of the Pacific Northwest
information on preferences of restaurateurs, retailers, and
wholesalers for whole albacore, low-value added albacore
products (chunks, medallions, and steaks), albacore loins,
and high-value added albacore products (hot smoked and lox).
All of these products were categorized as non-traditional
market forms of albacore products, except whole albacore.
The empirical analysis was based on self explicated and
conjoint analysis. The demand models for albacore products
were estimated using weighted least squares. Profitability
equations for albacore products were estimated using a two-limit Tobit model. From the self explicated section, it was
found that the attributes of price, flavor, blood
spots/bruising, and bleeding of whole albacore were
considered highly important by respondents. From the
conjoint analysis section, it was found that, as expected a
priori, price had a statistical significant effect on the
demand and profitability models for all albacore products.
Other variables, such as location of the firm, type of firm,
experience with tuna species, and ranking of albacore had
statistical significant effects on the demand and
profitability equations. Wholesalers, restaurateurs, and
retailers agreed that quality is a major concern and will
influence their preferences when purchasing albacore
can products. Overall, the findings from this research
provide guidance to the commercial seafood industry of the
Pacific Northwest to enhance the markets for albacore
products.Graduation date: 1997
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"The gain from trade of a small open monetary economy with endogenous labor supply." 2003. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891583.
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Chan Yeung.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-57).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2 --- "Literature reviews, contributions of this thesis and the comparison"
Chapter 2.1 --- Literature reviews
Chapter 2.11 --- Endogenous labor supply models --- p.3
Chapter 2.12 --- The CIA models --- p.12
Chapter 2.2 --- Contributions of this thesis and the comparison --- p.17
Chapter 3 --- The Model --- p.20
Chapter 4 --- "Trade restrictions, welfare and employment"
Chapter 4.1 --- Tariff and welfare --- p.26
Chapter 4.2 --- Tariff and employment --- p.30
Chapter 4.3 --- Comparing welfare and employment effects --- p.31
Chapter 4.4 --- "Quotas, welfare, employment and price level" --- p.32
Chapter 5 --- Optimal tariffs --- p.33
Chapter 6 --- Indirect taxation and welfare --- p.40
Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.43
Appendix
Appendix A: Determine the sign of Δ --- p.45
Appendix B: Derivation of equation (4.2) --- p.45
Appendix C: Derivation of equation (4.3) --- p.47
"Appendix D: Quotas, welfare,employment and price level" --- p.48
Appendix E: The derivation of optimal tariff --- p.50
Appendix F: Optimal consumption tax and wage subsidy --- p.53
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Niami, Farhad. "An econometric analysis of the Japanese import demand for U.S. forest products." Thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/26850.
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Japan is the largest market for U.S. forest products.
Therefore, export of wood products to this country is
critical to the economic life of the forest industry in
the U.S. and particularly for the Pacific Northwest.
Hence, economic conditions and developments in Japan may
significantly affect the volume of trade for the products
of concern and, in turn, the well-being of the U.S. lumber
and log production-consumption system. Few studies have
addressed forest product trade between the U.S. and Japan.
This study is designed to determine the effect of
several selected market factors on the Japanese import
demand for U.S. softwood lumber and logs and to estimate
the influence of these factors on Japan's future trade. A
numerical model was developed incorporating these
selective factors, thought to be relevant, to determine
their effects on the Japanese market for the U.S. forest
products. The evaluation considers the effects of
variations in: Japanese income, domestic production of
softwood logs in Japan, domestic prices of the products of
concern, petroleum purchased by Japan, nominal interest
rates in Japan, the exchange rates, and finally a weighted
average of prices of the products from the Pacific
Northwest (Oregon and Washington, only). Given the
available resources, two empirical time series models for
each commodity were estimated by OLS technique using
annual data from 1961 through 1985.
The results indicate that the Japanese import demands
for both products are inelastic. This finding, along with
other evidence, suggests the distortion of the Japanese
import demand for U.S. forest products by factors other
than economic, mainly politics involved in trade restraint
between the two countries.
The study shows that GNP per capita, housing starts,
and the interest rates in Japan, significantly affect the
Japanese import demand for lumber from the U.S. Housing
starts is the only significant factor in the case of the
Japanese import demand for U.S. logs. In the latter case,
the exchange rates and log export prices to Japan
(deflated by Japan's wholesale price index), are
significant only when the log linear model has been
applied.Graduation date: 1988
Books on the topic "Commercial products Econometric models"
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Balassa, Bela A. Changing trade patterns in manufactured goods: An econometric investigation. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1988.
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Rajesh, Mehta. India's export by countries and commodities: On the estimation of a forecasting model using panel data. New Delhi: Research and Information System for the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries, 2004.
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Frankel, Jeffrey A. The effect of monetary policy on real commodity prices. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.
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David, Sapsford, and Morgan C. W, eds. The Economics of primary commodities: Models, analysis, and policy. Aldershot, Hants, England: E. Elgar, 1994.
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Feenstra, Robert C. Product variety and the gains from international trade. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2010.
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Product variety and the gains from international trade. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2010.
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Pindyck, Robert S. The excess co-movement of commodity prices. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1988.
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Rama, Martín. Endogenous distortions in product and labor markets. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1995.
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Wright, Brian, 1948 Jan. 1-, ed. Storage and commodity markets. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
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Greenstein, Shane M. Dynamic modeling of the product life cycle in the commercial mainframe computer market, 1968-1982. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Commercial products Econometric models"
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Adams, F. Gerard, Eugene A. Kroch, and Vytis Didziulis. "The linkages between the markets for petroleum products and the market for crude oil: an econometric—linear programming study." In International Commodity Market Models, 177–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3084-4_9.
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Albo, Carlos. "Alternative Data for Configurable and Personalized Commercial Insurance Products." In Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Digital Finance, 313–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94590-9_18.
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AbstractThe insurance sector has a very low degree of products’ personalization. This is because insurance companies are not adequately using the vast amounts of information that is available online. This chapter presents the under-explored avenue of using alternative or nontraditional sources of information to obtain data for the configuration of personalized insurance offers. Specifically, it illustrates how big data, synthetic data, and machine learning models can be used to draw up the risk map of companies in an individualized way. It also presents methods for constructing and offering insurance programs that are personalized to each business reality.
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Mokhtarzadeh, Fatemeh. "A global vector autoregression model for softwood lumber trade." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 174–93. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0008.
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Abstract A novel econometric approach is developed in this chapter, namely, the Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) model. It provides a comprehensive framework for analyzing the country-level impacts of various domestic, foreign, and/or global shocks on softwood lumber trade. The GVAR approach is applied to Canada-U.S. trade in softwood lumber and used to analyze the effect of external shocks on Canadian lumber prices. Findings indicate that Canada's export prices are positively correlated to U.S. housing starts and real GDP. Further, using impulse response functions, it is used to examine the effects on regional lumber export prices in Canada of: (1) a change in U.S. housing starts; (2) a reduction in U.S. GDP by one standard deviation; (3) a COVID-19 induced decline in U.S. GDP (of three standard deviations); (4) an increase in global oil prices; and, in the Appendix, (5) an increase in the long-term interest rate. Price impacts vary a great deal by Canadian region depending on the type of shock, with the propagation mechanism in Alberta significantly different from that in other regions. For example, with an oil price shock and because Alberta is a major exporter of oil, the lumber export price remains high even as the shock dissipates over time.
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Mokhtarzadeh, Fatemeh. "A global vector autoregression model for softwood lumber trade." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 174–93. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0174.
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Abstract A novel econometric approach is developed in this chapter, namely, the Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) model. It provides a comprehensive framework for analyzing the country-level impacts of various domestic, foreign, and/or global shocks on softwood lumber trade. The GVAR approach is applied to Canada-U.S. trade in softwood lumber and used to analyze the effect of external shocks on Canadian lumber prices. Findings indicate that Canada's export prices are positively correlated to U.S. housing starts and real GDP. Further, using impulse response functions, it is used to examine the effects on regional lumber export prices in Canada of: (1) a change in U.S. housing starts; (2) a reduction in U.S. GDP by one standard deviation; (3) a COVID-19 induced decline in U.S. GDP (of three standard deviations); (4) an increase in global oil prices; and, in the Appendix, (5) an increase in the long-term interest rate. Price impacts vary a great deal by Canadian region depending on the type of shock, with the propagation mechanism in Alberta significantly different from that in other regions. For example, with an oil price shock and because Alberta is a major exporter of oil, the lumber export price remains high even as the shock dissipates over time.
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Boado-Penas, María del Carmen, Julia Eisenberg, and Şule Şahin. "COVID-19: A Trigger for Innovations in Insurance?" In Springer Actuarial, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78334-1_1.
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AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of the consequences of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19 on the insurance branch. The main problems caused by the pandemic on the commercial insurance, and in particular, on the business interruption and possible innovations are discussed. The aim is to prepare the reader for the following chapters specifically by demonstrating connections between different aspects of modelling a pandemic. These models are necessary to create new insurance products supplementing governments’ actions in response to a pandemic.
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Nørregård-Rasmussen, Asger, Malte Hertz-Jansen, and Felicitas Schmittinger. "Maker—Plastic In, Plastic Out: Circular Economy and Local Production." In Springer Series in Design and Innovation, 57–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78733-2_6.
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AbstractRecognising the lack of local and economically accessible facilities, technologies, and public engagement in local recycling, the chapter tackles the challenge of introducing Circular Economy to cope with plastic waste in Copenhagen. The need for circular systemic innovation and holistic production models for recycling plastics led to consider how local micro entrepreneurs, SMEs, commercial resellers and citizens can collaborate for a common, sustainable goal. The chapter presents ‘Plastic In, Plastic Out’ (PIPO), a Circular system for local sourcing, recycling and production of sustainable plastic building materials and products.
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Jedermann, Reiner, and Walter Lang. "15 Years of Intelligent Container Research." In Dynamics in Logistics, 227–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88662-2_11.
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AbstractFood losses in the cool chain, which are mostly caused by temperature deviations, can be reduced by remote monitoring of transport conditions. The project ‘Intelligent Container’ was begun 15 years ago to provide the necessary sensor system, communication and automated evaluation of data. If transport and delivery planning are adjusted according to the actual quality or the predicted remaining shelf life, more products arrive with sufficient quality at the customers. This paper summarizes the project results and highlights current trends in industrial application and research, such as commercial remote container monitoring and standards for data exchange, sub-GHz communication, the increasing availability of biological and computational fluid dynamics models and digital twins. Open research topics include the development of specialized sensors. To overcome obstacles hindering the industrial application of sensor quality monitoring, we suggest a gradual approach, with lower company resources required for the first action points. Food losses can be reduced, even if the complete system, including permanent remote access and adaptive stock rotation, is not applied.
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Drew, Richard A. I., and Meredith C. Romig. "Species and speciation." In The fruit fly fauna (Diptera: Tephritideae: Dacinae) of Papua New Guinea, Indonesian Papua, Associated Islands and Bougainville, 7–8. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249514.0004.
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Abstract This chapter discusses two species models, which are diametrically opposed. The first, often called the 'biological species concept', defines species in terms of 'reproductive isolation', convinced that species arise when subsets of a population are split off and remain geographically isolated over evolutionary time. If and when such new species are reunited with their founder population, interbreeding does not occur, or if it does, infertile progeny result. Hence, from the biological species concept, natural selection is a primary agent of change and directly selects for new species. In this sense, species are the direct products of natural selection and they are therefore 'adaptive devices'. When applying this species concept, it has been impossible to separate some sibling species of fruit flies in the genus Bactrocera where distinct morphological species can be similar in molecular analyses of certain DNA sequences, while similar species morphologically are distinct in the same molecular characters. A radically different model, the 'recognition concept of species', relies heavily on a knowledge of species ecology and behaviour, particularly in their natural habitat. The principal points in this concept are given. In contrast to the now-outdated biological species concept that leads one to depend on laboratory-based research to define species, the recognition concept requires workers to undertake extensive field research in the habitat of the taxon under investigation. In translating this approach to research in the insect family Tephritidae, particularly the Dacinae, some 35 years of field surveys have been undertaken throughout the Indian subcontinent, South-east Asia and the South Pacific region. These surveys included trapping using male lure traps and host fruit collections of commercial/edible fruits. The results of this work have included the provision of specimens of almost all known species for morphological descriptions (c.800 species), material for male pheromone chemistry, and data on host fruit relationships and biogeographical studies.
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Sanchez-Diaz, Ivan D., and Jesus Gonzalez-Feliu. "Implications of Activity Classification Aggregation in Urban Freight Trip Generation Linear Models." In Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science, 22–37. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8160-4.ch002.
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This chapter studies the implication of aggregating establishments by categories with different levels of detail for modeling FTG. To this effect, the chapter conducts an assessment of freight trip generation (FTG) patterns homogeneity inside activity-based grouping. The method implemented is econometric in nature, which allows the assessment of the statistical significance of variables representing commercial activity sectors and sub-sectors. The results show that for some sectors the traditional high-level aggregation includes sub-sectors with homogenous FTG patterns and thus produces appropriate models; in some other cases (e.g., retail, manufacturing), the sub-sectors have different FTG patterns and thus more detailed data is needed to calibrate accurate models. This research can be used to enhance the efficiency of data collection, as it identifies some sub-sectors that need larger efforts for data collection, and some other categories where FTG homogeneity allows for less detailed data collection without hampering the quality of the models.
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Cañas-Bajo, Jose, and Johanna Silvennoinen. "Experiencing Commercial Videos for Online Shopping." In Research Anthology on E-Commerce Adoption, Models, and Applications for Modern Business, 699–723. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8957-1.ch037.
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Although online shopping has become a popular and convenient instrument for companies to buy and sell products, the design of these web-shops does not always offer the rich multisensory experiences that physical retailing offers. In the chapter, the authors argue that introducing audio-visual contents in the design could provide dynamic multisensory information to offer more engaging experiences to the consumer. Despite existing controversies regarding universalism of the emotional experiences induced by perceptual processes, the authors present evidence that suggests cultural modulations of videos experiences. Spanish and Finnish participants interacted with audiovisual products depicting videos of a culturally loaded brand design. Content analysis of participants' verbalizations helped to identify categories and subcategories that defined the representation of the video elements and their relative weight depending on the cultural background of the viewer. Although results indicate common elements affecting viewers of the two countries, they differ in the relative weight to global aesthetics features.
Conference papers on the topic "Commercial products Econometric models"
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Lleshaj, Llesh. "Volatility Estimation of Euribor and Equilibrium Forecasting." In 7th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2021.171.
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Euribor rates (Euro Interbank Offered Rate) rates are considered to be the most important reference rates in the European money market. The interest rates do provide the basis for the price and interest rates of all kinds of financial products like interest rate swaps, interest rate futures, saving accounts and mortgages. Since September 2014, this index has performed with negative rates. In recent years, several European central banks have imposed negative interest rates on commercial banks, as the only way to stimulate their nations’ economies. Under these circumstances, the purpose of this study is to estimate the gap of the negative rates which are still increasing constantly. This fact puts in question the financial stability in many countries and the effect of monetary policy on stimulating economic growth around European countries. According to the daily data 2016 - 2021, this study has analyzed the volatility of the Euribor index related to efficient market hypothesis and volatility clustering. Applying advanced volatility econometric methods, GARCH volatility models are derived and the long-run equilibrium is predicted. Practical Implications are related to the empirical impacts that ought to be taken into consideration by the banking sector and other financial institutions to make decisions with the Euribor index.
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Perera, Treshani. "Forecasting the Performance of Commercial Property Market: Beyond the Primary Reliance on Econometric Models." In 25th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. European Real Estate Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2016_91.
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Rajapova, Madina. "E-Commerce Models for Trading Intellectual Products and Services in Knowledge Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02096.
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In this digital era, we cannot imagine modern economy, especially knowledge economy without using information technologies and systems as well as electronic business and electronic commerce models. Traditional e-commerce focuses on physical products trading, however intellectual products and services has becoming more efficiently and popular. In this article main aims are theoretical aspects of e-commerce in market of intellectual products and services, algorithm of using e-commerce model in this field, and ways of improving though our suggestions and recommendations. Research methods and tools are econometric analysis of the hypothesis in StataSE 12 programs, which gives results of both positive and negative factors to develop, design and implementation of e-commerce model for trading of intellectual products and services.
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Frischknecht, Bart, Katie Whitefoot, and Panos Papalambros. "Methods for Evaluating Suitability of Econometric Demand Models in Design for Market Systems." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87165.
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This paper articulates some of the challenges for what has been an implicit goal of design for market systems research: To predict demand for differentiated products so that counterfactual experiments can be performed based on changes to the product design (i.e., attributes). We present a set of methods for examining econometric models of consumer demand for their suitability in product design studies. We use these methods to test the hypothesis that automotive demand models that allow for nonlinear horizontal differentiation perform better than the conventional functional forms, which emphasize vertical differentiation. We estimate these two forms of consumer demand in the new vehicle automotive market, and find that using an ideal-point model of size preference rather than a monotonic model has model fit but different attribute substitution patterns. The generality of the evaluation methods and the range of demand model issues to be explored in future research are highlighted.
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Kunyang, Wan, and Yu Shujuan. "University Knowledge Spillover and Large & Medium-sized Industrial Enterprises New Products Development: Spatial Econometric Models Based on Panel Data." In 2010 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciii.2010.402.
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Mathieson, James L., Aravind Shanthakumar, Chiradeep Sen, Ryan Arlitt, Joshua D. Summers, and Robert Stone. "Complexity as a Surrogate Mapping Between Function Models and Market Value." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47481.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate if early stage function models of design can be used to predict the market-value of a commercial product. In previous research, several metrics of complexity of graph-based product models have been proposed and suitably chosen combinations of these metrics have been shown to predict the time required in assembling commercial products. By extension, this research investigates if this approach, using new sets of combinations of complexity metrics, can predict market-value. To this end, the complexity values of function structures for eighteen products from the Design Repository are determined from their function structure graphs, while their market values are procured from different vendor quotes in the open market. The complexity and value information for fourteen samples are used to train a neural net program to define a predictive mapping scheme. This program is then used to predict the value of the final four products. The results of this approach demonstrate that complexity metrics can be used as inputs to neural networks to establish an accurate mapping from function structure design representations to market values to within the distribution of values for products of similar type.
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Grothe-Møller, Thorkild. "Visual Modelling of Products and Life-Cycle Activities." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/cie-5538.
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Abstract Decisions taken in the early phases of product development have great influence on the final product both seen from a design activity point of view and from a product life-cycle point of view. Most computerbased design support systems for engineering design like CAD-systems etc. are not made for the very first and crucial decisions. The objective is to demonstrate that product modelling in interaction with a computer system using optimized graphical user interface can improve the designer’s basis for decision making in the early phases of the project. This paper presents the software system called Modellizer, which is based on the design theory called Theory of Domains that can be used to expand the concept of product models from a bill-of-material representation to a genetic model capturing decisions and design concepts during design activities. Modellizer has been implemented with a designer dedicated user interface, which supports product modelling and life-phase modelling in order to structure data and document based information. Three different applications of Modellizer is demonstrated in the paper: 1) OSS Modellizer is a prototype for a shipyard, where the idea is to support the early modelling of ships by catching decisions during design meetings 2) Alulib is a commercial available application for promoting more and correct use of aluminum. Alulib is a library with product examples. 3) LCA Visualizer is a commercial available application for evaluation and visualization of the environmental burden of different design scenarios. Until now Modellizer has been used in a number of companies and engineering academies and good results have been obtained.
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Adaji, J. J., R. U. Onolemhemhen, S. O. Isehunwa, and A. Adenikinju. "Forecasting the Domestic Utilization of Natural Gas in Nigeria (2015-2020)." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2560895-ms.
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ABSTRACT Domestic utilization of natural gas in Nigeria is being hampered by the poor developments in the natural gas sector over the years, with low level of electricity (generation) consumption per capital, weak legal, commercial and regulatory framework amidst poor infrastructural developments in natural gas as compared to that which exists for oil. Nigeria ranks the second in gas flaring and shows low volumes of domestic gas utilization, consuming only about 11% out of the 8.25 billion cubic feet produced per day in 2014 despite its natural gas resource endowment. This paper examines the determinants of domestic utilization of natural gas in Nigeria from 1990-2013. It investigates its relationship as a function of price of natural gas, price of alternative fuels, foreign direct investment, volumes of gas flared, electricity generated from natural gas sources and per capital real GDP. Going further, it forecasts its likely growth rate for a short-term period, using an econometric methodology of ordinary least squares and an ARIMA model, it estimates the relationship between the variables and uses the historical trend to forecast into the future. The result of the study showed that the determinants jointly explain the pattern of domestic gas utilization in Nigeria by 98%. Individually, per capital real GDP, electricity generated from natural gas sources and changes in the volume of domestic utilization of natural gas was found to have a positive and significant effect on domestic gas utilization. Further, the forecast values show evidence of a slow but gradual increase in utilization pattern in the near future from 2015-2020. A best-case scenario of an increase of 0.15% and a worst-case scenario of a decrease of 0.14% was presented. In conclusion, having identified significant influences on domestic gas utilization patterns in Nigeria it is imperative that the government uses economic instrument to enhance the utilization patterns in Nigeria by improving economic activities and developing the power sector which shows significant influence in domestic natural gas utilization patterns.
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Andersson, Kjell. "A Design Process Model for Multiview Behavior Simulations of Complex Products." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/eim-9008.
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Abstract Mechanical engineering today often have to deal with products having complex relations between subsystems. This means that it is harder or in certain cases impossible to get an overall holistic view of the products behavior. This can be supported by CAE tools where a single component or in some cases the whole system (or product) can be modeled and the behavior or performance can be estimated. Modern CAD and CAE tools allows for associativity between them and thus supports integration of data on the component level. However, when dealing with systems (products) composed of subsystems and components, the integration of data is not yet enough developed and thus restricting engineers in their efforts to simulate the systems behavior. This paper presents an approach to behavior modeling of complex products which is related as an activity in a general design process model. This design process model allows for different views within each design phase which can correspond to different behavior analysis that can be needed during this phase. The approach to behavior modeling is based on treating the product as a system consisting of subsystem models that can be composed and configured for simulation of different types of physical behavior. The concept of mating features and interface features are introduced as modeling elements for configuration of system models. A modeling framework, based on commercial CAD/CAE/PDM software and a rough methodology is introduced. Finally, the approach is illustrated on an industrial case.
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Morrow, W. Ross, Minhua Long, and Erin F. MacDonald. "Consider-Then-Choose Models in Decision-Based Design Optimization." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71176.
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This article describes an advance in design optimization that includes consumer purchasing decisions. Decision-Based Design optimization commonly relies on Discrete Choice Analysis (DCA) to forecast sales and revenues for different product variants. Conventional DCA, which represents consumer choice as a compensatory process through maximization of a smooth utility function, has proven to be reasonably accurate at predicting choice and interfaces easily with engineering models. However the marketing literature has documented significant improvement in modeling choice with the use of models that incorporate non-compensatory (descriptive) and compensatory (predictive) components. The non-compensatory component can, for example, model a “consider-then-choose” process in which potential customers first narrow their decisions to a small set of products using heuristic screening rules and then employ a compensatory evaluation to select from this set. This article demonstrates that ignoring consider-then-choose behavior can lead to sub-optimal designs, and that optimality cannot be “recovered” by changing marketing variables alone. A new computational approach is proposed for solving optimal design problems with consider-then-choose models whose screening rules are based on conjunctive (logical “and”) rules. Computational results are provided using three state-of-the-art commercial solvers (matlab, KNITRO, and SNOPT).
Reports on the topic "Commercial products Econometric models"
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Lucas, Brian. Impact of COVID-19 on Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trafficking Trends in Southern Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.017.
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This rapid review focuses on the impact COVID-19 pandemic om poaching and illegal wildlife trafficking. It provides an overview of the recent research and summarises the key themes. This review found that poaching for the purpose of international trafficking of illegal wildlife products, generally decreased. These declines are largely attributed to the disruption of transportation routes used by wildlife traffickers to move illicit goods within Southern Africa and overseas by air, and in some locations to the effects of local lockdown measures. Poaching for subsistence consumption (bushmeat) generally increased across Southern Africa and worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic, incentivised largely by economic hardship and opportunities presented by a reduction in the capacity for anti-poaching enforcement and reduced numbers of tourists, whose presence tends to deter poachers. In the long term, poaching and trafficking are likely to return to pre-pandemic levels. Commercial poachers and traffickers are likely to adjust their transportation routes and adapt their business models to take advantage of opportunities. More positively, some authors have suggested the possibility that the COVID-19 pandemic could influence public attitudes against wildlife trafficking and in support of conservation. Trends in poaching and illegal wildlife trafficking during the COVID-19 pandemic vary significantly across and within countries. The impacts resulting from the measures put in place to reduce the spread of COVID-19 have varied significantly depending on local contexts. Up-to-date data on recent trends during the pandemic are scarce. Good quality data are available on poaching and trafficking of high-value commodities such as elephant ivory and rhino horn, while data on poaching for subsistence are less rigorous and often anecdotal. Much of the evidence available for both types of poaching is not systematic and comes from news media reports, and suffers from inherent difficulties of collecting data on illegal activities. Data collection during the pandemic has also been hampered by the challenges of working safely during the pandemic, funding for monitoring and research has been reduced in most areas, and some reporting processes have not yet analysed data collected during 2021.