Journal articles: 'COMMERCIAL POLYPROPYLENE'

1

Arzoumanidis, G. G., N. M. Karayannis, H. M. Khelghatian, and S. S. Lee. "Commercial polypropylene catalysts." Catalysis Today 13, no. 1 (March 1992): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(92)80187-r.

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BUKOWSKI, ANDRZEJ, and ВLANDYNA OSOWIECKA. "Developments in the commercial manufacture of polypropylene." Polimery 33, no. 02 (February 1988): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1988.041.

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Salvador, M. D., V. Amigó, M. J. Vidal, A. Ribes, and L. Contat. "Evaluation of chemical degradation of commercial polypropylene." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 143-144 (December 2003): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(03)00343-1.

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Badini, Claudio, Oxana Ostrovskaya, Giulia Bernagozzi, Roberta Lanfranco, and Stefania Miranda. "Recycling of Polypropylene Recovered from a Composting Plant: Mechanical Behavior of Compounds with Virgin Plastic." Recycling 8, no. 4 (July 31, 2023): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling8040062.

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The recycling of polypropylene recovered from waste discarded by a composting plant was investigated. The recovery involved a sorting step carried out by means of an optical infrared separator and a subsequent washing treatment. This method of processing allowed us to obtain polypropylene that was only slightly contaminated by other polymeric and inorganic materials. As many tens of tons of polypropylene could be recovered every year in this plant, recycling could be convenient from the economic point of view and beneficial for the protection of the environment. In fact, the landfill of this waste could be reduced in this manner. A possible mechanical recycling route was developed for the recovered plastic. The recycling was carried out by pelletizing the recovered polypropylene, mixing it with a commercial polypropylene feedstock, and manufacturing items by injection molding. In this way, tensile specimens containing different amounts of recycled polypropylene were processed and tested. Their tensile features were compared with those of a commercial polypropylene that was used as a reference. The elastic modulus and tensile strength were slightly worsened when using the recycled plastic, while the strain at failure significantly increased. Nonetheless, the tensile properties of compounds made by mixing recycled and virgin polypropylene were consistent with the characteristics that are expected for polypropylene-based plastics.

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Marques, Maria de Fátima V., Mariana Poloponsky, and Érica Gervasoni Chaves. "Influence of the elastomeric polypropylene addition on the properties of commercial metallocenic polypropylene." Materials Research 4, no. 4 (October 2001): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-14392001000400006.

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Varga, J., A. Breining, G. W. Ehrenstein, and G. Bodor. "Injection Moulding of a Commercial β-Nucleated Polypropylene." International Polymer Processing 14, no. 4 (December 1999): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.1545.

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Cavatorta, Derek, Victoria Starczak, Kenneth Prada, and Michael Moore. "A note on the friction of different ropes in right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) baleen: an entanglement model." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 7, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v7i1.755.

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Entanglement in fishing gear, particularly fixed trap, constitutes a significant source of North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) mortality. Entanglements may initiate with rope fouling baleen plates before snagging other appendages. Low friction between rope and baleen may minimise the risk of a sustained, progressive entanglement. The friction of eight different rope types against right whale baleen was examined by measuring the tension as each rope was pulled through two baleen plates held underwater. Polypropylene rope generated less friction with the baleen than all other fibres tested, including nylon, polyester, and commercial sinking line (a polypropylene/polyester blend). Thus, new commercial floating line (3-strand polypropylene) generates less friction than new commercial sinking line, both of which are commonly used in the fixed gear industry. Therefore, minimising rope friction should be one of the design parameters for whale-safe fixed fishing gear. Further study is required on the impact of rope aging, mouth closing and operator safety before recommendations can be made to industry.

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Zhao, Xin Yi, Ke Zhao, and Pei Qin Sun. "Crystallization of Polypropylene Induced by the Aqueous Dispersion of Isotactic Polypropylene Wax." Applied Mechanics and Materials 692 (November 2014): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.692.255.

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The Polarized light microscope and DSC are used to study the influence of the nucleation agents’ type (The aqueous dispersion of isotactic polypropylene wax and the commercial nucleating agent TMB-5), nucleating agents’ content on the β-crystal content, melting points of α-crystal and β-crystal are studied in the paper. The difference of their capacities of inducing the crystallization of polypropylene are compared and analyzed. The foundation of the treatment of the aqueous dispersions of isotactic polypropylene wax on the reinforcements to induce crystallization on the surfaces of the reinforcements is laid.

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Salis, Andrea, Enrico Sanjust, Vincenzo Solinas, and Maura Monduzzi. "Commercial lipase immobilization on Accurel MP 1004 porous polypropylene." Biocatalysis and Biotransformation 23, no. 5 (January 2005): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242420500296337.

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Cardoso, Renata S., Vinicius O. Aguiar, and Maria de Fátima V. Marques. "Masterbatches of polypropylene/clay obtained by in situ polymerization and melt-blended with commercial polypropylene." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 25 (January 24, 2017): 3547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317690444.

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11

Varner, Sandra L., Henry C. Hollifield, and Denis Andrzejewski. "Determination of Benzene in Polypropylene Food-Packaging Materials and Food-Contact Paraffin Waxes." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 2 (March 1, 1991): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.2.367.

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Abstract An analytical procedure was developed for determination of benzene in polypropylene food packaging and was adapted for determination of benzene in commercial paraffin waxes Intended for food-contact use. The polymer was dissolved in hexadecane at 150°C. The wax was melted in an 80°C oven. A simple helium-sparging apparatus was used to remove the volatile chemical from the polymer or wax. The contaminant was collected In methanol, distilled water was added, and the resulting solution was analyzed by headspace gas chromatography. The Instrument was equipped with a 30 m fused silica open tubular capillary column and a photoionization detector. Average recoveries of benzene from polymer and paraffin wax at low parts-per-billion concentrations were 63 and 70%, respectively. Limits of detection and quantitation for analysis of polypropylene were 8 and 17 ppb, respectively; the limit of quantitation for analysis of paraffin wax was 2 ppb. in several commercial polypropylene products examined, benzene levels ranged from none detected to 426 ppb. In 3 commercial waxes examined, concentrations of 16-73 ppb benzene were determined. The presence of benzene was confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

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12

Zaro, Marcelo, Wendel Paulo Silvestre, Jéssica Grapilha Fedrigo, Mara Zeni, and Camila Baldasso. "Sorption of oils by a commercial non-woven polypropylene sorbent." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 14 (November 14, 2021): e554101422671. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i14.22671.

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Non-woven polypropylene (PP) sorbents are materials that can be used in oil recovery following spills, which are interesting alternatives to remediate contaminated areas. This work aimed to characterize a non-woven sorbent made of PP. The physicochemical characteristics of the material, sorption capacity, kinetics, and adsorption isotherms were evaluated. The physicochemical study included the determination of thickness, density, thermal and chemical properties of the sorbent, and fiber morphology. Sorption tests were performed according to the standard method ASTM 726-12. The kinetic models of pseudo-first and pseudo-second order were tested. The fit of the experimental data to the adsorption isotherms of Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin was also carried out. The sorbates used in the tests were diesel, petroleum, and lubricant oil. The sorption capacity of the PP nonwoven blanket relative to diesel, petroleum, and lubricant oil in long-term tests was 5.3, 12.3, and 18.7 g∙g-¹, with increasing values when sorbates were more viscous. The results of the short and long-term tests did not show a statistical difference in the sorption capacity of the blanket. The kinetic study showed that the sorption of the three sorbates followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The diesel oil presented a better fit to the Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.998), whereas the petroleum presented an excellent fit to all three isotherms (R² = 0.996-0.999). Regarding sorbent reusability, the sorption capacity stabilized after the second cycle, and the samples whose sorbate removal was carried out by centrifugation have presented and maintained the highest sorption capacities.

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13

de Fátima Vieira Marques, Maria, and Mônica Couto de Oliveira. "Polypropylene nanocomposites using metallocene catalysts supported on commercial organophilic clays." Polymer Bulletin 64, no. 3 (July 25, 2009): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-009-0138-8.

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Watrobska-Swietlikowska, Dorota. "Stability of commercial parenteral lipid emulsions repacking to polypropylene syringes." PLOS ONE 14, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): e0214451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214451.

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15

Ito, Jun-Ichi, Katsuo Mitani, and Yukio Mizutani. "Annealing of commercial block polypropylene. I. Thermal and physical properties." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46, no. 7 (November 5, 1992): 1221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070460712.

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16

Villa, Fabíola, Daniel Fernandes da Silva, Thiago Augusto Peron, and Éder Junior Mezzalira. "Initial development of Physalis seedlings in substrates and containers." Comunicata Scientiae 9, no. 1 (July 16, 2018): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v9i1.1313.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of Physalis peruviana and Physalis pubescens in containers and substrates, as well as the growth of transplanted P. pubescens seedlings into different containers and substrates. It was used for transplanting experiment (E1) plastic bags, disposable plastic glasses and plastic tubes containing four substrates: oxisol; commercial substrate; commercial substrate + fine washed sand; and commercial substrate + oxisol + fine washed sand. For the experiment of containers x substrates (E2) it was used polystyrene and polypropylene trays, both with 200 cells containing two substrates: vermiculite + commercial substrate and vermiculite + oxisol. For the experiment of containers x substrates (E3), it was used polystyrene trays with 128 and 200 cells and plastic tubes containing four substrates: commercial substrate, oxisol, fine washed sand, oxisol + fine washed sand and oxisol + fine washed sand + commercial substrate. The experimental design used in E1, E2 and E3 was randomized blocks in factorial 3x4, 2x2, and 3x5, respectively, containing 4 replicates and 10 plants per plot. The use of commercial substrate Húmus Fértil® for P. pubescens seedlings transplanted from seedbed to containers such as plastic glasses or plastic bags provides better seedling growth. For Physalis peruviana, better results are verified in the use of polypropylene tubes containing washed fine sand + commercial substrate Húmus Fértil® + oxisol or washed fine sand + oxisol. Better results for formation of P. pubescens seedlings were verified by using expanded polystyrene trays containing oxisol + vermiculite mixture.

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Sun, Han, Chiu-Wing Chan, Yisu Wang, Xiao Yao, Xuan Mu, Xuedong Lu, Jianhua Zhou, Zongwei Cai, and Kangning Ren. "Reliable and reusable whole polypropylene plastic microfluidic devices for a rapid, low-cost antimicrobial susceptibility test." Lab on a Chip 19, no. 17 (2019): 2915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9lc00502a.

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Using an antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) as an example, this work demonstrates a practical method to fabricate microfluidic chips entirely from polypropylene (PP) and the benefits for potential commercial use.

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Morales-Zamudio, Luisiana, Arturo López-Marure, Margarita García-Hernández, Francisco Rodríguez-González, Sergio Flores-Gallardo, and Erika López-Martínez. "Isolation, characterization, and incorporation of microfibrils and microcrystals from Typha domingensis Pers. as impact strength reinforcer of polypropylene matrix composite using stearic acid as interfacial modifier." BioResources 14, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 2513–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.2.2513-2535.

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Microcellulose has shown advantageous character as a reinforcement in polymeric materials and produces relatively light compounds with high specific properties. This research aimed to obtain microcellulose (crystals and fibers) from the macrophyte Typha domingensis for use as a polypropylene reinforcement material for impact strength improvement and to use stearic acid as an interfacial modifier (surfactant) between the polypropylene and cellulosic materials. A commercial cellulose was used to compare the effectiveness of the microcellulose isolated from the macrophyte. The results demonstrated the procedures were efficient at obtaining microcellulose. The analysis of the chemical composition indicated an increase in the α-cellulose content from 63.2% in the raw material to 97.9% in the bleached cellulose. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the chemical treatments changed the crystallinity. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed an increase in the thermal stability of the bleached cellulose compared with that of the raw material. The thermal stability of the macrophyte was higher than that of commercial cellulose. The scanning electron micrographs revealed the presence of longitudinal slits that favored interactions with the polymer matrix. The impact strength was greatly improved for the composites compared with the pure polypropylene.

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19

Han, Peter K., and James L. White. "Rheological Studies of Dynamically Vulcanized and Mechanical Blends of Polypropylene and Ethylene-Propylene Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 68, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): 728–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538769.

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Abstract An experimental study is presented of the rheological properties of (i) polypropylene, (ii) a commercial polypropylene/ethylene-propylene terpolymer a dynamically vulcanized blend (PP/EDPM-TPE) and (iii) a mechanical blend of a polypropylene and an ethylene-propylene copolymer. The polypropylene behaves as a typical flexible chain thermoplastic exhibiting a zero shear viscosity and higher shear rate non-Newtonian viscosity, well defined normal stresses, an elongational viscosity three times the zero shear viscosity, and an equality of the shear viscosity and the complex viscosity (Cox-Merz Rule). The PP/EPM-TPE exhibits an apparent yield value in shear flow, unmeasurable normal stresses and a complex viscosity which is much greater than the shear viscosity. This is behavior similar to that of particle filled compounds, block copolymers and liquid crystalline thermoplastics and suggests a material with a rest state structure. The behavior of the PP/EPM mechanical blend is intermediate.

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20

Mat Rasat, Mohd Sukhairi, Razak Wahab, Amran Shafie, Ahmad Mohd Yunus AG., Mahani Yusoff, Sitti Fatimah Mhd. Ramle, and Zulhisyam A.K. "Effect of Wood-Fiber Geometry Size on Mechanical Properties of Wood-Fiber from Neolamarckia Cadamba Species Reinforced Polypropylene Composites." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 1, no. 1 (August 15, 2021): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v1i1.669.

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Using natural wood-fiber as reinforcement in commercial thermoplastics is gaining momentum due to its high specific properties and renewable resources. In this study, the effect of wood particle geometry size on mechanical properties of thermoplastics composite was investigated. The wood species that has been chosen is Kelempayan species (Neolamarckia cadamba) and reinforced with polypropylene using fiber geometry size of 75 and 250 ?m. Thermoplastic composites were produced from two types of ratio (30:70 and 10:90) between wood-fiber and polypropylene. Static bending and tensile strength were tested. The result showed that wood-fiber from 75 ?m geometry sizes with ratio of 30:70 between wood-fiber and polypropylene was most suitable in producing thermoplastic composites. The geometry sizes of wood particle as well as the ratio between wood-fiber and polypropylene were found to influence the mechanical properties of the thermoplastic composites.

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Kaisar, Nahid, Syed Ali Abbas, Jiang Ding, Hsin-An Chen, Chun-Wei Pao, Karunakara Moorthy Boopathi, Anisha Mohapatra, et al. "A lithium passivated MoO3 nanobelt decorated polypropylene separator for fast-charging long-life Li–S batteries." Nanoscale 11, no. 6 (2019): 2892–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr08262f.

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A separator comprising polypropylene (PP)coated with MoO₃ nanobelts, prepared through facile grinding of commercial MoO₃ powder, exhibit excellent electrochemical performance at high C-rate for Li–S battery.

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22

Little, Anna F., and Robert M. Christie. "Textile applications of commercial photochromic dyes. Part 6: photochromic polypropylene fibres." Coloration Technology 132, no. 4 (June 29, 2016): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cote.12221.

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23

Tayler, P. J., D. Price, G. J. Milnes, J. H. Scrivens, and T. G. Blease. "Thermal desorption—gas chromatography—mass spectrometry studies of commercial polypropylene samples." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 89, no. 2-3 (January 1989): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(89)83058-7.

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Pires, Jéssica Pereira, Alessandro Da Silva Ramos, Gabriela Messias Miranda, Rosane Angélica Ligabue, Jeane Estela Ayres de Lima, and Rogerio Vescia Lourega. "Evaluation of polypropylene degradation with commercial additives in different media of exposure." Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental 24 (December 4, 2020): e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2236117062690.

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Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most widely used polymers in the world, mainly due to its versatility, good properties, and low cost. However, since it is not easily degraded in the natural environment, several research projects have been developed to increase its biodegradability. The use of pro-degrading additives has been explored, as they promote the process of polymer degradation. Nevertheless, few studies have evaluated the degradation of these materials in natural aqueous environments such as rivers and lakes, which contain large amounts of PP waste. The goal of this study was to evaluate the degradation of polypropylene, as well as the biodegradation of PP through the incorporation of two additives of different natures, organic and enzymatic. For this purpose, PP blends were produced with 4% additive, which has the purpose of conferring biodegradability to the material, since polypropylene has high resistance to degradation. In order to verify the behavior of the materials against degradation tests with 2 different media (saline and fresh water) for a period of 6 months, the samples were characterized by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy and Field emission scanning electron microscopy. The characterizations were carried out in order to verify the changes in the structural characteristics and in the morphology of the materials caused by the incorporation of the additive and by the exposure to the degradation media. From the results obtained, it was observed that the additives influenced the degradation of PP. In addition, the enzyme additive and the saline media caused more significant changes in the properties analyzed, indicating greater influence on the degradation process. It was concluded that the incorporation of commercial additives gives biodegradable properties to PP. Therefore, this study has an important role in the research and development of biodegradable materials in order to minimize the effects caused by plastic waste in the environment. Thus, the studied materials are an alternative in the field of plastic packaging, reducing the effects caused by plastic waste in the environment.

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Bresee, Randall R., and Uzair A. Qureshi. "Influence of Processing Conditions on Melt Blown Web Structure: Part 1 – DCD." International Nonwovens Journal os-13, no. 1 (March 2004): 1558925004os—13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925004os-1300113.

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We begin an effort to quantitatively measure the influence of processing conditions on the detailed structure of commercial polypropylene melt blown (MB) webs. In this paper, we report the influence of die-to-collector distance (DCD) on fiber entanglement, fiber orientation and pore structure in webs. This enabled us to quantify the influence of DCD on web structure as well as achieve greater understanding of the commercial MB process.

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Bresee, Randall R., A. Qureshi, and Matthew C. Pelham. "Influence of Processing Conditions on Melt Blown Web Structure: Part 2 -Primary Airflow Rate." International Nonwovens Journal os-14, no. 2 (June 2005): 1558925005os—14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925005os-1400202.

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We are continuing an effort to quantitatively measure the influence of processing variables on the detailed structure of commercial polypropylene melt blown (MB) webs. In this paper, we report the influence of primary airflow rate on fiber entanglement, global fiber orientation and pore structure in webs. This enabled us to quantify the influence of primary airflow on web structural features as well as achieve greater understanding of the commercial MB process.

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27

Dellevigne, Laura A., Jeffrey W. Adelberg, and Peter Vergano. "OPTIMAL GROWTH, RAPID ACCLIMATIZATION AND SHIPPING OF CATTLEYA ORCHID IN SINGLE USE SEALED MEMBRANE VESSELS." HortScience 28, no. 4 (April 1993): 263E—263. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.4.263e.

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Three-dimensional polypropylene enclosures have been fabricated for the in vitro culture and ex vitro growth of Cattleya orchid propagules. The enclosures consist of: 1) microporous polypropylene membrane for nutrient transfer between liquid media and the growing tissue. 2) molded polypropylene side wall sized for growth of Cattleya orchid plants and flanged to allow heat seals with membranes, and 3) polypropylene membrane(s) top member for light and gaseous transmission. Three commercial clones of Cattleya have been sealed into these enclosures and grown for eight months on unmended MS medium. Contaminated liquid media was effectively isolated from the propagules within the sealed enclosures, and following a bleach treatment with sterile rinses, propagules were returned to aseptic culture. Greenhouse growth of plant tissues in these enclosures will be discussed. Optimization for growth of Cattleya has begun with studies of gas, light and temperature regimes within the sealed enclosures and a comparison of growth on two different nutrient formulations.

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Tan, Daniel Q., Yichen Liu, Xiaotian Lin, Enling Huang, Xi Lin, Xudong Wu, Jintao Lin, Ronghai Luo, and Tianxiang Wang. "Exploration of Breakdown Strength Decrease and Mitigation of Ultrathin Polypropylene." Polymers 15, no. 10 (May 10, 2023): 2257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102257.

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Polypropylene film is the most important organic dielectric in capacitor technology; however, applications such as power electronic devices require more miniaturized capacitors and thinner dielectric films. The commercial biaxially oriented polypropylene film is losing the advantage of its high breakdown strength as it becomes thinner. This work carefully studies the breakdown strength of the film between 1 and 5 microns. The breakdown strength drops rapidly and hardly ensures that the capacitor reaches a volumetric energy density of 2 J/cm3. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray, and SEM analyses showed that this phenomenon has nothing to do with the crystallographic orientation and crystallinity of the film but is closely related to the non-uniform fibers and many voids produced by overstretching the film. Measures must be taken to avoid their premature breakdown due to high local electric fields. An improvement below 5 microns will maintain a high energy density and the important application of polypropylene films in capacitors. Without destroying the physical properties of commercial films, this work employs the ALD oxide coating scheme to augment the dielectric strength of a BOPP in the thickness range below 5 μm, especially its high temperature performance. Therefore, the problem of the reduction in dielectric strength and energy density caused by BOPP thinning can be alleviated.

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Bourassi, Mahdi, Magda Kárászová, Mariia Pasichnyk, Raul Zazpe, Jana Herciková, Vlastimil Fíla, Jan M. Macak, and Jana Gaálová. "Removal of Ibuprofen from Water by Different Types Membranes." Polymers 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 4082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234082.

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Ibuprofen separation from water by adsorption and pertraction processes has been studied, comparing 16 different membranes. Tailor-made membranes based on Matrimid, Ultem, and diaminobenzene/diaminobenzoic acid with various contents of zeolite and graphene oxide, have been compared to the commercial polystyrene, polypropylene, and polydimethylsiloxane polymeric membranes. Experimental results revealed lower ibuprofen adsorption onto commercial membranes than onto tailor-made membranes (10–15% compared to 50–70%). However, the mechanical stability of commercial membranes allowed the pertraction process application, which displayed a superior quantity of ibuprofen eliminated. Additionally, the saturation of the best-performing commercial membrane, polydimethylsiloxane, was notably prevented by atomic layer deposition of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane.

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Siddiquee, Aleena Naseer, Swati Varshney, Kanwarjeet Singh, and Gaurav Arora. "Recycled polypropylene Tiles: - From waste to wealth." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 4, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35121/ijapie201901133.

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The main objective of this research work is the development of multipurpose light weight polypropylene (PP) tiles by injection moulding technique from recycled polypropylene. The base material selected for this product is polypropylene (PP) which is a common thermoplastic commodity plastic having melting point of 140°C. PP is a polymer material that offers good quality of elasticity, toughness, high mechanical strength with great aesthetic properties. Various compositions of recycled PP composite along with PP copolymer and acrylo butadiene styrene (ABS) have been formulated. These recycled composite materials have been processed by an injection molding machine to tiles and characterized for various properties to confirm its feasibility for commercial application. PP tiles having PP copolymer and ABS shows highest value to tensile strength i.e. 36.2 N/mm2. These tiles can be used as a better substitute in order to replace conventional tiles and can also resolves plastic land filling problem

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Ahn, Yong-keon, Junwoo Park, Dalwoo Shin, Sanghun Cho, Si Yun Park, Hyunjin Kim, Yuanzhe Piao, Jeeyoung Yoo, and Youn Sang Kim. "Enhanced electrochemical capabilities of lithium ion batteries by structurally ideal AAO separator." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 20 (2015): 10715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta01892g.

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Nanoporous anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) enables the direct utilization of lithium metal as an ideal anode, owing to a uniform current distribution. The electrochemical performance of the AAO separator is superior to commercial polypropylene, in terms of ionic conductivity, discharge capacity, and capacity fading.

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Abraham, Thomas N., K. E. George, and Ton Peijs. "Recyclable PP/Polyamide Composite." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 21, no. 1 (February 2005): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060502100105.

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A commercial grade of polypropylene matrix reinforced with waste polyamide (nylon 6) fibres of two diameters at levels up to 40wt% (100 polypropylene + 40 polyamide) was studied. Smaller diameter fibres showed better mechanical properties than larger diameter ones. Attempts were made to improve the interfacial adhesion between the fibres and the matrix by grafting with maleic anhydride and with also styrene maleic anhydride. The mechanical properties showed significant improvements as a result of these modifications. Thermal stability was also marginally improved. These composites could be easily recycled by processing them above the melting point of the reinforcing fibres.

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Dlova, Sisanda, Olusola Olaitan Ayeleru, Feyisayo Victoria Adams, Messai A. Mamo, and Peter Apata Olubambi. "Recycled Plastics as an Alternative Carbon Nanotubes Source by Chemical Vapor Deposition." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 55 (August 10, 2021): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.55.207.

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In this study, therefore, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared on account of morphology, particle size and thermal properties of CNTs from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste and polypropylene (PP) using pyrolysis in the presence of Fe/Mn/Al catalyst. A comparison between the produced CNTs and commercially available CNTs was conducted to analyse if any deviations exist between both products. It was discovered that The commercial CNTs properties have similarities with the MWCNTs produced from plastic wastes. These materials were found to differ in purity with 1% error. The structures and morphologies of these materials are comparable as they were found to be crystalline and they revealed lattice fringes. They differ by the planes in the structural orientation. The MWCNTs synthesized from plastic wastes showed low thermal stability as opposed to the commercial CNTs.

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Ang, Linus Yinn Leng, Le Quan Ngoc Tran, Steve Phillips, Yong Khiang Koh, and Heow Pueh Lee. "Low-Frequency Noise Reduction by Earmuffs with Flax Fibre-Reinforced Polypropylene Ear Cups." Advances in Acoustics and Vibration 2018 (January 3, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2057820.

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Soldiers and supporting engineers are frequently exposed to high low-frequency (<500 Hz) cabin noise in military vehicles. Despite the use of commercial hearing protection devices, the risk of auditory damage is still imminent because the devices may not be optimally customised for such applications. This study considers flax fibre-reinforced polypropylene (Flax-PP) as an alternative to the material selection for the ear cups of commercial earmuffs, which are typically made of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Different weaving configurations (woven and nonwoven) and various noise environments (pink noise, cabin booming noise, and firing noise) were considered to investigate the feasibility of the proposed composite earmuffs for low-frequency noise reduction. The remaining assembly components of the earmuff were kept consistent with those of a commercial earmuff, which served as a benchmark for results comparison. In contrast to the commercial earmuff, the composite earmuffs were shown to be better in mitigating low-frequency noise by up to 16.6 dB, while compromising midfrequency acoustical performance. Consequently, the proposed composite earmuffs may be an alternative for low-frequency noise reduction in vehicle cabins, at airports, and at construction sites involving heavy machineries.

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Sasai, Yuya, Yoshio Iizuka, Kaho Osada, and Kentaro Taki. "Controlled Degradation of Commercial Resin for Meltblown Nonwoven Fabric Sheet Production." Polymers 13, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 3892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13223892.

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Manufacturing meltblown nonwoven fabrics requires special grades of resin with very low viscosity, which are not dealt with so much on market and cost quite high compared to the standard grades. We propose a high-shear rate processing method that can quickly and easily produce such low-viscosity resin from the commercial one without using organic peroxides. In this method, we apply high-shear stress to molten resin by using a high-shear extruder, which is a single screw extruder with high screw rotation speed, and the resin is thermally decomposed of its shear-induced heat which is quickly generated. We found that polypropylene with a value of melt flow rate over a thousand, which was required for the meltblown process, was produced from the standard grade with the high-shear extruder at the screw rotation speed of 3600 min−1 and the barrel temperature over 300 ∘C. Using the degradated polypropylene, a meltblown nonwoven fabric sheet was successfully fabricated. We also developed a numerical simulator of the high-shear extruder which can handle a wide range of the screw rotation speed and barrel temperature by the Nusselt number modulated with the operational conditions. The experimental values of the zero-shear viscosity and temperature at the exit of the extruder agreed well with the simulation results. Our high-shear rate processing method will enable us to quickly and easily produce various meltblown nonwoven fabric sheets at low costs.

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Ilham, I., J. D. D. Tanjung, C. Liza, and W. Priawandiputra. "Occurrence of microdebris in commercial cephalopod." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 948, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/948/1/012029.

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Abstract Modern Fish Market of Muara Baru is one of the largest fish markets in Jakarta, which sells various seafood, including fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and others. Previous studies have revealed microdebris contamination of mollusks, particularly in filter-feeders. However, it has not been widely studied at the predator level in cephalopods. We aim to investigate contamination of microdebris in two commercial species of cephalopod, i.e. Loliolus sumatrensis and Sepia recurvirostra, from the market. The digestive tract of the cephalopod was taken and dissolved by adding H2O2 50% then filtered under a vacuum system. The particles of microdebris were observed with a stereo microscope then several particles were analyzed using an FTIR microscope. The abundance of microdebris in L. sumatrensis was higher (3.8 particles/individual) than the abundance that of microdebris in S. recurvirostra (2.8 particles/individual). The size of microdebris was dominated by three of five size classes such as 0.1 − 0.5 mm, 0.5 − 1 mm, and 1 − 5 mm. Microdebris in L. sumatrensis was confirmed as polypropylene (PP), a synthetic polymer (microplastic), while in S. recurvirostra was confirmed as rayon (semi-synthetic). This research shows that microdebris contamination has reached the level of a predator in Mollusca.

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Eršte, A., L. Fulanović, L. Čoga, M. Lin, Y. Thakur, Q. M. Zhang, and V. Bobnar. "Stable dielectric response of low-loss aromatic polythiourea thin films on Pt/SiO2 substrate." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 06, no. 01 (March 2016): 1650003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x1650003x.

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We have investigated dielectric properties of aromatic polythiourea (ArPTU, a polar polymer containing high dipolar moments with very low defect levels) thin films that were developed on Pt/SiO2 substrate. The detected response is compared to the response of commercially available polymers, such as high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP), which are at present used in foil capacitors. Stable values of the dielectric constant [Formula: see text] (being twice higher than in HDPE and PP) over broad temperature and frequency ranges and dielectric losses as low as in commercial systems suggest ArPTU as a promising candidate for future use in a variety of applications.

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Thi Ha, Dang. "Microplastic contamination in commercial sea salt of Vietnam." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 59, no. 3 (May 17, 2021): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/59/3/15718.

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This is the first study which assessed the microplastic pollution of sea salt products from Vietnam. The results obtained from 9 iodate fine table sea salt and 4 raw sea salt samples collected from different regions in Vietnam showed that microplastic were present in 100% of the salts samples. The mean concentration of microplastic was 787±101 items/kg and 340±26 items/kg for raw and fine sea salts, respectively. For both raw and fine sea salt, fibers were the predominant type of microplastic, accounted more 60% of total microplastic particles. In added, three types of polymer were detected in 12 microplastic particles by FTIR, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene, in which, the most common is PE (accounted 67%). With a mean daily salt consumption of 5-10g/day, the annual number of microplastic particles ingested per Vietnamese adult varies from 637 to 1241 particles from salt alone.

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Wu, Jia Wei, Rong Rong Qi, Xin Yu Ji, Ping Kai Jiang, Xiang Yang Wu, Xin Wei Wang, and Ping Wang. "Thermally Conductive Polypropylene/Graphite/Carbon Fiber Composites." Materials Science Forum 893 (March 2017): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.893.12.

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The combination of different carbon-based fillers (commercial plate graphite (GR) and rod carbon fiber (CF)) were added as conductive fillers to improve the thermal conductivity of polypropylene (PP). The effect of different ratio of carbon-based fillers on the thermal and mechanical properties of GR/CF/PP composites was investigated in detail. A remarkable synergistic effect between GR and CF in improving thermal conductivity of PP composites has been achieved. The results show that the in-plane thermal conductivity rises to 2.8 W·(m·k)-1 at a GR/CF ratio of 5:1 (the total mass fraction of carbon-based fillers to 40wt%), which is 14 times as the thermal conductivity of pure PP (0.2 W·(m·k)-1) and also much higher than that of single filler composites.

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Matei, Ecaterina, Maria Râpă, Árpád Andor Andras, Andra Mihaela Predescu, Cristian Pantilimon, Alexandra Pica, and Cristian Predescu. "Recycled Polypropylene Improved with Thermoplastic Elastomers." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7525923.

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The use of recycled polypropylene (RPP) as raw material for various industries has been known. However, the mechanical and thermal properties of recycled products are lower than those of raw material. The objective of this study was to obtain and investigate the modified recycled polypropylene (RPP) with commercial elastomers for possible applications. The compounded RPP-based thermoplastic elastomers were investigated in order to determine their thermal properties (melt flow index (MFI), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), VICAT softening temperature (VST), and heat deflection temperature (HDT)), structural characteristics (optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD)), and mechanical properties (tensile properties, density, and IZOD impact). The RPP compounded with 10% elastomer recorded higher tensile properties than the unmodified RPP. Also, IZOD impact strength increased from4.3±0.2 kJ/m2(registered for RPP) to21.7±2.5 kJ/m2for the PPR/SIS30 compound, while the degree of crystallinity decreased for all compounds. The obtained results recommend the RPP/elastomers compounds both for environmental remediation from postconsumer PP wastes and to realize new goods with high performance for various applications.

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Silva, J. G., K. P. Lopes, F. J. S. Paiva, M. H. B. S. Rodrigues, and J. S. Nóbrega. "Effect of the Substrate and Containers in the Initial Growth of Seedlings of Physalis peruviana L." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 8 (July 10, 2018): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n8p314.

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Physalis peruviana L., from the family Solanaceae, is a fruitful species of high nutritional and economic value, incorporated in the category of the small fine fruits in Brazil, and is a promising source of income for small farmers, mainly in the Northeast area. This work aims to evaluate the influence of different substrate and containers in the initial growth of Physalis peruviana L. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse, in a completely randomized designing. Two types of containers (polypropylene seedling tray of 200 cells and containers of polypropylene of 50 mL) and three compositions of the substrate (commercial substrate Hortiplant®, and ravine soil + sand + organic compost in the proportions 2:1:1 and 2:1:2) were tested. The analyzed variables were: percentage of emergency and emergency velocity index of the plants; height of the plants; the number of leaves; length of the main root; and wet and dry mass of the root and the aerial part at the 30 days after sowing. Analyses of variance were used to test the effects of substrate and containers on the studied variables, and the averages of the studied variables were compared among treatments using the Tukey’s test at 5% of probability. In the greenhouse conditions, Physalis peruviana L. seedlings grow better when sowed in the commercial substrate using the container of polypropylene of 50 mL, resulting in larger seedlings, a larger number of leaves and a proper development of the root system.

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Oh, Jeong Seok, and A. I. Isayev. "Ultrasonically Treated Polypropylene/Ground Tire Rubber Blends." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 4 (September 1, 2002): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544988.

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Abstract Compounding ground tire rubber (GRT) with commercial polyolefins such as polypropylene (PP) is a possible way of recycling GRT. These new blends can provide low cost materials. The present study describes new materials which are obtained by the ultrasonically treated PP/GRT blends. In order to improve the efficiency of the treatment process, a new ultrasonic reactor was built. In this reactor, two horns were placed in a slit die which is attached to a plastic extruder. PP/GRT blends mixed by using a twin screw extruder were passed through the reactor to devulcanize GRT. Then the blends were dynamically revulcanized using an internal mixer. Mechanical properties, rheology and morphology of the obtained blends were studied. Under optimal conditions of ultrasonic treatment, the mechanical properties of the blends were improved in comparison with our earlier experiments.

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Sommer, Marcel M., Isabel Galan, and Ralf Schledjewski. "Mechanical Properties of Compression Moulded Glass and Jute Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene." Advanced Composites Letters 16, no. 1 (January 2007): 096369350701600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350701600101.

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This work is concerned with the evaluation of the mechanical properties of compression moulded fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Herein commercial glass and jute fibre polypropylene composites pellets were mixed to the content ratio varying in a range from 0 to 30 weight-% each, but to a constant reinforcement fraction of 30 weight-% in total. The different ratios were analyzed in mechanical testing to gain an optimum. The evaluation is proceeded with regard to the densities. The results obtained show how to use jute fibres for more than only a filler. Aimed applications are components where not very high mechanical properties are demanded, but where certain elasticity, weight, price, and environmental impact are important issues, too.

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Piccardo, Manuela, Marco Bertoli, Paolo Pastorino, Damià Barceló, Francesca Provenza, Davide Lesa, Serena Anselmi, et al. "Lethal and Sublethal Responses of Hydropsyche pellucidula (Insecta, Trichoptera) to Commercial Polypropylene Microplastics after Different Preconditioning Treatments." Toxics 9, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100256.

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Microplastics (MPs) pose biological and chemical hazards in aquatic and terrestrial food webs across the globe. Research on microplastic contamination has long focused on marine ecosystems, whereas the toxicological impact on freshwater organisms is still little explored. In this study, the lethal and sublethal response of the freshwater macroinvertebrate Hydropsyche pellucidula exposed to polypropylene MPs after different pre-conditioning treatments was assessed. Field samples were collected in a riverine system (Vipacco river; northeast Italy) to assess the characteristics of the MPs in the aquatic environment Both water and sediment were contaminated by MPs (3.73 ± 2.11 items m−3 per min and 3.33 ± 4.16 items dm−3, respectively). The chemical MPs composition included polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane, polyamide, polypropylene, and polyethylene. Polypropylene (PP), although not the most abundant polymer recorded in the study area, was preferred over the other types according to its abundance in freshwater and H. pellucidula feeding behavior. A housing test was performed to recreate the natural conditions of larvae sampled for a reliable response to the ecotoxicological tests. The microplastics underwent either preconditioning with Vipacco River water (PP-river) and surfactant Triton X-100 (PP-sf) or no pre-treatment (PP). Submersion of microplastics in 10 µg L−1 of surfactant solution for 24 h was sufficient to induce consistent spectral changes and modify the chemical profile of the plastic surface. Mortality rate differed according to treatment: PP and PP-river > positive control > PP-sf > negative control. Integrated biomarker response (IBRv2) and analysis of oxidative stress biomarker levels showed a greater response of superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) in larvae treated with PP conditioned in surfactant. Our findings enhance knowledge on the toxicity of PP and conditioning phases on H. pellucidula larvae.

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De Santis, Felice, and Roberto Pantani. "Optical Properties of Polypropylene upon Recycling." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/354093.

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In the last few years there has been an increasing interest in the possibility of recycling polymeric materials, using physical recycling. However, is it well known that polymers experience a depletion of all the properties upon recycling. These effects have been widely characterized in the literature for what concerns the mechanical or rheological properties. The changes of optical properties after recycling have been much less studied, even if, especially in food packaging, optical characteristics (above all the opacity) are of extreme importance, and thus it is quite significant to assess the effect of recycling on these properties. In this work, the influence of recycling steps on the opacity of films of a commercial grade of isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) was studied. The material was extruded several times to mimic the effect of recycling procedures. After extrusion, films were obtained by cooling samples of material at different cooling rates. The opacity of the obtained films was then measured and related to their crystallinity and morphology. It was found that opacity generally increases on increasing the amount ofαphase and for the same amount ofαphase on increasing the size of the spherulites.

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Velosa, J. C., João Pedro Nunes, João F. Silva, Carlos A. Bernardo, and António Torres Marques. "Production of Thermoplastic Towpregs." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.220.

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This work establishes process windows for efficient towpreg production on a developed powder coating equipment. Three different thermoplastic towpregs were studied: one for highly demanding markets (carbon fibre/PrimospireTMPR-120) and other two for commercial applications (glass/polypropylene and glass/polyvinyl chloride). Mechanical properties of compression moulded composites obtained from the produced towpregs were also obtained and discussed.

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Dopico-García, M. S., J. M. López-Vilariñó, and M. V. González-Rodríguez. "Antioxidant Content of and Migration from Commercial Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and Polyvinyl Chloride Packages." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55, no. 8 (April 2007): 3225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf070102+.

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Luo, Zheng-Hong, Pei-Lin Su, De-Pan Shi, and Zu-Wei Zheng. "Steady-state and dynamic modeling of commercial bulk polypropylene process of Hypol technology." Chemical Engineering Journal 149, no. 1-3 (July 1, 2009): 370–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.01.021.

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Mirabella, Jr., Francis M. "Phase separation and the kinetics of phase coarsening in commercial impact polypropylene copolymers." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32, no. 7 (May 1994): 1205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1994.090320708.

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Bourges, F., G. Bureau, and B. Pascat. "Effects of electron beam irradiation on commercial polypropylene: Kinetic study of antioxidant degradation." Packaging Technology and Science 5, no. 4 (July 1992): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.2770050405.

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Journal articles on the topic 'COMMERCIAL POLYPROPYLENE'

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