Journal articles on the topic 'Commercial policy – Australia'
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1
Miller, D. "Public Policy in International Commercial Arbitrations in Australia." Arbitration International 9, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 167–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbitration/9.2.167.
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Beeson, Mark. "Bilateral Economic Relations in a Global Political Economy: Australia and Japan." Competition & Change 2, no. 2 (June 1997): 137–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102452949700200201.
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This paper argues that despite the internationalisation of economic activity, and a concomitant diminution of economic policy-making autonomy, national policy settings continue to display a surprising degree of divergence and remain important determinants of economic outcomes. Similarly, there are distinctively different and enduring patterns of corporate organisation across nations which confer specific competitive advantages. Important theoretical and practical questions are raised, therefore, about the potential efficacy of national economic policies and their capacity to accommodate such divergent practices. This paper examines the bilateral relationship between Australia and Japan, and assesses the effectiveness of Australia's predominantly neoliberal economic policy framework in the light of such national and organisational variation. It will be suggested that Australian policy-makers' faith in market mechanisms caused them to underestimate the significance of Japanese commercial practices and regional production strategies, rendering attempts to transform the relationship largely unsuccessful.
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Smith, Anthony D. M., David C. Smith, Malcolm Haddon, Ian A. Knuckey, Keith J. Sainsbury, and Sean R. Sloan. "Implementing harvest strategies in Australia: 5 years on." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 2 (October 8, 2013): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst158.
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Abstract Smith, A. D. M., Smith D. C., Haddon, M., Knuckey, I., Sainsbury, K. J., and Sloan, S. 2014. Implementing harvest strategies in Australia: 5 years on. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 195–203. Australian Commonwealth fisheries are managed using a formal harvest strategy policy (HSP) introduced by the federal government in 2007. At the State level, a number of commercial fisheries are also managed under formal harvest strategies, but no overarching policy currently exists to guide their consistent implementation across jurisdictions. There have been 5 years of experience with implementation of the Commonwealth policy across the highly diverse array of commercial fisheries found in Australia. The HSP has an explicit target of maximum economic yield, and an explicit limit set at half the biomass that would support maximum sustainable yield. The policy also specifies an acceptable level of risk associated with falling below the limit reference point. We discuss the experience gained from implementing the HSP in Australia, including a number of challenges faced, and attempt to summarize the benefits and costs of implementing harvest strategies. Our view is that, overall, the benefits clearly outweigh the costs.
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Gordon, Louisa G., Craig Sinclair, Noel Cleaves, Jennifer K. Makin, Astrid J. Rodriguez-Acevedo, and Adèle C. Green. "Consequences of banning commercial solaria in 2016 in Australia." Health Policy 124, no. 6 (June 2020): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.04.010.
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Torkington, John. "Effectively promoting greenhouse gas storage in Australia." APPEA Journal 49, no. 2 (2009): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08051.
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The underground storage of greenhouse gases is seen by many as one of the primary technologies by which fossil fuel dependent nations can reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently there is a societal need to consider how best to facilitate the commercial scale uptake of this technology. Two principal barriers remain to the commercial scale deployment of greenhouse gas storage. Existing capture technologies are very expensive and there remains community concern that the underground storage of greenhouse gases is not permanent. It is likely that the natural gas industry will continue to be world leaders in the commercial-scale deployment of greenhouse gas storage, as this industry already captures large volumes of carbon dioxide and is familiar with underground storage technologies. In time, increased commercial scale deployment by the natural gas industry will build community confidence in the technology thus facilitating deployment by other industry sectors. Opportunities to promote greenhouse gas storage in Australia need to be considered in the broader policy context, which should be to reduce Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions at the lowest possible cost to the community. This extended abstract reviews the various ways in which greenhouse gas storage can be promoted and tests these in light of this broader policy context. The paper identifies those opportunities that should be pursued to promote the commercial scale uptake of greenhouse gas storage and flags those opportunities that, while they might assist in the uptake, are incompatible with the broader policy objective.
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Aveyard, Karina. "Australian Films at the Cinema: Rethinking the Role of Distribution and Exhibition." Media International Australia 138, no. 1 (February 2011): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1113800106.
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Australian films are criticised regularly for their failure to engage local audiences and for their lack of commercial success. Academic and industry analysis of these shortcomings has tended to focus on problems in production and financing, but has given inadequate attention to the role of distribution and exhibition. This article examines how the commercial and cultural situation of Australian films is fundamentally shaped by the manner in which they are circulated and screened. It highlights the complex interrelations between the production, distribution and exhibition sectors, and addresses the implications of these issues for contemporary film policy and practice in Australia.
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Dixon, Tim. "Commercial property retrofitting." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 32, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-02-2014-0016.
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Purpose – Progress in retrofitting the UK's commercial properties continues to be slow and fragmented. New research from the UK and USA suggests that radical changes are needed to drive large-scale retrofitting, and that new and innovative models of financing can create new opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to offer insights into the terminology of retrofit and the changes in UK policy and practice that are needed to scale up activity in the sector. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews and synthesises key published research into commercial property retrofitting in the UK and USA and also draws on policy and practice from the EU and Australia. Findings – The paper provides a definition of “retrofit”, and compares and contrasts this with “refurbishment” and “renovation” in an international context. The paper summarises key findings from recent research and suggests that there are a number of policy and practice measures which need to be implemented in the UK for commercial retrofitting to succeed at scale. These include improved funding vehicles for retrofit; better transparency in actual energy performance; and consistency in measurement, verification and assessment standards. Practical implications – Policy and practice in the UK needs to change if large-scale commercial property retrofit is to be rolled out successfully. This requires mandatory legislation underpinned by incentives and penalties for non-compliance. Originality/value – This paper synthesises recent research to provide a set of policy and practice recommendations which draw on international experience, and can assist on implementation in the UK.
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McKay, Clare, and Alex Gardner. "Water Accounting Information and Confidentiality in Australia." Federal Law Review 41, no. 1 (March 2013): 127–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22145/flr.41.1.5.
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A key objective of Australia's recent national water reforms is to keep water licence and entitlement holders accountable for the amounts of water they extract, trade and use. Water metering and the recording and reporting of water extraction and trading data are processes designed to ensure this accountability, and are central to Australia's water accounting regimes. Yet much of the data necessary to ensure compliance with water licences and access entitlements is not publicly available in Australia. This absence of publicly accessible information is due to a lack of rigour and transparency in statutory water accounting regimes. There are also restrictions imposed by water legislation and the laws of privacy and confidentiality that prevent public access to water accounting data, except in aggregated form. Consequently, commercial and industrial water consumers in Australia are not kept accountable for their consumptive water use and water market objectives are unfulfilled, contrary to the express provisions of the Intergovernmental Agreement on a National Water Initiative (‘NWI’). This article argues that statutory and policy frameworks for water accounting in most Australian jurisdictions fail to meet the NWI objectives for national water accounting. In response, it advocates legislative reforms that would facilitate the achievement of these objectives.
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Flew, Terry. "From ‘Taste and Standards’ to Structural Pluralism: Activism in the Australian Media Policy Process." Media International Australia 99, no. 1 (May 2001): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0109900107.
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This paper traces the emergence of media policy reform activism in Australia around media content regulations for commercial broadcasting, from 1953 to 1976. Its focus is on processes of participation in public inquiries, and the ways in which these were manifestations of what Anna Yeatman (1998) has termed ‘activism in the policy process’. It finds evidence that such processes facilitated the emergence of more wide-ranging campaigns for media reform in the 1970s, but also finds that the extent to which such trends can be seen as applying a logic of ‘governmentality’ to broadcast media has in practice been limited by the predominantly commercial nature of the Australian broadcasting system, the conduct of regulatory agencies and their proneness to ‘regulatory capture’, and the extent to which the demands of media critics could be translated into implementable policies.
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Lipworth, Wendy, Evan Doran, Ian Kerridge, and Richard Day. "Challenges to pharmaceutical policymaking: lessons from Australia’s national medicines policy." Australian Health Review 38, no. 2 (2014): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13240.
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Objective National medicines policies (NMP) provide a means for governments to achieve their objectives in relation to pharmaceuticals and other medicines. This research aimed to identify challenges to implementing the objectives of the Australian NMP from the perspective of key stakeholders. Methods In 2012 and 2103, we conducted 30 semistructured interviews with stakeholders involved in the discovery, clinical testing, regulation and funding of medicines in Australia. We asked participants to describe their careers and to give their opinions on specific issues surrounding drug development, clinical research, regulation and subsidisation in Australia. Data were analysed using Morse’s outline of the cognitive basis of qualitative research and Charmaz’s outline of data analysis in grounded theory. The initial phase of ‘open coding’ revealed findings that could be mapped to three of the four objectives of the NMP. We then conducted ‘focussed coding’ for themes relevant to these objectives. Results Participants identified many issues relevant to the ongoing evolution of the NMP, relating primarily to ongoing tensions between the commercial objective of ensuring a viable medicines industry, and the non-commercial objectives of ensuring that medicines are safe, effective and affordable. There were also several other challenges identified to the achievement of both the commercial and non-commercial objectives of the NMP. These included limits to government funding, globalisation, consumer advocacy, changing scientific paradigms and new information technologies. Conclusions There are many issues that need to be addressed if policymakers are to achieve the best outcomes from the NMP. Tensions between the commercial and non-commercial objectives of the NMP suggest the need to ensure that one stakeholder group’s imperatives do not stifle those of other groups. At the same time, there are several emerging issues that are likely to concern all stakeholders equally, and these are both challenges and opportunities for new kinds of collaboration. What is known about the topic? We know that stakeholders have several concerns about medicines policy, but little is known about the specific challenges to implementing medicines policy from the perspective of those involved. What does this paper add? We demonstrate that stakeholders have many concerns that could impact the implementation of medicines policies. These relate primarily to ongoing tensions between the objective of ensuring a viable medicines industry, and the objectives of ensuring that medicines are safe, effective and affordable. There are also several issues that potentially pose a challenge to achieving both the commercial and non-commercial objectives of the NMP. These include limits to government funding, globalisation, consumer advocacy, changing scientific paradigms and new information technologies. What are the implications for practitioners? Policymakers need to systematically address the barriers to the ongoing implementation of the NMP. Policymakers should also ensure that one imperative (such as the commercial imperative) does not stifle other objectives. Other emerging issues are likely to concern all stakeholders, and these provide opportunities for new kinds of collaboration among stakeholders.
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Dwyer, Tim. "Recalibrating Policies for Localism in Australia's Commercially Networked Tv Industry." Media International Australia 108, no. 1 (August 2003): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0310800113.
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This article considers the emergence of policies for localism within the Australian commercially networked TV industry. By historically reflecting on the construction of equalisation policies of the late 1980s, their trajectory is traced through to the ABA's regional TV news inquiry in 2001–2002. Against a background of late twentieth century international trends to deregulation, the reregulation of Australian regional TV is linked with a discussion of possible alternative rules for content distribution. The origins of localism in US commercial TV and comparable recent US developments in TV news are reviewed. It is questioned whether the intended beneficiaries of the equalisation policy — under-served rural and regional TV audience — have in fact had their promise of increased television choices compromised, with the winding back of the key genre of local news programs in some areas. It is further argued that broader contextual data — for example, information arising from economic and social policy research in rural and regional Australia — could appropriately inform the development of localism policies for the longer term.
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Dertouzos, James, and Rand Corporation. "Commercial media in Australia: Economics, ownership, technology and regulation." Information Economics and Policy 3, no. 3 (1988): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6245(88)90005-4.
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Moulis, Daniel. "Anti-Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Measures: Law and Practice of Ten World Trade Organization Members Australia." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2016): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016062.
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Laws dealing with practices that ‘get around’ tariffs imposed by World Trade Organization (WTO) Members on dumped or subsidized goods are well established in some Members but have only recently been introduced in Australia. The compliance of these laws with WTO norms is open to debate. The economic rationale for penalizing some kinds of commercial practice as circumvention may be similarly contested. This article outlines the Australian laws and accompanying investigation procedures, with available case studies, and poses questions about the need for them and about their legitimacy in policy terms.
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Parker, Lisa, Lisa Bero, Donna Gillies, Melissa Raven, and Quinn Grundy. "The "Hot Potato" of Mental Health App Regulation: A Critical Case Study of the Australian Policy Arena." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, no. 3 (December 16, 2018): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2018.117.
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Background: Health apps are a booming, yet under-regulated market, with potential consumer harms in privacy and health safety. Regulation of the health app market tends to be siloed, with no single sector holding comprehensive oversight. We sought to explore this phenomenon by critically analysing how the problem of health app regulation is being presented and addressed in the policy arena. Methods: We conducted a critical, qualitative case study of regulation of the Australian mental health app market. We purposively sampled influential policies from government, industry and non-profit organisations that provided oversight of app development, distribution or selection for use. We used Bacchi’s critical, theoretical approach to policy analysis, analysing policy solutions in relation to the ways the underlying problem was presented and discussed. We analysed the ways that policies characterised key stakeholder groups and the rationale policy authors provided for various mechanisms of health app oversight. Results: We identified and analysed 29 policies from Australia and beyond, spanning 5 sectors: medical device, privacy, advertising, finance, and digital content. Policy authors predominantly framed the problem as potential loss of commercial reputations and profits, rather than consumer protection. Policy solutions assigned main responsibility for app oversight to the public, with a heavy onus on consumers to select safe and high-quality apps. Commercial actors, including powerful app distributors and commercial third parties were rarely subjects of policy initiatives, despite having considerable power to affect app user outcomes. Conclusion: A stronger regulatory focus on app distributors and commercial partners may improve consumer privacy and safety. Policy-makers in different sectors should work together to develop an overarching regulatory framework for health apps, with a focus on consumer protection.
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Strong, S. I. "International Commercial Courts in the United States and Australia: Possible, Probable, Preferable?" AJIL Unbound 115 (2021): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.77.
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As worldwide interest in international commercial courts grows, questions arise as to whether individual nations can or should seek to compete in the “litigation market” by developing their own cross-border business courts. This essay compares the prospects of the United States and Australia in this regard, focusing on whether it is possible (Section II), probable (Section III), and preferable (Section IV) for one or both of these two federalized, common law nations to develop an international commercial court as part of their national judicial systems. The inquiry is particularly intriguing given that one country (the United States) has had a somewhat uneven relationship with international engagements while the other (Australia) is maintaining or increasing its connections to the rest of the world. Although this discrepancy could be used to explain the relative status of the debate about international commercial courts, which is much more advanced in Australia than in the United States, it is also possible that the distinctions between the United States and Australia are motivated by other factors. While neither country appears poised to create an international commercial court at the moment, the current analysis helps identify the types of factors that policy-makers can and should consider when contemplating reforms of this nature.
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Morrissey, Anne-Marie, and Deborah Moore. "In whose best interests? Regulating childcare environments in Australia." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 46, no. 4 (October 9, 2021): 370–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/18369391211050184.
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This conceptual model paper uses systems theory to explain how key elements in the Australian policy and regulatory context lead to three issues of concern in childcare centre physical environments: siting of centres on busy roads; lack of outdoor space; and, emergency evacuation in high-rise buildings. Drawing on evidence from prior studies and policy documents through desktop research, as well as childcare centre visits and communications with stakeholders and experts, we confirmed these issues as threats to children’s health, safety, development and well-being. Adapting Goekler’s ‘iceberg model’ of systems theory, we identified a dominance of commercial childcare property interests and complex and conflicting policy and regulatory structures, as explanatory elements leading to outcomes that conflict with children’s best interests.
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Gould, Liz. "Cash and Controversy: A Short History of Commercial Talkback Radio." Media International Australia 122, no. 1 (February 2007): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0712200113.
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While many scholars rightly point to the contemporary influence of talkback radio as an increasingly prominent platform for civic and political debate, as talkback radio approaches its fortieth anniversary, little is known about the history and development of the format. It was in 1967 that metropolitan radio stations in Australia rushed to embrace a ‘new’ radio programming format, as talkback radio became formally — and finally — legally permissible. However, the documented history of commercial talkback in Australia began many years earlier and has been punctuated by frequent clashes between radio programmers and broadcasting regulators over issues relating to the nature of programming content. As a platform for the discussion of contemporary social issues, talkback has thrived by courting controversy and debate. The commercial talkback radio format has supported the rise of a small, but highly prominent, group of men and continues to be strongly guided by economic imperatives, as witnessed in recent developments such as the ‘cash for comment’ affair. This article details the growth of metropolitan commercial talkback radio in Australia over the last four decades and looks at the extent to which public policy and economic influences have shaped the development of the format.
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Erku, Daniel A., Kylie Morphett, Kathryn J. Steadman, and Coral E. Gartner. "Policy Debates Regarding Nicotine Vaping Products in Australia: A Qualitative Analysis of Submissions to a Government Inquiry from Health and Medical Organisations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 18, 2019): 4555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224555.
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Australia has maintained a highly restrictive regulatory framework for nicotine vaping products (NVPs) and the regulatory approach differs from most other high income countries. This paper employed a thematic analysis to assess policy consultation submissions made to a government inquiry regarding use and marketing of NVPs. We included in the analysis submissions (n = 40) made by Australian institutions that influence or contribute to health policy-making including government agencies, health bodies and charities (n = 23), and public health academics and healthcare professionals (n = 18). Submissions from commercial entities and consumers were excluded. The majority of submissions from representatives of government agencies, health bodies and charities recommended maintaining current restrictions on NVPs. Arguments against widening access to NVPs included the demand for long-term evidence on safety and efficacy of an unusually high standard. There was widespread support for restrictions on sales, advertising and promotion, with most submissions supporting similar controls as for tobacco products. In contrast, the majority of individual submissions from healthcare professionals and public health academics advocated for widening access to NVPs for smokers and emphasized the potential benefits of smokers switching to vaping and the policy incoherence of regulating less harmful nicotine products more strictly than tobacco cigarettes. Progress in resolving the policy debate concerning NVP regulation in Australia will require policy makers, clinicians and the public health community to engage in a meaningful dialogue which gives due consideration to both intended and unintended consequences of proposed policies.
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Potter, Anna. "Junk Food or Junk TV: How Will the UK Ban on JUNK Food Advertising Affect Children's Programs?" Media International Australia 125, no. 1 (November 2007): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0712500103.
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The implementation of a partial junk food television advertising ban in the United Kingdom is adding to the woes of commercial broadcasters already under pressure in a fiercely competitive multi-channel environment. The UK free-to-air channel ITV1 recently announced the closure of its children's programs production unit and children's television production in the United Kingdom has been described as being ‘in meltdown’. The United Kingdom represents a crucial market for Australian producers of children's programs, who have traditionally sourced up to 80 per cent of their production budgets from UK partners. Australian cultural policy is adding to the challenges facing these producers, through the demands inherent in the ‘C’ classification. If Australia is to remain committed to the provision of dedicated children's programs, alternative sources of funding will have to be found.
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Potter, Anna. "Junk Food or Junk TV: How will the Uk Ban on Junk Food Advertising Affect Children's Programs?" Media International Australia 125, no. 1 (November 2007): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0812500103.
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The implementation of a partial junk food television advertising ban in the United Kingdom is adding to the woes of commercial broadcasters already under pressure in a fiercely competitive multi-channel environment. The UK free-to-air channel ITV1 recently announced the closure of its children's programs production unit and children's television production in the United Kingdom has been described as being ‘in meltdown’. The United Kingdom represents a crucial market for Australian producers of children's programs, who have traditionally sourced up to 80 per cent of their production budgets from UK partners. Australian cultural policy is adding to the challenges facing these producers, through the demands inherent in the ‘C classification. If Australia is to remain committed to the provision of dedicated children's programs, alternative sources of funding will have to be found.
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Prior, Jason, and Penny Crofts. "Is Your House a Brothel? Prostitution Policy, Provision of Sex Services from Home, and the Maintenance of Respectable Domesticity." Social Policy and Society 14, no. 1 (August 28, 2014): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746414000335.
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Policy debates on commercial sex services provide increasingly complex insights into work on the street and in large commercial sex premises, yet remain largely silent on the contribution of the domestic realm to commercial sex, despite estimates that it accounts for a significant proportion of all commercial sex transactions. Policies that affect home-based sex work are ambiguous and at times contradictory, veering from the promotion of working from home to anxieties about the assumed offensiveness of sex work. These policies have been often developed without direct consideration of home-based sex work and in the absence of evidence. Remedying this silence, this article analyses policy development for, and the experiences of, home-based sex workers in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The article concludes that working from home provides sex workers with opportunities for autonomy and wellbeing that are not available in other sex service environments, with minimal amenity impacts to the community.
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Balasingham, Baskaran, and Tai Neilson. "Digital Platforms and Journalism in Australia: Analysing the Role of Competition Law." World Competition 45, Issue 2 (June 1, 2022): 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2022011.
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News media businesses compete with search engines and social media networks for advertising revenue but at the same time depend on the latter to reach and interact with audiences. The Digital Platforms Inquiry (DPI) completed by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) found that media businesses’ dependency on digital platforms gives companies like Google and Facebook substantial bargaining power over Australian news media businesses. This development over the past decade has caused negative repercussions for the choice and quality of news available to Australians. In response to thegse findings, Australia’s News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code 2021 extends the application of competition law into digital news and advertising markets. The reform is intended to address the impact of digital platforms on the commercial viability of Australian news companies. In this article, we assess the application of competition law to the relationship between news media and digital platforms, including the strength of the DPI findings and the appropriateness of the resulting reforms. We argue that after decades of deregulation of the media sector in Australia the News Media Bargaining Code is a hybrid legislation, which introduces news media industry regulations under the guise of competition law. While we see a continued role for competition law in digital platform markets, this article indicates the challenges posed by digital platforms on media pluralism and the limitations of a market-driven approach to news media policy. news media businesses, digital platforms, advertising, regulation, media policy, Australian competition law, market power, media pluralism, Digital Platforms Inquiry, News Media Bargaining Code
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Braccini, Matias, Alex Hesp, and Brett Molony. "Risk-based weight of evidence assessment of commercial sharks in western Australia." Ocean & Coastal Management 205 (May 2021): 105501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105501.
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Crosbie, Eric, George Thomson, Becky Freeman, and Stella Bialous. "Advancing progressive health policy to reduce NCDs amidst international commercial opposition: Tobacco standardised packaging in Australia." Global Public Health 13, no. 12 (February 27, 2018): 1753–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2018.1443485.
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Kearney, Robert E. "Fisheries property rights and recreational/commercial conflict: implications of policy developments in Australia and New Zealand." Marine Policy 25, no. 1 (January 2001): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-597x(00)00035-x.
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Krivushin, I. V. "Russia-Australia Relations before and after the Ukrainian Crisis." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 133–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-1-133-158.
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The crisis of Australian-Russian relations after Russia’s annexation of Crimea in March 2014 and the set of factors that caused it have received little attention from scholars of international affairs. The article contributes to addressing this research lacuna. It examines the 2014–2015 crisis in bilateral relations from the point of view of both Moscow and of Canberra. The author analyses the evolution of these relations before 2014 to understand whether the Ukrainian crisis was the cause of their sharp deterioration in 2014–2015, or it only accelerated the process that began much earlier. He demonstrates that Australia had no close political and economic ties with Russia, and the two countries did not consider each other as priority partners. The article finds that in 2014–2015 the Kremlin did not take into account a number of factors, such as very limited interest of Australia in commercial exchanges with Russia, Canberra’s growing suspicions about Moscow’s foreign policy intentions and view of Russia as a revisionist power (especially after the 2008 Russia-Georgia war), a strong sense of solidarity with the West among Australia’s political elites, and Russia’s increasingly worsening public image in Australia, that negatively affected Canberra’s stance towards the Kremlin even before 2014, and which greatly contributed to the crisis in bilateral relations. As for future development, the author identifies two factors that may have a negative impact on Russian-Australian relations: 1) rising energy demand in China and India, making Russia and Australia potential competitors in Asia’s gas markets; 2) a too close rapprochement of Moscow with Beijing, fraughtwith the risk of embroiling Russia in a web of conflicts in the Western Pacific.
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Crocetti, Alessandro Connor, Beau Cubillo (Larrakia), Mark Lock (Ngiyampaa), Troy Walker (Yorta Yorta), Karen Hill (Torres Strait Islander), Fiona Mitchell (Mununjali), Yin Paradies (Wakaya), Kathryn Backholer, and Jennifer Browne. "The commercial determinants of Indigenous health and well-being: a systematic scoping review." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 11 (November 2022): e010366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010366.
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IntroductionHealth inequity within Indigenous populations is widespread and underpinned by colonialism, dispossession and oppression. Social and cultural determinants of Indigenous health and well-being are well described. Despite emerging literature on the commercial determinants of health, the health and well-being impacts of commercial activities for Indigenous populations is not well understood. We aimed to identify, map and synthesise the available evidence on the commercial determinants of Indigenous health and well-being.MethodsFive academic databases (MEDLINE Complete, Global Health APAPsycInfo, Environment Complete and Business Source Complete) and grey literature (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, Google Scholar, Google) were systematically searched for articles describing commercial industry activities that may influence health and well-being for Indigenous peoples in high-income countries. Data were extracted by Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers and narratively synthesised.Results56 articles from the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Norway and Sweden were included, 11 of which were editorials/commentaries. The activities of the extractive (mining), tobacco, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, alcohol and gambling industries were reported to impact Indigenous populations. Forty-six articles reported health-harming commercial practices, including exploitation of Indigenous land, marketing, lobbying and corporate social responsibility activities. Eight articles reported positive commercial industry activities that may reinforce cultural expression, cultural continuity and Indigenous self-determination. Few articles reported Indigenous involvement across the study design and implementation.ConclusionCommercial industry activities contribute to health and well-being outcomes of Indigenous populations. Actions to reduce the harmful impacts of commercial activities on Indigenous health and well-being and future empirical research on the commercial determinants of Indigenous health, should be Indigenous led or designed in collaboration with Indigenous peoples.
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Barrymore, Stuart, and Ann-Maree Mathison. "Carbon capture and storage—deelopments in Australia." APPEA Journal 49, no. 1 (2009): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08006.
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Legal and non-legal developments in the carbon capture and storage (CCS) arena continue to gain momentum in Australia. On 22 November 2008 the Offshore Petroleum Amendment (Greenhouse Gas Storage) Act 2008 (Cth) (GGS Amendments) came into force. The GGS Amendments follow the amendment in February 2007 of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972 and 1996 Protocol Thereto (London Protocol) which allows the storage of carbon dioxide under the seabed. The GGS Amendments amend the Offshore Petroleum Act 2006 (Cth) (OPA), which has now been renamed the Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006 (Cth) (Act), to establish a system of offshore titles that authorises the transportation, injection and storage of greenhouse gas (GHG) substances in geological formations under the seabed and manage the inevitable interaction with the offshore petroleum industry. In addition, the States of Queensland and Victoria have now enacted onshore CCS legislation. In September 2008, the Federal Government announced $100 million in funding for an Australian Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute (AGCCSI), which will be an international hub for co-ordinating public and private sector funding of CCS research projects and will provide international policy and management oversight. The AGCCSI was formally launched on 16 April 2009. The goal of the AGCCSI is to deliver at least 20 commercial scale CCS plants around the world by 2020. There are numerous examples in Australia and internationally of CCS pilot projects underway with the goal of deploying CCS on a commercial scale. The Callide Oxyfuel Project in Central Queensland that began construction recently will retrofit an existing coal fired power station with a CCS facility, with plans for the oxyfuel boiler to be operational in the Callide A power plant by 2011.
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Johnson, Michael. "Privatisation, Myopia and the Long-Run Provision of Economic Infrastructure in Australia." Economic and Labour Relations Review 19, no. 1 (November 2008): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460801900105.
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The privatisation of economic infrastructure in Australia that began in the 1980s has continued to be actively pursued by state and federal governments. Evaluations of the effects of the change of policy, ownership, control and regulatory arrangements that have accompanied privatisation and their impact on the longer-term stock of infrastructure and the growth of the economy have received less attention than the immediate privatisation decisions. This article reviews some of the studies that have been carried out to evaluate the impact of privatisation, focusing on long-term impacts on infrastructure provision. In particular, it discusses the myopia created by the emphasis on commercial transactions and managing markets that continues to shape the debate about the provision of infrastructure to meet Australia's economic, environmental and other objectives. Objectives have become even more difficult to achieve as an increasingly extensive and complex regulatory framework is required to manage privatised activities. This adds to costs and limits the potential for the introduction of new initiatives to address pressing problems. The issue is increasingly relevant, given the current perceived shortage of infrastructure and the flow-on effects of the current international financial crisis on Australia. The slow-down in economic growth accompanying the financial crisis is putting pressure on government budgets and threatening to perpetuate the existing policy bias towards short-term solutions, exacerbating the longer run problem of ensuring an adequate supply of public economic infrastructure.
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Gorman, Julian T., Peter J. Whitehead, Anthony D. Griffiths, and Lisa Petheram. "Production from marginal lands: indigenous commercial use of wild animals in northern Australia." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 15, no. 3 (June 2008): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3843/susdev.15.3:7.
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Ximenes, Fabiano A., W. David Gardner, and Amrit Kathuria. "Proportion of above-ground biomass in commercial logs and residues following the harvest of five commercial forest species in Australia." Forest Ecology and Management 256, no. 3 (July 2008): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.04.037.
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Bhattacharya-Mis, Namrata, Jessica Lamond, Burrell Montz, Heidi Kreibich, Sara Wilkinson, Faith Chan, and David Proverbs. "Flood risk to commercial property." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 9, no. 4/5 (October 8, 2018): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-03-2017-0024.
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Purpose Improved management of commercial property at risk from flooding may result from well-targeted advice from built environment (BE) professionals, such as surveyors, valuers and project managers. However, research indicates that the role of these professionals in providing such advice is currently limited for a variety of reasons. This paper aims to investigate the (perceived and real) barriers and opportunities for providing such advice in a number of international locations. In particular, the research sought greater understanding of the link between regulation and guidance; perceived roles and capacity; and training and education needs. Design/methodology/approach To cover different international settings, an illustrative case study approach was adopted within the selected countries (Australia, UK, USA, China and Germany). This involved a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews of BE professionals with experience of advising on commercial properties at risk of flooding. Due to the specific nature of these interviews, a purposive sampling approach was implemented, leading to a sample of 72 interviews across the five international locations. Findings Perceived barriers were linked to regulatory issues, a shortage of suitably experienced professionals, a lack of formal guidance and insurance requirements. BE professionals defined their roles differently in each case study in relation to these factors and stressed the need for closer collaboration among the various disciplines and indeed the other key stakeholders (i.e. insurers, loss adjusters and contractors). A shortage of knowledgeable experts caused by a lack of formal training, and education was a common challenge highlighted in all locations. Originality/value The research is unique in providing an international perspective on issues affecting BE professionals in providing robust and impartial advice on commercial property at risk of flooding. While acknowledging the existence of local flood conditions, regulatory frameworks and insurance regimes, the results indicate some recurring themes, indicating a lack of general flood risk education and training across all five case study countries. Learning across case studies coupled with appropriate policy development could contribute toward improved skills development and more consistent integration of BE professionals within future flood risk management practice, policy and strategy.
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Limpus, CJ, JD Miller, CJ Paramenter, D. Reimer, N. McLachlan, and R. Webb. "Migration of green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (caretta caretta) turtles to and from eastern Australian rookeries." Wildlife Research 19, no. 3 (1992): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920347.
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Feeding-ground captures of green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) turtles tagged while nesting at eastern Australian rookeries over a 21-year period are summarised. These turtles which nest in the Great Barrier Reef region range widely throughout the Arafura and Coral seas. The tag recoveries include many from turtles that live in neighbouring countries and migrate to breed in Australia. The breeding female shows a high fidelity to her home feeding ground as well as to her nesting beach. Most recaptures of the green turtles occurred during hunting for food by indigenous people while most recaptures of loggerhead turtles were incidental captures in commercial fishing activities. Migratory behaviour, imprinting and navigation are discussed.
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Casswell, Sally, Taisia Huckle, Karl Parker, Jose Romeo, Thomas Graydon-Guy, June Leung, Karimu Byron, et al. "Benchmarking alcohol policy based on stringency and impact: The International Alcohol Control (IAC) policy index." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 4 (April 22, 2022): e0000109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000109.
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This study developed a measurement tool to assess stringency and ‘on-the-ground’ impact of four key alcohol policy domains to create an alcohol policy index suitable for benchmarking alcohol policy and assessing change over time in middle- and high-income countries. It involved a collaboration between researchers in 12 diverse countries: New Zealand; Australia; England; Scotland; Netherlands; Vietnam; Thailand; South Africa; Turkey; Chile; Saint Kitts and Nevis and Mongolia. Data on the four most effective alcohol policy domains (availability, pricing policy, alcohol marketing, drink driving) were used to create an alcohol policy index based on their association with alcohol per capita consumption (APC) of commercial (recorded) alcohol. An innovation was the inclusion of measures of impact along with the stringency of the legislation or regulation. The resulting International Alcohol Control (IAC) Policy Index showed a very high negative correlation (-0.91) with recorded APC. Greater affordability of alcohol, an impact measure taking into account prices paid and countries’ Gross Domestic Product, was predictive of higher APC (-0.80). Countries in which more modes of alcohol marketing are legally allowed and used had higher APC. Legislation on outlet density and drink driving predicted APC whereas trading hours did not. While stringency and impact measures varied between domains in terms of relationship with APC, overall, there was a strong correlation between impact and stringency (0.77). The IAC Policy Index, which includes measures of policy stringency and ‘on-the-ground’ impacts in relation to four key policy areas, was found to be strongly associated with commercial alcohol consumed in a number of diverse country settings. It showed a larger relationship than previous indices that include more policy dimensions. The index provides a relatively simple tool for benchmarking and communication with policy makers to encourage a strong focus on uptake of these four most effective alcohol policies.
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Raftery, David. "Producing value from Australia's vineyards: an ethnographic approach to 'the quality turn' in the Australian wine industry." Journal of Political Ecology 24, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20877.
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Abstract This article provides a detailed ethnographic intervention to the phenomenon of value-added agriculture, a discourse that has attained several concrete forms in Australian wine industry policy, and which is routinely presented as a legitimate rural future in wider agricultural and social science research. The legal and policy architecture of 'Geographical Indications' purports to value the regional distinctiveness of agricultural areas, by creating legally-defined wine regions. Producers from these wine regions enjoy privileged access to the use of regional descriptors that apply to their products, and the constitution of such wine regions can also codify the relationships between this regional identity and concrete viticultural and winemaking practices. This article draws on ethnographic research within the Clare Valley region of South Australia, one of the first Australian wine regions to be formally constituted as a legal entity, to examine in close detail the relationships that this region's wine producers have with their own discrete areas of operation. These ethnographic illustrations highlight that the creation of economic value within the premium wine industry cannot be reduced to the technical aspects of viticulture and oenology, nor the legal and policy means by which relationships between products and land are codified. Rather, the nuanced social understandings of landscape that wine producers are consistently developing is a critical element of cultural and commercial infrastructure that affords any wine producer or grape grower the possibility of achieving monopolistic relationships over discrete vineyard areas and the wine that is produced from them. These social understandings have a specifically egalitarian character that acts as a hedge against the chronic uncertainties arising from the global economic environment in which premium wine industry is inescapably a part. This resistance to codification, I argue, is a productive space that constitutes a form of resilience against chronically unstable sets of commercial and environmental conditions. Keywords: monopoly, regional rents, occupational discourse, intellectual property, Geographic Indications, Australian agrarian futures
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Mitra, Jay, Venu Kumar, and Owain Wyn. "The Quiet Australian Harvest." Industry and Higher Education 13, no. 5 (October 1999): 293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000099101294582.
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Australia's outstanding economic success in recent years has been aided by significant developments in science and technology research and by the ways in which research has been exploited for commercial development. Australia's success in this respect, and its rapid and sometimes innovative development of such vehicles for R&D exploitation as science and technology parks, makes it a suitable case for study. This paper arises from the findings of a study mission from the UK, which set out to identify and analyse the various ways in which Australia is addressing the challenge of science and technology exploitation. The authors focus on current science, technology and innovation policies at state and national levels, and assess the various ways in which science and technology parks have been used as vehicles for innovation, business development and economic regeneration. The paper is divided into three main parts: Part 1 discusses policy issues at state and Commonwealth levels; Part 2 is concerned with technology, innovation and economic regeneration and describes various science and technology park developments; and Part 3 assesses the ways in which university-industry links are manifested in science and technology parks. A concluding section summarizes the key aspects of Australia's strategy for economic development through science and technology, in terms of both policy and implementation.
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Ghaderi, Hadi, Stephen Cahoon, and Hong-Oanh Nguyen. "Evaluation of impediments to the competitiveness of the rail sector in Australia." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 29, no. 5 (November 13, 2017): 1097–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-02-2017-0034.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to empirically evaluate the key impediments to the competitiveness of the rail sector in Australia; and second, to provide relevant transport management and policy recommendations for enhanced competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach This paper has adopted an empirical approach. A survey was developed and distributed among rail stakeholders in Australia. Accordingly, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to evaluate the key impeding areas. Findings This paper found four areas that are impeding rail development, these being infrastructure management, shortage of freight data and poor information sharing, service delivery and organisational and commercial interactions. Research limitations/implications The theoretical approach of this thesis can be applied to any freight market where competition exists between different transport modes. However, the specific strategies provided in this research in terms of transportation management, infrastructure planning and policy were made according to the specific market condition, infrastructure quality and regulation that exist in Australia. Practical implications The findings provide important implications for both industry and government in terms of making transport planning and policy decisions, but also useful insights by identifying the weak parts of the rail sector and directions to target them. Originality/value The notion of the rail stakeholder does not appear to have been previously defined in the literature. Therefore, this research takes a broader view of rail stakeholders to include various interest groups within the rail sector and its operational environment.
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Crouch, Andrew. "A coordinated satellite and terrestrial microwave backhaul for cellular mobile in remote and regional Australia." Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2013): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v1n1.126.
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For several years prior to the Australian Federal elections in September 2013, Commonwealth Government telecommunications policy and legislation focussed exclusively on the fixed services National Broadband Network. This distracted broader public attention from the need for cellular mobile expansion in the more sparsely populated areas of the country. Commercial returns in these areas are clearly inadequate for unilateral private operator investment, making government participation crucial. Thus a commitment from the newly elected Coalition Government for a Mobile Black Spot co-investment programme marks a significant change of prospects for remote and regional Australia.
This paper proposes that the joint program should commence with a comprehensive financial and technical study of backhaul and base station technology options, to identify the most cost effective approaches. These options include the coordinated provisioning of modern satellite and terrestrial backhaul systems, utilising and upgrading existing HCRC microwave system infrastructure, and the implementation of small cell base station types.
It is especially timely for these opportunities to be considered now, during the present pre-launch design and construction phase for the NBN Ka band satellites.
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Crouch, Andrew. "A coordinated satellite and terrestrial microwave backhaul for cellular mobile in remote and regional Australia." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2013): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v1n1.126.
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For several years prior to the Australian Federal elections in September 2013, Commonwealth Government telecommunications policy and legislation focussed exclusively on the fixed services National Broadband Network. This distracted broader public attention from the need for cellular mobile expansion in the more sparsely populated areas of the country. Commercial returns in these areas are clearly inadequate for unilateral private operator investment, making government participation crucial. Thus a commitment from the newly elected Coalition Government for a Mobile Black Spot co-investment programme marks a significant change of prospects for remote and regional Australia.
This paper proposes that the joint program should commence with a comprehensive financial and technical study of backhaul and base station technology options, to identify the most cost effective approaches. These options include the coordinated provisioning of modern satellite and terrestrial backhaul systems, utilising and upgrading existing HCRC microwave system infrastructure, and the implementation of small cell base station types.
It is especially timely for these opportunities to be considered now, during the present pre-launch design and construction phase for the NBN Ka band satellites.
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Nicol, Dianne, and John Liddicoat. "Do patents impede the provision of genetic tests in Australia?" Australian Health Review 37, no. 3 (2013): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13029.
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Objective. Health policy and law reform agencies lack a sound evidence base of the impacts of patents on innovation and access to healthcare to assist them in their deliberations. This paper reports the results of a survey of managers of Australian genetic testing laboratories that asked a series of questions relating to the tests they perform, whether they pay to access patented inventions and whether they have received notifications from patent holders about patents associated with particular tests. Results. Some diagnostics facilities are exposed to patent costs, but they are all located in the private sector. No public hospitals reported paying licence fees or royalties beyond those included in the price of commercial test kits. Some respondents reported having received enforcement notices from patent holders, but almost all related to the widely known breast cancer-associated patents. Respondents were also asked for their views on the most effective mechanisms to protect their ability to provide genetic tests now and in the future. Going to the media, paying licence fees, ignoring patent rights and relying on the government to take action were widely seen as most effective. Litigation and applications for compulsory licences were seen as some of the least effective mechanisms. Conclusion. These results provide an evidence base for development of health policy and law reform. What is known about the topic? The impact of patents on the delivery of genetic testing services remains unclear in Australia. What does this paper add? The survey reported in this paper suggests that, aside from well-known enforcement actions relating to the breast cancer associated patents, there is little evidence that providers of genetic testing services are being exposed to aggressive patent-enforcement practices. What are the implications for practitioners? Although patent-enforcement actions may increase in the future, a range of strategies are available to providers of testing services to protect them against adverse consequences of such actions. There are ongoing law reform activities aimed at improving these strategies.
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Gimonkar, Yash, Mary-Anne Lea, Paul Burch, John P. Y. Arnould, Miriana Sporcic, and Paul Tixier. "Quantifying killer whale depredation in the blue-eye trevalla commercial fisheries of south-east Australia." Ocean & Coastal Management 221 (April 2022): 106114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106114.
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Ryan, Karina L., Stephen M. Taylor, Rory McAuley, Gary Jackson, and Brett W. Molony. "Quantifying shark depredation events while commercial, charter and recreational fishing in Western Australia." Marine Policy 109 (November 2019): 103674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103674.
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Nguyen, Binh, Leonie Cranney, Bill Bellew, and Margaret Thomas. "Implementing Food Environment Policies at Scale: What Helps? What Hinders? A Systematic Review of Barriers and Enablers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 10346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910346.
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Background: Policies that support healthier food environments, including healthy retail food availability and promotion, are an important strategy for obesity prevention. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the evidence for barriers and enablers to successful implementation of healthy food and drink policies, delivered at scale. Methods: MEDLINE, SCOPUS and INFORMIT were searched to May 2019 for peer-reviewed studies. Google and Google Scholar were searched for grey literature. Studies of any design relating to a healthy food and drink policy delivered at scale (≥10 sites) in non-commercial food settings, for specific retail outlets (e.g., vending machines, cafes, cafeterias, school canteens), and that reported on implementation barriers and/or enablers were included. Studies in commercial food retail environments (e.g., supermarkets) were excluded. Studies were appraised for quality and key information was extracted and summarised. Extracted information on barriers and enablers was further grouped into overarching themes relating to perceptions of the policy itself, organisational and contextual factors influencing policy implementation, stakeholder responses to the implemented policy and perceived policy impacts. Results: Of 19 studies, 16 related to policies implemented in schools, two in hospital/health facilities and one in a sport/recreation setting. Most studies were conducted in North America or Australia, and policy implementation occurred mainly at state/regional or federal levels. The most commonly cited barriers across overarching themes and intervention settings were: lack of stakeholder engagement or prioritisation of the policy (11 studies); resistance to change from school stakeholders or customers (8 studies); and concern over profitability, revenue and/or commercial viability (8 studies). Few studies reported on mitigation of barriers. Enablers most commonly raised were: stakeholder engagement, whole-school approach and/or prioritisation of the policy (9 studies); policy level or higher-level support in the form of information, guidance and/or training (5 studies); and leadership, school/policy champion, management commitment and/or organisational capacity (4 studies). Conclusions: Key considerations for policy implementation ranged from building stakeholder support, prioritising policy implementation within organisations, to implementing strategies that address financial concerns and implementation barriers.
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Kuehne, G., H. Bjornlund, and B. Cheers. "Identifying common traits among Australian irrigators using cluster analysis." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 3 (August 1, 2008): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.681.
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In Australia there is a growing awareness that the over-allocation of water entitlements to irrigators needs to be reduced so that environmental flow allocations can be increased. This means that some water will need to be acquired from irrigators and returned to the environment. Most current water reform policies assume that irrigators are solely motivated by profit and will be willing sellers of water, but this might be an untenable approach. Authorities will need to consider new ways of encouraging the participation of irrigators in water reform. The main aim of this research was to identify the non-commercial influences acting on irrigators' behaviour, especially the influence of the values that they hold toward family, land, water, community and lifestyle. The study also aimed to investigate whether it is possible to group irrigators according to these values and then use the groupings to describe how these might affect their willingness to participate in environmental reforms. We clustered the irrigators into three groups with differing orientations; (i) Investors [25%]—profit oriented, (ii) Lifestylers [25%]–lifestyle oriented, (iii) Providers [50%]–family-succession oriented. This research indicates that when designing policy instruments to acquire water for environmental purposes policy-makers should pay more attention to the factors influencing irrigators' decision making, especially non-commercial factors.
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Hurlimann, A., D. Hes, M. Othman, and T. Grant. "Charting a new course for water—is black water reuse sustainable?" Water Supply 7, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2007): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.107.
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The world is facing a water crisis, and Australia is no exception. New regimes for the supply, use, and delivery of water are needed to ensure a sustainable water future. Black water reuse through ‘sewer mining’ or onsite treatment, proposes to be one initiative that may possibly offer a viable and sustainable alternative approach to water provision in many contexts. However, despite the potential benefits of black water reuse, its feasibility is not yet fully understood. In particular, there is much uncertainty surrounding the following issues: (1) community acceptance, (2) policy complexities, (3) performance impacts of these localised systems, and (4) environmental balance over the full life cycle. This paper outlines research needs surrounding black water reuse with a focus on these four major issues. The paper presents a research agenda to address these important issues. This research agenda involves two Australian commercial case studies: the Council House 2 building in Melbourne, and the Bendigo Bank building in Bendigo.
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Jiang, Qingquan, Shoukat Iqbal Khattak, Manzoor Ahmad, and Ping Lin. "Mitigation pathways to sustainable production and consumption: Examining the impact of commercial policy on carbon dioxide emissions in Australia." Sustainable Production and Consumption 25 (January 2021): 390–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.11.016.
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Jefferson, David J. "Certification marks for Australian native foods: A proposal for Indigenous ownership of intellectual property." Alternative Law Journal 46, no. 1 (January 24, 2021): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x20982719.
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Recently, interest in ‘bush tucker’ foods has surged. Indigenous Australians should be empowered to determine how their knowledge is used when these products are commercialised. To exercise control over the development of the native foods industry, Indigenous Australians could establish a certification regime to ensure that their knowledge is appropriately converted into commercial products. This could be done through the strategic use of intellectual property, specifically through certification trade marks. Creating a certification mark for native foods could represent an important part of a decolonial policy agenda aimed at reimagining the regulation of native biodiversity and cultural knowledge in Australia.
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Carr, Robert Anthony. "Political Economy and the Australian Government’s CCTV Programme: An Exploration of State-Sponsored Street Cameras and the Cultivation of Consent and Business in Local Communities." Surveillance & Society 14, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 90–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v14i1.5372.
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This article explores the political economy of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) in Australia, providing new insights into the relationship between government policy and its economic implications. I have rationalised state-sponsored street cameras as a component in the cultivation of consent between the state and local communities; a mechanism for government to facilitate the flow of public funds to business through arrangements that are virtually unchecked and non-evidence based; a mechanism for government to facilitate profitable opportunities in and beyond the security technologies industry; and, a mechanism to normalise hegemonic social and political relations at the level of discourse. This article explores how government has assisted growth in the security industry in Australia. I draw on a case study about Kiama Municipal Council’s decision in 2014 to accept funding from the Abbott Government to install CCTV cameras through the Safer Streets Programme. This is despite historically low crime rates in Kiama and an inability to demonstrate broad support for the programme in the local community. This study reveals how politicians have cultivated support for CCTV at the local level and pressured councils to install these systems despite a lack of evidence they reduce, deter or prevent crime. Examined is how the footage captured on local council CCTV has been distributed and its meanings mediated by political and commercial groups. I argue that the politics of CCTV dissemination in Australia is entwined with the imperatives of electoral success and commercial opportunity—a coalescent relationship evident in the Safer Streets Programme. Furthermore, the efficacy of CCTV as an electoral tool in Australia is explained via the proposition that street cameras perform a central role in the discourses and political economy of the state.
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Whinam, J., and M. Comfort. "The Impact of Commercial Horse Riding on Sub-Alpine Environments at Cradle Mountain, Tasmania, Australia." Journal of Environmental Management 47, no. 1 (May 1996): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.1996.0035.
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Saintilan, Neil, Debashish Mazumder, and Karen Cranney. "Changes to fish assemblages visiting estuarine wetlands following the closure of commercial fishing in Botany Bay, Australia." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 11, no. 4 (December 9, 2008): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14634980802515823.
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