Relevant bibliographies by topics / Commercial oven

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Commercial oven'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Commercial oven"

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Kim, Do-Hyun, Byeonghun Yu, Sungmin Kum, and Chang-Eon Lee. "Optimization Design of Commercial Large Gas Oven Systems." Journal of Energy Engineering 25, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2016.25.2.021.

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Walker, S., K. Seetharaman, and A. Goldstein. "Characterizing physicochemical changes of cookies baked in a commercial oven." Food Research International 48, no. 1 (August 2012): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.04.003.

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Qu, Yi-xin, He-ming Xu, Jian-feng Zhao, Zhi-yan Wang, and Ya-tao Wang. "Conversion and reaction kinetics of coke oven gas over a commercial Fe−Mo/Al2O3 catalyst." Journal of Central South University 23, no. 2 (February 2016): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-016-3073-5.

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Jha, P. K., Manish Madhav, B. Ghosh, B. K. Sahoo, S. K. Kushwaha, and K. K. Manjhi. "Effect of Microfines Reduction on Coke Quality in a Commercial Oven." Coke and Chemistry 64, no. 10 (October 2021): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068364x21100021.

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Srikrishna, Adusumilli, and Sankuratri Nagaraju. "Acceleration of ortho ester Claisen rearrangement by a commercial microwave oven." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 3 (1992): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p19920000311.

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Hrušková, M., and J. Skvrnová. "Use of maturograph and spring oven for the dermination of wheat flour baking characteristics." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 21, No. 2 (November 18, 2011): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3479-cjfs.

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Quality characteristics of 30 commercial wheat flour samples from Czech industrial mills and 30 wheat flour samples prepared from wheat varieties cultivated in experimental fields (all from wheat harvest 2000) were analysed in detail including maturograph and spring oven (both from Brabender, Germany) as well as bread baking test (Czech method). Specific bread volumes of all flour samples were compared with the bread volumes determined by the oven spring test. The correlation analysis which expressed the relations between wheat flour rheological characteristics and the bread volume is reported. The maturograph parameters correlate significantly with the specific bread volume and the final volume obtained by means of oven spring. All the correlations with the baking test values are high. Both instruments used are suitable for the prediction of the flour baking quality.  
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Pougnet, M. A. B. "Modification of a commercial microwave oven for applications in the chemical laboratory." Review of Scientific Instruments 64, no. 2 (February 1993): 529–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144227.

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Brooks, M. J. "Thermal performance of a solar oven with augmented sunlight concentration." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2007/v18i2a3368.

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This paper describes the thermal performance of a novel solar oven that incorporates a compact reflec-tive lens, or ring array, to augment sunlight concen-tration. Performance is reported in terms of the pos-itive effect of the ring array versus a non-concen-trating lid, maximum operating temperature, ther-mal efficiency, performance under partly cloudy skies, and the effects of incidence angle and track-ing. Use of the ring array lens improved thermal efficiency by 4% in the test range up to 100°C, while boosting the maximum operating temperature from 138°C to 196°C. Comparative tests conducted under clear sky conditions against two other com-mercial types showed that when tracked in the azimuth plane at near-normal incidence angles, the new design generated maximum cooking power of 300 W and boiled water at a rate 13% faster than the next best commercial oven tested. Augmented sunlight concentration sensitised the new design to higher angles of incidence and performance was negatively affected in the non-tracked state. Under non-ideal operating conditions, including partial shading by cloud, the oven outperformed both commercial units.
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O'Connor, Robyn E., and Colin O'Connor. "Laboratory simulations of a commercial UHT treatment using an oil bath and a programmable, electronically temperature-controlled oven." Journal of Dairy Research 56, no. 4 (August 1989): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900029113.

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SummaryHeat stability of secreted bacterial proteinase is normally assessed using an oil bath test in which the sample is heated at a temperature and time representing the commercial UHT treatment of milk. The temperature/time (T/t) profiles of the oil bath and the commercial UHT process being represented are not taken into account. Two laboratory procedures were used to simulate a commercial UHT process in which milk was heated to 140°C and held for 3 s in a Spiroflo heat exchanger. They consisted of a conventional oil bath test and the use of a programmable, electronically temperature-controlled oven.T/tprofiles were established for each heat treatment. TheT/tprofile of the oil bath test was predicted accurately using the governing heat transfer equation.B*andC*values, which measure the severity of a heat process, were calculated from theT/tprofiles and used to compare the three different heat treatments.B*andC*values of 4·95 and 1·92 respectively were calculated for the Spiroflo heat exchanger. An oil bath test, in which the sample was immersed in a bath at 136°C for 73 s, gave approximately the sameB*andC*values as calculated for the Spiroflo heat exchanger.B*andC*values of 5·01 and 1·73 respectively were calculated for the oven procedure. The oven test gave the better laboratory simulation of the Spiroflo UHT treatment. Despite the slight difference in each of theB*andC*values between the oven and the Spiroflo, theT/tprofile of the oven test closely resembled that of the Spiroflo. TheT/tprofile of the oil bath was completely dissimilar. Although it was possible to use an oil bath test to replicate simultaneously both theB*andC*values of this particular UHT treatment, this would not be the case for other commercial processes.
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Asnawi, Muhammad, Saman Azhari, Mohd Nizar Hamidon, Ismayadi Ismail, and Intan Helina. "Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials from Rice Husk via Microwave Oven." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2898326.

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Microwave oven was utilized to fabricate carbon nanostructure, specifically CNTs, from waste RH powders. It has been shown that the use of carbon source, catalyst, and commercial microwave oven to induce plasma is necessary to carry on this synthesis. The plasma enhances and speeds up the catalytic decomposition of RH in presence of ferrocene. FESEM, TGA, and Raman spectroscopy were utilized to confirm the presence and quality of produced carbon nanomaterials. In addition, these results suggest the conversion of ferrocene to iron(II, III) oxide with notable conversion rate.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Commercial oven"

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Therdthai, Nantawan, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Modelling and optimisation of an industrial bread baking oven." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Therdthai_N.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/545.

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In bread-making, the baking process is one of the key steps to produce the final product quality attributes including texture, color and flavor, as a result of several thermal reactions such as non-enzymatic browning reaction, starch gelatinisation and protein denaturation. These thermal reactions are dominated by heat and mass transfer mechanisms inside an oven chamber as well as inside the dough pieces. In this study, an industrial baking process was divided into 4 zones. Experiments were conducted, and mathematical models were developed to account for the heat and mass contribution as well as their consequent impacts on the product qualities. Monitoring systems were developed and installed inside an industrial oven to evaluate oven performance, including temperature profile and airflow pattern. Many other tests and experiments were conducted and results given in some detail. To deal with the complexity of a continuous baking process, a three dimensional transient-state CFD model with moving grids was established to account for the effect of oven load on heat transfer in the oven chamber. The dynamic response of the travelling tin temperature profiles could be predicted in accordance with a change in the oven load. The modelled tin temperature profiles showed a good agreement with the measured tin temperature profiles from the actual industrial baking process. Finally, the three-dimensional CFD model could provide guidance in manipulating the oven condition to achieve the optimum temperature profile in the industrial travelling-tray baking oven.
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Shevade, Shantanu S. "Simulation of Turbulent Air Jet Impingement for Commercial Cooking Applications." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7362.

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The research work in this dissertation focuses on turbulent air jet heat transfer for commercial cooking applications. As a part of this study, convective heat transfer coefficient and its interdependency with various key parameters is analyzed for single nozzle turbulent jet impingement. Air is used as the working fluid impinging on the flat surface. A thorough investigation of velocity and temperature distributions is performed by varying nozzle velocity and height over diameter ratio (H/D). Nusselt number and Turbulent Energy are presented for the impingement surface. It was found that for H/D ratios ranging between 6 and 8, nozzle velocities over 20 m/s provide a large percentage increase in heat transfer. Single nozzle jet impingement is followed by study of turbulent multi-jet impingement. Along with parameters mentioned above, spacing over diameter ratio (S/D) is varied. Convective heat transfer coefficient, average impingement surface temperature and heat transfer rate are calculated over the impingement surface. It was found that higher S/D ratios result in higher local heat transfer coefficient values near stagnation point. However, increased spacing between the neighboring jets results in reduced coverage of the impingement surface lowering the average heat transfer. Lower H/D ratios result in higher heat transfer coefficient peaks. The peaks for all three nozzles are more uniform for H/D ratios between 6 and 8. For a fixed nozzle velocity, heat transfer coefficient values are directly proportional to nozzle diameter. For a fixed H/D and S/D ratio, heat transfer rate and average impingement surface temperature increases as the nozzle velocity increases until it reaches a limiting value. Further increase in nozzle velocity causes drop in heat transfer rate due to ingress of large amounts of cold ambient air in the control volume. The final part of this dissertation focuses on case study of conveyor oven. Lessons learned from analysis of single and multi-jet impingement are implemented in the case study. A systematic approach is used to arrive to an optimal configuration of the oven. As compared to starting configuration, for optimized configuration the improvement in average heat transfer coefficient was 22.7%, improvement in average surface heat flux was 24.7% and improvement in leakage air mass flow rate was 59.1%.
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Therdthai, Nantawan. "Modelling and optimisation of an industrial bread baking oven." Thesis, View thesis, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/545.

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In bread-making, the baking process is one of the key steps to produce the final product quality attributes including texture, color and flavor, as a result of several thermal reactions such as non-enzymatic browning reaction, starch gelatinisation and protein denaturation. These thermal reactions are dominated by heat and mass transfer mechanisms inside an oven chamber as well as inside the dough pieces. In this study, an industrial baking process was divided into 4 zones. Experiments were conducted, and mathematical models were developed to account for the heat and mass contribution as well as their consequent impacts on the product qualities. Monitoring systems were developed and installed inside an industrial oven to evaluate oven performance, including temperature profile and airflow pattern. Many other tests and experiments were conducted and results given in some detail. To deal with the complexity of a continuous baking process, a three dimensional transient-state CFD model with moving grids was established to account for the effect of oven load on heat transfer in the oven chamber. The dynamic response of the travelling tin temperature profiles could be predicted in accordance with a change in the oven load. The modelled tin temperature profiles showed a good agreement with the measured tin temperature profiles from the actual industrial baking process. Finally, the three-dimensional CFD model could provide guidance in manipulating the oven condition to achieve the optimum temperature profile in the industrial travelling-tray baking oven.
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Bowers, Lindsay Jeanine. "Cooked yields, cooked color, tenderness, and sensory traits of beef roasts differing in connective tissue content cooked in an oven with steam generation versus a commercial convection oven to different endpoint temperatures." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9211.

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Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
Michael E. Dikeman
The CVap steam generation oven was compared to a Blodgett forced-air, convection oven to examine effects of cooking method on yields, cooked color, tenderness, and sensory traits of beef Longissimus lumborum (LL), Deep pectoralis (DP), and Biceps femoris (BF) muscles cooked to three endpoint temperatures (65.6, 71.1, and 76.7°C). For each cooking treatment, four roasts were cooked in the CVap oven for a pre-determined, average amount of time, and two roasts were cooked in the Blodgett oven until they reached desired internal endpoint temperature. Cooking yields were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for BF and LL roasts cooked in the CVap. Slice shear force (SSF) for BF roasts cooked in the CVap were lower (P ≤ 0.05), whereas, SSF values for DP roasts cooked in the Blodgett were lower (P ≤ 0.05). No oven difference (P > 0.05) was found for LL roasts. Sensory tenderness scores for BF roasts cooked in the CVap were slightly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than roasts cooked in the Blodgett. Sensory scores for LL roasts cooked in the CVap were slightly higher but were also drier (both P ≤ 0.05). The CVap oven offers tenderization and cooking yield advantages for certain muscles.
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Cunningham, Robert Hay. "A kinetic study of alkane hydrogenolysis over commercial petroleum reforming catalysts." Thesis, Brunel University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306769.

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Terra, Osama [Verfasser]. "Dissemination of ultra-stable optical frequencies over commercial fiber network / Osama Terra." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1010837621/34.

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Emmerton, Monika. "Risk perception, profit efficiency in commercial banking : multicountry empirical evidence over 2000-2013." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16421.

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This thesis aims to evaluate and discuss two important aspects of commercial banks performance, implicitly underlying the process of profit generation and its sustainability. Namely, behaviour towards risk, based on data from the UK, the U.S., Japan and profit efficiency, based on data from the UK, the U.S., Japan and Switzerland. In addressing those issues, I used a relatively large data set covering 13 years, divided by the pre-crisis (2000-2006), the financial crisis (2007-2009) and the post-crisis (2010-2013) intervals. Contrary to the neoclassical perspective on risk taking behaviour commonly applied in economics, my research in chapter three introduces an alternative approach - the propositions of Prospect Theory (PT) (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). In line with PT, Bank’s choices under risk and uncertainty are seen as a result involving subjective judgement, sensitive to the way the problem of choice is framed relatively to a performance target, labelled as a status quo. Examination of risk behaviour in the context of PT did not find the significant recognition by previous researchers within commercial banking, therefore the current work aims to fill that identified gap. My next important contribution is in chapter four. There, I established new empirical evidence on profit efficiency. The research incorporates variables not considered before by the literature on profit efficiency in commercial banking, like bank assets liquidity and a consumer confidence index. Overall results indicate that subjectivity bias was an important element of commercial bank risk’s behaviour in pre-crisis. As consistent with the predictions of PT I have found evidence for the presence of non-constant risk preferences. The findings on profit efficiency analysis show that all analysed commercial banks over the crisis period experienced a considerable drop in their ability to generate profits efficiently. Rise of bank assets illiquidity was the most important, significant driver of profit inefficiency over all of the analysed periods. Consumer positive expectations to the state of the economy contributed to improvement of bank profit efficiency. Negative association between market concentration and profit efficiency levels for the pre-crisis period confirms banks’ discretion in profit efficiency maximization.
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Beltran, Daniella. "Unraveling a Place-Based Experience: Mapping a Commercial Evolution in Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati, OH." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin149130532329968.

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Osmark, Erik. "Due Diligence - Skyldighet eller möjlighet? : Om målbolagsstyrelsens eventuella skyldighet att tillåta en due diligence-undersökning i samband med ett offentligt uppköpserbjudande." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Akademin för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-12596.

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Ett offentligt uppköpserbjudande definieras i 1 kap. 2 § 1p. Lag (2006:451) om offentliga uppköpserbjudanden på aktiemarknaden (LUA) så som ett offentligt erbjudande till innehavare av aktier som har getts ut av ett svenskt eller utländskt aktiebolag att överlåta samtliga eller en del av dessa aktier. Innan ett offentligt uppköpserbjudande lämnas vill den potentiella budgivaren som regel genomföra en due diligence-undersökning på målbolaget. Syftet med denna uppsats är att söka fastslå (1) om det föreligger en skyldighet för målbolaget att medge en due diligence-undersökning, (2) under vilka omständigheter denna eventuella skyldighet föreligger samt (3) vilka sanktioner som står till buds för aktieägarna då en eventuell skyldighet inte efterföljs. I arbetet med uppsatsen har en traditionell rättsdogmatisk metod använts. Frågan om styrelsens eventuella skyldighet att medge en due diligence-undersökning undersöks utifrån både ett aktiebolagsrättsligt och ett aktiemarknadsrättsligt perspektiv. Ur ett aktiemarknadsrättsligt perspektiv förutsätts som regel att en due diligence-undersökning kan och får genomföras. Due diligence-undersökningar är dock inte oproblematiska ur ett aktiebolagsrättsligt perspektiv. Det finns en risk att den information som lämnas ut till budgivaren kan leda till skada för målbolaget. Dessutom kan målbolaget lida skada genom de kostnader som uppkommer i samband med en due diligence-undersökning. Vad avser frågan om de sanktioner som står till buds för enskilda aktieägare har, utöver aktiebolagslagens bestämmelser om skadestånd, eventuell rätt till skadestånd enligt allmänna skadeståndsrättsliga principer undersökts.   Resultatet av undersökningen är att det föreligger en skyldighet för styrelsen att i vissa fall medger en begäran om en due diligence-undersökning. En huvudförutsättning för att så ska vara fallet är dock att en sådan undersökning anses ligga i de enskilda aktieägarnas intresse i form av ett bud som är mer förmånligt att acceptera än att förkasta. I praktiken är dock denna skyldighet i princip osanktionerad.
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Bogati, Rajendra. "Performance Evaluation of Non-commercial LTE Network For Smart Grid Application : Modification of IEC 61850-90-5 Protocol stack and its Testing over Non-commercial LTE." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-219621.

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The introduction of smart grid technology has changed the way traditional power grid network function. It made the grid structure more dynamic by enhancing electrical usage management capability. Also, it has increased the scope to enhance communication infrastructure in a smart grid structure. The current smart grid solution is based on IEC 61850 architecture where the exchange of information between the electrical utilities is over the fast Ethernet LAN connection. This communication mechanism is fast, efficient but lacks scalability, flexibility and less susceptible to failure. Also, earlier technical paper from IEC 61850 standard was for communication within a substation. Wide Area Monitoring Protection and Control implementation which utilizes coherent real time synchrophasor information would play a vital role in realizing the utility physical status. IEC 61850-90-5, a new technical report from International Electrotechnical Commission provides the mechanism to transmit and receive the synchrophasor information using the advance IP protocol over a wireless communication infrastructure for WAMPAC application. IEC 61850-90-5 provide a way to exchange routable synchrophasor information over public IP network such as LTE, WiMax, WLAN, etc. Out of all the available wireless solution, LTE provides high flexibility, distance coverage, data rate with low latency and hence can play an important role in replacing the existing communication structure in a smart grid. The thesis work evaluates the performance and applicability of LTE for smart grid communication. An IEC 61850-90-5 communication model utilizing UDP/IP protocol to transmit and receive data over the LTE network was developed from the open source project. The modified model was used to benchmark the performance of LTE. Different communication metrics such as reliability, availability, latency, and throughput was evaluated to benchmark the performance of LTE for time critical smart grid application. The metrics were measured for different packet sizes and transmission rates combination. The result shares some interesting findings on the readiness of LTE for smart grid solution. It is concluded that cellular network can play an important role in realizing communication infrastructure in a smart grid application.
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Books on the topic "Commercial oven"

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United States International Trade Commission. Commercial microwave ovens, assembled or unassembled, from Japan: Determination of the Commission together with information obtained in the investigation ; investigation no. 731-TA-523 (Preliminary). Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1991.

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George, R. M. Commercial catering microwave ovens: A performance evaluation. London: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Food Safety Directorate, 1991.

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George, R. M. Commercial catering microwave ovens: A performance evaluation. London: MAFF, 1991.

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Gowans, Bruce W. Wings over Lethbridge, 1911-1940. Lethbridge, Alta: Historical Society of Alberta, Whoop-Up Country Chapter, 1986.

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Veljanovski, Cento G. Commercial broadcasting in the UK: Over regulation and misregulation?. London: University College, 1987.

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Perry, Michael. Over and over: A catalog of hand drawn patterns. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2008.

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Over and over: A catalog of hand drawn patterns. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2008.

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Ann, Mullin Molly, ed. Word of mouth: A guide to commercial voice-over excellence. Los Angeles: Pomegranate Press, 1992.

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Blu, Susan. Word of mouth: A guide to commercial voice-over excellence. Los Angeles: Pomegranate Press, 2003.

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Blu, Susan. Word of mouth: A guide to commercial voice-over excellence. Los Angeles: Pomegranate Press, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Commercial oven"

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Pathak, Uttarini, Papita Das, Dalia Dasgupta Mandal, Siddhartha Datta, Tarkeshwar Kumar, and Tamal Mandal. "Study of Ammonia Removal from Simulated Coke Oven Wastewater Using Commercial Charcoal Activated Carbon." In Waste Management and Resource Efficiency, 1197–205. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7290-1_99.

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Selka, Sebastian, Daniel Baier, and Peter Kurz. "The Validity of Conjoint Analysis: An Investigation of Commercial Studies Over Time." In Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization, 227–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01595-8_25.

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Rotter, Gerald. "Disposal of Ammunition in the Federal Republic of Germany — An Over View." In Conversion Concepts for Commercial Applications and Disposal Technologies of Energetic Systems, 11–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1175-3_2.

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Plumley, Daniel, and Rob Wilson. "Over the top (OTT) broadcasting platforms and commercial shifts in professional team sports." In The Economics and Finance of Professional Team Sports, 134–40. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003130130-16.

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Agryzkov, Taras, José Luis Oliver, Leandro Tortosa, and José Vicent. "Analyzing Urban Extensions and Its Effects over the Commercial Activity of an Urban Network." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2014, 140–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09147-1_11.

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Fulton, Steven, Chaitanya Godsay, and Radim Bartoš. "DOCSIS as a Foundation for Residential and Commercial Community Networking over Hybrid Fiber Coax." In Broadband Services, 201–14. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470022515.ch13.

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Childs, Wendy R. "England’s Maritime and Commercial Networks in the Late Middle Ages." In Atti delle «Settimane di Studi» e altri Convegni, 89–115. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.06.

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This paper, basing its analysis on England’s national customs accounts between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, briefly examines England’s ports as commercial nodes (of which London was the busiest, with Hull, Southampton and Bristol becoming the main regional hubs by the fifteenth century), its shipping (which provided both liner and tramping services and sailed all year round), and its exports (which shifted from wool to woollen cloth over the period). It then focuses on the range of markets with which English merchants and ships had direct maritime contacts.
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Narh, Peter. "Traversing State, Agribusinesses, and Farmers’ Land Discourse in Kenyan Commercial Intensive Agriculture." In African Land Reform Under Economic Liberalisation, 181–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4725-3_9.

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AbstractFrom a qualitative study of sugarcane production in Chemelil(western Kenya) and insights drawn from the Kenyan land reform enacted in 2012, this study contends that the goal of land reform to provide farmers with certainty of rights to land to invest in and benefit from agriculture is heavily weakened by the farmers’ lack of control over agricultural inputs. Land reform and intensive agriculture, such as sugarcane production, share the same market-based land discourse, where land is considered an environmental asset to be harnessed efficiently for high productivity. Although this discourse supports the application of high inputs for maximum agricultural outputs, it has also eroded farmers’ power and control over their lands. This loss of power and control occurs through the supply of high-cost agricultural inputs from external sources, such as state research agencies and the Chemelil Sugar Company. The control of inputs by sources external to farmers stifles possible farm-based innovations that could reduce farming costs. The chapter, thus, contends that, although land reform aims at farmers’ utmost benefit from land, the farmer’s lack of control over agricultural inputs limits the benefits they derive from land use for intensive agriculture; this is especially true in the case of small-scale farmers.
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Smith, Haig Z. "The Virginia Company and the Foundations of Religious Governance in English Commercial Expansion." In Religion and Governance in England’s Emerging Colonial Empire, 1601–1698, 37–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70131-4_2.

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AbstractThis chapter traces the use of religious governance in England’s early attempts to colonise Virginia between 1606 and 1624. It assesses how, in the initial steps to establish English authority abroad, religious governance was influenced by the political and governmental characters of successive company leaders such as Thomas Dale, Thomas Gates and John Smith. This explains why the Virginia Company embraced multiple forms of religious governance that would later be used as separate and distinct models of governance by successive companies. The Virginia Company experimented with religious governance to secure their control over English personnel abroad. Moreover, it became an instrumental tool in the companies’ attempts to expand their jurisdictional authority over Native American leaders, such as Powhatan, Pocahontas and her uncle Uttamatomakkin. By doing this company leaders hoped to establish governmental control over Native American peoples, and traditions, such as those Smith writes about in Generall Histoirie of Virginia, traditionally considered beyond the bounds of English governance. Finally, it examines how the experiences and memories of religious governance in the Virginia Company provided the groundwork for future forms of corporate religious governance to evolve.
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Gough, Michael, and Jason Rosenfeld. "Commercial Video Call Software." In Video Conferencing Over IP, 155–207. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-159749063-4/50011-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Commercial oven"

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Breen, Mark A., Judith A. Schneider, D. Keith Walters, and Louay Chamra. "Modifying the Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Residential Oven to Promote Favorable Baking Results." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59638.

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Baking has historically been a trial and error method of cooking. Little research has been conducted to determine the heat transfer characteristics that promote good baking results, and previous research studies have focused on commercial baking applications and the quantities of radiation, convection and conduction that are delivered to the food after a favorable baking process has been defined. The objective of the present work is to experimentally explore the feasibility of modifying a residential oven to mimic commercial baking products. The first step in the solution process was to define the thermo-physical conditions that promote favorable baking results. Next, by defining the current residential oven’s baking characteristics through experimentation, the optimal geometric and material properties were determined. Experimentation included single thermocouple testing, multiple thermocouple testing, and ‘bake’ testing. It was found that a stacked wall structure created by layering various materials in a sandwich like configuration, placed between the lower resistive heating element and the oven cavity, improved the heat transfer characteristics of the oven.
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Donguk Yang, Jong-Kwan Woo, Khalil Najafi, Sangwoo Lee, Jay Mitchell, and Dorian Challoner. "±2ppm frequency drift and 300x reduction of bias drift of commercial 6-axis inertial measurement units using a low-power oven-control micro platform." In 2015 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2015.7370326.

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Watt, Alexander, Jason Wichert, Justine Staniszewski, Nathaniel Nakles, Yvonne English, Mike Bright, Michel Havet, Erik Bardy, and Mark Reuber. "Temperature and Heat Flux Data-Logger for Use in Tunnel Ovens: An International Partnered Project." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86076.

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The Grove City College (GCC) European Study Center (ESC) is a program that allows mechanical and electrical engineering students to study abroad in the junior and senior year fall semester, respectively, and graduate in four years. The ESC is activity partners with a local institution called Oniris, which specializes in food science engineering, and veterinary science (an affiliate with the French Ministry of Agriculture). Electrical engineering students that participate in the program carry out their yearlong capstone design project (Senior Experience in Electrical Design (SEED)) in partnership with Oniris. For the 2016–2017 academic year, participating electrical engineering students completed a project titled Ultra-Low-Cost Flexible Sensor Array, or “Low-Cost Array” (LCA), designed for commercial tunnel-style ovens. The LCA features low cost ($200), flexible programmability, and ease of use (based on the widely available Arduino). The purpose of the project was to develop a low-cost data-logger to operate inside tunnel-style ovens to record temperature from thermocouples (and other analog signals, i.e. heat flux) for thirty minutes in an environment up to 250 °C. This study evaluates the LCA compared to other data-logging systems, and its performance in high temperature environments by a series of experiments. In addition, an idea of its commercialization potential was explored by interviewing industrialists and academics on-site. Experimental results showed that: (1) data logged from the system were close to values recorded by current systems used for both temperature and heat flux measurements, and (2) the system performed well at 240 °C for thirty minutes (maximum temperature of oven). In addition, the interviews revealed that although most interest was in a tunnel-style oven data-logger, it seems feasible to incorporate changes to satisfy needs for other markets, especially those of a general-purpose data-logger.
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Stojanov, Sonja, Ilija Bobinac, Mirjana Jovičić, Olga Govedarica, Jelena Pavličević, Julijana Blagojević, and Dragan Govedarica. "THE INFLUENCE OF ZNO NANOPARTICLES ON THE PROPERTIES OF HYPERBRANCHED ALKYD RESINS BASED ON CASTOR OIL." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.177s.

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Hyperbranched alkyds based on trimethylolpropane, dimethylol propionic acid and castor oil were synthesized. The process implied preparing the three samples with ZnO nanoparticles in an amount of 0, 1, and 3 wt%. Commercial melamine resin was used as a crosslinking agent. Curing was carried out firstly in a drying oven at the 120 °C for half an hour, and afterward for seven days at room temperature. Thermal properties, physico-mechanical characteristics, and chemical resistance of cured coated were determined. An increasing amount of the ZnO nanoparticles in hyperbranched alkyd resins leads to the improvement of the properties of the cured coating. Based on the results, it was concluded that the hyperbranched alkyds with ZnO nanoparticles could be employed as binders in environment-friendly coatings due to lower viscosity (less content of organic solvent) compared to conventional alkyd resins.
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Soltani, Seyed A., Gena Le, and Ramazan Asmatulu. "Mechanical Properties of Out-of-Autoclave Non-Crimp Fabric Epoxy Composites for Manufacturing Plant Elevations." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39771.

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Mechanical properties of a commercial out-of-autoclave non-crimp fabric epoxy prepreg (AR2527 NCF) composite were investigated in detail for the manufacturing plant elevations. To simulate the effects of elevation, the vacuum pump used for pulling vacuum from the laminate during debulking and curing was adjusted to provide two different vacuum pressures: 1) 96 kPa corresponding to 450 m elevation in Wichita KS, and 2) 84 kPa corresponding to 1550 m elevation in Denver CO. One laminate for each vacuum pressure was cured in an oven using manufacturer’s recommended cure cycle and subsequently, the laminates were machined into appropriate mechanical test coupons tested at room temperature. It was observed that the average short beam shear, combined loading compression, and flexural strength of the prepreg dropped 5%, 9%, and 12% as a result of 1100 m increase in the elevation. It was also observed that the two laminates had similar porosity (∼4%). The decrease in mechanical properties of the prepreg was attributed to the increase in resin content of the laminate.
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Thorpe, Ryan, Lawrence P. McGovern, and Daniel F. Baldwin. "Analysis of Process Yield in Low Cost Flip Chip on Board Assembly Processes." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0425.

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Abstract As a concept to achieve high throughput low cost flip chip on board (FCOB) assembly, a process development activity has been undertaken implementing next generation flip chip processing based on large area underfill printing, integrated chip placement and underfill flow, and simultaneous solder interconnect reflow and underfill cure. The goals are to demonstrate feasibility of no flow underfill materials and the high throughput flip chip process, identify the critical process variables affecting yield, and analyze the effects of the process on different underfill materials. Reported in this work is the assembly of a series of test vehicles to assess process yield and process defects. The test vehicles were assembled by dispensing a controlled mass of underfill material on the chip site, followed by alignment and placement of the chip onto the substrate pads, inducing a compression type underfill flow. Next, the assemblies were reflowed in a commercial reflow oven in an air atmosphere to simultaneously form the solder interconnects and cure the underfill. A series of designed experiments identified the critical process variables to be underfill mass, reflow profile, placement velocity, and underfill type. Of particular interest was the fact that different underfill materials exhibited an affinity for unique reflow profiles to minimize process defects.
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Roy, P., G. Bertrand, and C. Coddet. "Influence of Spraying Variables and of a New Zirconia Hollow Powder on the Microstructure of Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coating." In ITSC2003, edited by Basil R. Marple and Christian Moreau. ASM International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2003p1617.

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Abstract The life and thermal properties of plasma sprayed TBC – widely used in gas turbine engines – are closely related to the microstructure of the ceramic top coating. Especially, the thermal conductivity of this ceramic coating is induced by the void shapes and networks which are in turn determined by both the spraying conditions and the feedstock material. This study has been performed to optimize the ceramic coating microstructure. First, a hollow zirconia powder was elaborated in the laboratory and compared with a commercial hollow powder. Then, the Taguchi method was performed on thermal spray operating factors to optimize their beneficial effects on the Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC). A new hollow powder with small grains was elaborated using spray drying process. That spray dried powder based on yttria partially stabilized zirconia was optimized using drying simulation tests. It was shown that the formulation and the state of dispersion of the slurry allow to control the powder morphology (from dense to hollow shape). Moreover, for hollow powder, it is possible to vary the thickness of the shell. According to these results, a hollow powder (size ranging from 36 to 130 µm and an 11 µm shell thickness) was elaborated as an original feedstock to produce plasma sprayed TBC. The agglomerated powder was consolidated in an oven and then was compared to a commercial hollow yttria zirconia powder during thermal spray tests. Coating experiments were based on a limited number of operating factors, which have an influence on the deposit microstructure. The seven selected spraying factors concerned the plasma (primary and secondary gas flow rates, arc current), the cooling and the powder deposition (spraying distance, spraying angle, traverse speed). Experiments based on these factors were carried out to elaborate a Taguchi fractional-factorial L16 design. The resulting as sprayed coatings characteristics were quantified with respect to deposition efficiency, roughness (Ra) and porosity (image analysis technique). Through statistical calculation, the parameters that have relevant influence on the coating properties were identified, and their relative importance and some of their interactions were studied. The final aim is to produce an effective thermal barrier coating with a reduced thermal conductivity.
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Otnes, Roald, Jared Locke, Arwid Komulainen, Stephane Blouin, Derek Clark, Havard Austad, and Joachim Eastwood. "Dflood network protocol over commercial modems." In 2018 Fourth Underwater Communications and Networking Conference (UComms). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ucomms.2018.8493224.

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Liao, Genghua, Shaoyun Sun, Kelong Lu, Qiang Fu, Kecheng Pan, Heinz Friz, and Bo Li. "Validation Studies for an Advanced Aerodynamic Development Process of Cab-Over Type Heavy Trucks." In Commercial Vehicle Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-7009.

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Bacsardi, Laszlo, Zsolt Kis, and Sandor Imre. "Second generation QKD system over commercial fibers." In 2016 24th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eusipco.2016.7760296.

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Reports on the topic "Commercial oven"

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Jenkins, M., and L. Zieglar. Commercial National Security Algorithm (CNSA) Suite Profile of Certificate Management over CMS. RFC Editor, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8756.

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Gerstl, Zev, Thomas L. Potter, David Bosch, Timothy Strickland, Clint Truman, Theodore Webster, Shmuel Assouline, Baruch Rubin, Shlomo Nir, and Yael Mishael. Novel Herbicide Formulations for Conservation-Tillage. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591736.bard.

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The overall objective of this study was to develop, optimize and evaluate novel formulations, which reduce herbicide leaching and enhance agronomic efficacy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CsT promotes environmental quality and enhances sustainable crop production, yet continued use of CsT-practices appears threatened unless cost effective alternative weed control practices can be found. The problem is pressing in the southern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the eastern USA where cotton and peanut are produced extensively. This research addressed needs of the region’s farmers for more effective weed control practices for CsT systems. HUJI: CRFs for sulfentrazone and metolachlor were developed and tested based on their solubilizion in cationic micelles and adsorption of the mixed micelles on montmorillonite. A better understanding of solubilizing anionic and nonionic organic molecules in cationic micelles was reached. Both CRFs demonstrated controlled release compared to the commercial formulations. A bioassay in soil columns determined that the new sulfentrazone and metolachlor CRFs significantly improve weed control and reduced leaching (for the latter) in comparison with the commercial formulations. ARO: Two types of CRFs were developed: polymer-clay beads and powdered formulations. Sand filter experiments were conducted to determine the release of the herbicide from the CRFs. The concentration of metolachlor in the initial fractions of the effluent from the commercial formulation reached rather high values, whereas from the alginate-clay formulations and some of the powdered formulations, metolachlor concentrations were low and fairly constant. The movement of metolachlor through a sandy soil from commercial and alginate-clay formulations showed that the CRFs developed significantly reduced the leaching of metolachlor in comparison to the commercial formulation. Mini-flume and simulated rainfall studies indicated that all the CRFs tested increased runoff losses and decreased the amount of metolachlor found in the leachate. ARS: Field and laboratory investigations were conducted on the environmental fate and weed control efficacy of a commercially available, and two CRFs (organo-clay and alginate-encapsulated) of the soil-residual herbicide metolachlor. The environmental fate characteristics and weed control efficacy of these products were compared in rainfall simulations, soil dissipations, greenhouse efficacy trials, and a leaching study. Comparisons were made on the basis of tillage, CsT, and conventional, i.e no surface crop residue at planting (CT). Strip-tillage (ST), a commonly used form of CsT, was practiced. The organo-clay and commercial metolachlor formulations behaved similarly in terms of wash off, runoff, soil dissipation and weed control efficacy. No advantage of the organo-clay over the commercial metolachlor was observed. Alginate encapsulated metolachlor was more promising. The dissipation rate for metolachlor when applied in the alginate formulation was 10 times slower than when the commercial product was used inferring that its use may enhance weed management in cotton and peanut fields in the region. In addition, comparison of alginate and commercial formulations showed that ST can effectively reduce the runoff threat that is commonly associated with granular herbicide application. Studies also showed that use of the alginate CRF has the potential to reduce metolachlor leaching. Overall study findings have indicated that use of granular herbicide formulations may have substantial benefit for ST-system weed management for cotton and peanut production under Atlantic Coastal Plain conditions in the southeastern USA. Commercial development and evaluation at the farm scale appears warranted. Products will likely enhance and maintain CsT use in this and other regions by improving weed control options.
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Lignell, Brent. Reporting information for commercial air tour operations over units of the national park system: 2019 annual report. National Park Service, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2279712.

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Newsham, Andrew, Toendepi Shonhe, and Tsitsidzashe Bvute. Commercial Tobacco Production and Climate Change Adaptation in Mazowe, Zimbabwe. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.023.

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There has been an increasingly well-documented, rapid rise in tobacco production over the last couple of decades in Mazowe, Zimbabwe, despite growing public health concerns about lung cancer and nicotine’s addictive capacities in the wealthier countries of the West – even affecting the South African market. This has been accompanied by a shift away from its production almost completely on large-scale farms towards predominantly small-scale farms. To date, less consideration has been given to the implications of climate change for tobacco production. Given the hopes that it can make a serious contribution to poverty reduction and food security, it is of increasing importance to understand these implications, to identify the most relevant and/or effective adaptation options and to assess the viability of their successful adoption. This paper presents a fine-grained, qualitative bottom-up analysis of the implications for commercial tobacco production of climate change impacts in Zimbabwe.
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Author, Not Given. Environmental Assessment for the Commercial Demonstration of the Low NOx Burner/Separated Over-Fire Air (LNB/SOFA) Integration System Emission Reduction Technology, Finney County, Kansas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837336.

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Bain, Rachel, Richard Styles, and Jared Lopes. Ship-induced waves at Tybee Island, Georgia. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46140.

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Commercial vessels transiting the Savannah entrance channel intermittently generate large wake events at Tybee Island, Georgia, creating a potential hazard for beachgoers. However, not all commercial vessels generate large wakes, and the relationship between vessel dimensions, operating conditions, wake height, and drawdown magnitude is unclear. This study evaluates bathymetric data, high-frequency wave and vessel wake measurements, and broadcast vessel identification over a 4-month period with the goal of providing a quantitative characterization of vessel wake conditions at Tybee Island. Data from 1,386 cargo vessel passages and 202 tanker passages indicate that vessel dimensions (length and beam) are positively correlated with drawdown magnitude and secondary wake height, although large vessels do not consistently generate large wakes. Container ships, which tended to travel faster than tankers, corresponded to the largest wakes in the dataset. A further hypothesis is that tidally modulated energy dissipation may favor smaller vessel wake uprush at low tide and larger uprush at high tide, but this idea cannot be confirmed without additional measurements to quantify nonlinear wave propagation on the beach face. Based on the collected data, the study concludes with four recommendations for reducing risk to beachgoers.
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Weller, Joel I., Harris A. Lewin, and Micha Ron. Determination of Allele Frequencies for Quantitative Trait Loci in Commercial Animal Populations. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586473.bard.

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Individual loci affecting economic traits in dairy cattle (ETL) have been detected via linkage to genetic markers by application of the granddaughter design in the US population and the daughter design in the Israeli population. From these analyses it is not possible to determine allelic frequencies in the population at large, or whether the same alleles are segregating in different families. We proposed to answer this question by application of the "modified granddaughter design", in which granddaughters with a common maternal grandsire are both genotyped and analyzed for the economic traits. The objectives of the proposal were: 1) to fine map three segregating ETL previously detected by a daughter design analysis of the Israeli dairy cattle population; 2) to determine the effects of ETL alleles in different families relative to the population mean; 3) for each ETL, to determine the number of alleles and allele frequencies. The ETL on Bostaurusautosome (BT A) 6 chiefly affecting protein concentration was localized to a 4 cM chromosomal segment centered on the microsatellite BM143 by the daughter design. The modified granddaughter design was applied to a single family. The frequency of the allele increasing protein percent was estimated at 0.63+0.06. The hypothesis of equal allelic frequencies was rejected at p<0.05. Segregation of this ETL in the Israeli population was confirmed. The genes IBSP, SPP1, and LAP3 located adjacent to BM143 in the whole genome cattle- human comparative map were used as anchors for the human genome sequence and bovine BAC clones. Fifteen genes within 2 cM upstream of BM143 were located in the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4q22 and HSA4p15. Only a single gene, SLIT2, was located within 2 cM downstream of BM143 in the orthologous HSA4p15 region. The order of these genes, as derived from physical mapping of BAC end sequences, was identical to the order within the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4: FAM13A1, HERC3. CEB1, FLJ20637, PP2C-like, ABCG2, PKD2. SPP, MEP, IBSP, LAP3, EG1. KIAA1276, HCAPG, MLR1, BM143, and SLIT2. Four hundred and twenty AI bulls with genetic evaluations were genotyped for 12 SNPs identified in 10 of these genes, and for BM143. Seven SNPs displayed highly significant linkage disequilibrium effects on protein percentage (P<0.000l) with the greatest effect for SPP1. None of SNP genotypes for two sires heterozygous for the ETL, and six sires homozygous for the ETL completely corresponded to the causative mutation. The expression of SPP 1 and ABCG2 in the mammary gland corresponded to the lactation curve, as determined by microarray and QPCR assays, but not in the liver. Anti-sense SPP1 transgenic mice displayed abnormal mammary gland differentiation and milk secretion. Thus SPP 1 is a prime candidate gene for this ETL. We confirmed that DGAT1 is the ETL segregating on BTA 14 that chiefly effects fat concentration, and that the polymorphism is due to a missense mutation in an exon. Four hundred Israeli Holstein bulls were genotyped for this polymorphism, and the change in allelic frequency over the last 20 years was monitored.
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David, Lior, Yaniv Palti, Moshe Kotler, Gideon Hulata, and Eric M. Hallerman. Genetic Basis of Cyprinid Herpes Virus-3 Resistance in Common Carp. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592645.bard.

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The goal of this project was to provide scientific and technical basis for initiating the development of breeding protocols using marker assisted selection for viral disease resistance in common carp. The specific objectives were: 1) Establishing families and characterizing the phenotypic and genetic variation of viral resistance; 2) Measuring the dynamics of immune response and developing a method to measure the long term immune memory; 3) Developing markers and generating a new genetic linkage map, which will enable initial QTL mapping; and, 4) Identifying genetic linkage of markers and candidate genes (like MHC and TLRs) with resistance to CyHV-3. The common carp is an important farmed freshwater fish species in the world. Edible carp is second only to tilapia in Israeli aquaculture production and ornamental carp (koi) is an important product in both the US and Israel. Carp industries worldwide have recently suffered enormous economic damage due to a viral disease caused by Cyprinid herpes virus 3 (CyHV-3). Aside from preventative measures, a sustainable solution to this problem will be to establish a genetic improvement program of the resistance of fish to the pathogen. The aims of the project was to take the necessary first steps towards that. The differences in survival rates after infection with CyHV-3 virus among 20 families from six types of crosses between three carp lines (two commercial lines and one wild-type carp) revealed that the wild-type carp and its crosses had a much-improved survival over the crosses of the commercial lines themselves. These crosses set the starting point for breeding of commercial strains with improved resistance. Resistant fish had lower antibody titer against the virus suggesting that resistance might depend more on the innate immunity. A set of 500 microsateliite markers was developed and the markers are currently being used for generating a genetic linkage map for carp and for identifying disease resistance QTL. Fourteen candidate immune genes, some of which were duplicated, were cloned from the carp and SNP markers were identified in them. The expression of these genes varied between tissues and suggested functional divergence of some duplicated genes. Initial association between CyHV-3 resistance and one of the genes was found when SNP alleles in these genes were tested for their segregation between susceptible and resistant progeny. The results of this project have implications to the development of viral resistant commercial carp strains and effective immunization against this aggressive disease. The genetic and immunological knowledge accumulated in this project will not only promote carp and koi production but will also contribute to a broader understanding of fish immunogenetics.
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Pag, F., M. Jesper, U. Jordan, W. Gruber-Glatzl, and J. Fluch. Reference applications for renewable heat. IEA SHC Task 64, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task64-2021-0002.

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There is a high degree of freedom and flexibility in the way to integrate renewable process heat in industrial processes. Nearly in every industrial or commercial application various heat sinks can be found, which are suitable to be supplied by renewable heat, e.g. from solar thermal, heat pumps, biomass or others. But in contrast to conventional fossil fuel powered heating systems, most renewable heating technologies are more sensitive to the requirements defined by the specific demand of the industrial company. Fossil fuel-based systems benefit from their indifference to process temperatures in terms of energy efficiency, their flexibility with respect to part-load as well as on-off operation, and the fuel as a (unlimited) chemical storage. In contrast, the required temperature and the temporal course of the heat demand over the year determine whether a certain regenerative heat generator is technically feasible at all or at least significantly influence parameters like efficiency or coverage rate.
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Mdoe, Ntengua, Aida Isinika, Gilead Mlay, Gideon Boniface, Christopher Magomba, John Jeckoniah, and Devotha Mosha. Is Rice and Sunflower Commercialisation in Tanzania Inclusive for Women and Youth? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.016.

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Rice is Tanzania’s third most important staple crop after maize and cassava, and produced by more than 1 million households who are mostly small-scale farmers. Meanwhile sunflower is the most important edible oil crop in Tanzania, also grown mostly by small-scale farmers. Over the last two decades, rice and sunflower have increasingly become important sources of income. This can be attributed to efforts by the government, in collaboration with development agencies, to commercialise rice and sunflower production to improve livelihoods and reduce poverty among actors in both value chains. There have also been efforts aimed at ensuring sustainable commercialisation and involvement of women and youth in the commercialisation process. Despite these initiatives, women and youth involvement in the rice and sunflower commercialisation process is likely to be constrained by their limited access to land and financial capital. Looking at government policy to promote commercial rice and sunflower production for poverty reduction, this brief examines the extent to which households headed by women and youth have been able to participate in the commercialisation process of the two value chains.
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