Journal articles on the topic 'Commercial harvest'
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1
Sanders, T. H., and K. L. Bett. "Effect of Harvest Date on Maturity, Maturity Distribution, and Flavor of Florunner Peanuts1." Peanut Science 22, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-22-2-10.
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Abstract In 1988 and 1990, irrigated plots of Florunner peanuts were harvested at weekly intervals to examine the progression of crop maturity profile, maturity distribution in commercial sizes, single seed roast color distribution, and descriptive flavor. Samples were collected 3 wk before through 2 wk after the optimum harvest date predicted by the hull scrape maturity method. Data from these samples indicated consisent pod maturity progression as well as increasingly higher percentages of mature peanuts in each commercial size through optimum harvest date. In 1990, the total percentage of seed from black and brown hull scrape classified pods in the medium commercial size progressed from ca. 48% at 3 wk before optimum to ca. 89% at the optimum harvest date. Distributions of roasted colors of 100 single, medium grade size seed contained fewer dark colored seed with progressive harvest date, and earlier harvests produced darker roasted peanut paste. Mean color of single seed roast color distributions increased (became lighter) in progressive harvest dates and were 3 to 6 Hunter L units higher than the corresponding paste colors. Descriptive roast flavor analysis of paste made from medium-size peanuts harvested in 1990 indicated that, in the earlier harvests, intensities of the descriptors roasted peanutty and sweet aromatic were significantly lower and intensities of dark roast and bitter taste were higher.
2
Drake, S. R., and D. C. Elfving. "Indicators of Maturity and Storage Quality of `Lapins' Sweet Cherry." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (January 2002): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.687.
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Three commercial `Lapins' sweet cherry (Prunus avium) orchards were used for this study during three crop seasons. Orchards were selected based on the historical average date of commercial harvest. The difference in commercial harvest date among the three orchards was 5 to 7 days. Three harvests were carried out in each orchard each year: 1) beginning 4 to 5 days before commercial harvest, 2) at commercial harvest, and 3) 4 to 5 days after commercial harvest. Fruit quality was determined after 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of storage. Harvesting fruit up to 5 days later than normal commercial harvest resulted in increases in fruit weight and soluble solids content along with no loss of firmness or change in acidity. Pedicel color did not change as harvest was delayed. Changes in visual ratings of both fruit and pedicel appearance with delayed harvest were detectable in only 1 of 3 years. Neither pitting nor bruising was influenced by harvest date. The amount of pitting or bruising present was related more to the year of harvest than to harvest date. Delaying harvest a short time beyond the normal commercial harvest date could enhance consumer appeal and increase fruit value. Storage time after harvest resulted in reduced fruit and pedicel appearance, but only beyond 14 days of storage.
3
Sargent, Steven A., Fumiomi Takeda, Jeffrey G. Williamson, and Adrian D. Berry. "Harvest of Southern Highbush Blueberry with a Modified, Over-the-Row Mechanical Harvester: Use of Soft-Catch Surfaces to Minimize Impact Bruising." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071412.
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Harvest of fresh market, southern highbush blueberries (SHB) is labor intensive and costly, leading to a demand for alternative harvest methods. Recent research has shown potential for mechanically harvesting blueberries with minimal bruising by using a modified over-the-row (OTR) harvester. For two harvests, SHB cultivars Optimus and Vireo were either hand-harvested (HH) or mechanically harvested (MH) by two commercial harvesters, one unmodified with standard hard-catch surfaces (HCS) or by the other modified with soft-catch surfaces (SCS). For Harvest 1, fruit from all harvest methods were hand-sorted into the following categories: blue fruit (marketable), red fruit, green fruit and culls. Samples from each cultivar and treatment were then held at 24 °C overnight, and the following day firmness and impact bruise severity were determined. Harvest 2 had identical harvest treatments; however, the fruit were sorted on a commercial packing line prior to packing in clamshells (n = 16). A subsample was held overnight as in Harvest 1 for bruise severity rating, while the remaining fruit were stored at 1 °C for 14 days (d). Although percent marketable fruit was more affected by cultivar than harvest method, determination of bruise severity revealed the benefit of harvest with SCS over HCS for both cultivars. The former had 16–26% severe bruising, compared to 27–40% for the latter; HH had 1–4%. During storage, HH fruit remained firmer than HCS and SCS, which were similar. After 14 d, firmness for “Optimus” was 239 N (HH), 157 N (HCS and SCS) and for “Vireo” it was 189 (HH), 155 N (HCS and SCS). Fruit weight loss increased during storage (1.1–4.4%), but there was no difference due to catch plate surface. SSC, TTA and Ratio were not affected by catch surface type or storage period within cultivar. Using modifications such as “soft” catch surfaces on currently available OTR harvesters reduces impact bruise damage; however, impacts incurred during commercial packing operations can negate this effect. MH for fresh market blueberries may provide an economical alternative for blueberry growers; however, with current technology, the fruit should be utilized within a week of harvest.
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Adhikari, Prakash, Zora Singh, Vijay Yadav Tokala, Poe Nandar Kyaw, and Bronwyn Walsh. "Fruit canopy position and harvest date influence on colour and quality of Imperial mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)." April 2020, no. 14(04):2020 (April 20, 2020): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.04.p2304.
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Rind colour and taste are important factors influencing consumer acceptance of mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco) fruit. In this experiment, the influence of fruit canopy position and harvest date on the fruit rind colour and other quality parameters of Imperial mandarins was investigated. The mandarin fruit were harvested from four different positions in the tree canopy i.e., upper-inner, upper-outer, lower-inner and lower-outer and at three different harvest dates (H1 (five days before commercial harvest date); H2 (commercial harvest date) and H3 (five days after commercial harvest date). The experiment was conducted using a two factors (fruit position and harvest time) factorial randomised block design with four replicates and fifteen fruit per replicate. Rind colour and the quality of Imperial mandarins were significantly affected by the fruit position in the tree canopy, with the fruit harvested from the upper canopy having better rind colour and higher levels of organic acids and sugars compared to other positions. The late harvested (H3) mandarins exhibited the best fruit colour. In conclusion, the Imperial mandarin fruit had better fruit colour as well as quality when harvested from the upper canopy and by delaying the fruit harvest date by five days from the original commercial harvest date.
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Sargent, Steven A., Fumiomi Takeda, Jeffrey G. Williamson, and Adrian D. Berry. "Harvest of Southern Highbush Blueberry with a Modified, Over-The-Row Mechanical Harvester: Use of Handheld Shakers and Soft Catch Surfaces." Agriculture 10, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10010004.
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Fresh market southern highbush blueberries are typically hand-harvested which requires an extensive labor force over a relative short period of time. With rising production costs and labor availability issues, interest in mechanical harvesting options is increasing. In 2017, an over-the-row (OTR) harvester was modified to reduce purchase cost while making hand labor more efficient. The picking heads were removed and dual worker stations were added on each side of the unit. Handheld olive shakers were suspended at each station. Experimental catch plates were installed on one side of the OTR harvester and soft, inclined surfaces over the rigid conveyors on both sides. ‘Meadowlark’ and ‘Farthing’ blueberries were harvested with this system and compared to those manually harvested by a commercial harvest crew. Samples from each harvest method were then commercially cooled and mechanically harvested fruit were commercially packed to determine packout data. Fruit firmness, bruise severity and composition were determined after one day at room temperature (22 °C) and after seven and fourteen days of storage at 1 °C. Average packout was very high for mechanically harvested fruit, 87% for ‘Meadowlark’ and 91% for ‘Farthing’. Initial firmness of both cultivars was lower for mechanically harvested fruit (208 g/mm) than hand-harvested fruit (243 g/mm). Fruit from the three treatments softened during storage, and although ‘Meadowlark’ remained firmer than ‘Farthing’ during storage, there were no differences due to catch surfaces. Hand-harvested fruit had no severe bruising (>20% of cut surface area) at harvest, increasing to 2% after seven days, while mechanically harvested fruit from both fruit collection surfaces had 3% initial severe bruising that increased to 22% during storage. ‘Farthing’ had slightly higher soluble solids content and significantly higher total titratable acidity compared to ‘Meadowlark’. Additional modifications must be made to the next-generation OTR harvester to further reduce blueberry harvest and handling impacts.
6
Cunha, João P. A. R. da, Daniel H. Martins, and Walter G. da Cunha. "Operational performance of the mechanized and semi-mechanized potato harvest." Engenharia Agrícola 31, no. 4 (2011): 826–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162011000400020.
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Potato is an important crop plant throughout the world. Harvesting is a fundamental step in its production system. Maybe, it is the most complex and expensive operation. Thus, the objective of this work was to compare the cost of the mechanized and semi-mechanized harvest, the operational capacity and the production losses during the potato harvest process. The work was accomplished in a commercial farming, cultivated under pivot system, in the municipal district of Perdizes - MG, Brazil. A completely randomized design with two treatments was used: mechanized and semi-mechanized harvest. The mechanized harvest used a self-propelled harvester. In the semi-automated harvest, a digger mounted on tractor was used and the potato was manually harvested. It was concluded that the cost of mechanized harvest was 49.03% lower than the cost of semi-mechanized harvest. On average, the harvester had a work for 23 workers in manual harvest. Mechanized harvest showed losses of 2.35% of potato yield, while the semi-mechanized harvest showed losses of 6.32%.
7
Kee, Ed, Tracy Wootten, James Adkins, and James Glancey. "Improving Mechanical Harvest Pickle Production." HortScience 35, no. 5 (August 2000): 831A—831. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.5.831a.
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Proper variety selection and production practices are critical to obtaining profitable yields of mechanically harvested pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.). On the Delmarva peninsula, the tractor-mounted harvester, which utilizes the pinch-roller system for separating the pickles from the vine, was used exclusively for harvest until 1998. The pull-type forced-balance shaker machines have been introduced as an alternative harvest system. Replicated commercial-size variety trials have been conducted for four consecutive years. The trials are planted twice during the growing season, reflecting the climactic differences associated with early-season and late-season plantings. `Vlaspic' and `Lafayette' are standard varieties. Promising new varieties include `EX 1914' and `SQRP 1882'. Investigations to determine optimum plant populations and row spacing have determined that three-row beds with 60,000 plants per acre provide the highest yields and best quality fruit. Optimal operating speeds and picking reel speeds of 1.4 mph and 45 rpm, respectively, have been determined for the tractor-mounted machine. Additional design improvements have been implemented and evaluated to reduce damage. Fifty-nine replicated commercial tests evaluating the tractor-mounted harvester and the forced-balance shaker type indicate much greater harvest and throughput efficiencies are associated with the forced-balance shaker harvester, resulting in improvements between $65 and $100 per acre.
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Martineli, Maristella, Ariane Castricini, Victor Martins Maia, and Camila Maida de Albuquerque Maranhão. "Post-harvest physiology of pitaya at different ripening stages." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 1033–0148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3p1033.
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Red-fleshed pitaya is an attractive fruit not due only to the color of its flesh and skin, but also the scaly shape of its skin. In addition to being a source of vitamins and minerals, it has high commercial value and represents an alternative for cultivation in semiarid regions. Information about the post-harvest physiology of pitaya, which interferes with its ripening, allows the adoption of preservation and quality-maintenance practices. This study examines the respiratory activity and post harvest alterations of pitaya picked in the commercially immature stage of ripeness, by comparing them with fruits picked fully ripe. Physical and chemical aspects of the fruits were evaluated in two harvests, in 2019 and 2020. Six days after harvest, there was an increase in respiratory activity and a change in color in both ripe and commercially immature fruits. Therefore, pitayas picked commercially immature in both harvests had an increase in respiratory activity post-harvest, with a change in skin color during storage; and six days after harvest, in the 2019 harvest, the fruits resembled those that ripened on the plant, without having their quality compromised. However, in the 2020 harvest, six days after harvest, the fruits picked fully ripe showed soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio, betacyanins and ascorbic acid contents similar to those measured in the commercially immature fruits.
9
De Souza, Daniel P., Mark H. Eisenbies, and Timothy A. Volk. "Growing Season Harvests of Shrub Willow (Salix spp.) Have Higher Nutrient Removals and Lower Yields Compared to Dormant-Season Harvests." Forests 13, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111936.
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The commercial establishment of shrub willow (Salix spp.) biomass crops with three- or four-year harvest cycles raises concerns about nutrient removal (NR). In addition, leaf-on harvests outside of the typical harvesting window are becoming more prevalent with a changing climate, and require a better understanding of the potential impact of these changes on biomass production and NR. This study examined the time of harvest effects for six harvest dates on the nutrient and biomass removal of four shrub willow cultivars in central New York State. There were significant differences in biomass in the first-rotation harvest; yields ranged between 77 and 85 Mg ha−1 for the time of harvest treatments during the growing season, and between 93 and 104 Mg ha−1 after dormancy. Harvest timing had significant effects on N and K removal in the combined wood and foliar biomass. Willow harvested in October removed comparatively higher amounts of N (77.1 kg ha−1 year−1) and P (11.2 kg ha−1 year−1) than other harvests. Potassium removal was greater for plants harvested in June (51.2 kg ha−1 year−1) and August (52.5 kg ha−1 year−1). Harvest timing and cultivar interactions suggest that targeted cultivar selection and deployment could maintain yields and limit excess nutrient losses.
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Gentle, Matthew, and Anthony Pople. "Effectiveness of commercial harvesting in controlling feral-pig populations." Wildlife Research 40, no. 6 (2013): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13100.
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Context The feral pig (Sus scrofa) is a widespread pest species in Australia and its populations are commonly controlled to reduce damage to agriculture and the environment. Feral pigs are also a resource and harvested for commercial export as game meat. Although many other control techniques are used, commercial harvesting of feral pigs is often encouraged by land managers, because it carries little or no cost and is widely perceived to control populations. Aims To use feral-pig harvesting records, density data and simple harvest models to examine the effectiveness of commercial harvesting to reduce feral-pig populations. Methods The present study examined commercial harvest off-take on six sites (246–657 km2) in southern Queensland, and 20 large blocks (~2–6000 km2) throughout Queensland. The harvest off-take for each site was divided by monthly or average annual population size, determined by aerial survey, to calculate monthly and annual harvest rates. A simple harvest model assuming logistic population growth was used to determine the likely effectiveness of harvesting. Key results Commercial harvest rates were generally low (<~20%) and are likely to provide only modest reductions in population size. Additionally, harvest rates capable of substantial reductions (>50%) in long-term population size were isolated occurrences and not maintained across sites and years. High harvest rates were observed only at low densities. Although these harvest rates may be sufficiently high to hold populations at low densities, the population is likely to escape this entrapment following a flush in food supply or a reduction in harvest effort. Implications Our results demonstrated that, at current harvest rates, commercial harvesting is ineffective for the landscape-scale control of feral-pig populations. Unless harvest rates can be significantly increased, commercial harvesting should be used as a supplement to, rather than as a substitute for, other damage-control techniques.
11
Beverly, Reuben B., Allen W. Byous, and Tommy Nakayama. "Commercial One-row Bean Picker Harvests Vegetable Soybean." HortTechnology 3, no. 1 (January 1993): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.3.1.73.
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Vegetable soybean (Glycine max L.) represents a potential high-value specialty crop for small farmers in the southern Piedmont region of the United States; practical and affordable mechanical harvest technology will facilitate production. A trial planting of vegetable soybean was used to test the ability of a commercial one-row harvester used currently for snap bean and lima bean production systems to harvest soybean. The upright growth habit and excessive herbage of vegetable soybean necessitated harvest in two passes over the row, which produced in-pod yield of 7050 lb/acre (7900 kg ha-1). Adaptation of this technology has the potential to facilitate development of a vegetable soybean production industry.
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Vilhena, Nariane Q., Amparo Quiles, Rebeca Gil, Empar Llorca, Paula Fernández-Serrano, Mario Vendrell, and Alejandra Salvador. "Slight Changes in Fruit Firmness at Harvest Determine the Storage Potential of the ‘Rojo Brillante’ Persimmon Treated with Gibberellic Acid." Horticulturae 8, no. 2 (February 6, 2022): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020140.
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Today, the ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmons undergoing prolonged storage are treated with giberellic acid, which allows the delay of the harvesting to November-December. Although during this period the fruit maintained high commercial firmness, practical experience indicates very different behavior during the posterior cold storage, depending on the harvest moment. To explain what leads to these differences, an in-depth study of the physicochemical and microstructural changes occurring in the fruit during five commercial harvest times from November to December was carried out. During this period, slight variations in firmness occurred, ranging from 48 to 40 N. Nevertheless, the fruit behavior under cold storage was strongly influenced by the harvest date, which was explained by the degradation of cell wall, cell membrane and tonoplast, mainly noted in fruit from the latest harvests. Therefore, the fruit harvested with firmness close to 48 N had a highly structured cell, which maintained firmness during cold storage for up to 90 days. The fruit harvested with 43 N presented a more degraded structure, while the fruit with initial firmness around 40 N underwent major ultrastructure cell wall and membranes modifications, which led to greater firmness loss. Therefore, the fruit firmness at harvest is decisive for its storage potential.
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Solomón-Montijo, Bladimir, Paola Yazmel Rivera-Aguirre, Yulisa Rodríguez-López, Herendira Flores-Almeida, Roberto Carlos Cárcamo-Arechiga, and Juan Fernando Pío-León. "Sociocultural and economic significance in the harvest of the pitaya sahuira (Stenocereus montanus) in Sinaloa, Mexico." Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development 24 (August 17, 2022): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v24i.502.
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Pitayas (Stenocereus spp.) are one of the most important wild plants in Mexico; however, there are few studies that evaluate the harvest value and commercialization of local species. This research records the sociocultural and economic importance of the harvest of pitaya sahuira (Stenocereus montanus) in two localities of the state of Sinaloa, Mexico: 1) San José del Llano, Badiraguato, and 2) several small communities in the municipality of Choix. Semi-structured surveys and participatory evaluation were carried out with different people who harvest and market the pitaya fruits during the production season to document the harvest method, productivity, commercial value, fruit destination, cultural perceptions, and the differences between both regions. In both localities, daily harvests are made, and it constitutes the main economic activity during the production season, about 40 to 50 days between May and July. In San José, the harvest is carried out by men and women, while in Choix, it is practically exclusive by men. Higher productivity was recorded in San José, reflected by a greater amount of daily fruit harvested in a workday; however, in Choix, the fruit has a higher sales value, which balances the estimated annual earnings of around 1,940 dollars per harvester (~40,000.00 Mexican pesos). Given its great commercial value, it is necessary to implement cultivation and domestication strategies at the local level, as a regional economic alternative and to reduce the pressure on native populations. This work incorporates additional evidence on the great cultural and economic importance of the genus Stenocereus in Mexico and motivates the design of better strategies for sustainable use and the revaluation of this biocultural heritage.
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Beltrán-Rodríguez, Leonardo, Juan Ignacio Valdez-Hernández, Alfredo Saynes-Vásquez, José Blancas, José Antonio Sierra-Huelsz, Sol Cristians, Andrea Martínez-Ballesté, et al. "Sustaining Medicinal Barks: Survival and Bark Regeneration of Amphipterygium adstringens (Anacardiaceae), a Tropical Tree under Experimental Debarking." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 2860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052860.
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Commercial harvests can threaten tree species harvested for their bark. Amphipterygium adstringens is a dioecious tree, endemic to the tropical dry forests of Mexico, where it is intensively harvested for its medicinal bark. Limited information hinders developing sustainable management strategies for A. adstringens. We assessed bark regeneration for male and female trees, and evaluated the effect of tree sex and diameter, debarking treatments and cutting seasons on bark regeneration and tree survival rates. Bark regeneration was higher for wet season harvested trees (vs. dry), regardless of their sex. Bark regeneration was higher on female than on male trees. There were significant interactions of harvest season, harvest treatment and tree sex diameter on bark regeneration and survival. Overall, the highest bark regeneration rates occurred in female trees with ≥20.1 cm diameter that were wet season harvested with a 50% debarking intensity. Consequently, wet season and intermediate intensity harvests appear to foster sound management, but we recommend against targeting exclusively a single demographic group (i.e., large female trees) due to potential negative impacts on species demography and bark supply. A grounded strategy for sustaining bark harvest would also need to take into account relevant aspects of local socio-ecological context, including harvest interactions with other land uses.
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DeLong, John, Robert Prange, Peter Harrison, Douglas Nichols, and Harrison Wright. "Determination of optimal harvest boundaries for Honeycrisp™ fruit using a new chlorophyll meter." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, no. 2 (March 2014): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-241.
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DeLong, J., Prange, R., Harrison, P., Nichols, D. and Wright, H. 2014. Determination of optimal harvest boundaries for Honeycrisp™ fruit using a new chlorophyll meter. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 361–369. In this study, a new chlorophyll measurement tool [the delta absorbance (DA) meter] was used to develop an optimal harvest maturity model for Honeycrisp™ fruit. Apples from nine commercial orchards in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada, were sampled over 11 consecutive weekly harvests during the 2010, 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. At each harvest, a sample of fruit was measured for its DA (IAD) values, firmness, titratable acidity (TA),% soluble solids content (SSC), red skin coloration and internal core ethylene. Following approximately 3 mo of storage at 3.5°C, samples were removed and assessed for disorder incidence. The optimal harvest period was identified by aligning all “at harvest” IAD values, fruit quality measurements and “post-storage” disorder data with the corresponding harvest week. Then, the IAD values associated with the harvests having high commercial fruit quality and the least collective expression of disorders, delineated the optimal harvest boundaries. As IAD units declined during fruit maturity, the upper boundary value of 0.59 was deemed “when to begin” harvest, while the lower boundary value of 0.36 was deemed “when to end” harvest for long-term storage. The use of the DA model approach for optimal harvest delineation is potentially applicable to all commercial apple cultivars, but should be developed for each within a distinct growing region.
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Gentle, Matthew, and Anthony Pople. "Corrigendum to: Effectiveness of commercial harvesting in controlling feral-pig populations." Wildlife Research 41, no. 3 (2014): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13100_co.
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Context The feral pig (Sus scrofa) is a widespread pest species in Australia and its populations are commonly controlled to reduce damage to agriculture and the environment. Feral pigs are also a resource and harvested for commercial export as game meat. Although many other control techniques are used, commercial harvesting of feral pigs is often encouraged by land managers, because it carries little or no cost and is widely perceived to control populations. Aims To use feral-pig harvesting records, density data and simple harvest models to examine the effectiveness of commercial harvesting to reduce feral-pig populations. Methods The present study examined commercial harvest off-take on six sites (246–657km2) in southern Queensland, and 20 large blocks (~2–6000km2) throughout Queensland. The harvest off-take for each site was divided by monthly or average annual population size, determined by aerial survey, to calculate monthly and annual harvest rates. A simple harvest model assuming logistic population growth was used to determine the likely effectiveness of harvesting. Key results Commercial harvest rates were generally low (50%) in long-term population size were isolated occurrences and not maintained across sites and years. High harvest rates were observed only at low densities. Although these harvest rates may be sufficiently high to hold populations at low densities, the population is likely to escape this entrapment following a flush in food supply or a reduction in harvest effort. Implications Our results demonstrated that, at current harvest rates, commercial harvesting is ineffective for the landscape-scale control of feral-pig populations. Unless harvest rates can be significantly increased, commercial harvesting should be used as a supplement to, rather than as a substitute for, other damage-control techniques.
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Hofman, Peter J., Marcelle Jobin-Décor, and Janet Giles. "Percentage of Dry Matter and Oil Content Are Not Reliable Indicators of Fruit Maturity or Quality in Late-harvested `Hass' Avocado." HortScience 35, no. 4 (July 2000): 694–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.4.694.
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The potential to use percentage of dry matter (DM) and/or oil of the flesh of `Hass' avocado as a maturity standard to determine the latest harvest for acceptable fruit quality, was investigated. `Hass' avocado fruit were harvested from early October to mid-January from a commercial orchard in subtropical Queensland. The percentage of DM and oil changed little during the harvest period, and the eating quality of the flesh remained high. However, the incidence of body rots (caused mainly by Colletotrichum sp.) and the flesh disorders grey pulp and vascular browning, increased with harvest. These results indicate that percentage of DM and oil are not reliable late-maturity standards because of the inconsistent change with later harvests, and that disease and internal disorders can be the main determinants of latest acceptable harvest, rather than eating quality.
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Motsenbocker, Carl E., J. Blair Buckley, William A. Mulkey, and James E. Boudreaux. "MECHANICAL HARVEST OF HOT PEPPERS AS INFLUENCED BY PLANT SPACING." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 663f—663. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.663f.
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Field studies were conducted in 1991 with `Jalapeno-M' and `TAM' Jalapeno pepper. Plants were established by direct seeding at 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm in-row plant spacing. Lodged plants, fruit quality and yield were monitored. A commercial snap-bean harvester was evaluated for harvest. Closer plant spacings resulted in greater yields and reduced plant lodging. No interaction of variety with plant spacing was observed. There were, however, differences in several yield parameters due to variety. Fruit quality characteristics of mechanically and hand harvested pepper stored at 6 C were similar. The use of the mechanical snap-bean harvester appears to be a feasible technique to harvest Jalapeno pepper.
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Peck, JeriLynn, and Patricia Muir. "Biomass Inventory and Regrowth Rate of Harvestable Tree and Shrub Moss in the Oregon Coast Range." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/23.1.34.
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Abstract The commercial moss harvest industry is at a crossroads. Concerns about the sustainability of harvest have led to moratoria on moss harvest from public lands, limiting access to this nontimber forest resource in most of the highest production regions of the United States. Resumption of legal harvest depends on improved knowledge about resource inventory and yield, which will enable the development of appropriate management scenarios. We present here the results of an inventory of current readily available legally harvestable moss and of a 10-year biomass regrowth study from the Coast Range of western Oregon. Harvestable tree and shrub moss was removed from 21 sites on the Siuslaw National Forest, using typical harvest methods and following the Forest's standards and guidelines for commercial moss harvest. Biomass across these sites averaged only 19 kg/ha (fresh weight). Only 52% of sites bore any harvestable moss, and only 38% had commercial quantities. Moss mats regrowing on experimentally stripped vine maple (Acer circinatum) shrub stems accumulated mass at a mean rate of 3.0 g/m-stem/year across six sites. At this rate, moss mats of equivalent biomass to the originally harvested mats would require approximately 27 years to develop. These data provide estimates of input parameters needed to develop schedules for commercial moss harvest.
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Semmler, Robert Francis, Matthew Bryan Ogburn, Robert Aguilar, Elizabeth Watkins North, Marjorie Lindquist Reaka, and Anson Hemingway Hines. "The influence of blue crab movement on mark–recapture estimates of recreational harvest and exploitation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 78, no. 4 (April 2021): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0112.
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Despite the need to quantify total catch to support sustainable fisheries management, estimating harvests of recreational fishers remains a challenge. Harvest estimates from mark–recapture studies have proven valuable, yet animal movements and migrations may bias some of these estimates. To improve recreational harvest estimates, explore seasonal and spatial harvest patterns, and understand the influence of animal movement on exploitation rates, we conducted a mark–recapture experiment for the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) fishery in Maryland waters of Chesapeake Bay, USA. Data were analyzed with standard tag-return methods and with revised equations that accounted for crab movement between reporting areas. Using standard calculations, state-wide recreational harvest was estimated to be 4.04 million crabs. When movement was included in the calculations, the estimate was 5.39 million, an increase of 34%. With crab movement, recreational harvest in Maryland was estimated to be 6.5% of commercial harvest, a finding consistent with previous effort surveys. The new methods presented herein are broadly applicable for estimating recreational harvest in fisheries that target mobile species and for which spatial variation in commercial harvest is known.
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Holzkamm, Tim, and Michael McCarthy. "Potential Fishery for Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) as Indicated by the Returns of the Hudson's Bay Company Lac la Pluie District." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 921–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-113.
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The isinglass returns for the Hudson's Bay Company Lac la Pluie District have been used to estimate the Ojibway harvest of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) from 1823 to 1885. The majority of these fish were taken in the Rainy River from spawning runs originating in Lake of the Woods. American commercial fishing of sturgeon in Lake of the Woods began in 1888, with commercial operations on the Canadian side following within a few years. Initially high production levels characterize the non-Ojibway fishery for the first 20 yr, with rapid declines due to depleted sturgeon populations in the following years. Similar responses to commercial sturgeon fishing in other areas have led many to conclude that fisheries stocks could not support a significant sustained commercial fishery. In contrast, the Ojibway harvest during 63 yr of fur trade records indicates potential for a substantial sustained commercial sturgeon harvest from the Lake of the Woods basin. The same conclusion is not evident from American and Canadian records of sturgeon harvests from the same drainage basin.
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Kanellis, Angelos K., L. L. Morris, and M. E. Saltveit. "Effect of Stage of Development on Postharvest Behavior of Cucumber Fruit." HortScience 21, no. 5 (October 1986): 1165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.5.1165.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Parthenocarpic cucumber fruit (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Deliva) were harvested from 3 to 30 days after an thesis. Fresh weight increase followed a single sigmoid curve. Commercial maturity was attained 10 to 11 days after anthesis, and these mature fruit had a 20- to 30-day shelf life and good color retention at 20°C. Chlorophyll content at harvest decreased with fruit age. Fruit harvested before commercial maturity showed declining rates of CO2 and C2H4 production at 20°, while commercially mature fruit maintained relatively constant rates throughout their holding period. Fruit harvested after commercial maturity showed increased respiration during holding; this increase was greatest for 30-day-old fruit. Fruit harvested 20, 25, and 30 days after anthesis showed peaks of C2H4 production during holding; this production was most pronounced for mature fruit.
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Duan, Yousheng, Zhiqiang Ju, and Zhiguo Ju. "112 Effects of Edible Plant Oil Emulsions on Storage Disorders in `Elegant Lady' Peaches." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 408B—408. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.408b.
Full textAbstract:
Effects of different plant oils (soybean, corn, peanut, cottonseed, conola, sunflower, safflower, rape seed, and linseed) on mealiness, leatheriness, and flesh browning (FB) in `Elegant Lady' peaches (Prunus persica Batsch) were studied. Fruit were harvested at three dates (10 days apart) with the second harvest concomitant to commercial harvest, dipped in a 5% or 10% oil emulsion for 3 min, and stored at 0 or 5 °C, respectively. After 6 weeks at 0 °C, fruit developed more leatheriness and FB but less mealiness in early harvested compared to late-harvested fruit. When stored at 5 °C, fruit did not develop any leatheriness regardless of harvest dates, but fruit from the last harvest developed high levels of mealiness and FB compare with fruit from the other two harvests. FB was found only, but not in all, leathery or mealy fruit. None of the oils affected leatheriness, but all reduced mealiness to the same extent at the same concentration. Oil treatments controlled FB completely in both leathery and mealy fruit. Oil at 10 % was more effective in controlling mealiness and FB than at 5%. Oil-treated fruit had higher flesh firmness and titratable acidity and developed less decay than the controls at removal from storage.
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Adams, Darius M., and Gregory S. Latta. "Timber Trends on Private Lands in Western Oregon and Washington: A New Look." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.1.8.
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Abstract Market model projections of private harvest in the Douglas-fir region over the period to 2054 suggest that harvests in western Oregon could be sustained at or above recent levels for the full period with ending inventories at least as high as in 2004. Western Washington, in contrast, may face some harvest reductions, particularly on other private ownerships, as a result of high harvests in the 1980s and continued rapid land loss. Projected silvicultural regimes in both half-states shift toward more use of commercial thinning on all private ownerships. No trend in future log prices is foreseen. In policy simulations, applying Washington's riparian protection policy to western Oregon led to a 4.4% annual private harvest reduction. Extension to intermittent streams in western Washington reduced annual harvest by 1.9%. Quintupling national forest harvest across the region increased annual regional harvest by 3.2% with more than a quarter of the public increment offset by private harvest reductions.
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Marshall, Dale E. "Fifty-year History of Harvesting Pickling Cucumbers Mechanically." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 573d—573. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.573d.
Full textAbstract:
For 50 years, engineers, producers, processors, and manufacturers have been working on new and improved ways for mechanization of the harvest of pickling cucumbers, Cucumis sativus L. In 1957, processors investigated multiple-pick concepts. Multiple-pick harvesters were commercially manufactured in the early 1960s (Chisholm–Ryder). In the late 1950s, Stout and Ries evaluated the known multiple-pick harvesting concepts. In the early 1960s, once-over harvesting concepts were considered and evaluated by Ries and Stout. By significantly increasing the plant population and other horticultural practice and variety improvements, once-over harvest became the main thrust of mechanization from 1965 on. By 1970, at least major five commercial manufacturers sold harvesters (Blackwelder, FMC Corp., Hart Carter [later sold out to Cuke, Inc.], Porter-Way, and Wilde). In 1996 there are four commercial manufacturers (Cuke, FMC Corp., Jerry's Welding, and Pik Rite). Limited multiple-pick research and manufacturers persisted (Aero-Glide, Mac-Weld, and Powell). By 1975 over 85% of Michigan's pickling cucumbers were mechanically harvested, leading all other states. Today, about 60% of Michigan's production is harvested with machines. The information presented will be informative and an historical aid for engineers, manufacturers, horticulturists, processors, and historians, etc. to ensure that the worldwide research is known by scientists endeavoring to accomplish harvest mechanization.
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Peck, JeriLynn E. "Regrowth of understory epiphytic bryophytes 10 years after simulated commercial moss harvest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-071.
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Commercial moss harvest is the predominant disturbance for understory epiphytic bryophyte mats in the Pacific Northwest, yet the rate and dynamics of regrowth of this nontimber forest product are unknown. The first long-term evaluation of cover and species richness regrowth following simulated commercial moss harvest from understory vine maple (Acer circinatum Pursh) shrub stems is reported. Stems harvested of moss on six sites in the Oregon Coast Range in 1994 were examined for species composition and relative abundance of regrowth over the course of a decade. Percent cover increased 5.1%/year, averaging only 51% cover in year 10. Forty percent of the total cover in year 10 was attributable to encroachment from adjacent undisturbed mats and 14% to reestablished litterfall. Shortly after harvest, many taxa established on the newly available habitat, such that species richness surpassed preharvest levels by year 3. In the absence of competitive exclusion even by year 10, species richness continued to exceed preharvest levels by two taxa. Vegetative cover regrowth may require 20 years and volume recovery even longer. Commercial moss harvest should be managed on rotations of several decades, and patchy harvest methods should be encouraged over complete strip harvesting to ensure moss regeneration and promote bryophyte diversity.
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Hupfeld, Ryan N., and Quinton E. Phelps. "Timely Events in Their Interrelation to Paddlefish and Sturgeon Harvest from 1945-2010." Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 46, no. 2018 (January 1, 2018): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30956/mas-07.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Due to the high amounts of harvest of natural fish populations, overexploitation can occur and subsequently lead to depleted fisheries. This is especially true for commercially exploited roe-bearing species that exhibit late age at maturation and intermittent spawning. Overexploitation can create an imbalance in natural ecosystem function and in turn jeopardize the livelihood of commercial fishers. Despite the problems created by overexploitation, trends of commercial harvest on large inland river roe-bearing populations have received minimal attention. As such, we evaluated trends in commercial fishing data from 1945-2010 for two roe-bearing species (paddlefish Polyodon spathula and shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) from two of the largest inland rivers in North America (Mississippi River and Missouri River) adjacent to Missouri. Commercial sturgeon and paddlefish catch has varied from ∼160 to 35,150 kg over the course of the 55-year duration. Abnormally high catches corresponded to initiation of worldwide caviar markets, onset of extensive regulations on the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, and the Caspian Sea fishery collapse; respectively. Further, our results suggest that the harvest of sturgeon and paddlefish have increased since 1945 and may be influenced by local, regional, and international events. Despite the increase in harvest and the possibility of overharvest, commercial fishing regulations have not been thoroughly evaluated for effectiveness. Further evaluation of current management and regulations of these paddlefish and sturgeon fisheries is suggested, especially considering these fisheries may be influenced by local, regional, and international events. Taking potentially influential events into consideration when evaluating and implementing regulations and authorizing commercial harvest permits are vital in sustaining a long term commercial fishery and protecting the livelihood of commercial fishers.
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Romero, Flora Magdaline Benitez, Laércio Antônio Gonçalves Jacovine, Carlos Moreira Miquelino Eleto Torres, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Vicente Toledo Machado de Morais Junior, Samuel José Silva Soares da Rocha, Richard Andres Benitez Romero, et al. "Forest Management with Reduced-Impact Logging in Amazonia: Estimated Aboveground Volume and Carbon in Commercial Tree Species in Managed Forest in Brazil’s State of Acre." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040481.
Full textAbstract:
Tropical forest management has both positive and negative effects on climate change, and quantifying these effects is important both to avoid or minimize negative impacts and to reward net positive effects. This study contributes to this effort by estimating the aboveground volume and carbon present in commercial tree species in a managed forest in the forest harvest stage in Brazil’s state of Acre. A total of 12,794 trees of commercial species were measured. Trees were categorized and quantified as: “harvested trees” (“harvest or cut”), which were felled in the harvest stage, and “remaining trees” (“future cutting,” “trees in permanent protection areas or APPs,” “seed trees,” “rare trees” and “trees protected by law”) that remained standing in the forest post-harvest. Aboveground volume and carbon stocks of the 81 commercial species (diameter at breast height [DBH] ≥ 10 cm) totaled 79.19 m³ ha−1 and 21.54 MgC ha−1, respectively. The category “harvested trees” represents 44.48% and “remaining trees” 55.49% of the aboveground volume stocks. In the managed area, the category “harvested trees” is felled; this is composed of the commercial bole that is removed (19.25 m³ ha−1 and 5.32 MgC ha−1) and the stump and crown that remain in the forest as decomposing organic material (15.97 m³ ha−1 and 4.41 MgC ha−1). We can infer that the 21.54 MgC ha−1 carbon stock of standing commercial trees (DBH ≥ 10 cm) represents 13.20% of the total aboveground carbon in the managed area. The commercial boles removed directly from the forest represent 3.26% of the total aboveground carbon, and the stumps and crowns of the harvested trees represent the loss of an additional 2.70%. For sustainability of the management system in terms of carbon balance, growth in the 35-year management cycle must be sufficient to replace not only these amounts (0.27 MgC ha−1 year−1) but also losses to collateral damage and to additional logging-related effects from increased vulnerability to forest fires. Financial viability of future management cycles will depend on replenishment of commercial trees of harvestable size (DBH ≥ 50 cm).
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Saks, Yolanta, Lilian Sonego, and Ruth Ben-Arie. "Artificial Light Enhances Red Pigmentation, but Not Ripening, of Harvested `Anna' Apples." HortScience 25, no. 5 (May 1990): 547–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.5.547.
Full textAbstract:
Mature-green `Anna' apples (Malus domestics Borkh.) reddened after harvest as a result of exposure to continuous cool-white fluorescent light. Color development was most rapid at 20C but most intense at 13C. At 2C, although the induction of red pigmentation was the slowest, a 72-hr exposure rendered color not significantly different from that of red, commercially harvested fruit. The development of color was light-intensity dependent, approaching saturation at 14.5 W·m-2 (at 13 C). No differences in fruit ripening were found between fruit that developed color under artificial light and red fruit from the commercial harvest, in spite of some stimulation of ethylene production during illumination.
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Lawes, R. A., K. E. Basford, L. M. McDonald, R. J. Lawn, and M. K. Wegener. "Factors affecting cane yield and commercial cane sugar in the Tully district." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 4 (2002): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01020.
Full textAbstract:
The Tully Sugar Mill has collected information about sugarcane supplied for crushing from every block in the mill district from 1970 to 1999. Data from 1988 to 1999 were analysed to understand the extent of the variation in cane yield per hectare and commercial cane sugar in the Tully mill area. The key factors influencing the variation in cane yield and commercial cane sugar in this commercial environment were identified and the variance components computed using a restricted maximum likelihood methodology. Cane yield was predominantly influenced by the year in which it was harvested, the month when the crop was ratooned (month of harvest in the previous year) and the farm of origin. These variables were relatively more important than variety, age of crop or crop class (plant crop, first ratoon through to fourth or older ratoons) and fallowing practice (fallow or ploughout-replant). The month-of-ratooning effect was relatively stable from year-to-year. Commercial cane sugar was influenced by the year of harvest, the month of harvest and their interaction, in that the influence of the month of harvest varied from year to year. Variety and farm differences were also significant but accounted for a much lower portion of the variation in commercial cane sugar. An empirical model was constructed from the key factors that influenced commercial cane sugar and cane yield to quantify their combined influence on sugar yield (t/ha). This may be used to assist mill personnel to predict their activities more accurately, for example to calculate the impact of a late finish to the current harvest season on the following year's crop.
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Marty, Robert, and Karen Potter-Witter. "What Is the Sustainable Harvest of Red Pine in Michigan?" Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/9.3.94.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Red pine harvests have been increasing rapidly in Michigan, to a current level of 17 million ft³ per year. How large an annual harvest can the Michigan red pine resource sustain? Three different estimates indicate that, if all red pine on commercial forestland were available for harvest, then an annual harvest of 30 million ft³ could be sustained during the near term. And even larger harvests can be supported 10 or 20 years hence, when larger acreages of pine will mature. However, the actual planned harvests on public forests, and the harvests likely to be available from other lands, appear to be significantly less than the potential harvest and less than current utilization levels. This results from the fact that some red pine has been reserved from harvest, both on private and public land. Although increasing harvests of red pine will be available in Michigan for the next 3 or 4 decades, the planting of red pine has declined drastically over the last 20 years. Planting must be significantly increased or management intensified if the resource base is to be maintained. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):94-97.
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Unrath, C. R., J. D. Obermiller, A. Green, and S. J. McArtney. "The Effects of Aminoethoxyvinylglycine and Naphthaleneacetic Acid Treatments on Abscission and Firmness of ‘Scarletspur Delicious’ Apples at Normal and Delayed Harvests." HortTechnology 19, no. 3 (January 2009): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.3.620.
Full textAbstract:
The variation in natural fruit drop of ‘Scarletspur Delicious’/‘M.7’ (M.7) apple (Malus ×domestica) trees in a commercial orchard over a period of 11 consecutive years was visualized using box and whisker plots. Delaying harvest until 1 week after the normal harvest date resulted in fruit drop ranging from 2% to 33% depending on the year. The effects of aminoethoxyvinlyglycine (AVG) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on fruit drop and fruit firmness at normal and delayed harvests was monitored each year. AVG and NAA programs tended to mitigate fruit drop most effectively in years when natural fruit drop was heavy. AVG delayed the loss of fruit firmness, whereas a preload NAA program delayed firmness loss in fruit that were harvested 3 weeks after the normal harvest date only. A standard NAA program for drop control did not accelerate softening of ‘Scarletspur Delicious’ during the first 3 weeks after the normal harvest date. Growers should closely monitor fruit maturity and stem loosening during the harvest window each year to minimize the risk of major losses due to fruit drop. When timely harvest is not possible, perhaps due to unforeseen weather events or constraints in labor availability, or poor management, then use of harvest management aids such as AVG or NAA becomes critical on cultivars prone to fruit drop.
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Cleaves, David A., and Max Bennett. "Timber Harvesting by Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners in Western Oregon." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/10.2.66.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A survey of nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners in Western Oregon was analyzed to gain insights about their harvesting activity. Past participation in harvesting, harvest type, and future intentions for harvest were related to ownership size, tenure, residence, form of organization, method of acquisition, occupation, age, and income. Thirty percent of the respondents reported harvesting at least once during the 1979-1989 period. Higher rates of harvest participation were found for larger ownership sizes, longer tenure, corporate organization, farm ownership, and higher personal income. At least some of the influence of size on reported participation came from the natural tendency of larger ownerships to have a greater variety of acres eligible for harvest. Ownership size combined with a variety of demographic factors--tenure, residence, form of organization, acquisition method, occupation, and income--influenced whether the harvest was a clearcut or a commercial thinning. Commercial thinning and thinning/clearcutting combination harvests were more common than clearcutting. Landowners were generally willing to harvest in the future; more than two-thirds of the NIPF acreage is controlled by owners with definite harvest plans. Owners who reported no intentions to harvest had little past harvesting activity. The predominance of thinning and other forms of partial cutting by smaller NIPF owners may indicate opportunities to improve the condition of NIPFs through assistance in selective cutting. West. J. Appl. For. 10(2):66-71.
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McWilliams, William H. "Harvest Activity and Residual Pine Stocking on Private Lands of Six South-Central Coastal States." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 14, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/14.2.59.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Commercial harvests were carried out on 36% of the pine-site timberland in six states of the south-central United States during the interval of time between the last two forest inventories of each state. Half of forest industry's pine-site timberland was harvested, compared with 30% for nonindustrial private owners. Fifty-four percent of the heavily cut pine stands were at least 60% stocked with pine following harvest. The overall rate of replacement for pine stands was 78%. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):59-63.
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Thomsen, D. A., and J. Davies. "Social and cultural dimensions of commercial kangaroo harvest in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 10 (2005): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03248.
Full textAbstract:
Kangaroo management is important to the sustainability of Australia’s rangeland landscapes. The commercial harvest of kangaroos assists in reduction of total grazing pressure in the rangelands and provides the potential for supplementary income to pastoralists. Indeed, the commercial kangaroo industry is considered by natural resource scientists as one of the few rural industry development options with potential to provide economic return with minimal environmental impact. While the biology and population ecology of harvested kangaroo species in Australia is the subject of past and present research, the social, institutional and economic issues pertinent to the commercial kangaroo industry are not well understood. Our research is addressing the lack of understanding of social issues around kangaroo management, which are emerging as constraints on industry development. The non-indigenous stakeholders in kangaroo harvest are landholders, regional management authorities, government conservation and primary production agencies, meat processors, marketers and field processors (shooters) and these industry players generally have little understanding of what issues the commercial harvest of kangaroos presents to Aboriginal people. Consequently, the perspectives and aspirations of Aboriginal people regarding the commercial harvest of kangaroos are not well considered in management, industry development and planning. For Aboriginal people, kangaroos have subsistence, economic and cultural values and while these values and perspectives vary between language groups and individuals, there is potential to address indigenous issues by including Aboriginal people in various aspects of kangaroo management. This research also examines the Aboriginal interface with commercial kangaroo harvest, and by working with Aboriginal people and groups is exploring several options for greater industry involvement. The promotion of better understandings between indigenous and non-indigenous people with interests in kangaroo management could promote industry development through the marketing of kangaroo as not only clean and green, but also as a socially just product.
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Salassi, Michael E., Lonnie P. Champagne, and Benjamin L. Legendre. "Incorporation of Within-Season Yield Growth into a Mathematical Programming Sugarcane Harvest Scheduling Model." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 32, no. 3 (December 2000): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800020605.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis study focuses on the development of a optimal harvest scheduling mathematical programming model which incorporates within-season changes in perennial crop yields. Daily crop yield prediction models are estimated econometrically for major commercially grown sugarcane cultivars. This information is incorporated into a farm-level harvest scheduling linear programming model. The harvest scheduling model solves for an optimal daily harvest schedule which maximizes whole farm net returns above harvesting costs. Model results are compared for a commercial sugarcane farm in Louisiana.
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Collie, Jeremy S., Randall M. Peterman, and Brett M. Zuehlke. "A fisheries risk-assessment framework to evaluate trade-offs among management options in the presence of time-varying productivity." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 2 (February 2012): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-148.
Full textAbstract:
Empirically based simulation models can help fisheries managers make difficult decisions involving trade-offs between harvests and maintaining spawner abundance, especially when data contain uncertainties. We developed such a general risk-assessment framework and applied it to chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta ) stocks in the Arctic–Yukon–Kuskokwim region of Alaska, USA. These stocks experienced low abundance in the 1990s, which led to declarations of economic disaster and calls for changes in harvest strategies. Our stochastic model provides decision makers with quantitative information about trade-offs among commercial harvest, subsistence harvest, and spawner abundance. The model included outcome uncertainty (the difference between target and realized spawner abundances) in the subsistence and commercial catch modules. We also used closed-loop simulations to investigate the utility of time-varying management policies in which target spawner abundance changed in response to changes in the Ricker productivity parameter (a), as estimated with a Kalman filter. Time-varying policies resulted in higher escapements and catches and reduced risk across a range of harvest rates. The resulting generic risk-assessment framework can be used to evaluate harvest guidelines for most salmon stocks.
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West, RJ, and GNG Gordon. "Commercial and recreational harvest of fish from two Australian coastal rivers." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 7 (1994): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9941259.
Full textAbstract:
Commercial and recreational harvests of fish from two eastern Australian coastal rivers, the Richmond and the Clarence, have been compared for the period from March 1988 to May 1989, using commercial fisheries statistics and a roving creel census of daytime recreational anglers. For both rivers, sea mullet (Mugil cephalus) made up about 70% of the commercial catch by weight but was not caught in significant numbers by anglers. Fish species harvested in large numbers by both sectors were yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis), dusky flathead (Platycephalus fiscus), luderick (Girella tricuspidata), sand whiting (Sillago ciliata), mulloway (Argyrosomus hololepidotus) and tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix). For the Richmond River, yellowfin bream, dusky flathead and tailor were harvested principally by recreational anglers; sand whiting were equally shared between fishing sectors, and harvests of luderick and mulloway were dominated by commercial fishers. For the Clarence River, which supports one of the largest estuarine-based commercial fisheries in Australia, tailor were harvested principally by recreational anglers; yellowfin bream, dusky flathead and mulloway were equally shared between fishing sectors, and sand whiting and luderick were taken predominantly by commercial fishers. Although data on recreational fishing throughout Australia are limited, anglers now appear to be the dominant harvesters of several estuarine fish species. As in other parts of the world, the numbers of recreational anglers in Australian waters appear to be increasing, and this situation is likely to lead to both heightened conflict between the user groups and increased exploitation of a limited resource. The need for sustained and cost-effective monitoring of recreational angler effort and harvests is emphasized.
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Cayo, Yanina Perez, Steven Sargent, Cecilia do Nascimento Nunes, and Vance Whitaker. "Composition of Commercial Strawberry Cultivars and Advanced Selections as Affected by Season, Harvest, and Postharvest Storage." HortScience 51, no. 9 (September 2016): 1134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci10996-16.
Full textAbstract:
Strawberries are one of the most important food crops grown in Florida, with a harvested area of ≈10,000 acres. The University of Florida strawberry breeding program develops cultivars adapted to this region and its particular weather conditions, with a major aim of increasing overall quality. The objective of this study was to compare the fruit of advanced breeding selections to those of commercial cultivars, for compositional attributes. Seven different strawberry genotypes were compared at harvest and after 7 days at 4 °C across multiple harvest dates during two consecutive years. Compositional attributes were highly influenced by year, harvest date within a year, genotype, and storage. Overall, compared with other genotypes, selection FL 09-127 exhibited consistently higher soluble solids and total sugar (TS) contents at harvest and after cold storage. Higher ascorbic acid (AA) and phenolic contents at harvest were observed in selection FL 07-193. However, its anthocyanin content was among the lowest. In contrast, FL 10-47 exhibited relatively low AA content at harvest but consistently high total anthocyanins (TACs) and total phenolic (TP) contents after storage. Overall, results from this study provide valuable information to the breeding process by identifying new genotypes with improved compositional attributes combined with suitable quality characteristics after cold storage.
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Ferreira, Maria Aparecida Rodrigues, Rita De Cássia Mirela Resende Nassur, Leandro José Oliveira de Von Hausen, Flávio De França Souza, and Sérgio Tonetto de Freitas. "Degrane de bagas e escurecimento da ráquis em uva de mesa." Comunicata Scientiae 8, no. 1 (April 6, 2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v8i1.2651.
Full textAbstract:
Most of the postharvest losses on table grapes are related to the berry abscission and stem browning that affect the product appearance, reducing its commercial value and becoming a problem to table grapes production chain worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest application of foliar fertilizers, plant growth regulators or a mix of both on table grapes var. ‘Sweet Globe’ quality parameters. All treatments were applied in a volume of 100 L ha-1 after 75 days (pre-softening), 95 days (ten days before harvest) and 103 days (two days before harvest). The clusters were harvested at the commercial harvest maturity stage, packed and stored in a cold room (0 °C and 95% RH), being evaluated for berry abscission, stem browning, firmness, abscission force, soluble solids, acidity, stem dry matter, stem water activity and weight loss at harvest and at 14, 42 and 56 days of storage. Although there was no statistical difference from control, the pre-harvest application of Hold® + Gibberellin resulted in clusters with lower percentage of berry abscission and the application of Kamab® resulted in clusters with lower stem browning, both evaluated after 56 days of storage.
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Li, Sijing, Keren Bindon, Susan Bastian, and Kerry Wilkinson. "Impact of Commercial Oenotannin and Mannoprotein Products on the Chemical and Sensory Properties of Shiraz Wines Made from Sequentially Harvested Fruit." Foods 7, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods7120204.
Full textAbstract:
The tannin and polysaccharide profiles and therefore sensory properties of wine are influenced by fruit maturity at harvest, and practices employed during winemaking. This study investigated the extent to which commercial winemaking supplements (skin and seed tannins, and mannoprotein (MP)) can enhance the mouthfeel properties of red wine, in particular, wine made from grapes harvested before commercial ripeness (early-harvest). Supplements were added to wines made from Shiraz grapes harvested at 20.8 and 24.5 °Brix. The chemical composition and mouthfeel properties of wines were then determined by high performance liquid chromatography and descriptive analysis (DA), respectively. Wines made from riper grapes had higher levels of tannin than wines made from early-harvest grapes, but similar polysaccharide levels were observed. The addition of seed oenotannin yielded higher tannin levels than addition of skin oenotannin, particularly for wines made from early-harvest grapes. The DA panel perceived sensory differences between H1 and H2 wines, but could not perceive any effect of supplementation on wine mouthfeel properties, with the exception of a minor increase in sweetness, attributed to mannoprotein addition to H1 wines, even when MP was added to wines at 2.5 times the level recommended for use in Australia.
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de Capdeville, Guy, Steven V. Beer, Christopher B. Watkins, Charles L. Wilson, Luís O. Tedeschi, and James R. Aist. "Pre- and Post-harvest Harpin Treatments of Apples Induce Resistance to Blue Mold." Plant Disease 87, no. 1 (January 2003): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.1.39.
Full textAbstract:
Harpin was studied for its ability to induce resistance in apple fruit to blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum after harvest. Red Delicious fruit were harvested and sprayed with harpin at 0, 40, 80, and 160 mg/liter applied as a commercial formulation. At 48, 96, and 144 h after treatment, fruit were wound inoculated with spore suspensions of P. expansum at 103, 5 × 103, or 104 spores/ml. The diameters of the resulting lesions were directly proportional to the inoculum concentration. Fewer fruit treated with harpin became infected relative to the controls, and disease progress was considerably reduced. In a second experiment, apple trees of the cultivars McIntosh, Empire, and Red Delicious were sprayed with different concentrations of harpin 8 or 4 days before harvest. Fruit were harvested, wounded, inoculated with the fungus, and stored in a commercial cold room. Fewer fruit treated with harpin became infected compared with the controls. Greater control resulted from the higher concentrations of harpin, but no difference in control occurred as a function of interval between the spray time and harvest. Spraying apple trees with harpin a few days before harvest is a promising strategy for reducing blue mold decay in storage.
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Cline, J. A. "Effect of Aminoethoxyvinylglycine and Surfactants on Preharvest Drop, Maturity, and Fruit Quality of Two Processing Peach Cultivars." HortScience 41, no. 2 (April 2006): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.2.377.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), commercially available as ReTain, and three organo-silicone surfactants were evaluated in a series of four experiments over a 2-year period in two commercial peach orchards. Four rates of AVG (0, 66, 132, and 264 mg·L–1 AVG; all applied with 0.05% Sylgard 309) and three surfactants (0.05% Sylgard 309; 0.05% Regulaid; and 0.50% LI-700; all applied with 132 mg·L–1 AVG) were applied to `Venture' and `Babygold 7' peach trees 10 days before first harvest. Fruit were harvested according to commercial standard maturation criteria of background color, suture filling, and fruit size. Treatments were assessed in relation to fruit maturity, delay in harvest, fruit size and yield, fruit quality (flesh firmness and brix), as well as fruit quality following 2 weeks of cold storage. Based on sequential harvest data, the maturation of the AVG treated trees was delayed by about 3 to 4 days. Fruit from AVG treated trees were firmer at harvest and 2 weeks following cold storage at 2°C. However, no additional increase in fruit size or yield was detected. In addition, the addition of a surfactant was not necessary for AVG to be efficacious for delaying maturity and enhancing firmness when applied at 132 mg·L–1 AVG. However, when the three surfactants were compared, Regulaid and Li 700 advanced color development in one experiment and Li-700 resulted in firmer fruit in another. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine applications to the clingstone cultivars `Venture' and `Babygold 7' can be used successfully to manage harvest activities by delaying the onset of picking and improving fruit firmness.
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Chauvin, Maite A., Matthew Whiting, and Carolyn F. Ross. "The Influence of Harvest Time on Sensory Properties and Consumer Acceptance of Sweet Cherries." HortTechnology 19, no. 4 (January 2009): 748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.4.748.
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The objective of this study was to identify the influence of harvest time on sensory attributes of sweet cherries (Prunus avium) as evaluated by a trained and consumer panel. Over three separate panel days, trained and consumer panelists evaluated ‘Sweetheart’ cherries that were harvested 3 days before commercial maturity (early harvest), at commercial maturity (midharvest), and 3 days postcommercial maturity (late harvest). Fruit attributes from each harvest time were characterized empirically by quantifying soluble solids concentration, exocarp color, and firmness. A sensory panel (n = 12), trained to recognize and evaluate the attributes of cherry appearance (color intensity), texture (flesh firmness and juiciness), and flavor/taste (sweetness, sourness, and cherry flavor intensity), evaluated the fruit. Fruit were then evaluated by a consumer panel for purchase intent, overall acceptance, appearance, flavor, and texture. From the trained panel results, late-harvest cherries were higher in color and flavor intensity. Midharvest cherries were highest in firmness, while early-harvest cherries were lowest in color intensity and sweetness. Consumer panel results indicated midharvest and late-harvest cherries had the highest overall acceptance, and midharvest cherries had the highest acceptance for appearance. Overall acceptance was strongly correlated to flavor acceptance (r = 0.94). These results indicated that cherries harvested at midharvest were the most preferred of the harvest times despite not having the highest intensities of color, sweetness, or flavor. This indicated the importance of color, sweetness, and flavor of cherries on the overall acceptance and the possible interaction of these attributes in consumer acceptance. Furthermore, the results suggest that standard harvest maturity indicator (i.e., red coloration of exocarp) was appropriate for optimum consumer acceptance of ‘Sweetheart’. More broadly, these results suggest that there is some flexibility for the grower with regards to ‘Sweetheart’ cherry harvest and acceptable sensory properties.
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Anthony, James L., and John A. Downing. "Exploitation trajectory of a declining fauna: a century of freshwater mussel fisheries in North America." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 2071–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f01-130.
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Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) have been an economically valuable biological resource in North America since the mid-1800s. Although the industries based upon mussel harvest are quite distinct from one another, the trends apparent in harvest statistics are remarkably similar among each successive harvest era. Whether fished for freshwater pearls, button production, or cultured pearl production, market factors have driven commercial harvests while the life history and ecology of mussels have been largely ignored. Annual yields of freshwater mussels are declining throughout the United States and catch per unit effort (CPUE) has declined dramatically in some of the most important American mussel fisheries. Harvest statistics indicate that mussel populations are dangerously depleted due to the erosion of the latest industry based upon their harvest. It seems likely that the exhaustive harvests of both the distant and recent past, coupled with habitat loss and degradation, have left North American unionid mussel populations at levels insufficient to support the substantial harvests consistently demanded by industry. This century-long exploitation trajectory provides valuable lessons about the mechanisms of fisheries collapse that are necessary to ensure the sustainable management of aquatic resources.
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LYNCH, J. P., P. O'KIELY, and E. M. DOYLE. "Yield, nutritive value and ensilage characteristics of whole-crop maize, and of the separated cob and stover components – nitrogen, harvest date and cultivar effects." Journal of Agricultural Science 151, no. 3 (April 13, 2012): 347–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859612000342.
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SUMMARYThe objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) application rate, harvest date and maize cultivar on the yield, quality and the subsequent conservation characteristics of whole-crop, cob and stover silages. The experiment was organized in a spilt-plot design, with harvest date (15 September, 6 October and 27 October) as the main plot, and a three (maize cultivars: Tassilo, Andante and KXA 7211)×two (N application rate: 33 and 168 kg N/ha) factorial arrangement of treatments as the sub-plot, within three replicate blocks, and was conducted at Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland in 2009. The three harvest dates represented early, normal and late harvests, respectively, for a midland site in Ireland. Of the three maize cultivars selected, cvars Tassilo and Andante represent conventional cultivars sown by commercial livestock farmers in Ireland, while cvar KXA 7211 is categorized as a high biomass cultivar. No effect of N application rate was observed on the dry matter (DM) yield, nutritive value or ensiling characteristics of maize whole-crop or cob. Whole-crop and stover harvested on the later date had a lower digestible DM (DDM) content and the silages underwent a more restricted fermentation, compared to silages produced from herbage harvested on earlier dates. Cob silages produced from crops harvested on 15 September had lower DDM content and higher DM loss during ensiling than later harvest dates. Despite higher whole-crop DM yields, the later maturing cultivar KXA 7211 did not improve the DM yields of cob and also resulted in increased DM losses from the ensilage of cob, when compared with the other cultivars. In addition to the DM yield and nutritive value of forage maize at harvest, the subsequent fermentation profile during ensilage influences the optimum choice of cultivar and date for crop harvest in a maize silage production system.
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Spann, Timothy M., Luis V. Pozo, Igor Kostenyuk, and Jacqueline K. Burns. "Application of the Abscission Agent 5-Chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole Does Not Affect Peel Integrity or Postharvest Decay of Mechanically Harvested Late-season Fruit of ‘Valencia’ Orange during the Normal Commercial Harvest-to-processing Period." HortScience 46, no. 7 (July 2011): 1006–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.7.1006.
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In Florida, the combined use of mechanical harvesters and the abscission agent 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (CMNP) for late-season harvesting (May to June) of fruit of ‘Valencia’ orange is effective at removing mature fruit with minimal adverse effects on the subsequent season's crop. However, CMNP can cause fruit peel scarring, and no data were available on how this affects peel integrity and potential losses resulting from fruit crushing and/or decay before processing. In this study, two late-season harvest dates were tested in commercial orchards during 2009 and 2010. Harvesting treatments consisted of combinations of two mechanical harvester ground speeds (0.8 and 1.6 km·h−1), two harvester shaker head frequencies (185 and 220 cycles/min), and CMNP foliar applications (4 days before harvesting) at 250 and 300 mg·L−1 in a spray volume of 2810 L·ha−1 plus mechanically-harvested and hand-picked controls. After harvesting, fruit samples were randomly collected from each block for peel resistance and postharvest decay evaluations. Peel resistance was determined by measuring both peel puncture force and fruit crush force. Fruit used to study postharvest decay were stored at 27 °C and 50% relative humidity or ambient conditions and evaluated daily for 8 days. Peel resistance was unaffected by mechanical harvesting combinations or CMNP application. No significant effects on postharvest decay were found among treatments for at least 3 days after harvest. However, a significant increase in postharvest decay between CMNP-treated and untreated fruit began between 4 and 6 days after harvest such that by 8 days after harvest, decay was as high as 25% in CMNP-treated fruit. The results indicate that CMNP can be safely used in combination with late-season mechanical harvesting under the conditions described in this study without losses resulting from fruit crushing or decay for at least 3 days, a time period well within the normal commercial harvest-to-processing time of ≈36 h.
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McLeod, SR, RB Hacker, and JP Druhan. "Managing the commercial harvest of kangaroos in the Murray-Darling Basin." Australian Mammalogy 26, no. 1 (2004): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am04009.
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In this study a new, physiologically structured model of kangaroo population dynamics is described. The model has been used to examine a wide range of harvest rate � sex ratio combinations, following a simple harvest strategy where the quota was proportional to population size. The combinations of harvest rate and sex ratio in the harvest that best suited the objectives of the stakeholder groups (non-Government conservationists, wildlife management agencies, the kangaroo industry and pastoralists) were identified using multicriteria decision analysis. The best combinations for the stakeholder groups non-Government conservationists, wildlife management agencies and the kangaroo industry were characterised by a strong male bias (90 ? 100% male) and low to moderate harvest rates (10 ? 40% per annum). The best solutions for pastoralists were female biased (at least 70% females) with high harvest rates (90% per annum).
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Ball, T., J. Smeenk, and K. C. Sink. "Michigan Asparagus Clone Trial." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 822C—822. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.822c.
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Outstanding asparagus crowns were identified in established Michigan asparagus fields, MSU germplasm, variety trials, or were provided by commercial sources. The single-crown selections were micropropagated to provide cloned plants for the trials. Field trials consisting of four replications of 12 plants each were established at two locations. Crowns were planted 8 inches deep and spaced 18 inches apart in rows 4.5 or 5 feet apart. Five, 37, and 25 selections were planted in 1998, 1989, and 1991, respectively. Plots were not harvested until 2 years after planting, when they had partial harvests of six pickings. In the third and following years, plots received full harvests of 20 to 25 pickings. In the third full harvest at the Hart location, clones Hart-2 and Hart-3 yielded 6989 and 6875 lb/A, respectively, and were significantly more productive than Syn4-56, which had 3720 lb/A. At Benton Harbor, Hart-4 produced 4184 lb/A, significantly higher than the Syn4-56 yield of 3088 lb/A at that location. These significant differences were not observed until the second full harvest.
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Harutyunyan, Mkrtich, Renato Viana, Joana Granja-Soares, Miguel Martins, Henrique Ribeiro, and Manuel Malfeito-Ferreira. "Adaptation of Ancient Techniques to Recreate ‘Wines’ and ‘Beverages’ Using Withered Grapes of Muscat of Alexandria." Fermentation 8, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8020085.
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The production of wines using ancient techniques is a present trend with commercial interest among consumers valorising their historical background. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to recreate wines and piquettes produced from dehydrated grapes, vinified according to the techniques described in classical Roman agricultural manuals. Muscat of Alexandria grapes were harvested and subjected to greenhouse drying under ambient temperature for 7 days, during the 2020 and 2021 harvests. When weight loss was approximately 30%, grapes were processed according to different protocols, including a rehydration step using saltwater or white wine (2020 harvest). Fermentation was conducted with the addition of commercial yeast without sulphur dioxide supplementation. The piquettes were obtained from the pressed pomaces diluted with water solution (5 g/L tartaric acid). The 2020 wines showed alcoholic content and residual sugar ranging from 14.8 to 17.0% (v/v), and 0.8 g/L to 18 g/L, respectively. Volatile acidity was less than 1 g/L (as acetic acid) in all wines, except for the fermentation of crushed grapes alone, which yielded 2.3 g/L volatile acidity. The fermentation of dehydrated crushed grapes in the semi-industrial trial run in the harvest of 2021 yielded 1.1 g/L volatile acidity. The piquettes analysis showed ethanol ranging from 10.2% (v/v) to 16.0% (v/v), reducing substances less than 2 g/L and volatile acidity less than 0.8 g/L. Overall, the physicochemical analysis showed that it was possible to recreate ancient winemaking techniques that may be further improved to produce commercially and legally acceptable wines.