Academic literature on the topic 'Commercial harvest'
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Journal articles on the topic "Commercial harvest"
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Sanders, T. H., and K. L. Bett. "Effect of Harvest Date on Maturity, Maturity Distribution, and Flavor of Florunner Peanuts1." Peanut Science 22, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-22-2-10.
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Abstract In 1988 and 1990, irrigated plots of Florunner peanuts were harvested at weekly intervals to examine the progression of crop maturity profile, maturity distribution in commercial sizes, single seed roast color distribution, and descriptive flavor. Samples were collected 3 wk before through 2 wk after the optimum harvest date predicted by the hull scrape maturity method. Data from these samples indicated consisent pod maturity progression as well as increasingly higher percentages of mature peanuts in each commercial size through optimum harvest date. In 1990, the total percentage of seed from black and brown hull scrape classified pods in the medium commercial size progressed from ca. 48% at 3 wk before optimum to ca. 89% at the optimum harvest date. Distributions of roasted colors of 100 single, medium grade size seed contained fewer dark colored seed with progressive harvest date, and earlier harvests produced darker roasted peanut paste. Mean color of single seed roast color distributions increased (became lighter) in progressive harvest dates and were 3 to 6 Hunter L units higher than the corresponding paste colors. Descriptive roast flavor analysis of paste made from medium-size peanuts harvested in 1990 indicated that, in the earlier harvests, intensities of the descriptors roasted peanutty and sweet aromatic were significantly lower and intensities of dark roast and bitter taste were higher.
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Drake, S. R., and D. C. Elfving. "Indicators of Maturity and Storage Quality of `Lapins' Sweet Cherry." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (January 2002): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.687.
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Three commercial `Lapins' sweet cherry (Prunus avium) orchards were used for this study during three crop seasons. Orchards were selected based on the historical average date of commercial harvest. The difference in commercial harvest date among the three orchards was 5 to 7 days. Three harvests were carried out in each orchard each year: 1) beginning 4 to 5 days before commercial harvest, 2) at commercial harvest, and 3) 4 to 5 days after commercial harvest. Fruit quality was determined after 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of storage. Harvesting fruit up to 5 days later than normal commercial harvest resulted in increases in fruit weight and soluble solids content along with no loss of firmness or change in acidity. Pedicel color did not change as harvest was delayed. Changes in visual ratings of both fruit and pedicel appearance with delayed harvest were detectable in only 1 of 3 years. Neither pitting nor bruising was influenced by harvest date. The amount of pitting or bruising present was related more to the year of harvest than to harvest date. Delaying harvest a short time beyond the normal commercial harvest date could enhance consumer appeal and increase fruit value. Storage time after harvest resulted in reduced fruit and pedicel appearance, but only beyond 14 days of storage.
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Sargent, Steven A., Fumiomi Takeda, Jeffrey G. Williamson, and Adrian D. Berry. "Harvest of Southern Highbush Blueberry with a Modified, Over-the-Row Mechanical Harvester: Use of Soft-Catch Surfaces to Minimize Impact Bruising." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071412.
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Harvest of fresh market, southern highbush blueberries (SHB) is labor intensive and costly, leading to a demand for alternative harvest methods. Recent research has shown potential for mechanically harvesting blueberries with minimal bruising by using a modified over-the-row (OTR) harvester. For two harvests, SHB cultivars Optimus and Vireo were either hand-harvested (HH) or mechanically harvested (MH) by two commercial harvesters, one unmodified with standard hard-catch surfaces (HCS) or by the other modified with soft-catch surfaces (SCS). For Harvest 1, fruit from all harvest methods were hand-sorted into the following categories: blue fruit (marketable), red fruit, green fruit and culls. Samples from each cultivar and treatment were then held at 24 °C overnight, and the following day firmness and impact bruise severity were determined. Harvest 2 had identical harvest treatments; however, the fruit were sorted on a commercial packing line prior to packing in clamshells (n = 16). A subsample was held overnight as in Harvest 1 for bruise severity rating, while the remaining fruit were stored at 1 °C for 14 days (d). Although percent marketable fruit was more affected by cultivar than harvest method, determination of bruise severity revealed the benefit of harvest with SCS over HCS for both cultivars. The former had 16–26% severe bruising, compared to 27–40% for the latter; HH had 1–4%. During storage, HH fruit remained firmer than HCS and SCS, which were similar. After 14 d, firmness for “Optimus” was 239 N (HH), 157 N (HCS and SCS) and for “Vireo” it was 189 (HH), 155 N (HCS and SCS). Fruit weight loss increased during storage (1.1–4.4%), but there was no difference due to catch plate surface. SSC, TTA and Ratio were not affected by catch surface type or storage period within cultivar. Using modifications such as “soft” catch surfaces on currently available OTR harvesters reduces impact bruise damage; however, impacts incurred during commercial packing operations can negate this effect. MH for fresh market blueberries may provide an economical alternative for blueberry growers; however, with current technology, the fruit should be utilized within a week of harvest.
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Adhikari, Prakash, Zora Singh, Vijay Yadav Tokala, Poe Nandar Kyaw, and Bronwyn Walsh. "Fruit canopy position and harvest date influence on colour and quality of Imperial mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)." April 2020, no. 14(04):2020 (April 20, 2020): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.04.p2304.
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Rind colour and taste are important factors influencing consumer acceptance of mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco) fruit. In this experiment, the influence of fruit canopy position and harvest date on the fruit rind colour and other quality parameters of Imperial mandarins was investigated. The mandarin fruit were harvested from four different positions in the tree canopy i.e., upper-inner, upper-outer, lower-inner and lower-outer and at three different harvest dates (H1 (five days before commercial harvest date); H2 (commercial harvest date) and H3 (five days after commercial harvest date). The experiment was conducted using a two factors (fruit position and harvest time) factorial randomised block design with four replicates and fifteen fruit per replicate. Rind colour and the quality of Imperial mandarins were significantly affected by the fruit position in the tree canopy, with the fruit harvested from the upper canopy having better rind colour and higher levels of organic acids and sugars compared to other positions. The late harvested (H3) mandarins exhibited the best fruit colour. In conclusion, the Imperial mandarin fruit had better fruit colour as well as quality when harvested from the upper canopy and by delaying the fruit harvest date by five days from the original commercial harvest date.
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Sargent, Steven A., Fumiomi Takeda, Jeffrey G. Williamson, and Adrian D. Berry. "Harvest of Southern Highbush Blueberry with a Modified, Over-The-Row Mechanical Harvester: Use of Handheld Shakers and Soft Catch Surfaces." Agriculture 10, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10010004.
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Fresh market southern highbush blueberries are typically hand-harvested which requires an extensive labor force over a relative short period of time. With rising production costs and labor availability issues, interest in mechanical harvesting options is increasing. In 2017, an over-the-row (OTR) harvester was modified to reduce purchase cost while making hand labor more efficient. The picking heads were removed and dual worker stations were added on each side of the unit. Handheld olive shakers were suspended at each station. Experimental catch plates were installed on one side of the OTR harvester and soft, inclined surfaces over the rigid conveyors on both sides. ‘Meadowlark’ and ‘Farthing’ blueberries were harvested with this system and compared to those manually harvested by a commercial harvest crew. Samples from each harvest method were then commercially cooled and mechanically harvested fruit were commercially packed to determine packout data. Fruit firmness, bruise severity and composition were determined after one day at room temperature (22 °C) and after seven and fourteen days of storage at 1 °C. Average packout was very high for mechanically harvested fruit, 87% for ‘Meadowlark’ and 91% for ‘Farthing’. Initial firmness of both cultivars was lower for mechanically harvested fruit (208 g/mm) than hand-harvested fruit (243 g/mm). Fruit from the three treatments softened during storage, and although ‘Meadowlark’ remained firmer than ‘Farthing’ during storage, there were no differences due to catch surfaces. Hand-harvested fruit had no severe bruising (>20% of cut surface area) at harvest, increasing to 2% after seven days, while mechanically harvested fruit from both fruit collection surfaces had 3% initial severe bruising that increased to 22% during storage. ‘Farthing’ had slightly higher soluble solids content and significantly higher total titratable acidity compared to ‘Meadowlark’. Additional modifications must be made to the next-generation OTR harvester to further reduce blueberry harvest and handling impacts.
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Cunha, João P. A. R. da, Daniel H. Martins, and Walter G. da Cunha. "Operational performance of the mechanized and semi-mechanized potato harvest." Engenharia Agrícola 31, no. 4 (2011): 826–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162011000400020.
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Potato is an important crop plant throughout the world. Harvesting is a fundamental step in its production system. Maybe, it is the most complex and expensive operation. Thus, the objective of this work was to compare the cost of the mechanized and semi-mechanized harvest, the operational capacity and the production losses during the potato harvest process. The work was accomplished in a commercial farming, cultivated under pivot system, in the municipal district of Perdizes - MG, Brazil. A completely randomized design with two treatments was used: mechanized and semi-mechanized harvest. The mechanized harvest used a self-propelled harvester. In the semi-automated harvest, a digger mounted on tractor was used and the potato was manually harvested. It was concluded that the cost of mechanized harvest was 49.03% lower than the cost of semi-mechanized harvest. On average, the harvester had a work for 23 workers in manual harvest. Mechanized harvest showed losses of 2.35% of potato yield, while the semi-mechanized harvest showed losses of 6.32%.
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Kee, Ed, Tracy Wootten, James Adkins, and James Glancey. "Improving Mechanical Harvest Pickle Production." HortScience 35, no. 5 (August 2000): 831A—831. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.5.831a.
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Proper variety selection and production practices are critical to obtaining profitable yields of mechanically harvested pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.). On the Delmarva peninsula, the tractor-mounted harvester, which utilizes the pinch-roller system for separating the pickles from the vine, was used exclusively for harvest until 1998. The pull-type forced-balance shaker machines have been introduced as an alternative harvest system. Replicated commercial-size variety trials have been conducted for four consecutive years. The trials are planted twice during the growing season, reflecting the climactic differences associated with early-season and late-season plantings. `Vlaspic' and `Lafayette' are standard varieties. Promising new varieties include `EX 1914' and `SQRP 1882'. Investigations to determine optimum plant populations and row spacing have determined that three-row beds with 60,000 plants per acre provide the highest yields and best quality fruit. Optimal operating speeds and picking reel speeds of 1.4 mph and 45 rpm, respectively, have been determined for the tractor-mounted machine. Additional design improvements have been implemented and evaluated to reduce damage. Fifty-nine replicated commercial tests evaluating the tractor-mounted harvester and the forced-balance shaker type indicate much greater harvest and throughput efficiencies are associated with the forced-balance shaker harvester, resulting in improvements between $65 and $100 per acre.
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Martineli, Maristella, Ariane Castricini, Victor Martins Maia, and Camila Maida de Albuquerque Maranhão. "Post-harvest physiology of pitaya at different ripening stages." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 1033–0148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3p1033.
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Red-fleshed pitaya is an attractive fruit not due only to the color of its flesh and skin, but also the scaly shape of its skin. In addition to being a source of vitamins and minerals, it has high commercial value and represents an alternative for cultivation in semiarid regions. Information about the post-harvest physiology of pitaya, which interferes with its ripening, allows the adoption of preservation and quality-maintenance practices. This study examines the respiratory activity and post harvest alterations of pitaya picked in the commercially immature stage of ripeness, by comparing them with fruits picked fully ripe. Physical and chemical aspects of the fruits were evaluated in two harvests, in 2019 and 2020. Six days after harvest, there was an increase in respiratory activity and a change in color in both ripe and commercially immature fruits. Therefore, pitayas picked commercially immature in both harvests had an increase in respiratory activity post-harvest, with a change in skin color during storage; and six days after harvest, in the 2019 harvest, the fruits resembled those that ripened on the plant, without having their quality compromised. However, in the 2020 harvest, six days after harvest, the fruits picked fully ripe showed soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio, betacyanins and ascorbic acid contents similar to those measured in the commercially immature fruits.
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De Souza, Daniel P., Mark H. Eisenbies, and Timothy A. Volk. "Growing Season Harvests of Shrub Willow (Salix spp.) Have Higher Nutrient Removals and Lower Yields Compared to Dormant-Season Harvests." Forests 13, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111936.
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The commercial establishment of shrub willow (Salix spp.) biomass crops with three- or four-year harvest cycles raises concerns about nutrient removal (NR). In addition, leaf-on harvests outside of the typical harvesting window are becoming more prevalent with a changing climate, and require a better understanding of the potential impact of these changes on biomass production and NR. This study examined the time of harvest effects for six harvest dates on the nutrient and biomass removal of four shrub willow cultivars in central New York State. There were significant differences in biomass in the first-rotation harvest; yields ranged between 77 and 85 Mg ha−1 for the time of harvest treatments during the growing season, and between 93 and 104 Mg ha−1 after dormancy. Harvest timing had significant effects on N and K removal in the combined wood and foliar biomass. Willow harvested in October removed comparatively higher amounts of N (77.1 kg ha−1 year−1) and P (11.2 kg ha−1 year−1) than other harvests. Potassium removal was greater for plants harvested in June (51.2 kg ha−1 year−1) and August (52.5 kg ha−1 year−1). Harvest timing and cultivar interactions suggest that targeted cultivar selection and deployment could maintain yields and limit excess nutrient losses.
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Gentle, Matthew, and Anthony Pople. "Effectiveness of commercial harvesting in controlling feral-pig populations." Wildlife Research 40, no. 6 (2013): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13100.
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Context The feral pig (Sus scrofa) is a widespread pest species in Australia and its populations are commonly controlled to reduce damage to agriculture and the environment. Feral pigs are also a resource and harvested for commercial export as game meat. Although many other control techniques are used, commercial harvesting of feral pigs is often encouraged by land managers, because it carries little or no cost and is widely perceived to control populations. Aims To use feral-pig harvesting records, density data and simple harvest models to examine the effectiveness of commercial harvesting to reduce feral-pig populations. Methods The present study examined commercial harvest off-take on six sites (246–657 km2) in southern Queensland, and 20 large blocks (~2–6000 km2) throughout Queensland. The harvest off-take for each site was divided by monthly or average annual population size, determined by aerial survey, to calculate monthly and annual harvest rates. A simple harvest model assuming logistic population growth was used to determine the likely effectiveness of harvesting. Key results Commercial harvest rates were generally low (<~20%) and are likely to provide only modest reductions in population size. Additionally, harvest rates capable of substantial reductions (>50%) in long-term population size were isolated occurrences and not maintained across sites and years. High harvest rates were observed only at low densities. Although these harvest rates may be sufficiently high to hold populations at low densities, the population is likely to escape this entrapment following a flush in food supply or a reduction in harvest effort. Implications Our results demonstrated that, at current harvest rates, commercial harvesting is ineffective for the landscape-scale control of feral-pig populations. Unless harvest rates can be significantly increased, commercial harvesting should be used as a supplement to, rather than as a substitute for, other damage-control techniques.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Commercial harvest"
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Norton, E. R., and H. Borrego. "Evaluation of Commercial Harvest Aid Products in Arizona Upland Cotton Production Systems." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198210.
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A defoliation experiment was conducted during the 2005 growing season in an effort to evaluate effectiveness of the Ginstar™ defoliant alone and in combination with Cotton Quick™. This study was conducted at the University of Arizona Safford Agricultural Center on Upland (cultivar DP655BR). Plots were planted on 22 April. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications and treatments that included Ginstar™ at 6 and 8 oz./acre rates and Ginstar™ at the 6 and 8 oz./acre rates in combination with various rates of Cotton Quick™ (1.5, 2, 3, and 4 pts/acre). A control, not receiving any harvest prep material was also included for a total of eleven treatments. Treatments were imposed on 3 October and evaluations were made on 14 October and 26 October. Estimations on percent leaf drop, regrowth control, and open boll were made. Lint yield was estimated by harvesting the center two rows of each plot and sub-samples were collected for fiber quality analysis. Plots were harvested on 26 October in an attempt to evaluate the boll opening effectiveness of the Cotton Quick™ material. Results indicated increased leaf drop in lower Ginstar™ rates with the addition of Cotton Quick™. Measurements of open boll percentages did not indicate any increase with the addition of Cotton Quick™ however, lint yield and fiber quality parameters would demonstrate otherwise. Lint yield slightly increased in all treatments receiving Cotton Quick™ while fiber micronaire decreased in Cotton Quick™ treatments. This would indicate a blending of less mature bolls opened with the addition of Cotton Quick™ with those already opened. Percent lint also increased in all treatments receiving Cotton Quick™.
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Norton, E. R., and D. L. Hatch. "2006 Evaluation of Commercial Harvest Aid Materials in Arizona Cotton Production Systems." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198216.
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A defoliation experiment was conducted during the 2006 growing season in an effort to evaluate the effectiveness of Ginstar® and FreeFall® defoliant alone and in combination with CottonQuik®. This study was conducted at the University of Arizona Safford Agricultural Center on Upland (cultivar DP655BR). Plots were planted on 20 April. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications and treatments included Ginstar® at 6 and 8 oz./acre rates and Ginstar® at the 6 and 8 oz./acre rates in combination with various rates of CottonQuik® (1.5, 2, 3, and 4 pts/acre). We also evaluated a new product from DuPont, FreeFall® SC at different rates (3.2, 4.8, 6.4 oz./acre) in combination with CottonQuik® (2 pts./acre). The standard defoliation protocol among growers in southeastern Arizona is sodium chlorate plus Gramoxone®, so this treatment combination was also included. A control, not receiving any harvest prep material was also included for a total of fifteen treatments. Treatments were imposed on 13 October and evaluations were made on 20 October and 1 November. Estimations on percent leaf drop, regrowth control, and open boll were made. Lint yield was estimated by harvesting the center two rows of each plot and sub-samples were collected for fiber quality analysis. Plots were harvested on 2 November directly after the second evaluation date in an attempt to evaluate the boll opening effectiveness of the CottonQuik® material. Results indicated higher effectiveness of leaf drop or defoliation in the plots that included CottonQuik® as opposed to Ginstar® alone. The treatments performed much better that the standard sodium chlorate treatment. Percent leaf drop also increased at the higher rates of FreeFall® (4.8, 6.4 oz./acre). The percentage of open boll was also improved with the addition of CottonQuik® to the all of the treatments. However, very little significant differences were observed in lint yield and fiber quality. A trend of increased yield with the addition of CottonQuik® was observed when compared to Ginstar® alone or the standard sodium chlorate treatment. All aspects of harvest preparation including percent defoliation and boll opening appear to be significantly enhanced with the use of CottonQuik® when compared to standard Ginstar® rates alone.
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Koch, Jeff. "Effects of commercial harvest on shovelnose sturgeon populations in the upper Mississippi River." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Nelson, Lucas Ray. "Analysis of Factors That Affect the Meat Quality of Invasive Asian Carps Harvested From the Illinois River For Export to China." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1287.
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The introduction and spread of two Asian Carp species, Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix have caused severe ecological damage throughout North America. Currently, academic institutions, and state and federal agencies are investigating ways of controlling the spread of these species and managing existing populations to minimize further damage. One promising method of control is the commercial harvest of Asian carps for export to China, as both species are highly valued foodfish throughout Asia. Habitat modification and destruction, along with the questionable quality of fish produced in aquaculture facilities throughout China, have caused members of the foodfish industry to search elsewhere for a high quality product destined for middle and upper class consumers in China. At this time, harvest practices are not standardized, and taking market potential into consideration, it is important to optimize aspects of harvest so commercial fishermen and processors can supply consumers with the highest quality product. Therefore, the present studies evaluated the effects of season (summer and fall), geographic origin (Alton and Peoria Reach), and harvest gear type (trammel nets and hoop nets) on commercially caught fresh fish and those subjected to standard processing practices and simulated shipping conditions to China (blast frozen to core temperatures near - 33oC and stored at- 20oC for 6 wk) using quality evaluation methods common in the foodfish industry. Impacts of season, geographical origin, and gear type on fresh Bighead and silver carp were assessed using fillet internal and external pH, color, Torrymeter freshness, and proximate analysis (percent moisture, protein, lipid, and ash). The effects of season, geographical origin, and gear type on fish processed and held under simulated shipping conditions were analyzed using fillet internal and external pH, color, Torrymeter freshness, K value, and peroxide and aldehyde concentrations. Results indicate negligible effects of season of harvest or geographical origin on final quality of Asian carp products, but the optimization of Asian carp products may require only exporting Bighead carp. Hoop nets yielded better quality fish overall, indicating that commercial fishermen should consider using these specifically for the harvest of fish destined for human consumption. Information assembled in this research can be used by commercial fishermen and processors to develop standardized methods for the harvest of Asian carps. Providing a high quality product is vital considering market potential and the resulting economic stimulation provided to fiscally starved areas where these facilities are located. Most importantly, the development of this industry could, in conjunction with continued academic and agency efforts, offer an independent solution to the serious ecological threat posed by these species.
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Giuranna, Anne M. "Income and harvest effects of alternative management policies on commercial crab potters in Virginia." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09292009-020315/.
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Roberts, Anthony J. "Winter Waterbird Ecology on the Great Salt Lake, Utah, and Interactions with Commercial Harvest of Brine Shrimp Cysts." DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2042.
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Interactions among commercial fisheries and birds have been studied in open ocean ecosystems and at aquaculture facilities. On the Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, USA, a commercial harvest of brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) eggs (i.e. cysts) occurs annually during fall and winter. Coinciding with commercial harvest is the use of the GSL by millions of waterbirds which has the potential to result in conflict among industry and birds. The objectives of my research were to examine fall and winter ecology of birds using the GSL and interactions with the brine shrimp cyst harvest. I examined the influence of temperature and food availability on the number and distribution of waterfowl and eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis). I also assessed the diets of the same species to see how much cyst biomass is being consumed by birds compared to removal by commercial harvest. A mass die-off (i.e. downing) of migrating eared grebes occurred during my research, so I assessed differences among birds that died and those that did not to better explain this phenomenon. Finally, I assessed the breeding origin of northern shovelers (Anas clypeata) wintering on the GSL using stable isotopeand banding data.I found that commercial harvest boats did not influence duck population numbersor distribution; rather temperature and food availability most influenced abundance and distribution, though this influence varied by species. Compared to commercial harvest, northern shovelers, green-winged teal (Anas crecca), and eared grebes removed a small fraction of the total amount of cysts that were removed from the GSL. Waterfowl diets were mainly wetland plant seeds during fall and spring, but when freshwater marshes were frozen in winter, ducks ate mostly brine shrimp cysts and brine fly (Ephydra spp.) larvae. Eared grebes are highly associated with saltwater habitats and they consumed adult brine shrimp most of the fall. Eared grebes that perished during the downing had mercury and selenium concentrations above levels seen in pre- and post-downing birds and higher than observed concentration that impact bird species, providing a potential ultimate cause of death during snowstorms that accompany most downings. Stable isotope analysis indicated northern shovelers that winter on the GSL had breeding origins throughout the specie’s range, but most came from local or southern Prairie Pothole Region breeding populations.
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Pirker, John Georg. "Demography, Biomass Production and Effects of Harvesting Giant Kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) in Southern New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1321.
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This study examined the demography of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) and its interactions with understorey algae and invertebrates in southern New Zealand over two and a half years. Most of the study was done at two sites within Akaroa Harbour (Banks Peninsula) but ancillary sites at Tory Channel (Marlborough Sounds) were used for parts of the study. The kelp forests within Akaroa Harbour were generally highly productive, with a high annual turnover of giant kelp. Macrocystis plants were mostly annual and rarely reached ages greater than 12 months. Peak recruitment occurred in spring (November) during 1995-97, but lesser recruitment episodes occurred throughout the year. The maximum growth rates of Macrocystis fronds were comparable to rates reported elsewhere in southern hemisphere populations (22 mm - 24.5 mmlday), but considerably lower than those in northern hemisphere populations. The major experiment incorporated in the study tested the effects of the Macrocystis canopy and the understorey canopy of the stipitate laminarian Ecklonia radiata on macroalgae and invertebrates. The experiment was structured so that the effects of clearances at different times could be determined. One impetus for this experiment was the need to address issues relating to the commercial harvesting of giant kelp, its sustainability and its effects on other species. The effects of canopy removals on understorey algae, mostly juvenile Macrocystis, Ecklonia and Carpophyllum spp, were highly dependent on the timing of canopy removals and the combinations of canopies removed. For example, winter harvests of the Macrocystis canopy alone enhanced the survival of post-settlement Macrocystis recruits, but had little effect on Ecklonia recruitment. However, when both Macrocystis and Ecklonia canopies were removed in spring, there was heavy recruitment of Ecklonia that grew to dominate the understorey. Strong inter and intraspecific interactions from the Macrocystis surface canopy appeared to have been reduced by physical factors including water turbidity, sedimentation and the deterioration of the surface canopy during summer. These physical factors were not as limiting in Tory Channel. Fine scale extrinsic factor effects including nutrients, light and grazing on the early life history of Macrocystis were investigated in small experiments. Results suggest that recruitment may be nutrient limited even at moderately low temperatures, and that small herbivorous gastropods are an important source of mortality in the early life stages of Macrocystis. Culturing and transplantation cultivation techniques were also examined as a means of supplementing algal supplies. Macrocystis was cultured successfully through its life cycle onto culture ropes, but generally failed to produce visible sporophytes when placed in the field. Cultured plants did grow in Tory Channel, however. Juvenile plants transplanted to ropes for on-farm cultivation showed little growth during summer, but the addition of nutrients significantly enhanced growth rates of these plants during warmer months when natural nutrient levels were low. Increased growth rates at the onset of winter and with the addition of nutrients during summer confirmed that low nutrient levels during summer are growth limiting. Akaroa Harbour kelp forests exhibited considerable variation in Macrocystis canopy biomass through time. For example, the 32,000 m2 kelp forest at Wainui had a biomass of 144 t in October 1995, which then decreased to 21 t in October 1996. Canopies tended to deteriorate during summer. Thus, at Ohinepaka Bay kelp forest had a biomass of 31 t during winter 1997, which decreased to 0.06 t the following summer. The greatest reduction in biomass, however, coincided with a period of hugely increased sediment, which smothered blades in the sea-surface canopy, covered the substratum, and prevented successful recruitment of kelp for over a year. Nutrient depletion was one of several factors thought to cause the summer deterioration of the Macrocystis sea-surface canopy, which has important ramifications for the commercial harvesting of Macrocystis pyrifera in summer. Management considerations and options are discussed in relation the commercial harvesting of Macrocystis in New Zealand. The major conclusion of this study is that although Macrocystis was able to form dense surface canopies during winter its ability to dominate kelp forests was constrained by physical factors, especially sedimentation, high turbidity, nutrients, and storms. The lack of strong interactions between Macrocystis and Ecklonia are also largely a result of their different life history characteristics. Overall, there appear to be no significant negative flow-on effects resulting from kelp harvesting and it appears that Macrocystis can be harvested sustainably.
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Colteaux, Benjamin C. "The Status of Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in Virginia: Population Viability, Demography, Regulatory Analysis, and Conservation." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5162.
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Snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) are being harvested in unprecedented numbers in the United States (US) to meet the needs of international markets. Over three million live snapping turtles from farm and wild caught stock were exported from the US to Asia in 2012-14 alone. In the Commonwealth of Virginia, records indicate that 29,860 snapping turtles were commercially harvested between 2000 and 2015. Size limits are often used to regulate harvest pressure in snapping turtles and other game species. I analyzed the historic harvest of eleven US states to test the efficacy of minimum-size limit regulations at reducing commercial harvest pressure. Further, I conducted a four-year mark-recapture study on three Virginia waterways that have each experienced a different level of historic commercial harvest. As part of the larger mark/recapture project, I conducted radio telemetry on 23 turtles to examine seasonal, body size, and sex-specific effects on home range size of snapping turtles in a lotic system. I incorporated survival and growth rates from this study, demographic rates from the literature, and state-collected harvest rates into a hybrid age/stage population matrix model to estimate the population growth rate at three harvest levels (0%, 21%, 58%) that were estimated based on annual commercial landing reports on file with the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. I used the model to test population viability under multiple size limit regulations, and used sensitivity analyses to identify adult stages most critical to the overall population growth rate.
Based on model estimates, size-limits were effective at reducing harvest by 30-87% in years with high harvest pressure. However, most size limit regulations result in the removal of larger breeding adults, which has been shown to be detrimental to long term population viability. Based on radio-telemetry data, I found evidence that snapping turtles utilize lotic and lentic habitats differently, which can have implications for management of this iconic species. Matrix population modelling predicted that population densities at the moderate and high harvest site were reduced by 47% and 62%, respectively, when compared to the no harvest site. Model results indicate that, while an increase to the minimum-size limit in 2012 protected a larger portion of the population, that the commercial harvest of snapping turtles in the Commonwealth of Virginia is not sustainable under current state regulations. Our analysis suggests that minimum-size limits of 35.6 cm curved carapace length or greater will maintain viable populations by protecting a larger portion of reproducing snapping turtles within a population.
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Campbell, Shannon Michelle. "An Examination of Commercial Medicinal Plant Harvests, Mount Hood National Forest, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2000. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2245.
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During the past fifteen years, non-timber or special forest products have become an important economic resource in the Pacific Northwest. These products are primarily derived from understory species and contribute approximately $200 million to the regional economy. Medicinal plants are a little researched component of the non-timber forest product industry that relies on cultivated and wildcrafted (or wild-collected) medicinal plant species. This study examines the commercial extraction of wildcrafted medicinal plants from Mount Hood National Forest. Specifically, this study documents the medicinal plant species extracted from Mount Hood National Forest, their annual yield amounts, harvesting methods, and the changes in cover of target species after harvest.
This research uses survey data obtained from employees of two herbal companies and representatives of the U.S. Forest Service to describe medicinal plant extraction and administration as it pertains to the commercial extraction of plant species from Mount Hood National Forest. Field data were also used to examine changes in plant cover for four medicinal plant species (kinnikinnick, yarrow, Oregon grape and valerian) following harvest. Field results indicate that medicinal plant cover decreased significantly in all but one harvested sampling unit. Permanent unit markers were established at all the study sites to provide opportunities for long-term monitoring of target species responses to harvest.
Eleven medicinal plant species are commonly collected for commercial purposes from Mount Hood National Forest. The general lack of regulation and enforcement of commercial medicinal plant extraction coupled with an increasing demand for wildcrafted medicinal plants warrant a need for increased collaboration between regulatory agencies, herbal companies, and the general public. Additional management and research recommendations regarding the ecological impacts of medicinal plant removal are also presented.
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Frazer, Mardon Bentley. "The assessment of spine movement dysfunction by a commercial dynamometer, EMG and an EMG assisted model." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22202.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Commercial harvest"
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Sandone, Gene J. Prince William Sound commercial harvest of Pacific herring, 1984-1987. Juneau, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries, 1988.
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Sandone, Gene J. Prince William Sound commercial harvest of Pacific herring, 1984- l987. Juneau: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries, 1988.
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Shepard, M. P. The commercial harvest of salmon in British Columbia, 1820-1877. Vancouver, B.C: Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, Program Planning and Economics Branch, 1989.
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Keyse, Matthew. Kodiak management area harvest strategy for the 2013 commercial salmon fishery. Anchorage: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, Research and Technical Services, 2013.
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Gilhousen, Philip. Estimation of Fraser River sockeye escapements from commercial harvest data, 1892-1944. Vancouver, B.C., Canada: International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, 1992.
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Oceans, Canada Dept of Fisheries and. Fish Weirs For the Commercial Harvest of Searun Arctic Charr in the Northwest Territories. S.l: s.n, 1986.
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Stratton, Barry L. Estimates of commercial harvest and escapement of coho salmon stocked into northern Cook Inlet streams, 1994. Anchorage: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, 1996.
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Cyr, Paul A. Estimates of commercial harvest and escapement of coho salmon stocked into northern Cook Inlet streams, 1996. Anchorage: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, 1998.
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Cyr, Paul A. Estimates of commercial harvest and escapement of coho salmon stocked into northern Cook Inlet streams, 1995. Anchorage: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, 1997.
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Hoffmann, Andrew. Estimates of commercial harvest and escapement of coho salmon stocked into northern Cook Inlet streams, 1993. Anchorage: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Commercial harvest"
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Hemmings, Alan D. "Commercial Harvest in Antarctica." In Exploring the Last Continent, 413–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18947-5_20.
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Singh, Manoj Kumar, Sandeep Kumar Singh, Anand Vikram Singh, Pooja Jaiswal, Ajay Kumar, and Kshitij Kumar Singh. "Legal and Commercial Aspect of Microbial Control." In Microbial Biocontrol: Food Security and Post Harvest Management, 285–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87289-2_12.
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Lantican, Gaudencia A. "Field Screening of Gamma-Irradiated Cavendish Bananas." In Efficient Screening Techniques to Identify Mutants with TR4 Resistance in Banana, 97–109. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64915-2_7.
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AbstractIn our search for Cavendish bananas to withstand Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc TR4) and other diseases, field screening of tissue-cultured Grand Nain banana seedlings derived from gamma-irradiated shoot tips was explored. Six months after irradiation and multiplication in the laboratory, the plantlets (M1V6) were individually grown in seedling bags under screen house conditions for 8 weeks, side-by-side with non-irradiated plantlets of the same clone. Once acclimatized, the banana plants were grown in an area confirmed positive of Foc TR4 (based on previous farm records stating that more than 50% of the plant population succumbed to the disease). Seedlings from each treatment (dose of radiation) were divided into four replicates, regardless of the number of plants. Each plant was given a unique identification code for traceability during disease monitoring, bunch and fruit quality evaluation.Incidences of Foc TR4, Moko disease (Ralstonia solanacearum) and virus diseases were monitored weekly. Plants found positive of any disease were eradicated immediately. The plant population for the succeeding generation was managed by removing the unwanted suckers, 12 weeks from planting using a spade gouge and keeping only one sucker per plant for the next generation. Agronomic characters of each plant were taken at the flowering stage. These included age to flower, height, pseudostem circumference, number of leaves and height of the sucker. The bunch was harvested 12 weeks from flowering. The number of hands in a bunch, the number of fingers and weight of a hand were recorded. The same agronomic characters of the plant were taken for the succeeding generations.Plants left standing in the field without any disease symptoms 3 years after planting were considered as putative mutants and were selected as candidate lines for multiplication and second-generation field screening. Only healthy suckers (free from viruses) were further multiplied via tissue culture technique to reach M1V6. Clean suckers from each line free of soil debris or dirt were sent to the laboratory for multiplication. At least 1000 plantlets were produced from each line for the second-generation field screening. These were grown in two locations – with and without records of Foc TR4. Field monitoring activities including plant population management, disease incidence assessment and fruit quality evaluation were carried out following the same protocols used in the establishment of the first-generation plants. Lines with population showing ≤10% Foc TR4 after the first harvest, with good vigor, fruit quality and productivity were considered as candidates for further multiplication, farmers distribution and field planting under semi-commercial scale.
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"Paddlefish Management, Propagation, and Conservation in the 21st Century." In Paddlefish Management, Propagation, and Conservation in the 21st Century, edited by JEFFREY W. QUINN. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874127.ch13.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—Paddlefish <em>Polyodon spathula </em>have been intensively harvested in both sport and commercial fisheries. Recent harvests (2000–2006) were surveyed from state agencies and compared to historical harvests (1965– 1975). Seven major sport fisheries had recent annual harvests greater than 1,000 fish, and most large sport fisheries appeared to have sustainable harvests due to intensive management. Recent commercial harvest was greater than sport harvest across the species’ range. Most of the commercial harvest was from Arkansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Annual commercial harvest from the Ohio River increased from 6,000 to 196,000 kg from 1965–1975 to 2000–2006. Annual harvest remained substantial from the Arkansas River (37,000 kg), the lower Tennessee River (121,000 kg), and the Mississippi River (103,000 kg). Harvests of paddlefish (sport and commercial) compiled from the literature were highly variable and ranged between 0.01 and 5.06 fish/ ha and 0.04–43.43 kg/ha (median = 0.12 fish/ha, 1.73 kg/ha). Stock depression has been associated with a first-year harvest as low as 1.46 kg/ha, and harvests greater than 5 kg/ha were usually associated with overfishing or opening a previously closed fishery. Case histories from the Tennessee and Ohio River systems documented that paddlefish were susceptible to overharvest in lentic waters and river reservoirs, but the threat posed by commercial harvest from large rivers will remain unresolved until more fisheries-independent data becomes available. Anthropogenic alterations to habitat, overreliance on harvest data, and lack of fisheries-independent data limit our historical understanding of the degree of threat that harvest is to paddlefish populations.
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"Paddlefish Management, Propagation, and Conservation in the 21st Century." In Paddlefish Management, Propagation, and Conservation in the 21st Century, edited by MICHAEL C. QUIST, MICHAEL J. STEUCK, and MICHELLE M. MARRON. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874127.ch21.
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<em>Abstract</em>—The purpose of this study was to examine spatial and temporal patterns in paddlefish <em>Polyodon spathula </em>harvest in the upper Mississippi River (UMR). Specifically, we described trends and evaluated the influence of environmental factors on commercial paddlefish harvest in Pools 9–26 of the UMR between 1953 and 2005. Commercial paddlefish harvest exhibited several peaks, with the highest harvests occurring in the 1950s and 1970s. Pool 19 had the highest harvest among years, while Pools 9 and 11 had the lowest harvest. Total and mean harvest was highest in Pool 13 and Pools 17–19 until the 1990s when the fishery was closed to commercial paddlefish harvest. Since that time, harvest has been restricted to Pools 20–26. Inflation-adjusted prices of paddlefish flesh have continued to decline over the past 50 years. Discharge and temperature characteristics in the spring and winter were not related to paddlefish harvest in any of the study pools; rather, peaks in paddlefish harvest were likely a reflection of the demand and price of roe.
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"13 Post–harvest Management of Cut Flowers of Commercial Orchids." In Commercial Orchids, 250–69. De Gruyter Open Poland, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/9783110426403.13.
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"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by John M. Burr. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch25.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—The sport fisheries for Chinook <em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha </em>and coho salmon <em>O. kisutch </em>are a small but important component of fisheries in the Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim region (AYK). In the United States’ portion of the Yukon River drainage and in the Kuskokwim River drainage, only 5% of the total harvest (sport, commercial, subsistence) of these species are taken by the sport fisheries. In Norton Sound, sport fisheries harvest is somewhat more important and approximates 10% of the total Chinook and coho salmon harvest. The goal of sport fishery management is to maintain reliable fishing opportunities. In contrast, commercial and subsistence fishery management seeks a maximum sustainable harvest via efficient capture methods to provide for subsistence needs and viable commercial markets. The Alaska Board of Fisheries and Alaska Department of Fish and Game have primary responsibility for managing fisheries. Sport fishery management for salmon in the AYK region has little effect on annual spawning escapements of salmon due to low levels of harvest. Sport fishing gear is inherently inefficient and catch rates are variable. Bag limits are low in number and the focus of many anglers is on catching and releasing salmon, not on harvest. In recent years, catch-and-release fishing has increased and the proportion of salmon harvested from the total sport catch has declined. Catch-and-release fishing has been controversial with some local residents. Sport fisheries often occur upstream of, and after, the subsistence and commercial fisheries have completed their harvests. Maintaining reliable fishing opportunities are particularly critical to the few, small volume, AYK sport fish guide businesses. Clients generally arrange to fish several months before the start of the season. This small industry adds diversity in economic opportunities in rural Alaska. An inseason closure of the sport fishery for salmon can have a devastating economic impact on these small businesses.
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"Paddlefish Management, Propagation, and Conservation in the 21st Century." In Paddlefish Management, Propagation, and Conservation in the 21st Century, edited by BRENT GORDON. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874127.ch14.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—The Neosho River/Grand River is the only river system in Oklahoma that has been investigated on a regular basis in Oklahoma (1979– 2005) to determine the paddlefish <em>Polydon spathula </em>harvest and exploitation by sport and commercial fisheries. Commercial fishing for paddlefish began in 1975, and even with increased harvest restrictions in 1991 on commercial paddlefish harvest, 2,412 paddlefish were reported harvested during that year. This was the second highest commercial harvest reported during the period 1975–1991. Because of overwhelming public support, closure of commercial fishing on Grand Lake began in 1992. Creel information in recent years (2003–2005) indicated that sport angling pressure and harvest continue to be high and remain at levels observed in the early 1990s. However, angler exploitation rates in 2003 and 2004 (2.0–2.4%) were lower when compared to 1980 (18.8%). Exploitation rates below Grand Lake, in the area between Ft. Gibson Lake and Lake Hudson, were 2.5% in 2005, suggesting that exploitation in the Grand Lake/Neosho River systems was well below the recommend 15% for sustainable populations. Although exploitation and population size structure were of concern from 1979 through 1993, subsequent establishment of more conservative paddlefish regulations followed by intense monitoring of this fishery appears to have been successful in allowing the population to rebound to more desirable levels. Continued monitoring is needed, however, because of increased threats to the paddlefish population and decreased water quality and invasive species.
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"Conservation, Ecology, and Management of Catfish: The Second International Symposium." In Conservation, Ecology, and Management of Catfish: The Second International Symposium, edited by REBECCA M. KROGMAN, JESSE R. FISCHER, MICHAEL C. QUIST, MICHAEL J. STEUCK, and MICHELLE M. MARRON. American Fisheries Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874257.ch11.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—Ictalurids compose a substantial portion of the commercial harvest in the upper Mississippi River (UMR). The purpose of this investigation was to examine spatial and temporal trends in commercial harvest of ictalurids in the UMR. The study focused on four species: channel catfish <em>Ictalurus punctatus</em>, flathead catfish<em> Pylodictis olivaris</em>, blue catfish <em>I. furcatus</em>, and black bullhead <em>Ameiurus melas</em>. We described trends in yield and market value and evaluated the influence of numerous factors on commercial catfish harvest in Pools 3–26 of the UMR between 1953 and 2001. Spatial and temporal variations in commercial harvest of catfish appeared to be driven by different factors through time. Early factors included habitat loss and overexploitation, and later factors included loss of the market share and increased market competition with aquaculture. Ictalurids have maintained a consistent proportion of the total commercial harvest in the UMR, and decreases in catfish harvest may indicate larger declines in commercial fishing.
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"Paddlefish: Ecological, Aquacultural, and Regulatory Challenges of Managing a Global Resource." In Paddlefish: Ecological, Aquacultural, and Regulatory Challenges of Managing a Global Resource, edited by Steven J. Rider, Dennis K. Riecke, and Dennis L. Scarnecchia. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874530.ch13.
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<i>Abstract</i>.—Overexploitation of wild sturgeon (Acipenseridae) species worldwide for caviar has led to a shift in harvest to Paddlefish (Polyodontidae: <i>Polyodon spathula</i>), another Acipenseriform species and a state-managed fish still harvested commercially in eight states within the United States. State game and fish agencies with commercial fisheries are increasingly being pressured to open or extend commercial Paddlefish fisheries under their respective jurisdictions. In addition to the increased needs for a multi-state management framework among states, new demands on the Paddlefish within states and its high vulnerability to overharvest require more proactive, innovative, and restrictive management approaches than the frequently liberal regulations of the past. This paper describes proactive management strategies implemented by state fisheries agencies in Alabama and Mississippi for the long-term conservation of their Paddlefish fisheries. The management actions implemented fall into three broad areas: (1) fishing areas, seasons, and participation; (2) fishing and harvest restrictions; and (3) licensing fees, reporting, and training. Actions taken under (1) included defining Paddlefish management areas, establishing specific harvest seasons and daily harvest times, and limiting the number of harvesters. Actions under (2) included enacting length limits and female-only harvest (Alabama), implementing harvest (carcass) tags to track fish and roe, and establishing gear restrictions to reduce unintended Paddlefish mortality. Actions under (3) included establishing rational permit requirements and fees, establishing specific harvest reporting requirements, and providing informational training to aid in angler compliance. Although there are many similarities in the approaches taken, each state has tailored its regulations to its political and biological situation. Alabama and Mississippi will be evaluating the effectiveness of their approaches and needed adaptations will be made to ensure long-term sustainability of the Paddlefish.
Conference papers on the topic "Commercial harvest"
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Guo, Sijing, Zhenfu Chen, Xuexun Guo, Quan Zhou, and Jie Zhang. "Vehicle Interconnected Suspension System based on Hydraulic Electromagnetic Energy Harvest: Design, Modeling and Simulation Tests." In SAE 2014 Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2299.
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"Understanding management practices for biomass harvest equipment for commercial scale operation." In 2015 ASABE International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20152189505.
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McKean, James D., H. Scott Hurd, S. Larsen, Marcos H. Rostagno, R. W. Griffith, and I. V. Wesley. "Impact of Commercial Pre-Harvest Processes on the Prevalenceof Salmonella enterica in Cull Sows." In Fourth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella and Other Food Borne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-239.
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Sharghi, Hesam, Jean-François Daneault, and Onur Bilgen. "A Wearable Biomedical Motion Sensor Employing a Vibration Energy Harvester." In ASME 2019 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2019-5634.
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Abstract Wearable motion sensors find a great number of applications in the biomedical field by recording real-time movements and transferring data to mobile electronics. Patients with hyperkinetic movements is a group of interest for such sensors to survey their conditions for long periods. Longer and more frequent recording intervals are necessary to diagnose and treat patients’ disease. Mobile battery-operated motion sensors have a limited recording span, and they need to be charged frequently, which is inconvenient for most of the patients. In this study, vibration energy harvesters are employed to extend the battery life of motion sensors: one step closer to make autonomous sensors without chargers. A vibration energy harvester is designed for a motion sensor to harvest energy from involuntary movements of patients with hyperkinetic movements. An analytical model for charging and discharging cycles is developed to predict the battery life based on the amount of harvested power. Preliminary data from commercial devices are used as a foundation for the design and the current feasibility study.
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Larsen, Ted. "Optimized Solar Collector." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90108.
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Fundamental to the design of solar trough collectors is that a suitable structure must be provided for positioning and support of mirrors, as well as pipes for transporting heat transfer fluids. These elements and related hardware are basic to the level of investment necessary for fabrication of collectors. An objective of system optimization is to design structures so that they are capable of more than one useful function, and to achieve this with little or no added cost. Two valuable commodities, Thermal Energy and Potable Water, can be accessed through design innovation, using the same basic structure, and without interfering with efficient harvest of either commodity. Additional design opportunities are implicit in the fact that solar collectors must operate in open air. To explore means for mitigating resultant operational and maintenance problems, a 1/4 scale version of a one meter focal length collector was built and tested. Using hinged mirror panels that open and close like a clamshell, the assembly can assume several distinct configurations. These include solar concentrator mode, protective storage, mirror cleaning, solar rejection, and harvest of ambient moisture. Of particular interest for smaller applications, all features can be incorporated into a dedicated “Unitized” assembly, ideal for application on industrial or commercial buildings.
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Barham, Oliver M. "Comparing Nuclear and Chemical Power Sources for MEMS/NEMS Applications." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-68110.
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Abstract Nuclear batteries are a class of power sources that harvest energy from decaying radioactive isotopes to generate electricity for powering sensors and electronics. They are well known in the fields of space exploration and implantable medical devices, but are not widely known to micro or nano-technologists in general. Nuclear batteries are compared against chemical sources of energy applicable to small-scale systems, including energy harvesting prototypes and a mm-scale commercial lithium battery, utilizing the metrics of volumetric power and energy density. Nuclear batteries benefit from orders of magnitude more energy density than power sources derived from chemical reactions, however they also have orders smaller power density. For some sensor applications, nuclear batteries enable capabilities not possible with chemical energy sources, and examples are discussed.
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McDonald, Dale B., and Joseph O. Falade. "Parameter Identification in Ecological Systems via Discontinuous and Singular Control Regimes." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86063.
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Policy decisions regarding commercial harvesting of aquatic species by (typically governmental) regulatory agencies are often based in part upon field data, simulation results, and mathematical models. Regulatory agencies may limit or expand seasons, determine total harvest allowed, increase or decrease licensure fees, and raise or lower taxation rates in response to the state of the ecological system. Ultimately, the regulatory agency uses such measures to ensure viable populations in an attempt to balance ecosystem health and benefits for society. Such decisions impact commercial fishing ventures affecting the nature of harvesting efforts and their intensity. Conclusions drawn from mathematical models of ecological systems, and derived simulation results which affect this reality are highly dependent upon the validity of information available. Knowledge or estimates of critical parameters such as intrinsic growth rate, carrying capacity, etc. and dynamic variables such as biomass levels dictate the usefulness of analytical and numerical analyses. The purpose of this treatment is to illustrate that control laws applied to mathematical models of species dynamics may be used to discern estimates of parameters that inherently exist in such models in an effort to provide more valuable information upon which to base policy decisions. Dynamic models of both single-species evolution and predator-prey interactions are examined.
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Hon, Kar Cherng, Chun Yang, and Seow Chay Low. "Electrokinetic Power Generation by Forward Osmosis." In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75008.
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In this paper, an innovative direct power generation technique from salinity gradient is proposed and demonstrated. The basis of this novel method encompasses forward osmosis (FO) and electrokinetic (EK) principles. Tapping the concentration difference between seawater and river fresh water, forward osmosis (FO) is utilized to allow for spontaneously transporting water across a semi-permeable membrane. The flow of water is then directed towards array of microchannels in the form of porous medium where power is produced from the electrokinetical streaming potential. Experimentally, NaCl solution and DI water were used to model as seawater and fresh river water, respectively. Both glass and polymer based porous media and commercial flat sheet FO membranes were employed herein. Results show power density could reach the order of 101W/m2. Having features of ease of fabrication, simple configuration and no mechanical moving parts, this method provides a feasible mean to harvest enormous energy from salinity gradient. Thus the proposed technique could contribute greatly to renewable energy and towards sustainable future.
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Xu, Xinqiang, Siyi Zhou, Mark Meyers, Bahgat G. Sammakia, and Bruce Murray. "Performance Analysis of a Combination System of Concentrating PV/T Collector and TEGs." In ASME 2013 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2013-73062.
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Thermoelectric modules utilize available temperature differences to generate electricity by the Seebeck effect. The current study investigates the merits of employing thermoelectrics to harvest additional electric energy instead of just cooling concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) modules by heat sinks (heat extractors). One of the attractive options to convert solar energy into electricity efficiently is to laminate TE modules between CPV modules and heat extractors to form a CPV-TE/thermal hybrid system. In order to perform an accurate estimation of the additional electrical energy harvested, a coupled field model is developed to calculate the electrical performance of TE devices, which incorporates a rigorous interfacial energy balance including the Seebeck effect, the Peltier effect, and Joule heating, and results in better predictions of the conversion capability. Moreover, a 3D multiphysics computational model for the hybrid concentrating PV-TE/thermal (CPV-TE/T) water collector system consisting of a solar concentrator, 10 serially-connected GaAs/Ge PV cells, 300 couples of bismuth telluride TE modules, and a cooling channel with heat-recovery capability, is implemented by using the commercial FE–tool COMSOL™. A conjugate heat transfer model is used, assuming laminar flow through the cooling channel. The performance and efficiencies of the hybrid system are analyzed. As compared with the traditional PV/T system, a comparable thermal efficiency and a higher 8% increase of the electrical efficiency can be observed through the PV-TE hybrid system. Additionally, with the identical convective surface area and cooling flow rate in both configurations, the PV-TE/T hybrid system yields higher PV cell temperatures but more uniform temperature distributions across the cell array, which thus eliminates the current matching problem; however, the higher cell temperatures lower the PV module’s fatigue life, which has become one of the biggest challenges in the PV-TE hybrid system.
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Mamat, Hasmadi, and Norazlina Ridhwan. "Physicochemical Properties of Bambangan (Mangifera Pajang) Kernel Fat and Its Stearin Mixtures with Cocoa Butter." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/fbuj4083.
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Cocoa butter (CB) is ideal for the chocolate formulation but has a shortage of supply and poor harvest quality and technology benefits. As such, the chocolate and confectionery industries are trying to find an alternative that is cheap and compatible with the distinct physicochemical properties of CB. In this study, the fractionated cocoa butter improver from the bambangan (Mangifera pajang) kernel fat (BKF) was blended with commercial cocoa butter (CB), and the physicochemical properties of the blends were investigated. Solid fat content (SFC), fatty acids composition and physicochemical properties of pure BKF, its first (S-1) and second stearin (S-2) fractions integrated with CB at varying ratios (g/100 g) were determined. B4, F4, and M4 blends containing 20% BKF or S-1 and S-2 with 80% CB showed good compatibility with the presence of 22.42–22.57% palmitic, 37.23–37.63% stearic, and 33.67–33.91% oleic acids. These blends also showed a similar pattern of SFC curves as CB, at which the SFCs of the three blends dropped to 0% after 35 °C. Moreover, the blends also exhibited comparable iodine value (36.17–36.58 g iodine/g) and slip melting point (SMP) (28.83–29.17 °C) with the commercial CB. In comparison with the hard fat (S-1 and S-2), which had high SMP and stearic acid (44.71–48.51%), the fatty acids composition of fat blends significantly (p < 0.05) decreased and resulted in low SFC values. The results obtained in this study proposed that the best blends to converge with CB were B4, F4 and M4.
Reports on the topic "Commercial harvest"
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Molina, Randy, Thomas O'Dell, Daniel Luoma, Michael Amaranthus, Michael Castellano, and Kenelm Russell. Biology, ecology, and social aspects of wild edible mushrooms in the forests of the Pacific Northwest: a preface to managing commercial harvest. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-309.
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Campbell, Shannon. An Examination of Commercial Medicinal Plant Harvests, Mount Hood National Forest, Oregon. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2242.
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Pilz, David, Lorelei Norvell, Eric Danell, and Randy Molina. Ecology and management of commercially harvested chanterelle mushrooms. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-576.
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Hosford, David, David Pilz, Randy Molina, and Michael Amaranthus. Ecology and management of the commercially harvested American matsutake. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-412.
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Chalutz, Edo, Charles Wilson, Samir Droby, Victor Gaba, Clauzell Stevens, Robert Fluhr, and Y. Lu. Induction of Resistance to Postharvest Diseases and Extension of Shelf-Life of Fruits and Vegetables by Ultra-Violet Light. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568093.bard.
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Following preliminary observations by one of the collaborating scientists on this project and the completion of a 1-year, BARD-supported feasibility study (IS-1908-90F), this 3-year BARD project has been executed. The main objectives of the research were to elucidate biochemical and pathological aspects of UV-induced resistance in fruits and vegetables, to characterize physical and biological variables of induced resistance and delay of ripening, and to explore the application of the treatment as a control practice of postharvest diseases and shelf-life extension of fruits and vegetables. Our findings, which are detailed in numerous joint publications, have shown that the effect of UV-C light on induction of resistance and delay of ripening is a general one and of wide oddurrence. Apart from surface sterilization of the commodity, the reduction of decay of different fungi has been associated with and induced resistance phenomenon which gradually builds up within 24 to 48 hours after the UV treatment and can be reversed by visible light. In citrus, induced resistance has been associated with increased activity of the enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase, and with the levels of endglucanase and chitinase. In tomato, resistance was correlated with the production of high levels of tomatine. Our study of some molecular aspects of the induced resistance in grapefruit has revealed the induction of a cDNA which represents a gene encoding for an isoflavone reductase-like protein that, in legumes, has been associated with phytoalexin biosynthesis. This gene was cloned and sequenced. Delay of ripening was associated in tomato with inhibition of ethylene production, carotenoid synthesis, and chlorophyll degradation and with the presence of high levels of polyamines. In peach fruit epiphytic populations of a yeast increased following the UV treatment. Pilot-size treatment and packing lines were constructed in the US and Israel to test the application of the UV treatment on a semi-commercial scale. Although effective in reduction of decay and delay of ripening, a number of problems will have to be addressed before practical application of this methodology can be realized. The main issues are associated with the temporal and variable response to the treatment, and its relationship to the maturity and date of harvest of the commodity.
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Droby, Samir, Joseph W. Eckert, Shulamit Manulis, and Rajesh K. Mehra. Ecology, Population Dynamics and Genetic Diversity of Epiphytic Yeast Antagonists of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568777.bard.
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One of the emerging technologies is the use of microbial agents for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. A number of antagonistic microorganisms have been discovered which have the potential to effectively control postharvest diseases. Some of this technology has been patented and commercial products such as AspireTM (Ecogen Corporatin, Langhorne, PA, USA), Biosave 10TM and Biosave 11TM (Ecoscience Inc., Worchester, MA, USA) have been registered for commercial use. The principal investigator of this project was involved in developing the yeast-based biofungicide-AspireTM and testing its efficacy under commercial conditions. This research project was initiated to fill the gap between the knowledge available on development and commercial implementation of yeast biocontrol agents and basic understanding of various aspects related to introducing yeast antagonists to fruit surfaces, along with verification of population genetics. The main objectives of this study were: Study ecology, population dynamics and genetic diversity of the yeast antagonists Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, and Debaryomyces hansenii, and study the effect of preharvest application of the yeast antagonist C. oleophila naturally occurring epiphytic microbial population and on the development of postharvest diseases of citrus fruit during storage. Our findings, which were detailed in several publications, have shown that an epiphytic yeast population of grapefruit able to grow under high osmotic conditions and a wide range of temperatures was isolated and characterized for its biocontrol activity against green mold decay caused by Penicillium digitatum. Techniques based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-PCR), as well as homologies between sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S gene, were used to characterize the composition of the yeast population and to determine the genetic relationship among predominant yeast species. Epiphytic yeasts exhibiting the highest biocontrol activity against P. digitatum on grapefruit were identified as Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, C. sake, and Debaryomyces hansenii, while C. guilliermondii was the most predominant species. RAPD and ap-PCR analysis of the osmotolerant yeast population showed two different, major groups. The sequences of the ITS regions and the 5.8S gene of the yeast isolates, previously identified as belonging to different species, were found to be identical. Following the need to develop a genetically marked strain of the yeast C. oleophila, to be used in population dynamics studies, a transformation system for the yeast was developed. Histidine auxotrophy of C. oloephila produced using ethyl methanesulfonate were transformed with plasmids containing HIS3, HIS4 and HIS5 genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In one mutant histidin auxotrophy was complemented by the HIS5 gene of S. cerevisiae is functionally homologous to the HIS5 gene in V. oleophila. Southern blot analysis showed that the plasmid containing the S. cerevisiae HIS5 gene was integrated at a different location every C. oleophila HIS+ transformant. There were no detectable physiological differences between C. oleophila strain I-182 and the transformants. The biological control ability of C. oleophila was not affected by the transformation. A genetically marked (with b-glucuronidase gene) transformant of C. oleophila colonized wounds on orange fruits and its population increased under field conditions. Effect of preharvest application of the yeast C. oleophila on population dynamics of epiphytic microbial population on wounded and unwounded grapefruit surface in the orchard and after harvest was also studied. In addition, the effect of preharvest application of the yeast C. oleophila on the development of postharvest decay was evaluated. Population studies conducted in the orchard showed that in control, non-treated fruit, colonization of wounded and unwounded grapefruit surface by naturally occurring filamentous fungi did not vary throughout the incubation period on the tree. On the other hand, colonization of intact and wounded fruit surface by naturally occurring yeasts was different. Yeasts colonized wounded surface rapidly and increased in numbers to about two orders of magnitude as compared to unwounded surface. On fruit treated with the yeast and kept on the tree, a different picture of fungal and yeast population had emerged. The detected fungal population on the yeast-treated intact surface was dramatically reduced and in treated wounds no fungi was detected. Yeast population on intact surface was relatively high immediately after the application of AspireTM and decreased to than 70% of that detected initially. In wounds, yeast population increased from 2.5 x 104 to about 4x106 after 72 hours of incubation at 20oC. Results of tests conducted to evaluate the effect of preharvest application of AspireTM on the development of postharvest decay indicated the validity of the approach.
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Jung, Carina, Matthew Carr, Denise Lindsay, Eric Fleischman, and Chandler Roesch. Microbiome perturbations during domestication of the green June beetle (Cotinis nitida). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43342.
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Animal-associated microbiomes are critical to the well-being and proper functioning of the animal host, but only limited studies have examined in-sect microbiomes across different developmental stages. These studies revealed large shifts in microbiome communities, often because of significant shifts in diet during insects’ life cycle. Establishing insect colonies as model laboratory organisms and understanding how to properly feed and care for animals with complex and dynamic life cycles requires improved data. This study examined laboratory raised green June beetles (Cotinis nitida) captured from the field upon emergence from pupae. Starting with wild-caught adults, two generations of beetles were reared in the laboratory, ending with an entirely laboratory raised generation of larvae. The study compared the microbiomes of each generation and the microbiomes of larvae to adults. This study suggests that a diet of commercial, washed fruit for adults and commercial, packaged, organic alfalfa meal for larvae resulted in depauperate gut microbiome communities. Fermentative yeasts were completely absent in the laboratory-raised adults, and major bacterial population shifts occurred from one generation to the next, coupled with high morbidity and mortality in the laboratory-raised generation. Providing laboratory-raised beetles fresh-collected fruit and the larvae field-harvested detritus may therefore vastly improve their health and survival.
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Lichter, Amnon, Joseph L. Smilanick, Dennis A. Margosan, and Susan Lurie. Ethanol for postharvest decay control of table grapes: application and mode of action. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587217.bard.
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Original objectives: Dipping of table grapes in ethanol was determined to be an effective measure to control postharvest gray mold infection caused by Botrytis cinerea. Our objectives were to study the effects of ethanol on B.cinerea and table grapes and to conduct research that will facilitate the implementation of this treatment. Background: Botrytis cinerea is known as the major pathogen of table grapes in cold storage. To date, the only commercial technology to control it relied on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) implemented by either fumigation of storage facilities or from slow release generator pads which are positioned directly over the fruits. This treatment is very effective but it has several drawbacks such as aftertaste, bleaching and hypersensitivity to humans which took it out of the GRAS list of compounds and warranted further seek for alternatives. Prior to this research ethanol was shown to control several pathogens in different commodities including table grapes and B. cinerea. Hence it seemed to be a simple and promising technology which could offer a true alternative for storage of table grapes. Further research was however required to answer some practical and theoretical questions which remained unanswered. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: In this research project we have shown convincingly that 30% ethanol is sufficient to prevent germination of B. cinerea and kill the spores. In a comparative study it was shown that Alternaria alternata is also rather sensitive but Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger are less sensitive to ethanol. Consequently, ethanol protected the grapes from decay but did not have a significant effect on occurrence of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species which are present on the surface of the berry. B. cinerea responded to ethanol or heat treatments by inducing sporulation and transient expression of the heat shock protein HSP104. Similar responses were not detected in grape berries. It was also shown that application of ethanol to berries did not induce subsequent resistance and actually the berries were slightly more susceptible to infection. The heat dose required to kill the spores was determined and it was proven that a combination of heat and ethanol allowed reduction of both the ethanol and heat dose. Ethanol and heat did not reduce the amount or appearance of the wax layers which are an essential component of the external protection of the berry. The ethanol and acetaldehyde content increased after treatment and during storage but the content was much lower than the natural ethanol content in other fruits. The efficacy of ethanol applied before harvest was similar to that of the biological control agent, Metschnikowia fructicola, Finally, the performance of ethanol could be improved synergistically by packaging the bunches in modified atmosphere films which prevent the accumulation of free water. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: It was shown that the major mode of action of ethanol is mediated by its lethal effect on fungal inoculum. Because ethanol acts mainly on the cell membranes, it was possible to enhance its effect by lowering the concentration and elevating the temperature of the treatment. Another important development was the continuous protection of the treated bunches by modified atmosphere that can solve the problem of secondary or internal infection. From the practical standpoint, a variety of means were offered to enhance the effect of the treatment and to offer a viable alternative to SO2 which could be instantly adopted by the industry with a special benefit to growers of organic grapes.
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Bonfil, David J., Daniel S. Long, and Yafit Cohen. Remote Sensing of Crop Physiological Parameters for Improved Nitrogen Management in Semi-Arid Wheat Production Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696531.bard.
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To reduce financial risk and N losses to the environment, fertilization methods are needed that improve NUE and increase the quality of wheat. In the literature, ample attention is given to grid-based and zone-based soil testing to determine the soil N available early in the growing season. Plus, information is available on in-season N topdressing applications as a means of improving GPC. However, the vast majority of research has focused on wheat that is grown under N limiting conditions in sub-humid regions and irrigated fields. Less attention has been given to wheat in dryland that is water limited. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine accuracy in determining GPC of HRSW in Israel and SWWW in Oregon using on-combine optical sensors under field conditions; (2) develop a quantitative relationship between image spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters; (3) develop an operational precision N management procedure that combines variable-rate N recommendations at planting as derived from maps of grain yield, GPC, and test weight; and at mid-season as derived from quantitative relationships, remote sensing, and the DSS; and (4) address the economic and technology-transfer aspects of producers’ needs. Results from the research suggest that optical sensing and the DSS can be used for estimating the N status of dryland wheat and deciding whether additional N is needed to improve GPC. Significant findings include: 1. In-line NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately (SEP <5.0 mg g⁻¹) measure GPC of a grain stream conveyed by an auger. 2. On-combine NIR spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate (R² < 0.88) grain test weight across fields. 3. Precision N management based on N removal increases GPC, grain yield, and profitability in rainfed wheat. 4. Hyperspectral SI and partial least squares (PLS) models have excellent potential for estimation of biomass, and water and N contents of wheat. 5. A novel heading index can be used to monitor spike emergence of wheat with classification accuracy between 53 and 83%. 6. Index MCARI/MTVI2 promises to improve remote sensing of wheat N status where water- not soil N fertility, is the main driver of plant growth. Important features include: (a) computable from commercial aerospace imagery that include the red edge waveband, (b) sensitive to Chl and resistant to variation in crop biomass, and (c) accommodates variation in soil reflectance. Findings #1 and #2 above enable growers to further implement an efficient, low cost PNM approach using commercially available on-combine optical sensors. Finding #3 suggests that profit opportunities may exist from PNM based on information from on-combine sensing and aerospace remote sensing. Finding #4, with its emphasis on data retrieval and accuracy, enhances the potential usefulness of a DSS as a tool for field crop management. Finding #5 enables land managers to use a DSS to ascertain at mid-season whether a wheat crop should be harvested for grain or forage. Finding #6a expands potential commercial opportunities of MS imagery and thus has special importance to a majority of aerospace imaging firms specializing in the acquisition and utilization of these data. Finding #6b on index MCARI/MVTI2 has great potential to expand use of ground-based sensing and in-season N management to millions of hectares of land in semiarid environments where water- not N, is the main determinant of grain yield. Finding #6c demonstrates that MCARI/MTVI2 may alleviate the requirement of multiple N-rich reference strips to account for soil differences within farm fields. This simplicity will be less demanding of grower resources, promising substantially greater acceptance of sensing technologies for in-season N management.
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Philosoph-Hadas, Sonia, Peter Kaufman, Shimon Meir, and Abraham Halevy. Signal Transduction Pathway of Hormonal Action in Control and Regulation of the Gravitropic Response of Cut Flowering Stems during Storage and Transport. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7695838.bard.
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Original objectives: The basic goal of the present project was to increase our understanding of the cellular mechanisms operating during the gravitropic response of cut flowers, for solving their bending problem without affecting flower quality. Thus, several elements operating at the 3 levels o the gravity-induced signal transduction pathway, were proposed to be examined in snapdragon stems according to the following research goals: 1) Signaling: characterize the signal transduction pathway leading to the gravitropic response, regarding the involvement of [Ca2+]cyt as a mediator of IAA movement and sensitivity to auxin. 2) Transduction by plant hormones: a) Examine the involvement of auxin in the gravitropic response of flower stems with regard to: possible participation of auxin binding protein (ABP), auxin redistribution, auxin mechanism of action (activation of H+-ATPase) mediation by changes in [Ca2+]cyt and possible regulation of auxin-induced Ca2+ action b: calmodulin-activated or Ca2+-activated protein kinases (PK). b) Examine the involvement of ethylene in the gravitropic response of flower stems with regard to auxin-induced ethylene production and sensitivity of the tissue to ethylene. 3) Response: examine the effect of gravistimulation on invertase (associated with growth and elongation) activity and invertase gene expression. 4) Commercial practice: develop practical and simple treatments to prevent bending of cut flowers grown for export. Revisions: 1) Model systems: in addition to snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.), 3 other model shoe systems, consisting of oat (Avena sativa) pulvini, Ornithogalun 'Nova' cut flowers and Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence, were targeted to confirm a more general mechanism for shoot gravitropism. 2 Research topics: the involvement of ABP, auxin action, PK and invertase in the gravitropic response of snapdragon stems could not be demonstrated. Alternatively, the involvement in the gravity signaling cascade of several other physiological mediators apart of [Ca2+]cyt such as: IP3, protein phosphorylation and actin cytoskeleton, was shown. Additional topics introduced: starch statolith reorientation, differential expression of early auxin responsive genes, and differential shoot growth. Background to the topic: The gravitropic bending response of flowering shoots occurring upon their horizontal placement during shipment exhibits a major horticultural problem. In spite of extensive studies in various aboveground organs, the gravitropic response was hardly investigated in flowering shoots. Being a complex multistep process that requires the participation of various cellular components acting in succession or in parallel, analysis of the negative gravitropic response of shoot includes investigation of signal transduction elements and various regulatory physiological mediators. Major achievements: 1) A correlative role for starch statoliths as gravireceptors in flowering shoot was initially established. 2) Differentially phosphorylated proteins and IP3 levels across the oat shoe pulvini, as well as a differential appearance of 2 early auxin-responsive genes in snapdragon stems were all detected within 5-30 minutes following gravistimulation. 3) Unlike in roots, involvement of actin cytoskeleton in early events of the gravitropic response of snapdragon shoots was established. 4) An asymmetric IAA distribution, followed by an asymmetric ethylene production across snapdragon stems was found following gravistimulation. 5) The gravity-induced differential growth in shoots of snapdragon was derived from initial shrinkage of the upper stem side and a subsequent elongation o the lower stem side. 6) Shoot bending could be successfully inhibited by Ca2+ antagonists (that serve as a basis for practical treatments), kinase and phosphatase inhibitors and actin-cytoskeleton modulators. All these agents did not affect vertical growth. The essential characterization of these key events and their sequence led us to the conclusion that blocking gravity perception may be the most powerful means to inhibit bending without hampering shoot and flower growth after harvest. Implications, scientific and agriculture: The innovative results of this project have provided some new insight in the basic understanding of gravitropism in flower stalks, that partially filled the gap in our knowledge, and established useful means for its control. Additionally, our analysis has advanced the understanding of important and fundamental physiological processes involved, thereby leading to new ideas for agriculture. Gravitropism has an important impact on agriculture, particularly for controlling the bending of various important agricultural products with economic value. So far, no safe control of the undesired bending problem of flower stalks has been established. Our results show for the first time that shoot bending of cut flowers can be inhibited without adverse effects by controlling the gravity perception step with Ca2+ antagonists and cytoskeleton modulators. Such a practical benefit resulting from this project is of great economic value for the floriculture industry.