Relevant bibliographies by topics / Commerce, United States and Germany, 1907

Academic literature on the topic 'Commerce, United States and Germany, 1907'

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Published: 25 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Commerce, United States and Germany, 1907"

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James, Harold. "Networks and financial war: the brothers Warburg in the first age of globalization." Financial History Review 27, no. 3 (November 5, 2020): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000141.

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This article examines the geo-economic consequences of the financial panic of October 1907. The vulnerability of the United States, but also of Germany, contrasted with the absence of a crisis in Great Britain. The experience showed the fast-growing industrial powers the desirability of mobilizing financial power, and the article examines the contributions of two influential brothers, Max and Paul Warburg, on different sides of the Atlantic. The discussion led to the establishment of a central bank in the United States and institutional improvements in German central banking: in both cases security as well as economic considerations played a substantial role.
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Chzhen', An' Chzhao. "THE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF E–COMMERCE SERVICES IN THE UNITED STATES." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-1-85-94.

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The article deals with the latest trends in US trade in electronic services, in particular audiovisual services, computer services and data processing services, telecommunication services. Since 2007 trade of audiovisual services has been the most significant in theUSe-services export. The largest consumers of these services are the European Union, Asia and the Pacific region (the main consumers areChinaandIndia) and Central and South America (BrazilandArgentina). Among the countries, the main importers of American audiovisual services are theUK,CanadaandGermany. The main share of audiovisual services is occupied by film distribution and streaming media. In theUSAaudiovisual services are imported by theUK,Brazil,Mexico,CanadaandArgentina. For several years there is a deficit in the trade turnover of computer services in theUnited States. The main importers of these services from theUnited Statesare theUnited Kingdom.Canada,Switzerland,India,Germany. TheUSA, in turn, uses computer services fromIndia(47%),Canada,Ireland, theUKandGermany. The American telecommunications market is about a quarter of the world's, so theUSAis the largest national market for this type of service. The importing countries of theUStelecommunications services are theUnited Kingdom,Mexico,India,Canadaand theNetherlands, and the main export consumers areBrazil,Argentina, theUnited Kingdom,VenezuelaandCanada.
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Grossman, Gene m., and Petros C. Mavroidis. "United States – Countervailing Duties on Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from Germany (WTO Doc. WT/DS213/AB/R): The Sounds of Silence." World Trade Review 4, S1 (2005): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745605001230.

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On August 17, 1993, the United States Department of Commerce (USDOC) imposed definitive countervailing duties (CVDs) on carbon steel originating in Germany. The imposition of these duties was based on an investigation by USDOC in which it was determined that certain German producers had benefited from five countervailable subsidy programs at a total ad valorem rate of 0.60 percent.
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Arnold, Lois. "The Bascom-Goldschmidt-Porter Correspondence 1907 to 1922." Earth Sciences History 12, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 196–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.12.2.g7148vr132v48vg4.

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Florence Bascom (1862-1945) was a USGS field geologist who trained a subsequent generation of earth scientists at Bryn Mawr College. Recent literature on the history of women in science has identified several of them, including Ida Ogilvie, Eleanora Bliss Knopf, Anna Jonas Stose, and Julia Gardner. By contrast, Mary W. Porter (1886-1980), who went on to become a crystallographer at Oxford, is virtually unknown. Both Bascom and Porter studied crystallography in the laboratory of Victor Goldschmidt (1853-1933) at the University of Heidelberg. A fifteen-year segment of the decades-long correspondence among these mutual friends reveals the personal significance of Goldschmidt, his wife, and Porter to Bascom; the enabling roles that Bascom and Goldschmidt played in the education of Porter, who had had little formal schooling; and some effects of the First World War on the science of crystallography in Germany, England, and the United States.
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Wardley, Peter. "The Emergence of Big Business: The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States c. 1907." Business History 41, no. 4 (October 1999): 88–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076799900000346.

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Attaoui, Anas El, Alaeddine Boukhalfa, Sara Rhouas, and Norelislam El Hami. "Custom application programming interface data extractor applied to the Klarna e-commerce dataset." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 1624. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v31.i3.pp1624-1632.

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The use of smart technologies, the internet of things (IoT), social media, and others produce a billion or more pieces of data in different formats. Big data has risen to become the most sought-after field in computer science. The e-commerce evolved significantly and continued to flow until now and even after the pandemic. So, big data technologies helped with the development and approach to collecting, storing, processing, and extracting the data in this field. This paper proposes an application programming interface (API) data extractor tool applied to a collection of e-commerce public websites named “Klarna dataset” to extract its data, and an analysis of the results. The study of e-commerce sales has given results matching universal e-commerce sales tendencies. The peak of the number of e-commerce transactions and sales was between 2018-2019. Thus, the highest e-commerce sales price was in the United States for “luxury” or “fancy” products, and the highest sales in Europe were in Frankfurt, Germany, for hardware and gaming material.
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Yang, Chunyu. "Critical Analysis of Liability of Internet Service Providers for Indirect Patent Infringement." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 53, no. 1 (June 6, 2024): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/53/20240060.

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With the rapid evolution of e-commerce, existing Chinese laws have struggled to keep pace with complex issues arising from digital transactions involving intellectual property, especially when addressing indirect patent infringement on e-commerce platforms. By conducting a comparative analysis with international laws from Germany, Japan, and the United States, the paper identifies robust legal frameworks that explicitly address indirect infringements in the digital marketplace. The paper proposes several legislative improvements for China, including the clarification of what constitutes indirect infringement, the outlining of explicit duties for e-commerce platforms, and the creation of specialized mechanisms for dispute resolution. On the judicial front, recommendations include enhancing the specialization of courts and judges in intellectual property, developing detailed procedural guidelines, and promoting alternative dispute resolution methods to mitigate the burdens of litigation. By adopting and adapting these recommandations, China can enhance its protection of intellectual property rights and support the dynamic environment of innovation that e-commerce fosters. Strengthening the legal framework in this way is crucial for ensuring fair competition and encouraging technological advancements within China's digital economy.
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Marin, Séverine Antigone. "DID THE UNITED STATES SCARE THE EUROPEANS? THE PROPAGANDA ABOUT THE “AMERICAN DANGER” IN EUROPE AROUND 1900." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 15, no. 1 (January 2016): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781415000584.

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During a brief period—1898 to 1907—the “American danger” proved a powerful slogan in Europe. Propaganda campaigns were launched that targeted the new ambitions of the emerging economic power. Historians have studied this episode but only as one among many examples of anti-Americanism embedded in European intellectual traditions. This paper insists on the distinctive character of this episode. It refutes the notion of anti-Americanism as the explanation most relevant to this episode and even questions the possibility of opposing Europe to the United States at a time of constant transnational circulation inside the “Atlantic world.” Disputing the idea that a common fear of American superiority united Europeans, the study reveals how people in England, France, and Germany used the “American danger” to put forward their own ideas of the national interest, which explains why the theme did not meet with the same success in each of these countries. Finally, the author offers the hypothesis that the “American danger” was less the expression of fear—as the Yellow Peril could be—and more a rallying cry for economic circles motivated by defense of their sectional interests and by a desire for national union in a time of deep political division.
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Uekoetter, Frank. "Divergent Responses to Identical Problems: Businessmen and the Smoke Nuisance in Germany and the United States, 1880–1917." Business History Review 73, no. 4 (1999): 641–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116129.

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This article counters a common misconception that business was universally opposed to air pollution control at the beginning of the twentieth century. In comparing the reaction of German and American businessmen to smoke abatement efforts before World War I, it shows that behavior was primarily shaped by national culture, rather than by a general desire to “externalize costs.” German smoke abatement did not meet significant resistance from industrialists, with regulation being based on a general consensus of all parties involved—a process which turned out to be as much a chance for abatement as it was an impediment for reforms. The American business community was split into two factions: those opposed to smoke abatement because they feared additional costs and the intrusion of factories by officials, and others, frequently organized in Chambers of Commerce or similar civic associations, who took a broader perspective and argued that the economic prospects of their city were at stake. The ultimate success of the latter group was largely due to changes in strategy, which allowed businessmen to develop a more positive attitude toward smoke abatement while simultaneously increasing the effectiveness of regulation. Business, therefore, should not be viewed as an inevitably “negative force” in environmental regulation.
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Kuznetsov, Matvey O. "Legal Regime of Smart Contracts in Russia, Germany and the USA: Comparative Analysis." Теория и практика общественного развития, no. 2 (February 28, 2024): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/tipor.2024.2.18.

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The article delves into a comparative study of the legal regime of smart contracts in Russia, Germany and the United States. In-depth analysis of the concept, normative support, technological and legal nature of smart-contracts is carried out, the areas of application of this tool in civil law transactions and other legal relations are highlighted. Significant conclusions were obtained. Firstly, in the legal systems under consideration there is still no unambiguous definition of a smart contract. Secondly, a smart contract is understood to a greater extent as a program code embedded in websites or mobile applications, providing a number of elements of the procedural side of various transactions, rather than as an equivalent of a civil law contract. Thirdly, the areas of application of smart contracts are constantly expanding, they are used in the work of e-government, banking, e-commerce, electoral processes, and other legal relations. This requires the active activity of legislators in the countries in question.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Commerce, United States and Germany, 1907"

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Mrazek, Monique Francine. "The impact of differing regulatory frameworks on post-patent pharmaceutical markets in the United Kingdom, United States and Germany 1990 to 1997." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391052.

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This thesis analysed the effects of different regulatory frameworks on the post-patent pharmaceutical markets of the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States between 1990 and 1997. Firstly, an extensive search of peer reviewed and 'grey' literature was undertaken to develop an understanding of both the pharmaceutical and wider health policy environments during the period of study. Preference was given to prospective before and after studies with and without control groups, retrospective studies with and without controls, and case studies that were reinforced by similar supporting case studies. A comparative policy analysis of the regulatory frameworks of the three countries linked the actual or expected outcomes to pharmaceutical policies promoting the demand and supply of generic drugs. Secondly, this thesis analysed the effects of the different regulatory frameworks the cost of off-patent medicines. Molecules were selected for the study if they had experienced patent expiration between 1990 and 1997, as well as having experienced entry by two or more generic equivalents over the same time period. Contingency tables were calculated for each pair of variables analysed. The associations between the variables were tested by chi-square and the strength of the relationships was measured by Ganmia. Trends in the pricing and volume of the branded original and generic equivalents were compared. A statistical model was developed as a framework to determine significant factors affecting the market share of the original branded drug after patent expiration. The statistical model was estimated both by ordinary least squares regression and by a fixed-effects estimation. Finally, conclusions were drawn from the comparative analysis of these different regulatory approaches and policy implications are discussed.
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Emenyonu, Emmanuel Ndubuisi Okechukwu. "International accounting harmonisation in developed stock market countries an empirical comparative study of measurement and associated disclosure practices in France, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, and the United States of America /." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 1993. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/798/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 1993.
Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Faculty of Law and Financial Studies, Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Glasgow, 1993. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Scull, William Lloyd. "The United States, the Federal republic of Germany and West-East advanced technology transfer : the limitations of strategic embargoes in the post W. W. II-era /." Genève : W. L. Scull, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35048790j.

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Kube, Sven. "Born in the U.S.A. / Made in the G.D.R.: Anglo-American Popular Music and the Westernization of a Communist Record Market." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3656.

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Scholars from various disciplines have demonstrated that popular culture factored significantly in Cold War contestation. As a pervasive form of cultural content and unifying medium for baby boomers worldwide, pop music played an important part in the power struggle between the era’s two adversarial camps. Historical studies of the past thirty years have identified initiatives of cultural diplomacy, from radio broadcasting to live concert tours, as key to disseminating Western music in Eastern Bloc societies. This project explains how cultural commerce across the divide of the Iron Curtain familiarized millions of music fans in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) with popular sounds from the United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western democracies. Detailing a process that affected all Bloc states in similar ways, it seeks to enrich the scholarly discourse on the role of pop culture in the twentieth century’s defining ideological conflict. Through analysis of previously unavailable or inaccessible sources, the dissertation reconstructs the economic development of a communist culture industry and measures the commercial significance of Western commodities in one Eastern Bloc marketplace. Drawing on untapped archival files, it traces the evolution of Deutsche Schallplatten (German Records) from a small private firm into a flagship enterprise on the GDR’s cultural circuit. It illuminates how dependency on technology and resources from capitalist countries prompted East Germany’s managers to prioritize the westward export of classical recordings for the purpose of earning hard currencies. Based on oral histories of contemporary witnesses, it documents how the Amiga label through the parent company’s business ties to capitalist partners advanced the import of Western jazz, blues, rock, pop, and dance music to exhaust the purchasing power of the home audience. Empirically evaluating formerly classified production data for a total of 143 million records, it reveals how the state-owned monopolist engineered a de facto takeover of the domestic marketplace by American, British, and West German performers to achieve high profitability. The dissertation argues that intensifying Westernization of its walled-in music market exemplified the GDR’s decision to concede the Cold War battle over cultural preferences and political loyalties of its citizens out of economic necessity.
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Books on the topic "Commerce, United States and Germany, 1907"

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Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, ed. United States merchandise trade and trade balances with W. Germany, 1960-1987. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1988.

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Seppain, Hélène. Contrasting US and German attitudes to Soviet trade, 1917-91: Politics by economic means. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1992.

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Blackford, Mansel G. The rise of modern business: Great Britain, the United States, Germany, Japan, and China. 3rd ed. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008.

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Ogilvie, Erich. Die Kulturperspektive von Unternehmungen: Eine Analyse aus wirtschaftspsychologischer Sicht. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1992.

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Friman, H. Richard. Patchwork Protectionism: Textile Trade Policy in the United States, Japan, and West Germany. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1990.

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Temath, Bettina. Kulturelle Parameter in der Werbung: Deutsche und US-amerikanische Automobilanzeigen im Vergleich. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2011.

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Peter, Berg, ed. Creating competitive capacity: Labor market institutions and workplace practices in Germany and the United States. Berlin: Edition Sigma, 2000.

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Berghahn, Volker Rolf. The Americanisation of West German industry, 1945-1973. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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Berghahn, Volker Rolf. The Americanisation of West German industry, 1945-1973. Leamington Spa: Berg, 1986.

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Black, Edwin. IBM and the Holocaust: The strategic alliance between Nazi Germany and America's most powerful corporation. New York, USA: Crown Publishers, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Commerce, United States and Germany, 1907"

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Crawford, Timothy W. "Germany Keeps the United States Neutral, 1914–16." In The Power to Divide, 38–56. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754715.003.0004.

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This chapter examines how Germany's policy of keeping the United States neutral through concessions worked — until its leaders decided to flagrantly violate them. Why did they do that? They came to believe they had a military strategy that could negate the United States' war-tipping strategic weight. Thus, while this case displays the dynamics of successful selective accommodation under highly favorable contingent conditions, it also spotlights the critical role that beliefs about the target's strategic weight play in driving such efforts. As long as they perceived the United States to be a dangerous war-tipper, Germany's leaders maintained the strategy of accommodation and used concessions successfully. Once they were convinced, in January of 1917, that they could nullify U.S. strategic weight through unlimited U-boat warfare, they dropped the policy of concessions and in February launched the U-boat campaign that they knew would sink U.S. ships and make the United States an enemy. The United States entered the war two months later. In short, German leaders made “a cold military calculation that the advantages of destroying all commerce flowing to Great Britain outweighed the disadvantages of a war with the United States.”
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Macdonnell, Francis. "Prelude to the Fifth Column Scare." In Insidious Foes, 11–28. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195092684.003.0002.

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Abstract On April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war against Germany. The President argued that Berlin’s resort to unrestricted submarine warfare undermined freedom of the seas, violated the rights of neutrals, and jeopardized American lives and property. Though Wilson focused principally on Berlin’s submarine warfare as the source of conflict between the two nations, he also cited as a casus belli the Imperial Government’s willingness to run espionage, sabotage, and subversion campaigns in America: One of the things that has served to convince us that the Prussian autocracy was not and could never be our friend is that from the very outset of the present war it has filled our unsuspecting com munities and even our offices of government with spies. Indeed, it is now evident that it spies and sets criminal intrigues everywhere afoot against our national unity of counsel, our peace within and without, our industries and our commerce. Indeed, it is now evident that its spies were here even before the war began; and it is unhappily not a matter of mere conjecture but a fact proved in our courts of justice that the intrigues which have more than once come perilously near to disturbing the industries of the country have been carried on at the instigation, with the support, and even under the personal direction of official agents of the Imperial Government ac credited to the Government of the United States.
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Kubota, Takashi. "IT Development and the Separation of Banking and Commerce." In Electronic Business, 2214–27. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-056-1.ch137.

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Unlike the UK, Germany, France, and some major countries that permit entries from banking to commerce and vice versa (“two-way” regulation), the United States and Japan have maintained a policy of separating banking and commerce out of concern that the mixing of the two activities would result in the misallocation of credits, anticompetitive effects, exposure of deposit insurance, and taxpayers to greater risks from commerce and additional supervisory burdens on banking and antitrust regulators. However, this separation is now being reconsidered both in the U.S. and Japan. With IT development, linking online banking and Internet commerce may increase profitability through operating synergies between the two firms and reduce average costs and information costs. Future changes in the financial environment may produce other synergies and the degree of separation should be suitable for such business development. This chapter introduces current laws and discussions in both countries and considers the future of the separation policy in Japan.
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Bosco, David. "The Unraveling." In The Poseidon Project, 69–90. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265649.003.0004.

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The world wars of the 20th century saw the collapse of pre-war rules designed to protect merchant shipping from interference. In both wars, combatants engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare and imposed vast ocean exclusion zones, leading to unprecedented interference with ocean commerce. After World War I, the United States began to supplant Britain as the leading naval power, and it feuded with Britain over maritime rights. Other developments in the interwar period included significant state-sponsored ocean research, including activity by Germany in the Atlantic and the Soviets in the Arctic. Maritime commerce was buffeted by the shocks of the world wars. Eager to trim costs, US shipping companies experimented with “flags of convenience” to avoid new national safety and labor regulations. The question of the breadth of the territorial sea remained unresolved, as governments bickered about the appropriate outer limit of sovereign control.
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Anderson, Elisabeth. "Restoring Solidarity and Domesticity." In Agents of Reform, 151–92. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691220895.003.0008.

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This chapter considers Otto von Bismarck as a well-known figure in the birth of the modern welfare state, which was the driving force behind Germany's pathbreaking accident, sickness, and old-age insurance programs of the 1880s. In 1873, Germany, along with the rest of Europe and the United States, was plunged into a depression that lasted more than a decade, and Bismarck vehemently opposed any worker protections that might slow recovery. The chapter focuses mainly on the political maneuvering of a high-ranking bureaucrat in the Prussian Ministry of Commerce, Theodor Lohmann, the architect and prime mover behind Germany's factory inspection law. The chapter describes Lohmann as an emblematic of a new breed of bureaucratic specialist in whom the Prussian state increasingly invested toward the end of the nineteenth century.
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Clark, David S. "The Modern Development: 1900–1945." In American Comparative Law, 273—C6.N1. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195369922.003.0006.

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Abstract Sustained scholarly comparative law activities coincided with the establishment of scientific research at leading American law schools. Chapter 6 reviews the new field of comparative juristic inquiry that emerged from both idealistic and practical concerns. Jurists drew from history, social science, and traditional legal sources to provide new perspectives. Woodrow Wilson was a prominent legal comparatist. Following the 1898 Spanish-American War, the peace treaty ceded sovereignty over the Philippines to the United States, which took a course of indirect and consensual engagement. A few jurists knowledgeable in the civil law worked with American institutions and government to support foreign legal reform, including in China after it became a republic in 1912. Organized American comparative law began in earnest with the 1904 St. Louis Universal Congress of Lawyers and Jurists. The American Bar Association created the Comparative Law Bureau in 1907, with annual meetings and a Bulletin. Comparatists developed teaching materials, set up graduate programs, and supported expanded comparative law libraries. In 1925, bureau members established the American Foreign Law Association. They also took a leading role in forming the International Academy of Comparative Law, with Roscoe Pound and John Wigmore as active members. German-American juristic relations in the 1930s were complicated with the rise of Nazis in Germany and anti-Semitism in American universities. However, several U.S. law schools accepted émigré legal scholars much to their mutual benefit, while a few Catholic-affiliated university law schools and philosophy and government departments took in those who revived an interest in natural law jurisprudence.
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Ross, Andrew. "The Sun Always Rises." In Bird on Fire. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199828265.003.0011.

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Nothing has driven the growth of metro Phoenix more than the sun’s rays. For most of its residents and visitors, the chief reason for coming to the region was its 334 days of annual sunshine, yet precious little of this radiation showed up in the energy supply. Indeed, Arizona has often been held up as an object of shame for the cause of solar power. Despite the bounty of its sun cover, by 2009 the state generated only 7 watts of photovoltaic power (PV) per capita, while New Jersey, with only half the available sunlight, managed 14.6 watts per capita, and Germany, with even less, delivered 100 watts to each person. If the solar industry was to have its long-deferred day in the United States, then the Valley of the Sun had to be at, or near the top, of the location list. Surely, it should be easier to generate “clean electrons” here than almost anywhere else. Yet the dismal historical record shows that the abundance of this natural resource mattered very little in the face of a political and economic environment that has prevented the sun’s energy from being enjoyed by its liberty-loving residents, let alone developed on an industrial scale. For a metropolis in the deepest trough of the Great Recession, the prospect of developing solar industry was just about the only source of boosterism I could find among the business community. Glenn Hamer, president of the Arizona Chamber of Commerce, bragged that, with the help of federal and state incentives currently available, “the cocktail is in place for Arizona to truly be a national and international leader in solar. . . . with our incredible natural advantage, we have just about the world’s best solar resource.” Someone in his position could reasonably be expected to be gung ho about any new local market for investment, but Hamer also happened to be former national director of the Solar Energy Industries Association.
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