Relevant bibliographies by topics / Commerce – History – 18th century

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Academic literature on the topic 'Commerce – History – 18th century'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Commerce – History – 18th century"

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Hussin, Nordin. "Trading Networks of Malay Merchants and Traders in the Straits of Melaka from 1780 to 1830." Asian Journal of Social Science 40, no. 1 (2012): 51–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853112x632566.

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Abstract Malay merchants and traders played an essential and significant role in the early modern history of trade and commerce in Southeast Asia. Nevertheless records on the history of their entrepreneurship has been hardly written and researched upon. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to trace back the dynamic of Malay trading communities in the late 18th and towards the early decades of the 19th century. The paper would also highlight the importance of Malay traders in early Penang and the survival of Melaka as an important port in the late 18th century. A focal analysis of this study is on the 18th and 19th centuries Malay merchant communities and how their active presence in the Malay waters had given a great impact to the intra-Asian trade in Southeast Asia prior to the period of European colonialism and imperialism.
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Astigarraga, Jesůs, and Juan Zabalza. "Economic Literature for Merchants: Handbooks, Dictionaries and Periodicals on Commerce during the 18th Century in Spain." HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, no. 1 (November 2010): 99–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2010-001005.

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This work outlines a profile of Daniel De Leon, one between the most charismatic and discussed American socialist leaders, deepening his ideological contribution to Marxist and Radical thought in the United States between the end of the Nineteenth Century and the begin of the Twentieth Century. In particular, this paper analyses the development of De Leon syndicalism theory, describing how he tried to realize it through the participation to the constitutive process of the Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W.) as well analyzing the reasons that subsequently induced him to break whit the same labor union organization.
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Novita, Aryandini, Muhamad Nofri Fahrozi, and Muhamad Alnoza. "Komoditi Lada dan Praktik Kapitalisme di Sumatera Selatan Pada Abad XVIII - Awal Abad XX." PURBAWIDYA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi 10, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24164/pw.v10i2.406.

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Pepper (Piper nigrum) is one of the cultivated plants and since the past has become a commodity traded in international commerce. In the past several regions of the archipelago have cultivated pepper, such as Banten, southern Sumatra, and Aceh. This paper aims to describe the ebb and flow of pepper as a trading commodity during the 18th to early 20th centuries concerning the practice of capitalism in the South Sumatra region. The method of articles is a literature study with data sources the result of archaeology research and history research as well as other library data related to pepper as commodities in the South Sumatra region during the 18th century to the early 20th century. The results showed that colonialism had encouraged pepper production in South Sumatra on a large scale. However, along with changes in global market demand, there has been a change in the orientation of the cultivation of commodity crops so that it can be said that colonialism also brought down pepper production.
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Mita, Masahiko. "North Indian Medieval Fort History Study." Impact 2021, no. 4 (May 11, 2021): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.4.44.

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The studies of Assistant Professor Masahiko Mita, Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University, Japan, have included the early medieval history (6th to 13th centuries) of Rajasthan. Recently, he has been investigating the later medieval period and beyond (after the 14th century). By interpreting satellite images of forts, Mita has constructed an understanding of the typology of forts and their historical change. He found that 8th to 18th century Rajasthan forts as royal capitals are classified into three major types: large-scale hilltop fort; minor hilltop fort + fortified palace-city; and flat fortified city. In addition, he discovered that the large-scale hilltop fort was comparatively popular before the 13th century but from the 16th century onward, especially in the 17th century, both the minor hilltop fort + fortified palace-city and flat fortified city had become standard as major Rajput kingdoms became stable as regional royalty under the Mughal rule. Mita is interested in expanding on his findings to date in order to elucidate how the changes related to the state system, military conditions, urban settlements and socio-economic systems of those times. He will consider the politico-economic meanings of the changes from the aspect of the relation of kingship and commerce. Mita is also working to explain the structural transformation of royal capital cities by considering the changing Rajput state formation of the same periods. Ultimately, this work will shed light on historical trends from a different viewpoint and methodology to former studies that used literary sources.
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Bergès, Sandrine. "What’s it got to do with the price of bread? Condorcet and Grouchy on freedom and unreasonable laws in commerce." European Journal of Political Theory 17, no. 4 (June 17, 2018): 432–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474885118782391.

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István Hont identified a point in the history of political thought at which republicanism and commercialism became separated. According to Hont, Emmanuel Sieyès proposed that a monarchical republic should be formed. By contrast the Jacobins, in favour of a republic led by the people, rejected not only Sieyès’s political proposal, but also the economic ideology that went with it. Sieyès was in favour of a commercial republic; the Jacobins were not. This was, according to Hont, a defining moment in the history of political thought. In this article, I offer a different analysis of that particular moment in the history of the commercial republic, one that instead of focusing on Sieyès and the Jacobins, looks at the thought of Girondins philosophers Nicolas de Condorcet and Sophie de Grouchy. I argue that their arguments provide sound models for a commercial republic, reconciling late 18th century republican ideals in which virtue was central, with the need for a flourishing and internationally active market economy.
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Marietta, Morgan. "The Historical Continuum of Financial Illusion." American Economist 40, no. 1 (March 1996): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943459604000110.

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Can a clever financier outrun a diligent regulatory system? Are these recurrent excesses controllable, or are they an inevitable feature of economic life? The paper examines a representative history of financial illusions, specifically John Law's 18th century Mississippi Bubble, the original 1920s Ponzi scheme, the Investors Overseas Services (IOS) affair of the 1970s, and the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) affair, illustrating the growth over time in the size and complexity of such institutions as well as some of their animating characteristics. If a certain level of entrepreneurial experimentation (deviltry) is a necessary and permanent fixture of the economy, and if we cannot successfully determine between the desirable and the undesirable before outcomes are known, we are faced with continuing growth along the continuum of financial illusion.
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Svjatkovski, Vadim. "Vene valitsuse tollipoliitika 18. sajandi esimesel poolel ja selle rakendamine Narvas [Abstract: Customs Policies of the Russian Government in the first half of the Eighteenth Century and their Implementation in Narva]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal 167, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 37–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2019.1.02.

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Abstract: Customs Policies of the Russian Government in the first half of the Eighteenth Century and their Implementation in Narva The 18th century in Northern Europe began with a long war that profoundly altered the correlation of forces in the Baltic Sea region. During the war, the Russian authorities carried out large-scale reforms, the objective of which was to modernise the Russian state. The war and the reforms called for large expenditures, and the areas conquered during warfare were treated as a source of revenue, where customs duties could be imposed and collected. The authorities implemented a set of measures to increase state revenues, and the replacement of the old export customs duty system by a new one was among those measures. Russian authorities extended and imposed these reforms on Narva and Vyborg, which were annexed by the Russian state at the time. Though there is a sufficient number of research papers on the 18th century Russian customs duty system, they mainly focus on the subject of either the duty system in general or its implementation in St Petersburg or Arkhangelsk. Less attention has been paid to Narva in this matter. The subject of this article is the examination of the Russian government customs policy in the first half of the 18th century and its implementation in Narva. The causes of the government’s customs policy measures will be researched and the changes that took place will be noted. The object of this article is to analyse the formulation and introduction of customs tariffs in the first half of the 18th century and also to clarify how consistently Russian customs duty policy was implemented in Narva. Particular cases in relation to the introduced tariffs will be examined and the consequent steps taken by the government to resolve them will be observed. Also, incoming receivables of the city treasury received from half of the portorium duty in periods when different tariffs were in effect will be discussed and compared. In the course of this research, records preserved in the Estonian National Archives were consulted: i.e., orders from the Russian government to the Narva customs office, and statistical data on customs duty income. It has become evident from this research that the new customs tariff was introduced in Narva in 1724 because the authorities wished to promote the recently built St Petersburg port, while at the same time hindering competition from Narva in trade. By comparison, hitherto existing tariffs from the era of Swedish rule remained in effect nearly throughout the entire 18th century in other Estonian and Livonian trading cities. The Russian authorities consistently extended the subsequent tariffs of 1731 and 1757 to Narva. Thereby the Russian government altered the customs system that had been in effect in the era of Swedish rule, setting Narva apart from other Baltic trading cities. In this way, Russian customs policy affected Narva considerably more than any other Baltic trading city, and these alterations influenced the operations of the Narva customs office and the customs duties collected. The tariff of 1724 was by its nature protectionist and therewith high rates were set up. Depending on the capability of Russian enterprises to supply the state with commodities, the import rate amounted to 37.5, 25 and 12.5 kopecks from a rouble ad valorem. At the same time it was necessary to pay customs duties in standard weight thalers at the compulsory exchange rate of 50 kopecks for a thaler. Nonetheless, the actual price of a thaler was higher than the price of a rouble; consequently the real import rate corresponded to 75, 50 and 25 per cent ad valorem. The required payment of the duty in thalers stemmed from the Russian government’s need for silver. The fact that imported commodities came from the west, where roubles were not in use, also contributed to this requirement. After the death of Peter I, the government’s point of view changed. The ruling circles realised that Russian industry was not yet sufficiently advanced and was unable to completely satisfy the state’s needs. Moreover, the privileges granted to entrepreneurs did not always contribute to the development of enterprises because their owners abused the rights they had obtained and produced defective products. Additionally, such measures hindered trade by also depriving Russian consumers of the opportunity to buy essential products. On the whole, this also proved harmful for the state, since it furnished favourable conditions for the development of smuggling. The written petitions of foreign and Russian merchants to the Collegium of Commerce, the Senate and Empress Catherine I show that customs duties rates were too high. Therefore it became a necessity to decrease the tariff rate that had been introduced in 1724. In 1726, the Supreme Privy Council decided to establish a trade committee to improve commerce and work out a new customs tariff. As a result of the committee’s activity, the new customs tariff was published in 1731. This tariff considerably reduced the import rate. The previous 75, 50 and 25 per cent import rates were decreased to 20, 10 and 5 per cent, respectively. The first rate was to be levied on commodities that were produced sufficiently in Russia, the second rate was for goods that were produced in relatively small quantities, and the latter rate was for goods that were in short supply in Russia. The customs tariff of 1731 was in force until 1757, when it was replaced with a new one that was also protectionist, similarly to the tariff of 1724. During the era of Swedish rule, Narva was granted the right to half of the portorium duty, i.e. the accrued revenue of the port duty. The Russian authorities preserved this privilege of Narva; however, the portorium was allotted according to different principles than before. Thus, in the era of Swedish rule, Narva received half of the portorium from all articles of commerce, whereas under Russian rule, the portorium from only a certain portion of commodities was allotted to the city. Customs tariffs, particularly in 1724, were implemented in haste, without the respective preliminary notification. As a result, merchants could not prepare the necessary documents or modify contracts in time. For that reason, the authorities admitted numerous exceptions and gave in to merchants, replacing trade prohibitions with temporary permissions.
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Kurnikova, Oxana M. "STUDIES OF THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA BY RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS (THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (14) (2020): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-201-209.

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The rich historical past of the Crimean peninsula, its natural wealth and resources, its beauty at all times attracted the attention of traveling researchers. In the period from the last quarter of the 15th century up to the end of the 18th century, Western and Eastern researchers, visiting the Crimean peninsula for various purposes, studied its geography, biology, and history. Russian scientists-travelers did not have the opportunity to make research trips across the Crimea until the end of the 18th century due to the fact that for three centuries (from 1475 till 1774) the Crimean peninsula was part of the Ottoman Empire, being one of its most important provinces, both in trade, economic, and military-strategic terms. With the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 1783, started the development of newly acquired territories. The beginning of the study of the lands of the Crimean peninsula by Russian scientists is primarily associated with political and economic changes and transformations in the region. For the development and growth of the economy of the Crimean region, information was needed about the structure of the region, its socio-economic and ethnographic features, as well as about its natural resources. Therefore, by order of the Empress of Russia Catherine II and the instructions of the country’s government, the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts sends its scientists to the Crimea. Among Russian pioneers of the Crimean peninsula research in the late 18th century there were Vasily Zuev (1754–1794), Carl Ludwig Habliz (1752–1821), Theodor Chyorny (1745–1790), and Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811). The expeditions of these outstanding scholars and travellers commenced the Crimean exploration by Russian scientists in various fields of science, thus, the end of the 18th century should be considered the beginning of Russian Crimean studies.
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Adonyeva, I. G. "Russian Lawyers of Second Half of 19th Century on Political and Legal Concepts of Catherine II." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-7-325-340.

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The views of Russian lawyers of the second half of the 19th century regarding the political and legal concepts of Catherine II are considered. Attention is paid to educational and scientific works on the history of Russian law and Russian state law, published in the second half of the 19th century. The author proceeds from the fact that professional and class factors influenced the assessment of the empress’s political and legal ideas by Russian lawyers. It is shown that the professional one consisted in the official introduction by Catherine II into the Russian political and legal turn of the achievements of European educators, contributing to the formation of a tendency towards the prevalence of the law over the will of the monarch. Particular attention is paid to the fact that most of the representatives of the legal profession were of noble origin, the 18th century was a relatively recent past for them, and family traditions and class identity formed a positive idea of Catherine’s rule and the empress herself. At the same time, it is shown that researchers associated with the merchants paid attention to the fact that the empress’s selective acquaintance with the works of European thinkers left her without attention to branches of law, for example, civil law, which was of fundamental importance for the estate employed in commerce and industry. The author notes that historians of law paid maximum attention to the state-legal concepts of the empress. It is proved that the conclusions made in the study correlate with the ambiguous assessments of Catherine II both among historians and Russian society as a whole.
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Carter, Robert. "The History and Prehistory of Pearling in the Persian Gulf." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 48, no. 2 (2005): 139–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520054127149.

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AbstractThe paper presents an analysis and synthesis of historical and archaeological data on pearl fishing in the Persian Gulf. The history of pearling in the region is reviewed, from the earliest possible references to the mid 20th century. Economic data from the 18th–20th centuries CE is analysed in detail, to de fine the economic course of the pearling industry during that time, and assess the impact on human settlement in the region. The archaeological data for pearl fishing are then examined, from the 6th millennium BCE onwards, and compared to the historical evidence. The results of archaeological survey in the Abu Dhabi islands region are then taken as a case study, and changes in settlement patterns are related to the historical trajectory of the pearling industry. It is observed that the regional economy became overwhelmingly dependent on the pearl trade in recent centuries, and was increasingly subject to the demands of the global market. Cette étude présente une analyse et une synthèse des données historiques et archéologiques sur la pêche des perles dans le Golfe arabo-persique. L'histoire de la pêche des perles dans la région est passée en revue, depuis les plus anciennes références connues qui remontent au milieu du 20e siècle. Les données économiques du 18e au 20e siècle sont analysées en détail pour dé finir l'évolution de l'industrie perlière pendant cette période et évaluer son incidence sur le peuplement de la région. Les données archéologiques sur la pêche des perles, examinées depuis le 6ème millénaire avant J.-C., ont été comparées aux données historiques. Les résultats des reconnaissances archéologiques dans les îles de la région d'Abu Dhabi sont alors présentées comme étude de cas et les modi fications de con figuration de l'habitat sont reliées à l'évolution historique de l'industrie perlière. On remarque que l'économie de cette région est devenue presque entièrement dépendante du commerce des perles dans les siècles récents, et qu'elle était de plus en plus assujettie à la demande du marché mondial.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Commerce – History – 18th century"

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Maire, Claude. "Commerce et marché du fer à Paris d'environ 1740 à environ 1815." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74009.

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Li, Mumiao, and 李木妙. "明末淸初中國的海外貿易." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B15967517.

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Edwards, Stephen Otis. "Lintin Island :the Canton trade at anchor, 1790 to 1840." Thesis, University of Macau, 2015. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3335244.

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Layton, Simon. "Commerce, authority and piracy in the Indian Ocean world, c. 1780-1850." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608198.

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Roessner, Philipp Robinson. "Scottish foreign trade towards the end of the pre-industrial period, 1700-1760." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543264.

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The present thesis examines the trends, structure and fluctuations in Scotland's foreign trade, 1700- 1760 in two parts. Whilst Part I is a general discussion of Scotland's trade, the commodity trades with Germany will be examined en detail in Part II, being a case study of what can be achieved using an eclectic variety of Scottish and other north-western European records in a synoptic view. The analysis commences (chapter 2) with a detailed examination of the institutional framework ("English Restoration Customs System', 1660) that became applicable in Scotland in 1707, in particular a description of the newly introduced customs system and the duties charged, as well as the change in the level of taxation in 1707 and subsequent alterations. With regard to the detailed examination of the Scottish trade volume in chapters 4-6, a particular look will also be taken at the relevance and responsibility of the institutional super-structure for discouraging certain branches of economic activity and thus creating or at least co-determining a particularly Scottish pattern of overseas trade, 1700- 1760. Chapter 3 consists of a detailed analysis of the scope and reliability of the available quantitative sources. Particular attention will be directed at the Scottish customs accounts, which are unique in an eighteenth century (North-western) European context. The technical analysis of the customs accounts will be supplemented by an analysis of the available post-1755 trade statistics, as well as a detailed examination of the match between information contained in the former and the port books for the first year in which both are preserved completely (1755). This discussion will be supplemented by an analysis of other previously unused Customs materials. Chapter 4 examines the composition of the Scottish trade volume in 1707, as well as the most probable trajectory for commercial fluctuations between 1707 and 1755. Some insights into the possible distribution of the Scottish trade volume across ports after 1707 will be presented. The broad discussion will be augmented by an analysis of select branches of the commodity trades, which can be captured slightly more reliably from contemporary statistics, such as the colonial trades, the wine, as well as the grain trades. This analysis is followed by an examination of two unrecorded trades - trade with England and tea smuggling - which both attained significantly large dimensions in total Scottish commercial activity, and which have been so far overlooked by scholars. Chapter 5 takes up the analysis in chapter 4 by providing a concise overview on the composition of the Scottish trade volume in 1754-1760. Chapter 6 draws Part Ito a close by examining possible links between trade and economic growth, as well as the role trade played for the Scottish economy. In the end the peculiar eighteenth-century Scottish trade pattern will be explained. Part II is an en detail examination of Scotland's trade with the German Empire in the period under consideration. Drawing on both Scottish and German customs accounts, the commodity trades will be the subject of discussion in chapter 7. Chapter 8 traces the commercial patterns of individual merchants. The main aim of this chapter is to highlight the European contingency matrix of commodity markets, exchange rates and payments mechanisms, which Scots merchants were exposed to, which they had to consider in their business decisions, and which determined the overall profit levels in the intra-European trades. 1.1 Hypotheses 5
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Rönnbäck, Klas. "Commerce and colonisation : studies of early modern merchant capitalism in the Atlantic economy /." Göteborg : Department of Economic History, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/21789.

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Baker, William C. "Capital Ships, Commerce, and Coalition: British Strategy in the Mediterranean Theater, 1793." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699881/.

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In 1793, Great Britain embarked on a war against Revolutionary France to reestablish a balance of power in Europe. Traditional assessments among historians consider British war planning at the ministerial level during the First Coalition to be incompetent and haphazard. This work reassesses decision making of the leading strategists in the British Cabinet in the development of a theater in the Mediterranean by examining political, diplomatic, and military influences. William Pitt the Younger and his controlling ministers pursued a conservative strategy in the Mediterranean, reliant on Allies in the region to contain French armies and ideas inside the Alps and the Pyrenees. Dependent on British naval power, the Cabinet sought to weaken the French war effort by targeting trade in the region. Throughout the first half of 1793, the British government remained fixed on this conservative, traditional approach to France. However, with the fall of Toulon in August of 1793, decisions made by Admiral Samuel Hood in command of forces in the Mediterranean radicalized British policy towards the Revolution while undermining the construct of the Coalition. The inconsistencies in strategic thought political decisions created stagnation, wasting the opportunities gained by the Counter-revolutionary movements in southern France. As a result, reinvigorated French forces defeated Allied forces in detail in the fall of 1793.
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Zickermann, Kathrin. "Across the German sea : Scottish commodity exchange, network building and communities in the wider Elbe-Weser region in the early modern period." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/958.

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This thesis analyses the commercial, maritime and military relations between Scotland and the cities and territories in the North Western parts of the Holy Roman Empire during the early modern period; specifically Hamburg, Bremen, the Swedish duchies of Bremen and Verden, Danish Altona and Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Having identified anomalies in the histories of these locations, and bringing a more international dimension to them, my study tackles a remarkable understudied geo-political location. The core of my research identifies the immigration of Scots and the establishment of commercial networks within a region rather than an individual territory, highlighting contact across political borders. This region differed significantly from other places in Northern Europe in that it did not maintain an ethnically distinct Scottish community enforcing and encouraging interaction with the indigenous German population and other foreigners such as the English Merchant Adventurers in Hamburg. The survey reveals that despite the lack of such a community the region was of commercial significance to Scots as evidenced by the presence of individual Scottish merchants, factors and entrepreneurs whose trade links stretched far beyond their home country. Significantly, these Scots present in mercantile capacities were demonstrably linked to their countrymen who frequented the region as diplomats and soldiers who frequently resided in the neutral cities of Bremen and Hamburg. Some of these Scots within the Swedish army were of importance in the administration of Swedish Bremen-Verden while others fought for Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Their presence encouraged chain migration, particularly offering shelter to Scottish political exiles in the later seventeenth century. Analysing the collective role of these men and the relationships between them, this thesis highlights the overall significance of the wider Elbe-Weser region to the Scots and vice versa, filling a gap in our understanding of the Scottish Diaspora in the early modern period, and broadening our understanding of the region itself.
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Lupo, Sébastien. "Révolution(s) d'échelles : Le marché levantin et la crise du commerce marseillais au miroir des maisons Roux et de leurs relais à Smyrne (1740-1787)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3030.

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Les Capitulations accordées par la Porte en 1740 fixent un cadre favorable pour le commerce français au Levant. Cependant, le XVIIIe siècle est celui de sa régression. Smyrne, qui s'impose alors comme la première Échelle ottomane, offre un point d'observation idoine pour comprendre cette crise où se mêlent confusément la dégradation des changes et celle des draps, l'article le plus exporté. Pourtant, la maison marseillaise Roux établit une commandite à Smyrne en 1759 après avoir eu recours à des tiers. Grâce aux apports de la sociologie économique, notre étude montre que le contexte levantin, sujet aux révolutions de toute sorte, n'offre pas toutes les aménités escomptées. La structure sociale légalement induite, et dominée par les Marseillais, fonctionne selon une prudence encastrée qui assimile les régisseurs à des subalternes suspects d'opportunisme. Une telle organisation entrave la saisie des occasions offertes par le marché oriental. Alors que la Méditerranée devient un espace périphérique du commerce mondial, les Roux échouent à valoriser leur implantation levantine malgré l'étendue de leurs réseaux. La domination marseillaise de la draperie languedocienne contribue en fait à sa précarisation et à la baisse de sa qualité. Dès la fin de la guerre de Sept Ans, ces exportations entrent dans une phase dépressive que l'inertie des pratiques négociantes ne fait qu'entretenir. Celles-ci expliquent également l'absence de diversification. Ainsi, les défauts réticulaires se combinent à la complexité du marché levantin, aux troubles géopolitiques du XVIIIe siècle et à la transition hégémonique au profit des Anglais pour expliquer la crise du commerce marseillais levantin
The capitulations granted by the Porte in 1740 set a favourable framework for French trade in Levant. However, the 18th century means decline for it. Smyrna, which emerged at that time as the first Ottoman échelle, offered a fitting place to observe and to understand this crisis stemming from the debasement of exchange rates and woolen clothes, the most exported articles. And yet, the Roux company from Marseilles established a firm in Smyrna in 1759 after turning to outsiders. Thanks to the contributions of economic sociology, this research shows that the Levantine context, prone to revolutions of all kinds, didn't offer all the expected amenities. The social structure legally enforced and dominated by the merchants of Marseilles worked in accordance to embedded cautiousness which likened the expatriated partners to potentially opportunist subordinates. Such an organization hampered their activity in the Eastern market. Whereas the Mediterranean became an outlying space for world trade, the Roux failed to develop their Levantine firm despite the diversity of their networks. The domination of Marseilles over the clothing industry in Languedoc contributed, in fact, to its jeopardizing and the quality decline of its products. At the end of the Seven Years' War, these exportations entered in a declining stage maintained by the inertia of the merchants' practices which also account for the lack of diversification. Thus, network defects combine with the complexity of the Levantine market, the geopolitical troubles of the 18th century and the transition to English hegemony to explain the crisis of the Levantine trade from Marseilles
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Macdonald, Simon James Stuart. "British communities in late eighteenth-century Paris." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609294.

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Books on the topic "Commerce – History – 18th century"

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L, Gupta B. Trade and commerce in Rajasthan during the 18th century. Jaipur: Jaipur Pub. House, 1987.

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Furber, Holden. Private fortunes and company profits in the India trade in the 18th century. Brookfield, Vt: Variorum, 1997.

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3

Fernand, Braudel. Civilization and capitalism, 15th-18th century. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.

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Fernand, Braudel. Civilization and capitalism, 15th-18th century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

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Fernand, Braudel. Civilization and capitalism, 15th-18th century. New York: Perennial Library, 1985.

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6

The history of Finnish aesthetics from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. Vammala: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 2006.

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7

Panova, Snezhka. Bŭlgarski tŭrgovski kompanii na avstriĭskii︠a︡ pazar prez XVIII v. Sofii︠a︡: Univ. izd-vo "Sv. Kliment Okhridski", 1996.

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Panova, Snezhka. Bŭlgarski tŭrgovski kompanii na avstriĭskii͡a pazar prez XVIII v. Sofii͡a: Univ. izd-vo "Sv. Kliment Okhridski", 1996.

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David, Dickson, Parmentier Jan, and Ohlmeyer Jane H, eds. Irish and Scottish mercantile networks in Europe and overseas in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Gent [Belgium]: Academia Press, 2007.

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Commerce, morality and the eighteenth-century novel. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Commerce – History – 18th century"

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Oats, Joclyn M. "18th century." In An Illustrated Guide to Furniture History, 214–37. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367808297-11.

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Caffiero, Marina. "The Turning Point of the 18th Century." In The History of the Jews in Early Modern Italy, 137–62. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003188445-11.

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Jaecks, Duane H. "Developments in 18th Century Optics and Early Instrumentation." In The History and Preservation of Chemical Instrumentation, 51–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4690-3_6.

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McNabb, David E. "Twentieth-Century Japanese Commerce and Industry." In A Comparative History of Commerce and Industry, Volume II, 159–79. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137503305_10.

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Carocci, C. F., V. Macca, and C. Tocci. "The roots of the 18th century turning point in earthquake-resistant building." In History of Construction Cultures, 623–30. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003173434-185.

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Seris, Jean-Pierre. "Mechanical Models and the Language Sciences in the 18th Century." In Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, 45. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.74.05ser.

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Chan, Eugene. "The general development of Chinese ophthalmology from its beginnings to the 18th century." In History of Ophthalmology 1, 177–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1307-3_19.

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McNabb, David E. "Japan in the Twenty-First Century." In A Comparative History of Commerce and Industry, Volume II, 181–203. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137503305_11.

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Franckowiak, Rémi. "Jean Hellot and 18th Century Chemistry at the Service of the State." In History of Mechanism and Machine Science, 179–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9645-3_10.

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Golvers, Noël. "The Jesuits as translators between Europe and China (17th–18th century)." In Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, 101–28. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.130.03gol.

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Conference papers on the topic "Commerce – History – 18th century"

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Markovic, Ivancica. "AGRICULTURAL CHANGES IN SLAVONIA DURING 18TH CENTURY." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b31/s10.055.

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Gluchman, Vasil. "ETHICS AND EDUCATION IN THE SLOVAK HISTORY OF THE 18TH CENTURY." In 4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2017. STEF92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/22/s09.062.

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Zhuravel, Olga D. "From the history of Russian journalism: rhetorical strategies of the 18th century Old Believer leader Andrei Denisov." In Communication and Cultural Studies: History and Modernity. Novosibirsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1258-1-28-32.

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Stansfield, Billy, and William B. Ouimet. "HISTORY, MAPPING, AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 18TH – 19TH CENTURY RELICT CHARCOAL HEARTHS IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT." In 54th Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019ne-328410.

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Kurganov, Nikolai. "Restoration of a storeroom of pottery of the early 18th century from Novaya Ladoga." In Field session of the Institute for History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-11-3-2018-8-237-240.

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Sosnitsky, D. A. "Images of Russian history in popular art works of the second half of the 18th century." In Current Challenges of Historical Studies: Young Scholars' Perspective. Novosibirsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1110-2-318-327.

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Malysheva, Irina А. "The History of the Word in the Historical Dictionary." In Lexicography of the digital age. TSU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-907442-19-1-2021-109.

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Abstract:
The report discusses the problems of representing word history and the dynamics of lexical composition in a historical dictionary. Possibilities and different ways of showing fate are analyzed on the example of the Dictionary of 18th century Russian language. In the 18th century, there were active processes of development and changes in the vocabulary of the Russian language.
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Nakishova, M. T. "S. N. Shubinsky and the history of St. Petersburg in the first quarter of the 18th century." In Current Challenges of Historical Studies: Young Scholars' Perspective. Novosibirsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1110-2-28-35.

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Philippenko, Roman. "Settlement of the 18th century ‘Estate Rassokhovaty-I’ at the boundary between the Voronezh and Rostov Oblast." In Field session of the Institute for History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-11-3-2018-8-140-155.

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Прокопьева, Александра Николаевна. "HEADPIECE JEWELRY OF THE 18TH CENTURY FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE NEFU MUSEUM OF ARCHEOLOGY, ETHNOGRAPHY AND HISTORY." In Всероссийская научно-практической конференция с международным участием, посвященной 100-летию со дня рождения выдающегося ученого-североведа И.С. Гурвича (1919-1992). Электронное издательство Национальной библиотеки РС (Я), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25693/gurvich.2019prokopievaan.

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