Journal articles on the topic 'Commerce – Australia'
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Orlowski, Steve. "Issue in E-Commerce - Australia." Computer Law & Security Review 16, no. 1 (February 2000): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0267-3649(00)87066-1.
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Karim, Shakir, and Ergun Gide. "Barriers to adopting E-commerce with small to midsized enterprises-SMEs in developed countries: An exploratory study in Australia." Global Journal of Information Technology: Emerging Technologies 8, no. 1 (May 15, 2018): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjit.v8i1.3438.
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AbstractThe paper aims to provide an insight about barriers affecting e‐commerce adoption with small to midsized enterprises (SMEs) in Australia. The objective of this research is also to consolidate the factors and determine the level of influence, either positively or negatively from the adopter’s perspective, on the adoption decision. This study also examines the factors influencing e-commerce adoption decisions in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Australia. Three groups of factors influencing adoption decisions are identified, including organisational, technology and environmental barriers influencing e‐commerce adoption and implementation in Australia. This paper mainly has used secondary research data and methods to provide a broad investigation of the barriers in Australia, how to overcome the hurdles in SMEs of Australia necessary for SMEs to help facilitate e-commerce adoption. The research is subject to academic journal articles, project reports, media articles, corporation based documents and other appropriate information. In future, questionnaire‐based survey and interview will be conducted with small to midsized businesses in Australia about e‐commerce adoption and implementation. The finding says that one of the most vivid implications of e-commerce for SMEs is the potential for external communication and information gathering for market and product research. However, the most common limitation of e-commerce in Australia is that e-commerce is mainly used for payment purposes only. The study has found that the historical relationship problems between Business Link and SMEs are still causing problems. Cost was not seen as an inhibitor to adopting e‐commerce. Some evidence is emerging that e‐commerce may be able to save failing or struggling businesses. Other unexpected outcomes are that e‐commerce had social benefits for SMEs’ owners in reducing working hours yet still increased sales. The findings also show that in Australia, organisations and manager’s characteristics, perceived benefits, organisational culture, organisational IT competence, technological competency, IT support, availability of financial support, management commitment/support, external pressure and cost of adoption are significant predictors of e-commerce acceptance in the SMEs and have significant relationships with e-commerce adoption in Australia
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Hee, Wenqi Jacintha, Geoffrey Jalleh, Hung-Chih Lai, and Chad Lin. "E-Commerce and IT Projects." International Journal of Public Health Management and Ethics 2, no. 1 (January 2017): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijphme.2017010104.
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Hospitals and healthcare organizations are facing an increasingly competitive business environment which demands the efficient use and appropriate evaluation of their tangible and intangible resources and competencies in order to continuously improve their organizational performance. The management of e-commerce/IT outsourcing is a crucial management issue for hospitals and healthcare organizations in recent years since only a small proportion of these organizations have reaped the expected benefits from their outsourcing projects. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to better understand the investment evaluation and benefits realization practices and processes of Australian and Taiwanese hospitals that have outsourced their e-commerce/IT systems. This article provides the opportunity to examine outsourcing practices of a highly developed economy (Australia) and a newly industrialized economy (Taiwan). Some e-commerce/IT outsourcing issues and challenges confronted by hospitals in Australia and Taiwan will be identified, discussed and presented. The findings of this study will assist hospitals and other healthcare organizations to formulate appropriate strategies to better handle the potential issues and challenges in undertaking e-commerce/IT outsourcing projects.
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Costello, Graham I., and Jörg H. Tuchen. "A Comparative Study of Business to Consumer Electronic Commerce within the Australian Insurance Sector." Journal of Information Technology 13, no. 3 (September 1998): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026839629801300302.
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Electronic commerce is causing fundamental changes in the insurance sector. Inherent opportunities of this innovative sales channel are driving the development of a new customer relationship paradigm, development of new products, pursuit of low cost ‘self service’ strategies, and emergence of ‘virtual brokers’. The Australian insurance sector is well positioned to take advantage of electronic commerce due to the high level of PC penetration, high Internet usage, and extensive broadband infrastructure. The perception is that the Australian insurance sector is meeting these challenges. Surprisingly, despite the emergence of electronic commerce as a ‘hot topic’ in the information technology and insurance sector literature, little empirical research has been reported. Much of the extant literature can be criticized as being too generic and superficial. It is argued that until research is focused on specific aspects of electronic commerce, we will fail to capture meaningful insights. The aim of this research project is to develop a research framework appropriate for electronic commerce, research and to apply it to a specific sector (insurance), in a specific geographical region (Australia), using a specific electronic commerce, medium (Internet), for a specific purpose (business to consumer sale of risk products). The research objective is to discover which Australian insurance companies are using electronic commerce for what. The survey found that of the 21 largest Australian insurance companies only 18 have web sites. These sites are mainly used for promotional purposes and not for directly generating sales. Only six companies offer customer-specific pricing of their products. And of these, only four companies sell any of their products over the Internet. Paradoxically, despite pressing business drivers in the insurance sector and a favourable electronic commerce environment in Australia, these findings demonstrate a significant gap between appreciation of the importance of electronic commerce and realization of commercial potential. Whilst most Australian insurance companies are well aware of the special importance of electronic commerce, many fail to take full advantage. Although further qualitative research is recommended to understand why this is so, it is clear that a significant gap remains between the technical capabilities of electronic commerce and actual practice in the Australian insurance sector.
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Kumar, D. K., and Peter Mikelaitis. "Medical e-commerce for regional Australia." Australasian Physics & Engineering Sciences in Medicine 24, no. 4 (December 2001): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03178365.
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Puig, Gonzalo Villalta. "A European Saving Test for Section 92 of the Australian Constitution." Deakin Law Review 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2008vol13no1art154.
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<p>This article celebrates the recent decision of the High Court of Australia in Betfair Pty Ltd v Western Australia to revise the uniquely Australian concept of abridged proportionality that frames the Cole v Whitfield saving test for section 92 of the Australian Constitution. The critique that the article makes of abridged proportionality takes the form of a comparison<br />with the continental European concept of robust proportionality. The comparison reveals that, unlike robust proportionality, abridged proportionality poses a twofold risk: one, that the test might save laws or measures that have a discriminatory effect on interstate trade and commerce if they have a purpose that is not protectionist; and, two, that the<br />test might not save laws or measures that, in effect, legitimately regulate interstate trade and commerce if they have a purpose that is indeed protectionist. Thus, the article argues that abridged proportionality cannot preserve the Australian common market with the same level of strength that robust proportionality has. In conclusion, the article celebrates the fact that, since Betfair Pty Ltd v Western Australia, the High Court of Australia is now free to analyse not only the purpose but also the effect of any law or measure under challenge when it considers future cases on section 92.</p>
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Argy, P., and R. Bollen. "Australia: raising the E-commerce comfort level." IT Professional 1, no. 6 (1999): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/6294.806906.
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Healey, Deborah J. "Strange Bedfellows or Soulmates: A Comparison of Merger Regulation in China and Australia." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 7 (2012): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s219460780000065x.
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AbstractChina and Australia are extremely significant trade partners and investors. Australia has a very well established competition law, now called the Competition and Consumer Law 2010, with a well-established merger regime. China has a relatively new competition law, the Anti-Monopoly Law 2007. This article compares merger control in the two jurisdictions. The Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) has already referred to an Australian decision in rejecting a merger, the only reference to a foreign decision to date, which confirms the utility of the comparison. This article critically evaluates the determinations of MOFCOM and compares the approach of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), the Australian regulator. It assesses the transparency and predictability of procedures and decision-making in the two jurisdictions.
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Ramadhan, Muhammad Rheza, and Anindya Fauziyah Basuki. "ANALISIS KOMPARASI KEBIJAKAN PERPAJAKAN TRANSAKSI E-COMMERCE YANG BERLAKU DI INDONESIA DENGAN NEGARA LAIN (UNI EROPA, AUSTRALIA, KOREA SELATAN, INDIA, TIONGKOK, AMERIKA SERIKAT, DAN JEPANG)." Citizen : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia 1, no. 3 (November 23, 2021): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53866/jimi.v1i3.14.
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Indonesia has experienced an increase in users of e-commerce platforms, resulting in increased income for sellers, both individuals and entities, who conduct online sales transactions. Therefore, the Indonesian government sets a tax policy for online sellers. However, the Indonesian government still has several obstacles, one of which is that e-commerce transactions have an eternal nature. To answer these problems, the author compares the taxation policies on e-commerce transactions that apply in Indonesia with the tax policies on e-commerce transactions that apply in other countries, namely the European Union, Australia, South Korea, India, China, the United States, and Japan. The writing method used by the author is a literature study method. This paper shows that the taxation policy on e-commerce transactions in Indonesia, the European Union, Australia, South Korea, India, China, the United States, and Japan imposes a Value Added Tax (VAT) or the like as a consumption tax on goods. And services as well as sales tax and Income Tax. In addition, several countries have created platforms or special teams to manage taxes from e-commerce transactions, namely the platform Mini One Stop Shop (MOSS), now called OSS (European Union); Korean Fair Trade Commission (KFTC) (South Korea); Professional Team for E-Commerce Taxation (Protect) (Japan). Therefore, Indonesia needs to follow the example of the European Union, South Korea, and Japan in terms of establishing a system or team dedicated to managing tax collection from e-commerce transactions
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Stewart, Peter. "The Role of E-Commerce Systems for the Construction Industry." Construction Economics and Building 1, no. 2 (November 14, 2012): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v1i2.2873.
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The use of e-commerce systems has increased substantially in the past five years, and now a number of companies in the construction industry have joined consortiums to develop e-commerce portals. These new systems encourage companies to review the way in which existing processes are undertaken, and often re-engineered process are introduced. It is important to understand the difference between the terms e-commerce and e-business, e-commerce refers to buying and seeling transactions which use some24The Australian Journal of Construction Economics & Building Page (iii)form of electronic media, while e-business suggests a review and redefinition of business models linked to the greater use of IT. It is argued that the greater use of the internet and e-commerce, and the move towards the integration of applications will compel construction companies to re-engineer processes and introduce e-commerce systems. A series of business drivers and business designs are discussed in later sections of this paper.There are many benefits associated with the introduction of e-commerce systems, and these include increases in GDP, real wages and employment together with reduced transaction costs. It has been forecast that there will be more than 400,000 companies in Australia using e-commerce systems by 2005 (NOIE 2000). For the construction industry, the benefits will include increased project efficiencies, communications, control, and reduced design and construction times as well as reduced costs (BuildOnline 2000). In the past year, two local consortiums have been formed to develop and offer e-commerce applications, and this heightens the need for all companies to reflect on how they might engage with these new technologies.
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Scupola, Ada. "SMEs' e‐commerce adoption: perspectives from Denmark and Australia." Journal of Enterprise Information Management 22, no. 1/2 (February 13, 2009): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410390910932803.
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O'Donnell, Jonathan, Margaret Jackson, Marita Shelly, and Julian Ligertwood. "Australian Case Studies in Mobile Commerce." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2007): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer2020010.
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Sixteen wireless case studies highlight issues relating to mobile commerce in Australia. The issues include: the need for a clear business case; difficulty of achieving critical mass and acceptance of a new service; training and technical issues, as well as staff acceptance issues; that privacy and security issues arise through the potential to track the location of people and through the amounts of personal data collected; difficulties in integrating with existing back-end systems; projects being affected by changes to legislation, or requiring changes to the law; and that while there is potential for mobile phone operators to develop new billing methods that become new models for issuing credit, they are not covered by existing credit laws. We have placed the case studies in a Fit-Viability framework and analyzed the issues according to key success criteria. While many organizations are keen to use the technology, they are struggling to find a compelling business case for adoption and that without a strong business case projects are unlikely to progress past the pilot stage.
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Scott, Paul G. "It Ain't Necessarily So: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd and the Reasons for Reforming s 36 of the Commerce Act." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 51, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v51i2.6571.
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The Government has indicated it is going to amend s 36 of the Commerce Act 1986. Its reasons are that s 36 fails to capture sufficient anticompetitive conduct, is difficult and complex to apply and makes litigation unpredictable. The Government proposes a substantial lessening of competition test which it claims will capture more conduct, make analysis more straightforward and provide a source of Australian authority for New Zealand courts. This article uses an Australian Federal Court case, Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd, to show that the claims for reform are overstated and in some cases incorrect. It argues the foundations of the case for reform of s 36 are wobbly and infirm.
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Gide, Ergun, and Shakir Karim. "A comprehensive analysis on the adaption of Big Data in e-commerce: Overview of small to midsized enterprises-smes in Australia." Global Journal of Computer Sciences: Theory and Research 6, no. 2 (April 16, 2017): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjcs.v6i2.1476.
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Big Data contains every part of aspects of existence, as well as personal actions, disciplines and corporations. Big Data promises to make the world more demanding and helps to take the prompt decisions not only on the basis of limited knowledge of expertise but also on the huge quantity of data from the realism. The gathering, exercise, distribution and networking of Big Data associates economic, legal, social, ethical and political issues may result possible positive and negative results. This report provides a primary analysis of economic, legal, social, ethical and political issues in e-commerce contents-SMEs in Australia that are relevant to the consequences formed by Big Data. Identifying the subjects can help in an improved and clear perceptive of extents for prospective development and advance within the Big Data industry and support e-commerce sector of Australia. This paper mainly has used secondary research method to provide an extensive investigation of the positive and negative consequences of issues relevant to Big Data, the architects of the consequences and those exaggerated by the consequences. The secondary study is subject to journal articles, reports, media articles, corporation based documents and other appropriate information. The study found that Big Data and e-commerce are steadily transforming the way businesses to be conducted and changing the small to midsized enterprises in Australia. Big Data and e-commerce can provide quicker and trustworthy services to the potential and happy clients. They not only can develop new competitive advantages, also can improve relationships with customers and make better the economy by increasing effectiveness and behind the small to mid-sized new business models and innovation.
Keywords: big data, economic, ethical and political ıssues, e-commerce, small to midsized enterprise-smes.
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Van Beveren, John, and Helen Thomson. "The Use of Electronic Commerce by SMEs in Victoria, Australia." Journal of Small Business Management 40, no. 3 (July 2002): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-627x.00054.
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Dunn, Kevin, Danielle Pelleri, and Karin Maeder-Han. "Attacks on Indian students: the commerce of denial in Australia." Race & Class 52, no. 4 (April 2011): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396810396603.
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Sohaib, Osama, Kyeong Kang, and Iwona Miliszewska. "Uncertainty Avoidance and Consumer Cognitive Innovativeness in E-Commerce." Journal of Global Information Management 27, no. 2 (April 2019): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2019040104.
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This article describes how despite the extensive academic interest in e-commerce, an investigation of consumer cognitive innovativeness towards new product purchase intention has been neglected. Based on the stimulus–organism–response (S–O–R) model, this study investigates the consumer cognitive innovativeness and the moderating role of the individual consumer-level uncertainty avoidance cultural value towards new product purchase intention in business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce. Structural equation modelling, such as partial least squares (PLS) path modelling was used to test the model, using a sample of 255 participants in Australia who have had prior online shopping experience. The findings show that the online store web atmosphere influences consumers' cognitive innovativeness to purchase new products in countries with diverse degrees of uncertainty avoidance such as Australia. The results provide some guidance for a B2C website design based on how individual's uncertainty avoidance and cognitive innovativeness can aid the online consumer purchasing decision-making process.
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Hassall, Kim, Russell Thomson, and Ken Cowell. "The Evolution of a High Productivity Urban e-Commerce delivery vehicle using Australian Performance Based Standards." Logistics and Transport 43, no. 3 (2019): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26411/83-1734-2015-3-43-2-19.
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The introduction of High Productivity Vehicles (HPVs) in Australia, through the Performance Based Standards (PBS) scheme, was predicated on new mechanical engineering standards that were mandated especially for these new vehicles. These standards improved vehicle stability, general performance and safety, especially safety. Two national surveys showed both massive safety and productivity benefits compared to conventional Australian road freight fleets. The first Australian PBS vehicles operated under permits from 1997 but the formalized Australian scheme was implemented in 2006. So arguably the introduction of HPVs under permit and now under a formal regulatory PBS framework has allowed some 20 years of research observations. However, only one major type of single rigid, high productivity truck, without a trailer, has been active in an urban environment as a pilot, over that time. This paper examines this special urban High Productivity Vehicle which could be exceptionally useful for the urban freight task in many countries should they ever adopt it.
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Hallal, Jahjah, and Jun Xu. "Examining the correlation website status and the e-commerce system success: An Australian Study." Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 02, no. 07 (July 19, 2012): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52283/nswrca.ajbmr.20120207a01.
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Acknowledging that, by using e-commerce systems, firms can deliver information about their products and services, their vision, policy and many others related issues to their existence and potential customers. Typically, the applications that underlie e-commerce systems determine the nature of the product or service offering, the reaction of the customers and the revenue flux accrue to businesses. This designates that the value added by a firm’s website system is a critical concern to both existence and potential customers. Based on the DeLone and McLean’s (1992, 2002, 2003) theory of information system success model, a dichotomous dimensional model for classifying e-commerce website applications/status was developed. The proposed model was tested via surveying small businesses in Australia. The results of this study indicate that the proposed dichotomous classifications of the e-commerce website are meaningful, and unveil that e-commerce success and benefits accrue to firms are determined by the environmental context of the website system applications.
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MacGregor, Robert C., and Mira Kartiwi. "Perception of Barriers to E-Commerce Adoption in SMEs in a Developed and Developing Country." Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations 8, no. 1 (January 2010): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jeco.2010103004.
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Despite the proven potential of e-commerce in the small business sector, studies have shown that larger businesses have reaped the benefits, with SME adoption remaining relatively low by comparison. This slow growth of e-commerce adoption in SMEs has been attributed to various adoption barriers that are faced by small business owners/managers. These barriers have been well documented in numerous research studies. While these studies have gone some ways to determine the nature and role of barriers to e-commerce adoption, there is a suggestion that as most have been conducted in developed economies, their value for developing economies remains in question. This article compares the perception of barriers to e-commerce adoption in a developed and a developing economy. Two hundred forty-seven non-adopters in Australia are compared to 96 non-adopters in Indonesia. The data shows that the perception of importance of barriers to e-commerce adoption differs across the two locations.
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Wilson, Adam. "Legislation, Commerce, and Ethics Drive Design of Quieter Facilities in Australia." Journal of Petroleum Technology 65, no. 08 (August 1, 2013): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0813-0142-jpt.
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Sedgwick, Laura. "Rushing for Gold: Life and Commerce on the Goldfields of New Zealand and Australia, Lloyd Carpenter and Lyndon Fraser (eds) (2016)." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00053_5.
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Review of: Rushing for Gold: Life and Commerce on the Goldfields of New Zealand and Australia, Lloyd Carpenter and Lyndon Fraser (eds) (2016) Dunedin: Otago University Press, 344 pp., ISBN 978 1 87757 854 0 (pbk), NZ$45
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Sohaib, Osama, Kyeong Kang, and Mohammad Nurunnabi. "Gender-Based iTrust in E-Commerce: The Moderating Role of Cognitive Innovativeness." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010175.
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Despite the extensive academic interest in e-commerce, cognitive innovativeness in e-commerce context has been neglected. This study focuses on the moderating role of consumer cognitive innovativeness on the influencing factors of interpersonal trust (iTrust) towards online purchase intention of new product in business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce. Data were collected in Australia from consumers who has had prior online shopping experience. Variance-based structural equation modeling such as partial least squares (PLS-SEM) is used to test the research model. The results show men and women have different perceptions of what is important to be provided by an online store to make a positive shopping experience. We highlighted that in-addition to the e-commerce web design aspects; the individual cognitive innovativeness can influence females more to purchase online. Practitioners should adjust their online business strategies, considering consumer cognitive innovativeness to enhance their e-commerce desirable outcomes. This means online business should not treat their consumers as a uniform group with a ‘one-design-fits-all’ web design strategy but need to consider the individual needs of their male and female consumers.
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Braun, P. "Networking Tourism SMEs: e-Commerce and e-Marketing Issues in Regional Australia." Information Technology & Tourism 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/109830502108751028.
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Valadkhani, Abbas, and Simon Ville. "Ranking and clustering of the faculties of commerce research performance in Australia." Applied Economics 42, no. 22 (September 2010): 2881–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840801964674.
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Mills, Anthony, Jim Smith, and Peter Love. "Barriers to the Development of SME's in the Australian Construction Industry." Construction Economics and Building 2, no. 2 (November 17, 2012): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v2i2.2902.
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Small and medium sized companies (SMEs) operating in the construction industry in regionalareas of Australia often struggle to compete against city-based companies for constructionwork. This paper identifies the barriers that confront SMEs in areas outsidemajor cities, specifically in regional areas of Victoria (Australia) where local firms oftencompete unsuccessfully against large Melbourne-based organisations. The authors alsolook at the possibility of using e-commerce solutions to give regional SMEs greater competitivenessas well as considering possible policy initiatives that may assist these companiesto be more successful in tendering against city-based competition.
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Thongpapanl, Narongsak (Tek), Abdul R. Ashraf, Luciano Lapa, and Viswanath Venkatesh. "Differential Effects of Customers’ Regulatory Fit on Trust, Perceived Value, and M-Commerce Use among Developing and Developed Countries." Journal of International Marketing 26, no. 3 (September 2018): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jim.17.0129.
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Despite promising growth, mobile commerce (m-commerce) still represents only a small proportion of the world's total e-commerce market. The research behind this article moves away from the predominantly single-country (typically developed) and utilitarian-focused market scope of past research to examine and provide a more nuanced understanding of customers’ motivations, whether utilitarian or hedonic, for using m-commerce across six countries. The six-country context, with data collected from 1,183 m-commerce users, offers a unique opportunity to advance mobile-retailing literature by comparing customers’ value perceptions, trust, and m-commerce use across disparate national markets. By treating motivations as conditions activated by individuals’ chronic regulatory orientations, our results show that hedonic motivation plays a more significant role in influencing customers’ value perceptions and trust for those who are promotion oriented (Australia and the United States), whereas utilitarian motivation plays a more important role for those who are prevention oriented (Bangladesh and Vietnam). Finally, both hedonic and utilitarian motivations play an important role in influencing customers’ value perceptions and trust for those who are moderately promotion and prevention oriented (India and Pakistan). These results offer insights to mobile retailers operating internationally in their decisions to standardize or adapt the mobile-shopping environment to deliver the most valuable, trustworthy, and engaging solutions to customers.
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Rowe, Gerard C., and Rob Brian. "Meeting the Needs of Comparative and International Legal Research in Australia: A Library Project—A Report and Proposal*." International Journal of Legal Information 20, no. 3 (1992): 238–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500007939.
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Common Law systems have always practiced a fairly consistent comparative legal research and scholarship. Initially through the mere exportation of rules and principles from England this was a somewhat centripetal comparative law but it has passed through various modes of radial, circumferential, centrifugal and ultimately polycentric comparisons and cross-fertilizations. Nevertheless, this exercise in comparative law, also in Australia, has remained largely within the boundaries of the Common Law world. It is no longer possible for legal research to be conducted wholly within the boundaries of a single legal system, even that of the enlarged Common Law. Legal researchers need to look beyond the borders of their own jurisdictions. Hardly any legal system today is capable of operating without international interactions requiring a knowledge of foreign legal systems, and many legal problems, or socio-economic problems which law must help to solve, may find useful models elsewhere. In Australia there are needs for reform in fields such as intellectual property, banking or consumer law, and for providing qualified advice including predictions of developments in foreign legal systems to ensure that foreign commerce and trade is fully informed of potential benefits and disadvantages to be found under foreign law. Australia must also be able to take its proper place in fields such as international environmental protection, and to take advantage of potentially beneficial developments in dispute resolution techniques. All of these situations are ones in which, by looking outside their national and even Common Law framework, Australian legal researchers will be better placed to provide concrete benefits to Australian society.
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et al., Maree. "Role of age and gender in the adoption of m-commerce in Australia." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 6, no. 10 (October 2019): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2019.10.009.
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Bakalis, Steve. "Determinants of success for ethnic chambers of commerce and industry: evidence from Australia." International Journal of Economics and Business Research 3, no. 2 (2011): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijebr.2011.038796.
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Calma, Angelito. "The long and winding road." International Journal of Educational Management 31, no. 4 (May 8, 2017): 418–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-09-2015-0122.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of specific learning outcomes in an undergraduate commerce degree in a large research-intensive university in Australia. Design/methodology/approach It uses data collected from assurance of learning activities as part of Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business accreditation. A total of 267 assessments were marked using nine different rubrics in nine different subjects. It assessed six learning outcomes. Findings Results indicate that a number of skills deficits exist among commerce students’ application of mathematical tools, analysis of business issues or problems, demonstration and application of theories, models or concepts, describing alternative methods of analysis, and generating supported conclusions or solutions, and analysing the research of others. These findings tell us that there are a number of higher order thinking skills that students need to develop when they pursue a commerce degree. It also creates a challenge for universities to foster an environment where these skills are developed in the curriculum. Practical implications The wider implications to higher education include a reconsideration of the purpose of the commerce degree, the importance of feedback from various stakeholders (e.g. alumni, employers) to inform the commerce curriculum, and the range of learning experiences that develop these skills. More importantly, this study has identified specific skills deficits across the broad generic skills embedded in the commerce degree. It can assist academic staff and program managers in planning for future curriculum improvements as they see fit in the context of their own commerce programs. Originality/value This is a novel contribution in that it provides specific assessment of skills deficits in business undergraduate education.
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Harris, Bede. "Do the Queensland Regulations Governing the Refund of Motor Vehicle Registration Fees Breach s 92 of the Commonwealth Constitution?" Journal of Politics and Law 12, no. 4 (November 28, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v12n4p8.
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The federal system in Australia imposes inconvenience on people. One of these inconveniences arises from the fact that each State and Territory has its own vehicle registration regime. In contrast to other States in Australia, purchasers of vehicles from outside Queensland suffer from a particular burden in that they are denied a refund of the unexpired portion of vehicle registration fees. In this article it is argued that that denial is unlawful both as a matter of the interpretation of the applicable Regulations and because it infringes s 92 of the Commonwealth Constitution, which prohibits the imposition of protectionist burdens on interstate trade and commerce.
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Chong, Sandy. "An Empirical Study of Factors That Influence the Extent of Deployment of Electronic Commerce for Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Australia." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2006): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer1020012.
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The purpose of this paper is to present the perceptions and experiences of Electronic Commerce (EC) implementation in Australia. The study is investigated from the perspective of Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and the framework of implementation is represented by the extent of deployment. Based on the sample of about 115 small businesses in Australia, this paper uses regression modelling to explore and establish the factors that are related to the extent of deployment in EC. A multiple regression analysis shows that seven factors: perceived relative advantage, trialability, observability, variety of information sources, communication amount, competitive pressure, and non-trading institutional influences, significantly influence the extent of EC deployment by SMEs in Australia. The results and interpretations have some implications for managers in determining the appropriateness of deploying EC strategies to achieve profitability and operational efficiency.
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Zhang, Yan, and Shaosheng Jin. "Hedonic valuation of country of origin in the Chinese dairy market." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 487–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2019.0212.
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The implicit value to Chinese consumers of the country-of-origin (COO) characteristic of dairy products is of great importance to estimate. This study adopted the hedonic price model to evaluate the shadow price of the COO attribute of both UHT fluid milk and infant formula collected from the five leading e-commerce platforms (Alibaba’s Tmall Supermarket, Jingdong, Suning Purchase, COFCO I buy nets, and Yihaodian) in China. The target countries were Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Spain from the EU, and Australia and New Zealand from Oceania. The results show that the implicit values of the COO of UHT fluid milk and infant formula are reversed. Having a COO of Spain and Germany decreased the price of UHT fluid milk compared with China, while Germany, New Zealand, France, the Netherlands, and Spain all earned a price premium on infant formula. The B2C platforms Yihaodian, Jingdong, Alibaba’s Tmall Supermarket and Suning Purchase all earned a price premium above COFCO I buy nets. These findings have important implications for dairy industry of EU countries, Australia, New Zealand, and China in terms of the promotion of domestic dairy products. Moreover, this study contributes to the existing body of literature by innovating in employing sales data from e-commerce scanners to study the implicit value of food attributes.
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Chadha, Rajesh. "Commentary: FTAS and the WTO Doha Development Round--Asian Response to EEU and FTAA." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850068. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1155.
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Commentary on FTAs and the Doha Development Round. Rajesh Chadha is Chief Economist at the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) in New Delhi, India. His Teaching and research experience of more than 29 years includes the University of Delhi and the NCAER. Chadha’s specialization is international trade with significant experience in applied economic research and economic modeling. His international experience includes Visiting Scholar in the Department of Economics, University of Michigan, and in the Department of Economics, University of Melbourne, Australia. He has also held visiting faculty positions at IIT, Delhi; IIT, Roorkee; IEG, Delhi; IIFT, New Delhi; IIPA, New Delhi; MDI Gurgaon and AIMA, New Delhi. Chadha was consultant to the World Bank in 1989, 1990, and 1999, and Consultant to the Australian Government in 2002. He was nominated as a GTAP Research Fellow for 2004-2007 by Purdue University. His research experience includes national as well as international research projects sponsored by the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Finance, Government of India; Government of Australia, Ford Foundation, European Union, World Bank, USAID, and ESCAP. He earned a B.Sc. Honours in Physics and an M.A. in Business Economics at the University of Delhi and a Ph.D. at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi.
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Richards, Jonathan. "Rushing for Gold: Life and Commerce on the Goldfields of New Zealand and Australia." Australian Journal of Politics & History 62, no. 3 (September 2016): 468–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12275.
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Larsson, Yvonne. "Perceptions of Educational Standards in Australia: The Dichotomy between Schools and Commerce and Industry." South Pacific Journal of Teacher Education 14, no. 1 (April 1986): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0311213860140105.
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Basak, Sayan. "Equalization Levy: A New Perspective of E-Commerce Taxation." Intertax 44, Issue 11 (November 1, 2016): 845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2016078.
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E-commerce has grown tremendously in the last few decades facilitating cross-border trade and commerce with a click of a mouse. This has given leverage to the multi-national enterprises to exponentially increase its revenue by shifting profits across jurisdictions. The disparity in tax treatment among the foreign players and their domestic counterparts has increased to a new high. The developing countries like India are losing their revenue which is eventually hindering the growth of digital industries in these countries. The old legal structures concerning international taxation are failing to keep a check on these digital transactions. Therefore, in order to stop this malpractice of profit shifting, India has enforced an equalization levy to tax the non-resident entities providing online specified services to the residents. UK and Australia also implemented the same in the nature of Diverted Profits Tax. This is in consonance with the Final Report 2015 of the BEPS Action Plans which formulated strategies to weed off the tax avoidance techniques adopted by the multinational enterprises.
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Duan, Carson, Bernice Kotey, and Kamaljeet Sandhu. "The Effects of Cross-Border E-Commerce Platforms on Transnational Digital Entrepreneurship." Journal of Global Information Management 30, no. 2 (July 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.20220301.oa2.
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This research examines the important concept of transnational digital entrepreneurship (TDE). The paper integrates the host and home country entrepreneurial ecosystems with the digital ecosystem to the framework of the transnational digital entrepreneurial ecosystem. The authors argue that cross-border e-commerce platforms provide critical foundations in the digital entrepreneurial ecosystem. Entrepreneurs who count on this ecosystem are defined as transnational digital entrepreneurs. Interview data were dissected for the purpose of case studies to make understanding from twelve Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs living in Australia and New Zealand. The results of the data analysis reveal that cross-border entrepreneurs are in actual fact relying on the significant framework of the transnational digital ecosystem. Cross-border e-commerce platforms not only play a bridging role between home and host country ecosystems but provide entrepreneurial capitals as digital ecosystem promised.
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Khatibi, Ali, V. Thyagarajan, and A. Seetharaman. "E-commerce in Malaysia: Perceived Benefits and Barriers." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 28, no. 3 (July 2003): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920030307.
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Rapid developments in information technology and telecommunications have set the pace for an electronic revolution leading to emergence of E-commerce. The advent of internet offers many business firms new opportunities and challenges. However, there are various psychological and behavioural issues such as trust, security of the internet transactions, reluctance to change, and preference for human interface which appear to impede the growth of E-commerce. This paper analyses the current situation of E- commerce in Malaysia, the merits of E-commerce, and factors affecting the adoption of E-commerce. Internet has transformed the traditional marketing model and system. Besides functioning as a communication medium, it has been used as a market space where buyers and sellers exchange information, goods, and services without the hindrance of time and geographical constraints. Marketing functions are performed under a hypermedia-computer-mediated-environment where interactivity and connectivity are replacing the traditional mode of ‘face to face’ negotiation and communication. Internet allows interactivity between buyers and sellers to create a shared real-time common marketspace. Connectivity links buyers-sellers worldwide creating a shared global marketspace. No other industry in the world history has achieved a rapid growth in as short a time as E-commerce. Though only a few years old, E-commerce has taken off at an unprecedented speed despite much skepticism and some initial hesitation. It is univer-sally accepted that the world is in the grip of an E-commerce revolution. But, the hyper growth of Internet sales is still an American phenomenon and E-commerce has not taken off in other parts of the globe although some countries like Europe, Japan, and Australia are rapidly joining the bandwagon. Although E-commerce is a relatively new method of business, it has radically altered the marketing and distribution paradigms. The scale of business generated through E- commerce is multiplying exponentially. However, Malaysian E-commerce industry has not taken off as expected. Based on primary data collected by MATRADE using a survey of 222 Malaysian manufacturers, traders, and service providers, this paper examines the perceived benefits as well as barriers to E-commerce adoption. Though the sample firms felt that E-commerce was beneficial to business in general, they were uncertain as to how it would benefit their actual business operations. The perceived benefits included: competitiveness better image efficient processes better information system. However, despite the perceived benefits, E-commerce adoption was hindered by a number of constraints. Major barriers were thought to be the problems of keeping up and understanding the technology itself lack of trained manpower uncertainties with regard to its operations and regulations high switching costs. These findings are helpful in providing the firms' perspective of E-commerce in terms of its benefits to their companies as well as barriers to its full scale adoption. Hence, any policy that aims at promoting E-commerce should take these factors into consideration. The results support the development of E-business portals to cater to their needs and rectify their problems. E-commerce portals would enable companies to share the high investment cost of constantly changing technology, reduce the manpower requirement, and keep abreast with the advances in technology.
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Puig, Gonzalo Villalta. "Trade and Investment Relations between the European Union and Australia: For a Bilateral Economic Integration Agreement." European Foreign Affairs Review 17, Issue 2 (May 1, 2012): 213–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2012022.
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The European Union (EU) is Australia's largest economic partner. It has been so for more than twenty-five years. Yet, the EU remains the only major trading and investment partner with which Australia does not have an Economic Integration Agreement, either in force or under negotiation. This article analyses the legal and policy issues that affect their trade and investment relations. Despite the existence of an EU-Australia Partnership Framework, a declaration in the process of revision into an agreement, the article considers that attention diversion from larger trading and investment partners, for the EU, and opposition to the distortive effects of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), for Australia, are the two main reasons for the low priority that each party attaches to bilateral trade and investment liberalization with the other. Nonetheless, an Economic Integration Agreement is, it argues, a mutually beneficial strategy: there remain duties and other restrictive regulations of commerce on trade between the EU and Australia that are amenable to bilateral elimination in the interest of further trade creation without the subsequent potential for any significant trade diversion. This article, aware of the difficulty of compromise over agriculture, makes a flexible and pragmatic call for a bilateral agreement on trade in services and trade-related investment measures. Services trade and investment are not sensitive areas for either party and an agreement to facilitate them would duly recognize the EU as Australia's largest partner for trade in services and its largest source and destination of foreign direct investment. It concludes that barrier reductions, if not their elimination altogether, in these two non-sensitive areas are likely to make up a significant proportion of the likely benefits of a comprehensive agreement. Their delay (or even loss) might outweigh the possible benefits from barrier reductions to sensitive sectors. Agriculture and other sensitive sectors that require further negotiation over a longer period of time could be the subject of built-in agendas.
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Lu, Lam Uyen, and Niloufer Selvadurai. "Refining the Right to Information in Vietnamese Consumer Law: Insights from Australia." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 16, no. 1 (July 2021): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2021.13.
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AbstractIn upholding a consumer's right to information, regulations prohibiting misleading or deceptive conduct perform a critical role in supporting consumer welfare and encouraging equity in business and commerce. While Vietnam enacted a Law on Consumer Protection in 2010, its provisions in this area are limited in ambit and application. In order to improve the effectiveness of a consumer's right to information in Vietnam, it is useful to examine the Australia Consumer Law which has a sophisticated regulatory framework in this area. By comparing the laws prohibiting misleading or deceptive conduct in the Vietnamese Law on Consumer Protection and the Australia Consumer Law, this article identifies certain similarities and differences between the two legal systems, thereby clarifying shortcomings that can lead to inadequacies and inefficiencies of this area of the law and providing a platform for law reform in Vietnam.
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Sohaib, Osama, and Kyeong Kang. "Cultural Aspects of Business-to-Consumer (B2C) E-commerce: Acomparative Analysis of Pakistan and Australia." Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries 61, no. 1 (February 2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2014.tb00431.x.
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Suhr, Elissa L., Dennis J. O'Dowd, Andrew V. Suarez, Phillip Cassey, Talia A. Wittmann, Joshua V. Ross, and Robert C. Cope. "Ant interceptions reveal roles of transport and commodity in identifying biosecurity risk pathways into Australia." NeoBiota 53 (November 22, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.53.39463.
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We obtained 14,140 interception records of ants arriving in Australia between 1986 and 2010 to examine taxonomic and biogeographic patterns of invasion. We also evaluated how trade and transport data influenced interception rates, the identity of species being transported, the commerce most associated with the transport of ants, and which countries are the primary sources for ants arriving in Australia. The majority of ant interceptions, accounting for 48% of interceptions, were from Asia and Oceania. The top commodities associated with ant interceptions were: (1) Live trees, plants, cut flowers; (2) Wood and wood products; (3) Edible vegetables; and (4) Edible fruit and nuts. The best fitting model for predicting ant interceptions included volumes for these four commodities, as well as total trade value, transport volume, and geographic distance (with increased distance decreasing predicted ant interceptions). Intercepted ants identified to species consisted of a combination of species native to Australia, introduced species already established in Australia, and species not yet known to be established. 82% of interceptions identified to species level were of species already known to be established in Australia with Paratrechina longicornis having the most records. These data provide key biogeographic insight into the overlooked transport stage of the invasion process. Given the difficult nature of eradication, once an ant species is firmly established, focusing on early detection and quarantine is key for reducing the establishment of new invasions.
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Boney, A. D. "The summer of 1914: diary of a botanist." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 52, no. 2 (July 22, 1998): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1998.0053.
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F.O. Bower, F.R.S., Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow, attended the 1914 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Australia as President of Section K (Botany). Items from the daily diary that he kept include a running commentary on shipboard life on the outward voyage, sharp observations on some of his scientific colleagues and on meetings, the impacts of news and rumours of the distant war, and describe the hazards of the return voyage at peril from German commerce raiders.
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Goldsmith, Sam. "Learnings and best practices for operator and supplier social engagement in regional areas." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16224.
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Broadspectrum’s local content experience in the oil and gas, mining, industrial, defence, social, property and infrastructure industries has resulted in 85% local employment and 80% local purchasing across our contracts in Australia. An established pilot program in Chinchilla recognises the challenges facing operators and suppliers in many oil and gas hubs across Australia and will enable the region to respond quickly to the introduction of the Queensland Government Strong and Sustainable Resources Communities Bill (expected to be in place in 2016). The approach facilitates collaboration between schools, workers, local chambers of commerce and businesses. Elements include a community jobs portal to attract local workers and act as an information exchange for the relocating worker, investing in the local Chamber of Commerce to provide a welcoming service, redesigning the recruitment process to support local content, and deploying a local registered training organisation. We are committed to increasing our local workforce in the region by 25% over the next 2 years and recognise that many of our clients and suppliers in the region have similar objectives. This talk will focus on lessons and best practices derived from delivery of our traditional approach in similar industries and regions, as well as learnings from the application of the pilot program in Chinchilla. A review of early achievements will be given, including measurable outcomes; support from government; investment in a long-term pipeline of local workers through collaboration with schools; and an update on the 25% increase in local workers objective.
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Dann, Susan, and Peter Graham. "From Commerce to Society: Expanding the Domain of Marketing Education." Social Marketing Quarterly 4, no. 2 (June 1998): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245004.1998.9960993.
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Despite conceptual developments of the 1970s which expanded the domain of marketing from a purely business orientation to incorporate wider social causes, marketing education has continued to be dominated by the commercial perspective. Issues such as the appropriateness or otherwise of the application of marketing tools to the selling of ideas and changes in behaviors are usually only addressed as a special interest topic within general marketing courses. However, the expansion of interest in social marketing over the past decade has resulted in a greater demand for a more in-depth treatment of the subject in the tertiary education curriculum. One university which has taken the opportunity to develop the area of social marketing into a teaching specialization is Griffith University in Australia, which first offered a course devoted entirely to social marketing as part of the undergraduate curriculum in 1994. This paper outlines why and how the subject is taught and how it complements the broader curriculum of the university as well as including an overview of some of the special issues that arise in teaching a subject of this type. Between 1969 and 1972, the marketing discipline redefined and dramatically broadened its domain. First, Kotler and Levy (1969) broadened the concept of marketing, then Kotler and Zaltman (1971) specifically applied marketing to the arena of planned social change and, finally, Kotler (1972) articulated the generic concept of marketing. This generic concept — the dominant paradigm of the discipline — asserts the applicability of marketing to all kinds of exchanges, not just commercial exchanges between a customer and a supplier (Graham, 1993; Graham, 1994). This expansion of the application of the marketing concept to include nonprofit organizations, government bodies and social causes has provided a fertile ground for researchers. However, it has not yet become a significant, nor even normal, feature of marketing education within University programs. Griffith University in Australia is ideally suited to taking on the challenge of incorporating social marketing into the curriculum. Griffith University was established in 1971 with a view to broadening the discipline-based structures of traditional universities and has promoted the study and teaching of significant new fields. Evidence of this commitment includes the establishment of specialist faculties in Asian studies and environmental studies, areas not usually found in the older, more traditional universities. From its inception, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary teaching and research has been actively encouraged at Griffith University. It was within this multi- and inter-disciplinary environment that the course in Social Marketing was developed. It is worth noting that the specialization in Social Marketing was developed in response to student interest, rather than as a result of a traditional inclusion or ideological assertion of relevance. Originally, social marketing was taught as a minor part of another undergraduate elective, Contemporary Issues in Marketing.
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Carey, Hilary M. "Lancelot Threlkeld, Biraban, and the Colonial Bible in Australia." Comparative Studies in Society and History 52, no. 2 (April 2010): 447–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417510000101.
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Ethnographers, historians, and linguists have argued for many years about the nature of the relationship between missionaries and their collaborators. Critics of missionary linguistics and education have pointed out that Bible translations were tools forged for the cultural conquest of native people and that missionary impacts on local cultures nearly always destructive and frequently overwhelming (Comaroff and Comaroff 1997; Rafael 1988; Sanneh 1989). Sociolinguistic readings of scripture translation have emphasized the cultural loss inherent in the act of translation and even seemingly benign activities such as dictionary making (Errington 2001; Peterson 1999; Tomlinson 2006). To make this point, Rafael (1988: xvii) notes the semantic links between the various Spanish words for conquest (conquista), conversion (conversión), and translation (traducción). Historians, on the other hand, have generally been more skeptical about the power of mere words to exert hegemonic pressure on colonized people and have emphasized the more tangible power of guns and commerce as agents of empire (Porter 2004). Few would deny the symbolic power of the Bible as a representation of colonial domination, as in the saying attributed to Archbishop Desmond Tutu by Cox (2008: 4): “When the white man arrived, he had the Bible and we had the land; now, we have the Bible and he has the land.”
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KIERMEIER, ANDREAS, JOHN SUMNER, and IAN JENSON. "Effect of Sampling Plans on the Risk of Escherichia coli O157 Illness." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): 1370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-558.
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Australia exports about 150,000 to 200,000 tons of manufacturing beef to the United States annually. Each lot is tested for Escherichia coli O157 using the N-60 sampling protocol, where 60 small pieces of surface meat from each lot of production are tested. A risk assessment of E. coli O157 illness from the consumption of hamburgers made from Australian manufacturing meat formed the basis to evaluate the effect of sample size and amount on the number of illnesses predicted. The sampling plans evaluated included no sampling (resulting in an estimated 55.2 illnesses per annum), the current N-60 plan (50.2 illnesses), N-90 (49.6 illnesses), N-120 (48.4 illnesses), and a more stringent N-60 sampling plan taking five 25-g samples from each of 12 cartons (47.4 illnesses per annum). While sampling may detect some highly contaminated lots, it does not guarantee that all such lots are removed from commerce. It is concluded that increasing the sample size or sample amount from the current N-60 plan would have a very small public health effect.
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Tatnall, Arthur, and Stephen Burgess. "Portals Then and Now." International Journal of Web Portals 1, no. 4 (October 2009): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jwp.2009071302.
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This article investigates the evolution of two different types of Web portals, one in Bangladesh and the other in Australia. The initial data collection was conducted in the early 2000s and revisited in 2009. The idea of a Web portal is not new, but in the last few years the portal concept has gained considerably in importance as new types of portal are developed and new uses found for portal technology. The article begins with a brief classification of the types of portals in use today and then considers some of the advantages conferred on a business in using portal technology. Developed and developing countries have different problems in making use of e-commerce and see the advantages and problems of using portals rather differently. In the article the authors examine and compare case studies of a Horizontal B-B Industry Portal in Melbourne, Australia, and a Vertical Industry Portal in Dhaka, Bangladesh.