Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Command of troops'

Thesis (Ph. D.)--George Mason University, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Jan. 22, 2008). Thesis director: Stephen J. Zaccaro. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology. Vita: p. 118-119. Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-117). Also available in print.

When should a commander be held responsible for the crimes of those under his control? Must a commander have known, or is it enough that he should have known, that his subordinates had committed or were about to commit a crime before we impose criminal responsibility on him for failing to prevent or punish those crimes? In attempting to answer these questions, the very foundations of criminal responsibility are set out and form the normative framework within which our examination of the command responsibility doctrine is undertaken. The historical evolution and modern-day application of the command responsibility doctrine are also set out and draws upon two themes; whether there is any justification for the distinction between the responsibility of military and civilian commanders and which mens rea standard should be adopted for the doctrine of command responsibility.

Thesis (M.S. in Leadership and Human Resource Development)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2002.
Thesis advisor(s): Susan Hocevar, William Kemple. Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-160). Also available online.

American Civil War officer preparation activities were rooted in the broader practices of antebellum military education as applied at West Point, other military academies, and the state militia system. The arrival of black troops in the Union Army led to a radical, if temporary, transformation in the Armyâ s process for the selection and preparation of officersâ but only for the white officers who served with black regiments. Overtly political or casual processes of the early Civil War were replaced in many cases by formal examinations and the centralized review of results, operating in parallel with more traditional political patronage systems of appointment. This study uses the experiences of officers from several black infantry regiments, and particularly the 41st U.S. Colored Infantry from the East and the 100th U.S.C.I. from the West, to illustrate how leaders for black units were chosen, prepared, examined, commissioned, and continued their military education. It focuses on the experiences of the officers, along with the contextual environments of antebellum education, slavery, racism, tactics, and bureaucracy in which they served.
Ph. D.

This study investigates the development of large unit command and control in the United States Army prior to the American Civil War. It examines the results of this development in one early campaign of the war. The paper's theme is that the excessive casualties suffered during the early stages of the war were not only a result of the improvements in weapons technology, the size of the armies or the personalities of the individual commanders. Another, and potentially more serious cause was the inability of the Union commanders to command, control, and maneuver these units to achieve campaign objectives.The paper begins by describing how war is organized into three levels: strategy, operations, and tactics; and defining the concepts related to command and control. The influences on the development of the Civil War leadership are next examined. These include: Napoleonic Warfare, the teachings of Jomini, Mahan, and Halleck; the the formal and informal educational experiences of the officers. Next command and control doctrine within the Union Army is examined.The case study used for examining operational command and control during the early period of the Civil War is the Maryland Campaign of 1862 which culminated at the Battle of Antietam in September of that year. Throughout the thesis, the education and performance of the Army of the Potomac's commander, George B. McClellan is examined.The conclusion of the paper is that the United States Army was poorly prepared for the conduct of large unit operations. This poor preparation, and performance, could not be blamed on any single individual, including McClellan. It was the result of complex educational, experiential, and organizational factors which shaped the pre-war Army.Finally, this paper concludes that General McClellan's inability to decisively maneuver the forces at his disposal was a significant factor in the outcome of the engagement at Sharpsburg, Maryland on 17 September, 1862.

Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2001.
"June 2001." Includes abstract. DTIC report no.: ADA395793. Author was part of NPS's company officers program, and was stationed at the Naval Academy while doing the research for this thesis. Full text available online from DTIC.

Thesis (M.S. in Leadership and Human Resource Development)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Gail F. Thomas, Janice H. Laurence. Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-158). Also available online.

Thesis (M.S. in Leadership and Human Resource Development)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Gail Fann Thomas, Anne-Marie Drew. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-99). Also available online.

"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, September 2008."
Advisor(s): Powley, Edward H. ; King, Cynthia L. "September 2008." "MBA professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on November 4, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-54). Also available in print.

This thesis is a case study of educational process in the leadership development program of the Australian Defence Force Academy. The intention is to determine the relative emphasis in educational process on the conventional command and managerial compliance (Type A) style and the emergent contingent and creative (Type B) style of leadership. The Type A style is theorised as emphasizing hierarchy and control, whereas the emphasis in a Type B style is on adaptive and entrepreneurial behaviour. This study looks at the learning process in a cultural and structural context rather than focus on curriculum and instructional design. Research in this wider context is intended to enable development processes to successfully bridge a gap between theory and practice, implicit in studies that identify theories 'in-operation' as different from the theories 'espoused' (Argyris 1992, Savage 1996). In terms of espoused and in-use theory, the study seeks to produce a valid and reliable result to the question: what is the relative emphasis on the two leadership styles in the operation of the three educational mechanisms of curriculum, pedagogy (teaching practice) and assessment? The quantitative analysis of results (n = 114) draws attention to both leadership styles in terms of two and three-way relationships of style, cadet or work group and service type. The data shows that both Type A and Type B leadership styles are evident in the general conversation of the organisation. This trend is present as espoused theory in the curriculum of the Defence Academy. However, the data also confirm a clear and strong emphasis towards command and managerial compliance as theory-in-use, particularly by cadets. This emphasis is noticeably evident in the teaching and assessment practice of the Defence Academy. Other research outcomes include the observation that: Contextually, while studies show it is difficult to isolate skills from their cultural and biographical context (Watkins, 1991:15), this study suggests that it is equally difficult to isolate skills development from this context. There is a strong task or instrumental link identified by cadet responses in terms of content and development process at the Defence Academy, in contrast to the wider developmental emphasis in general literature and senior officer interviews. There is a lack of awareness of teaching strategies and development activity consistent with espoused Type B leadership theory and curriculum content. This gap is compounded by the use in the Defence Academy of personnel without teaching expertise or suitable developmental experience. The socialisation of cadets into the military workplace is the primary purpose of training. This purpose appears taken for granted by all concerned - staff, cadets and senior officers. Defence Academy development processes appear to be faced with a dilemma. Arguably, training and learning from experience are limited approaches to development. Training, which involves learning by replication, and learning from experience, which is largely imitative, are both of little use when people are faced with novel and ambiguous situations. This study suggests that in order to support the development of capabilities that go beyond training based competence a learning and development approach is needed. This more expansive approach requires educational planners to consider the cultural and social context that can inadvertently promote the status quo in practice over espoused outcomes.

Thesis (PhD (Public Management and Planning ))—University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The result of this research is an alternative model for leadership character development in the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). The SANDF reflects the racial and cultural diversity of South Africa as a nation. The need for a unifying leadership-related mechanism for the military milieu in which humane leadership development will flourish, is evident. This statement is based on the premise that no evidence is found that any previous efforts by the SANDF to instil a leadership philosophy or policy as a way of military life was successful. Further shortcomings in the current SANDF leadership development model, apart from the reality that its selection process of officer candidates needs improvement, are the absence of political guidance and participation in the development of its military leaders, as well as emaciated attention to the development of the character side of leaders during officer formative training. The SANDF, unlike the international tendency, has no military leadership institution to ensure that its leadership development policies and practices are based on sound academic research. Such an institution will also ensure that the SANDF stays contemporary in the global field of military leadership development. The shortcomings of the current SANDF Model were identified by progressing through the academic theories on leadership and leadership development to a comparative analysis of leadership development practices in the militaries of Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada and the SANDF. This supplied the information needed to propose the Five Point Star Model (FPS Model) for leadership character development in the SANDF. The five components of the FPS Model, which address the shortcomings of the current SANDF Model, are Convergent Leadership, Political Participation, Superior Selection, Interventions for Leadership Character Development, and a Military Leadership Institution.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die uitkoms van hierdie navorsing is ’n alternatiewe model wat die tekortkominge in die ontwikkeling van leierskapkarakter in die Suid Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag (SANW) aanspreek. Die SANW weerspieël die rasse- en kulturele diversiteit van die Suid Afrikaanse nasie, wat die behoefte aan ‘n samebindende leierskapsverwante meganisme na vore bring. Hierdie stelling is gegrond daarop dat geen bewys, waar die SANW daarin geslaag het om ’n samebindende leierskapsfilosofie of –beleid as ‘n militêre leefwyse te vestig, gevind is om sodoende die militêre milieu te skep waarin mensgerigte leierskap sal floreer nie. Verdere tekortkominge in die huidige Leierskapsontwikkelingsmodel van die SANW, bo en behalwe dat die keuringsproses van kandidaat-offisiere uitgebrei en verbeter moet word, is die afwesigheid van politieke deelname en rigtinggewing waar die ontwikkeling van die land se jong militêre leiers ter sprake is. Te min aandag word ook gewy aan die ontwikkeling van kandidaat-offisiere se karakter of inbors tydens offisiersvorming kursusse. Die internasionale tendens is vir weermagte om ‘n militêre leierskapsinstelling te hê. Die SANW het nie so ‘n instelling om te verseker dat militêre leierskapsontwikkelingsbeleid en -praktyke op behoorlike akademiese navorsing gefundeer is nie. Dit maak dit moeilik om ’n kontemporêre bydrae in die internasionale veld van militêre leierskap te maak. Die wyse waarop die tekortkominge van die huidige SANW Leierskapsontwikkelingsmodel geïdentifiseer is, was om voort te bou op die akademiese teorieë oor leierskap en leierskapsontwikkeling en om ’n vergelykende studie tussen leierskapsontwikkelingspraktyke in die weermagte van Duitsland, Brittanje, Kanada en die SANW te doen. Die vergelykende studie het inligting verskaf om die Vyfpuntster Model vir die ontwikkeling van leierskapkarakter in die SANW voor te stel. Die vyf komponente van die nuwe model spreek die tekortkominge van die huidige SANW Model aan, en die komponente is Konvergerende Leierskap, Politieke Deelhebberskap, Voortreflike Keuring, Intervensies vir Leierskapkarakterontwikkeling, en ‘n Instansie vir Militêre Leierskap.

François-Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, maréchal-duc de Luxembourg (1628-1695), connut une longue carrière d’officier général, de la fin de la guerre de Trente Ans à celle de la Ligue d’Augsbourg, et un parcours contrasté, marqué par les inconstances de la faveur et de la fortune des armes. Engagé dans la Fronde auprès de son parent, le prince de Condé, qui lui obtint en 1661 la main de l’héritière de la pairie de Luxembourg, il revint au service lors de la guerre de Dévolution. Ayant acquis la protection de Louvois, il commanda en Hollande en 1672, puis devint capitaine des gardes du corps avant d’obtenir le bâton de maréchal de France en 1675. Impliqué dans l’affaire des Poisons, il fut écarté des commandements et dut attendre la campagne de 1690 pour retrouver la direction de l’armée de Flandre, qu’il commanda jusqu’en 1694. Ses victoires, pourtant peu exploitées, lui valurent une gloire inégalée en son temps et le surnom de Tapissier de Notre-Dame ; elles en firent également l’un des généraux les plus influents à la cour de Louis XIV, qui favorisa l’élévation de sa maison. L’étude de sa carrière apporte une contribution de premier plan à l’histoire de la collaboration intéressée entre la grande noblesse et la monarchie absolutiste, et de la place des généraux dans l’État et le gouvernement du royaume. L’analyse de ses campagnes et de son expérience du commandement dévoile l’évolution de la conduite de la guerre et des opérations, au temps de la stratégie de cabinet et des conflits limités, aussi bien que les transformations progressives des pratiques de la guerre et du combat
François-Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, marshal-duke of Luxembourg (1628-1695), followed a long career of general officer, from the end of the Thirty Years’ War till the Nine Years’ War, and had a contrasted life marked by the inconstancies of the favour and the fortune of war. Committed in the Fronde with his relative, the prince of Condé, who obtained for him in 1661 the hand of the heiress of the “pairie” of Luxembourg, he returned to the service during the War of Devolution. Having acquired the protection of Louvois, he commanded in Holland in 1672, then became captain of a company of “gardes du corps”, before becoming marshal of France in 1675. Involved in the Affair of the Poisons, he was pushed aside from commands and had to wait for the campaign of 1690 to find back the direction of the army of Flanders, which he commanded until 1694. His victories, although not totally exploited, were worth to him an unequalled glory at that time, and the nickname of “The Tapissier de Notre-Dame” ; they also made him one of the most powerful generals in the court of Louis XIV, which favored the rise of his family. The study of his career contributes remarkably to the history of the interested collaboration between the high nobility and the absolutist monarchy, and of the place of the generals in the State and the kingdom’s government. The analysis of his campaigns and his experience of command reveals the evolution of warfare, in the time of the “stratégie de cabinet” and the limited conflicts, as well as the progressive transformations of the practice of war and fighting

François-Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, maréchal-duc de Luxembourg (1628-1695), connut une longue carrière d’officier général, de la fin de la guerre de Trente Ans à celle de la Ligue d’Augsbourg, et un parcours contrasté, marqué par les inconstances de la faveur et de la fortune des armes. Engagé dans la Fronde auprès de son parent, le prince de Condé, qui lui obtint en 1661 la main de l’héritière de la pairie de Luxembourg, il revint au service lors de la guerre de Dévolution. Ayant acquis la protection de Louvois, il commanda en Hollande en 1672, puis devint capitaine des gardes du corps avant d’obtenir le bâton de maréchal de France en 1675. Impliqué dans l’affaire des Poisons, il fut écarté des commandements et dut attendre la campagne de 1690 pour retrouver la direction de l’armée de Flandre, qu’il commanda jusqu’en 1694. Ses victoires, pourtant peu exploitées, lui valurent une gloire inégalée en son temps et le surnom de Tapissier de Notre-Dame ; elles en firent également l’un des généraux les plus influents à la cour de Louis XIV, qui favorisa l’élévation de sa maison. L’étude de sa carrière apporte une contribution de premier plan à l’histoire de la collaboration intéressée entre la grande noblesse et la monarchie absolutiste, et de la place des généraux dans l’État et le gouvernement du royaume. L’analyse de ses campagnes et de son expérience du commandement dévoile l’évolution de la conduite de la guerre et des opérations, au temps de la stratégie de cabinet et des conflits limités, aussi bien que les transformations progressives des pratiques de la guerre et du combat
François-Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, marshal-duke of Luxembourg (1628-1695), followed a long career of general officer, from the end of the Thirty Years’ War till the Nine Years’ War, and had a contrasted life marked by the inconstancies of the favour and the fortune of war. Committed in the Fronde with his relative, the prince of Condé, who obtained for him in 1661 the hand of the heiress of the “pairie” of Luxembourg, he returned to the service during the War of Devolution. Having acquired the protection of Louvois, he commanded in Holland in 1672, then became captain of a company of “gardes du corps”, before becoming marshal of France in 1675. Involved in the Affair of the Poisons, he was pushed aside from commands and had to wait for the campaign of 1690 to find back the direction of the army of Flanders, which he commanded until 1694. His victories, although not totally exploited, were worth to him an unequalled glory at that time, and the nickname of “The Tapissier de Notre-Dame” ; they also made him one of the most powerful generals in the court of Louis XIV, which favored the rise of his family. The study of his career contributes remarkably to the history of the interested collaboration between the high nobility and the absolutist monarchy, and of the place of the generals in the State and the kingdom’s government. The analysis of his campaigns and his experience of command reveals the evolution of warfare, in the time of the “stratégie de cabinet” and the limited conflicts, as well as the progressive transformations of the practice of war and fighting

This thesis presents a preliminary goal oriented modeling of situation awareness in a command and control system. Tropos, an agent oriented software development methodology, has been used for modeling. Use of Tropos allows us to represent, at the knowledge level, the Command and Control actors along with their goals and interdependencies. Through refinement we aim to derive an architectural design for the Situation Awareness component of an Air Defense Command and Control system. This work suggests that goal oriented methodologies can be successfully used in the modeling of the complex systems at the requirement analysis phase. By analyzing dependencies between Command and Control entities, it should be possible to improve the modularity of the Command and Control system architecture.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate trope usage in videogames, including the emergence of undiscovered ‘videogame’ tropes, and to create a new model for videogame categorisation using these tropes. This model serves to complement genre as a means of distilling videogame contents. The investigative work formed two parts, initially considering how videogames use existing rhetorical tropes such as metaphor as expressive and communicative devices and secondly to analyse videogames as a source of shared literary tropes. Each shared literary trope was validated as a common form of expression (referred to simply as 'common form'), where its presence was proven in a substantial sample of videogames. Common forms were gathered through a wide-ranging investigation of ten mainstream genres one at a time and in isolation to arrive at a pool of genre-specific common forms. The most closely related forms combined, with the help of relationship modelling techniques. A set of common forms capable of representing the contents of any videogame was reached. The result is a powerful hierarchical content model allowing a game to be described in terms of its common form usage profile. Common forms can effectively describe games which span several genres and differentiates between games which appear similar on the surface e.g. within the same genre hence aiding effective classification. Common Forms were proven to exist on a number of different hierarchies ranging from those specific to a particular game, to a game type (genre) and even to those which are universal and hence can be observed within any modern videogame. Finally, it was possible to see the very core or 'heart' of the functioning videogame, the never-ending competition between player resources such as energy, ammunition or shields, the 'player status' and the threats, challenges or obstacles the game's systems throw at the player, the 'game status'. The model does have considerable potential for application in educational settings such as college and university game development or appraisal classes and further development and testing would provide an effective tool for industry use.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Histoire--Rennes 2, 1997. Titre de soutenance : Exercice et art du commandement durant la guerre du Péloponnèse.
Bibliogr. p. 277-279. Notes bibliogr. Index.

Un nouveau concept de dirigeable sans propulseur, ni gouvernail de direction, ni gouvernail de profondeur est considéré dans cette thèse. Il est actionné par une masse mobile et une vessie d'air en interne dont la masse est réglable. Cela résulte en le déplacement du centre de gravité et le changement de la force de flottabilité nette. Le développement de ce concept de dirigeable est motivé par les économies d'énergie. Un modèle complet à huit degrés de liberté de ce dirigeable est obtenu par l'approche de Newton-Euler. L'interconnexion entre le corps rigide du dirigeable et de la masse mobile est clairement présentée. La dynamique dans le plan longitudinal est analysée et commandée par la méthode LQR, un simple retour d'état, et la linéarisation maximale par bouclage, avec stabilité interne. Grâce à la linéarisation maximale par bouclage, une commande non linéaire efficace est déduite. Dans ce processus, la modélisation, l'analyse et la commande sont résolues pour les cas particuliers du dirigeable qui deviennent peu à peu moins contraints pour se rapprocher du cas le plus général. Le cas le plus contraint se réduit à un système qui a deux degrés de liberté. Il est montré que les propriétés de base de certains systèmes mécaniques simples restent déterminantes pour l'analyse et la synthèse des dirigeables avancés. Ces propriétés sont loin d'être évidentes sur le modèle complet. Grâce à une approche de perturbations singulières, la superposition des deux actions de contrôle dans le plan longitudinal et dans le plan latéral conduit à la commande efficace de la dynamique en trois dimensions
A new concept of airship without thrust, elevator or rudder is considered in this thesis. It is actuated by a moving mass and a mass-adjustable internal air bladder. This results into the motion of the center of gravity and the change of the net lift. The development of this concept of airship is motivated by energy saving. An eight degrees-of-freedom complete nonlinear mathematical model of this airship is derived through the Newton-Euler approach. The interconnection between the airship's rigid body and the moveable mass is clearly presented. The dynamics in the longitudinal plane is analyzed and controlled through a LQR method, a simple state feedback, and the maximal feedback linearization with internal stability. Thanks to maximal feedback linearization, an efficient nonlinear control is derived. In this process, the modelling, analysis, and control are solved for special cases of the airship which become gradually closer to the most general model. The most constrained special case reduces to a two DOF system. It is shown that the basic properties of this two DOF mechanical system remain instrumental for the analysis and synthesis of advanced airships. These properties are far from being obvious from the most complex model. Through a singular perturbation approach, the superposition of the two control actions in the longitudinal plane and in the lateral plane is shown to achieve the control of the dynamics in three dimension

Le début des guerres révolutionnaires (1792-1793) est marqué par des défections et des trahisons au sein du commandement français. En réponse à cette situation, et alors que la conjoncture militaire se dégrade au premier semestre 1793, les mises en accusation qui suivent témoignent d'une reprise en main de l'armée. La condamnation du général Houchard en octobre 1793 dépasse cependant ce cadre strictement politique car elle est l'occasion pour le Tribunal révolutionnaire de définir une doctrine de la guerre. À travers Houchard, général exécuté pour l'insuffisance de sa victoire, c'est l'ensemble du commandement qui est sommé de se régénérer. Les officiers doivent abandonner la routine tactique de l'Ancien Régime ainsi que le « style léger» pourtant soutenu par les militants les plus radicaux de la sans-culotterie. La Révolution formalise d'abord un partage de pouvoirs qui fonde la distinction entre les échelles stratégique, opératique et tactique, condition de l'efficacité opérationnelle et clef du succès militaire. La doctrine révolutionnaire apporte ensuite des contenus nouveaux dans les domaines tactique et disciplinaire. Elle s'inspire des prescriptions politiques du mouvement populaire sans s'y réduire, et surtout traduit l'adoption de positions réalistes et pas seulement idéologiques vis-à-vis du commandement. Cette doctrine formule enfin une manœuvre-type que la loi contribue à définir et que les états- majors précisent à force d'expérimentations. La Révolution, à la recherche d'un ordre public nouveau, républicain et durable établit par-là les règles de l'efficacité militaire.

Cet essai explore les singularités du nom propre, à la fois propriété d’un x et désignateur de l’x nommé. Le nom porté par l’x n’est pas tout à fait le nom qui réfère à cet x, et l’on envisage la propriété dénominative « être appelé Npr » aussi bien d’un point de vue « ontologique » que d’un point de vue linguistique. La dissociation des deux « parties » du nom propre permet de reprendre la question de son « sens » (sens du nom propre qui réfère à l’x, signification du nom porté par l’x), avant que soient examinées certaines des constructions dites « modifiées » du nom propre. On essaie de montrer que trois types de concepts (individuel, dénominatif, non dénominatif) échelonnent un continuum qui mène du nom propre au nom commun.On propose également une analyse des noms propres du type « le Philosophe », « la Ville Lumière » ou « le Docteur angélique », qu’on considère habituellement comme des surnoms. Un examen diachronique du terme d’« antonomase » précède une réhabilitation de l’antonomase de nom commun destinée à identifier un seuil dénominatif en synchronie
This essay explores the singularities of the proper name, which is both owned by x and refers to x. The name which x bears is not exactly the name that refers to that x and I’ll try to describe the denominative property « being called N » from an « ontological » as well as a linguistic point of view. The dissociation of the proper name’s two parts allows us to reconsider the question of its « meaning » (meaning of the proper name which refers to x and what the name that x bears signifies), before some proper names’ constructions, that are deemed « modified », are examined. I’ll try to show that three types of concepts (individual, denominative and non denominative) stratify a continuum that leads from proper names to common nouns.In a second time, I’ll try to analyze proper names such as « the Philosopher », « the City of Life » or « the Angelic Doctor », that are usually considered as nicknames. A diachronic study of the word « antonomasia » precedes a rehabilitation of the antonomasia of common noun, which aims at identifying a synchronic denominative level

Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude de la réactivité sur un catalyseur trois-voies (pt/rh supporté sur alumine dopée par de la cérine) de divers hydrocarbures et dérivés oxygénés en mélange stchiométrique, pour une composition aussi proche que possible de la composition réelle d'un gaz d'échappement issu d'un moteur à allumage commande. Un premier ensemble de résultats nous a notamment permis d'établir un classement des hydrocarbures et dérivés en fonction de leur réactivité. Nous avons montré le caractère inhibiteur sur l'oxydation des hydrocarbures de certains autres composés (o#2, no) présents dans le mélange réactionnel. Il est également apparu qu'en milieu déficitaire en oxygène, les hydrocarbures sont éliminés par la vapeur d'eau (réaction de vaporeformage). Les catalyseurs de post-combustion automobile sont soumis à des contraintes thermiques sévères; les hautes températures entrainent une baisse de l'activité catalytique par frittage. Nous avons par conséquent étudié comment sont affectées les différentes réactions d'oxydation des hydrocarbures en fonction du vieillissement du catalyseur. Ainsi d'une part, le taux de conversion des hydrocarbures diminue d'autant plus que le traitement thermique subi par le catalyseur est sévère et d'autre part l'oxydation des hydrocarbures et une réaction sensible à la structure. Les gaz d'échappement réels contenant du dioxyde de soufre en faible quantité (10 ppm environ), la dernière partie de ce travail a été consacrée à l'étude de l'influence de so#2 sur l'oxydation des hydrocarbures. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence une promotion de l'oxydation des alcanes à courte chaine et une inhibition de celle des autres hydrocarbures testes, que ce soit en mélange stchiométrique ou oxydant

Les progrès réalisés ces dernières années dans la commande des onduleurs MLI à deux niveaux de tension pilotant en vitesse variable des machines asynchrones de moyenne et grande puissance ont permis d'améliorer sensiblement les performances. L'utilisation récente des onduleurs MLI à trois niveaux de tension est très prometteuse en raison de la capacité de cette nouvelle structure d'onduleur à améliorer la qualité des courants dans la machine et à étendre sa commande à des domaines de puissance supérieurs à 2 MW. Nous définissons le principe de calcul et les limites de validité des principales techniques de modulation sinusoïdales à trois niveaux. Certaines d'entre elles se révèlent être tout à fait adaptées et performantes pour commander la machine dans les zones de faible vitesse. Nous proposons ensuite une méthode systématique de construction d'une commande optimisée. Les signaux sont calculés pour minimiser les harmoniques de courant et les pulsations de couple. Cette méthode est appliquée à un exemple concret, et la commande est implantée sur le microcontrôleur 80C196KC. La simulation des régimes établis permet d'affiner les études qualitatives des signaux. La bonne concordance entre les résultats expérimentaux et les résultats théoriques permet de confirmer la conservation des caractéristiques des signaux par la méthode de génération en temps réel. L'étude de l'association de la commande optimisée et d'une loi de contrôle vectoriel permet enfin de prouver la faisabilité d'un tel contrôle. Elle permet d'envisager l'amélioration des performances des entraînements de grande puissance en régimes permanent et transitoire simultanément.

Historians of the founding years of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) acknowledge General Dwight D. Eisenhower’s role as the first Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), yet they ignore the effect Eisenhower’s rhetoric had in the creation of a sense of unity among Western European nations. Rhetorical analysis of Eisenhower’s time as SACEUR offers scholars a unique look into the founding years of NATO and the beginning of European unification. Using Kenneth Burke’s theory of the four master tropes, I analyze how Eisenhower’s role in the development of NATO was important to the eventual development of a unified Europe.

Cette thèse vise à élaborer de nouvelles stratégies de commande basées sur la commande prédictive pour le système de génération d’énergie éolienne. La topologie des systèmes de production éolienne basées sur le Générateur Asynchrone à Double Alimentation (GADA) qui convient à des plateformes de génération dans la gamme de puissance de 1.5 à 6 MW est abordée. Du point de vue technologique, le convertisseur à trois niveaux et clampé par le neutre (3L-NPC) est considéré comme une bonne solution pour une puissance élevée en raison de ses avantages: capacité à réduire la distorsion harmonique de la tension de sortie et du courant, et augmentation de la capacité du convertisseur grâce à une tension réduite appliquée à chaque semi-conducteur de puissance. Une description détaillée de la commande prédictive à ensemble de commande fini (FCS-MPC) avec un horizon de prédiction de deux pas est présentée pour deux boucles de régulation: celle liée au convertisseur connecté au réseau et celle du convertisseur connecté au GADA. Le principe de la commande repose sur l’utilisation d’un modèle de prédiction permettant de prédire le comportement du système pour chaque état de commutation du convertisseur. La minimisation d’une fonction de coût appropriée prédéfinie permet d’obtenir la commutation optimale à appliquer au convertisseur. La thèse étudie premièrement les problèmes liées à la compensation du temps de calcul de la commande et au choix et aux pondérations de la fonction de coût. Ensuite, le problème de stabilité de la commande FCS-MPC est abordé en considérant une fonction de Lyapunov dans la minimisation de la fonction de coût. Finalement, une étude sur la compensation des effets des temps morts du convertisseur est présentée
This thesis aims to elaborate new control strategies based on Model Predictive control for wind energy generation system. We addressed the topology of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind generation systems which is suitable for generation platform power in the range in 1.5-6 MW. Furthermore, from the technological point of view, the three-level neutral-point clamped (3L-NPC) inverter configuration is considered a good solution for high power due to its advantages: capability to reduce the harmonic distortion of the output voltage and current, and increase the capacity of the converter thanks to a decreased voltage applied to each power semiconductor.In this thesis, we presented a detailed description of finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) with two step horizon for two control schemes: grid and DFIG connected 3L-NPC inverter. The principle of the proposed control scheme is to use system model to predict the behaviour of the system for every switching states of the inverter. Then, the optimal switching state that minimizes an appropriate predefined cost function is selected and applied directly to the inverter.The study of issues such as delay compensation, computational burden and selection of weighting factor are also addressed in this thesis. In addition, the stability problem of FCS-MPC is solved by considering the control Lyapunov function in the design procedure. The latter study is focused on the compensation of dead-time effect of power converter

Au Vietnam, plus d’un demi-million d’habitations n’ont pas d’accès à l’électricité. Elles se situent principalement dans des régions montagneuses ou sur des îles. Cependant, c’est un pays qui possède un grand potentiel en énergies renouvelables. Dans ce contexte, l’alimentation en électricité pour les sites isolés est une solution prometteuse en termes économique et environnemental. L’énergie solaire est la plus adaptée à l’alimentation en électricité des villages en raison d’un ensoleillement important et d’une maintenance relativement facile. Dans les systèmes de conversion d’énergie utilisant des sources d’énergies renouvelables, on utilise généralement des convertisseurs statiques simples. En effet, si l’on prend un système photovoltaïque, la poursuite du point de puissance maximale (MPPT) se fait à l’aide d’un convertisseur « boost » ou « buck-boost ». Ainsi, en cas de défaillance, le système est mis hors service. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter des améliorations au niveau d’un système photovoltaïque autonome pouvant être utilisé dans un site isolé. Ainsi nous avons développé un algorithme de recherche du point de puissance maximale (MPPT) utilisant des convertisseurs DC-DC à trois niveaux (CBTN) permettant d’extraire le maximum de puissance d’un générateur photovoltaïque quelles que soient les variations climatiques (température, ensoleillement) ou de la charge. L’architecture à base de panneaux solaires associé à un système de stockage a nécessité la mise en place d’un superviseur flou afin de maîtriser la gestion des flux. Enfin, nous avons proposé une méthode de détection de défauts afin de gérer efficacement les cas de défaillance d’un élément du convertisseur multiniveaux. En effet, en cas de défauts, on doit pouvoir passer en mode dégradé pour pouvoir assurer un service proche du comportement nominal ou au moins minimal en attendant une maintenance corrective
In Vietnam, more than half a million people do not have access to electricity. They are mainly in mountainous regions or on islands. However, this country has great potential for renewable energy. In this context, these sources of energy can be regarded as promising solutions both economically and environmentally for supplying electrical power. Solar energy is the most suitable to supply villages with electricity because of the plentiful solar radiation and relatively easy maintenance of the structures. In energy conversion systems using renewable energy sources, simple static converters are generally used. Indeed, if we explore a photovoltaic system, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is done using a boost or buck-boost converter. Thus, in case of failure, the system is simply switched off. The aim of this thesis is to make improvements to an autonomous photovoltaic system that can be used in an isolated site. Therefore, an MPPT algorithm using three-level DC-DC converters is developed to extract the maximum power of a photovoltaic generator, whatever the climatic variations (temperature, sunlight) or charge. The system’s architecture is based on solar panels associated with a storage system, which required the development of a fuzzy supervisor to control the flow management. Finally, we propose a fault detection method to efficiently manage the failure of a multi-level converter element. Indeed, if there is a fault, we must go into a degraded mode to provide a service close to normal or at least minimal functioning, pending maintenance

La creation artistique denombre plusieurs contenus. Nous nous sommes surtout interesses aux contenus inconscients et, parmi eux, aux rites, mythes et symboles archaiques. Nous avons observe que nous reproduisons ces mythes, rites et symboles, sans en etre conscient; nous nous sommes questionnes sur le pourquoi de cette reproduction, et, en vue de trouver des reponses, nous nous sommes tournes vers la psychanalyse et son rapport a la creation artistique. Nous sommes arrives a la conclusion que nous avons une "memoire" de ces mythes, rites et symboles anciens et que leur acquisition se situe avant meme notre naissance. Nous avons traite dans ce sens la theorie de platon sur l'immortalite de la memoire ainsi que les theories sur "l'heritage phylogenique" de sigmund freud et sur "l'heritage psychologique" de carl gustav jung. En application de ces theories, nous avons travaille sur l'oeuvre cinematographique de raul ruiz
We find several contents in artistic creation. We mainly focused on unconscious contents and, among hem, on rites, myths and archaics symbols. We noticed that we reproduce those myths, rites and symbols, without being conscious of doing so; we asked ourselves what purpose such a reproduction could have and, in order to find out answers, we turned to psychoanalysis and its relation to artistic creation. We came to the conclusion that we have a memory for those myths, rites and symbols and that their acquisition takes place even before birth. With this approch in mind, we studied plato's theory on memory's immortality as well as sigmund freud's theories on "phylogenic heritage" and carl gustav jung's "psychological heritage". We then applied these theories to raul ruiz film works

Le S. A. S. A acquis une grande popularité, mais que sait-on réellement du Special Air Service ? En juillet 1941, David Stirling forme le L Detachment de la Brigade du Special Air Service au Moyen-Orient. Le concept se concrétise par des missions derrière les lignes ennemies et leur adaptation à chaque contexte. Quittant le Moyen-Orient, les S. A. S. Interviennent successivement en Méditerranée, Italie, France, Belgique, Pays-Bas, Allemagne, Norvège. Après diverses transformations administratives, une brigade est constituée en mars 1944 avec, comme unités combattantes, deux régiments britanniques, deux bataillons français et une compagnie belge. Le sigle S. A. S. Désigne à la fois l’unité et l’homme. En essayant de définir ces deux entités (humaine et institutionnelle), une étude prosopographique et sociologique mais aussi, une analyse statistique et mémorielle des missions S. A. S. Basées sur la chronologie évènementielle ont été menées de front. Le(s) mythe(s) ayant pris une place démesurée sur l’histoire, il convient d’en identifier les personnages emblématiques et les faits légendaires. La brigade est dissoute le 5 octobre 1945 ; la mémoire relaie l’histoire : les associations française, belge et britannique ont récupéré et autogéré leur patrimoine. En confrontant le mythe aux faits, la genèse de cette unité, aujourd’hui encore en activité au Royaume-Uni, récupère sa place au sein de l’historiographie de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
The S. A. S. Has gained a major following, yet what do we really really know about the Special Air Service? In July 1941, David Stirling founded the L Detachment of the Special Air Service Brigade in the Middle East. The initial concept saw the light of day with special missions behind enemy lines thanks to their ability to adapt to each one individually. On leaving the Middle East, the S. A. S. Got involved in the Mediterranean, Italy, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany and Norway. Further to various administrative changes, in 1944 a brigade was made up of two British regiments, two French battalions and a Belgian company as its fighting units. The name S. A. S. Stands for both the unit and the man. On trying to define these two bodies (man and institution), not only prosopographic and sociological studies but also statistical and memorial analysis of the different S. A. S. Missions based on the chronological events, were carried out on the front. The myth, having taken a disproportional place, historically speaking, is necessary in order to identify the emblematic characters and the legendary events. The brigade disbanded the 5th October 1945; its memory relates the historical facts: the French, Belgian and British partnership had retrieved their own lands now to be self-governed. By pitting the myth against the facts, the birth of this unit, still active today in the United Kingdom, recovers its rightful place in the history of the Second World War

En 1914-1918, les faits apportèrent un démenti cinglant aux prévisions. Au lieu d’une guerre courte, décidée par les seules forces terrestres en une ou deux batailles, les belligérants s’enlisèrent dans une lutte longue et coûteuse que les Alliés finirent par remporter en étranglant l’économie de l’Allemagne et en usant ses forces au moyen d’une succession de batailles partielles. Le cours inattendu que prirent les événements amène à s’interroger sur les représentations de la guerre de cette époque, sur la manière dont elles influencèrent les opérations et réciproquement, ainsi que sur le rôle du haut commandement dans ces relations. Une telle approche des opérations est d’autant plus justifiée que le sujet est méconnu, que la guerre est un domaine où le décalage entre réalité et représentations est très marqué, et que ceci est particulièrement vrai de la Grande Guerre. La question se pose donc de savoir si la difficile évolution des représentations, dans un sens conforme à une conduite des opérations efficace, s’est faite malgré le haut commandement, sous la pression des événements, ou s’il n’y a pas finalement concouru. L’impression prévaut qu’il a longtemps été à leur remorque et qu’il a fallu des échecs retentissants et l’action du pouvoir politique pour qu’il soit renouvelé, avec ses représentations. Cette impression est cependant trompeuse car elle repose sur une confusion entre le haut commandement et le GQG qui n’en était qu’une composante. Mis fréquemment à l’écart par ce dernier, les généraux appartenant au haut commandement contribuèrent à l’évolution de la situation à travers l’action de certains d’entre eux, même s’ils utilisèrent souvent des voies détournées
During WW1, the events bring a severe denial to the previsions. Instead of the short war won by the sole Land forces in one or two battles, the opponents bogged down in a long and costly struggle, which the Allies won eventually in choking the German economy and by the mean of successive battles of attrition.This unexpected course of events raises questions about the representations of war prevailing at this time, about the way they influenced the operations and conversely about the role of the French High Command in those relations. Studying military operations under this point of view is all the more relevant that this topic remains little known and that war is an activity where the discrepancy between reality and representations is most important. This discrepancy increased dramatically within WW1. The question is therefore to know whether the difficult evolution of war representations, in a sense compliant with the efficient conduct of operations occurred despite the High Command, under the pressure of events, or if he did not eventually concur in this evolution. The main impression is that the High Command was constantly trailing behind and that only resounding failures and the resulting decisions of the political authority caused the replacements in the staff required to change the representations. In fact, those impressions are misleading as far as they are based on a confusion between French High Command and French General HQ (GQG), which was only a component of High Command. Often put aside by the GQG, the generals belonging to the high command contributed in the evolution of this situation, through some of them, even if they did it in bypassing hierarchy

In More Electric Aircraft, different power system activities are attributed to electrical means such as the start-up of the main engine. In this context, the study of the sensorless control of the Brushless Synchronous Starter Generator (BSSG) that is used to electrically start the main engine is revealed to be a very interesting issue. For long time, the elimination of the mechanical sensor was highly recommended for reliability, cost, weight, integration issues.Hence, this work aims to transpose the results obtained in the research area to an avionic testbench. It presents an adaptive sensorless technique to use when electrically starting the main engine of the aircraft. This is achieved by elaborating three different methods selected depending on the speed of the machine and based on the :- injection of a high frequency signal- use of the back-emf of the Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG)- use of the extended Kalman Filter EKFIn this work, it is shown that the …first method gives good position estimation results from standstill up to 8% of the rated speed. Then, the back-emfs of the PMG are used to detect the position of the BSSG when the speed exceeds the 8% of the rated speed. Good results are observed with this method at medium and high speed.For redundancy reasons, the EKF was also used in this work. Thus, the estimated position can be delivered via two different estimation algorithms in medium and high speed region.The implementation of the algorithm was achieved on an FPGA board since the latter can ensure a very tiny execution time. The fastness of the treatment ensures quasi-instantaneous position estimation and does not practically introduce any phase lag in the position estimation
Aujourd'hui, l'aviation est en train de vivre des évolutions technologiques concernant surtout l'attribution de différentes fonctionnalités aux équipements électriques et ceci au détriment d'équipements hydrauliques et mécaniques assurant les mêmes fonctionnalités.Dans le cadre de l'avion plus électrique, le démarrage électrique sans capteurs mécaniques de la turbine de l'avion préoccupe les avionneurs de nos jours. Les problèmes introduits par ce capteur ont été identifiés : problèmes de coût et de poids, problèmes de fiabilité et d'intégration.Ce travail présente alors une commande sans capteurs pour la machine synchrone à trois étages à utiliser durant le démarrage électrique de l'avion. Ceci est réalisé avec trois méthodes de détection de la position selon la vitesse de rotation, basées sur :- l'injection d'un signal à haute fréquence- l'utilisation d'un filtre de Kalman étendu FKE- les fém. du PMG (Permanent Magnet Generator) La première méthode donne de bons résultats d'estimation depuis l'arrêt jusqu'à 8% de la vitesse nominale de la machine. Au-delà de cette vitesse, es valeurs des fém. du PMG deviennent assez élevées pour être utilisées dans l'estimation de la position. De bons résultats sont obtenus à moyenne et haute vitesse.Pour des questions de redondance, le FKE est aussi utilisé. Ainsi, la position estimée peut être fournie par l'un des deux algorithmes à moyenne et haute vitesse.L'implémentation de ces algorithmes est réalisée via une carte FPGA étant donné que celui-ci garantit un temps d'exécution. La rapidité de traitement garantit une estimation de la position quasi-instantanée et donc n'introduit pratiquement pas des retards dans l'estimation

L'objet de cette thèse est de proposer une étude numérique, fondée sur l'application de résultats de la théorie du contrôle optimal géométrique, des trajectoires spatiales du système Terre-Lune dans un contexte de poussée faible. Le mouvement du satellite est décrit par les équations du problème restreint des trois corps controlé. Nous nous concentrons sur la minimisation de la consommation énergétique et du temps de transfert. Les trajectoires optimales sont recherchées parmi les projections des courbes extrémales solutions du principe du maximum de Pontryagin et peuvent être calculées grâce à une méthode de tir. Ce procédé fait intervenir l'algorithme de Newton dont la convergence nécessite une initialisation précise. Nous surmontons cette difficulté au moyen de techniques homotopiques ou d'études géométriques du système de contrôle linéarisé. L'optimalité locale des trajectoires extrémales est ensuite vérifée en utilisant les conditions du second ordre liées au concept de point conjugué. Dans le cas du problème de minimisation de l'énergie, une technique de "recollement" de trajectoires optimales kepleriennes autour de la Terre et La Lune et d'une solution optimale de l'équation du mouvement linéarisée au voisinage du point d'équilibre L1 est également proposée pour approximer les transferts Terre-Lune à énergie minimale
This PhD thesis provides a numerical study of space trajectories in the Earth-Moon system when low-thrust is applied. Our computations are based on fundamental results from geometric control theory. The spacecraft's motion is modelled by the equations of the controlled restricted three-body problem. We focus on minimizing energy cost and transfer time. Optimal trajectories are found among a set of extremal curves, solutions of the Pontryagin's maximum principle, which can be computed solving a shooting equation thanks to a Newton algorithm. In this framework, initial conditions are found using homotopic methods or studying the linearized control system. We check local optimality of the trajectories using the second order optimality conditions related to the concept of conjugate points. In the case of the energy minimization problem, we also describe the principle of approximating Earth-Moon optimal transfers by concatening optimal keplerian trajectories around The Earth and the Moon and an energy-minimal solution of the linearized system in the neighbourhood of the equilibrium point L1

Thesis (M.S. in Joint Campaign Planning and Strategy)--Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School, 2005.
"15 May 05." Electronic version of original print document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-73).

Thesis (M.S. in Joint Campaign Planning and Strategy)--Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School, 2005.
"13 May 05." Electronic version of original print document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-66).

Thesis (M.S. in Joint Campaign Planning and Strategy)--Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School, 2005.
"13 May 05." Electronic version of original print document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-100).

碩士
國防大學政治作戰學院
政治研究所
100
The destination of this research is to develop a leading mode for the army and promote the unity and cooperation of the officers and soldiers, and its manipulation in the field of job performance. The studying subject was soldiers and officers in Reserve Command as the population, the quantities of the test takers are at 500. PASW Statistics 18 and LISREL 8.7 are the tools to analyze the collected data. By using approaches, including descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, secondary confirmatory factor analysis, structural equations modeling, linear structural relation model to examine the hypotheses. And use it as a data interpretation basis. The purpose of the researching process is to study soldiers’ leadership characteristics, new leadership, team cohesion, organization culture, and job performance. By doing so, the connection and influence of these facts are exposed so as to further bring out the overall effects among them. The result of the findings show soldiers’ leadership characteristics, new leadership, team cohesion, and organization culture have significant influence upon job performance. Finally, based on the result, this research offers suggestions as references for the military department and coming researchers.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Treino Desportivo para Crianças e Jovens apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física
Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo principal analisar a perceção dos instruendos relativamente à aptidão física, capacidade motora e treino militar no curso de Comandos. Pretendia-se, através da aplicação de um questionário, verificar se existiam diferenças estatisticamente significativas na perceção da aptidão física, capacidades motoras, esforço físico e treino militar, ministrado no curso de Comandos, em função da idade, das habilitações académicas, do(s) trabalho(s) que desenvolveram ou emprego(s) que tiveram antes de ingressarem no serviço militar e de alguma(s) modalidade(s) desportiva(s) que tenham praticado antes de iniciar a recruta.Metodologia: A amostra não probabilística, por conveniência, foi constituída por 22 dos 27 militares que terminaram, com sucesso, o 127º Curso de Comandos (2º curso de 2016) e 13 militares que terminaram, com sucesso, o 128º Curso de Comandos (1º curso de 2017), com média de idades igual a 21,69 e desvio padrão de 2,36 anos. A idade dos participantes distribuía-se na faixa etária compreendida entre os 19 e 28 anos. Todos os participantes eram do sexo masculino e voluntários. Para avaliarmos a perceção dos instruendos, usámos um questionário, composto por 18 questões, maioritariamente, de resposta fechada, bem como, também, algumas de resposta aberta, sendo dividido em 3 categorias distintas. Para analisarmos as respostas dos participantes da amostra, foi utilizada estatística descritiva (frequência absoluta e respetiva percentagem), medidas de tendência central (média) e medidas de dispersão (amplitude e desvio padrão), quando aplicáveis. Com o objetivo de verificar a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas numa variável em função de outra, usámos o teste não paramétrico de Qui Quadrado, dada a natureza das variáveis (qualitativas). A estatística utilizada, foi efetivada com o recurso ao programa informático IBM-SPSS, versão 24, adotando-se como nível de significância o valor de 5%.Resultados: No que se refere à idade dos participantes da amostra, verificaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas capacidades motoras coordenativas, sobretudo, ao nível da “diferenciação cinestésica” (X2=33,874; sig=0,037). Por seu lado, relativamente às habilitações académicas dos participantes da amostra, constatou-se a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas no “Grau de importância atribuída ao treino das capacidades motoras em contexto de treino militar” (X2=19,284; sig=0,023); nas “Capacidades motoras condicionais – Velocidade” (X2=17,378; sig=0,043) e nas “Capacidades Coordenativas – Controlo motor” (X2=20,616; sig=0,014). No que diz respeito ao(s) trabalho(s) que os participantes da amostra desenvolveram ou emprego(s) que tiveram antes de ingressar no serviço militar, aferiu-se a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos itens: “Considera que o treino das capacidades motoras é mais importante que o treino das capacidades psicológicas em contexto militar?” (X2=13,730; sig=0,008); “Capacidades Motoras Condicionais – Resistência” (X2=17,306; sig=0,027); “Capacidades Volitivas – Resistência à Frustração (X2=21,568; sig=0,043); “Capacidades volitivas – Resistência Psicológica” (X2=29,144; sig=0,004) e “Capacidades Volitivas – Superação” (X2=21,965; sig=0,038). Em função de os elementos da amostra terem praticado alguma(s) modalidade(s) desportiva(s) antes de iniciar a recruta, não se verificaram quaisquer diferenças estatisticamente significativas nesta vertente. Além disso, tendo em conta a idade dos participantes, constatou-se a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas no item “Sentiu que teve alguma quebra física depois de iniciar o Curso de Comandos?” (X2=16,131; sig=0,024). Por sua vez, considerando as habilitações académicas dos participantes, verificou-se a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas na “Perceção subjetiva de esforço que tiveram durante o treino militar - Precisão” (X2=32,760; sig=0,005); na “Perceção subjetiva de esforço que teve durante o treino militar – Marcha de Montanha (exercício operacional fim de curso)” (X2=21,538; sig=0,043) e “Considera importante que os instrutores/monitores possuam conhecimento científico na área de Educação Física para ministrar treino físico militar?” (X2=7,825; sig=0,05). Tendo em conta a eventualidade de os praticantes da amostra terem praticado alguma(s) modalidade(s) desportiva(s) antes de iniciar a recruta, verificou-se a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas na “Perceção subjetiva de esforço que teve durante o treino militar – Trabalhos ambiente natural” (X2=10,412; sig=0,034); na “Perceção subjetiva de esforço que teve durante o treino militar – Semana invertida” (X2=9,644; sig=0,047); na “Perceção subjetiva de esforço que teve durante o treino militar – Marcha de 10 Km” (X2=11,008; sig=0,012) e na “Perceção subjetiva de esforço que teve durante o treino militar – Marcha de 20 Km” (X2=9,554; sig=0,049).Concl
Objective: This study`s main objective was to analyze the students' perception regarding physical fitness, motor skills and military training during the Portuguese Command troops course. It was intended, through the application of a questionnaire, to verify if there were statistically significant differences in the perception of physical aptitude, motor skills, physical effort and military training, taught during Command troops course, according to age, academic qualifications, work (s) they developed or employment (s) they had before entering in the military service and some sporting modality that they practiced before starting the recruit.Methodology: We analyzed a non-probabilistic sample, consisted of 22 of the 27 military personnel, who successfully completed the 127th Command Course (2nd course of 2016) and 13 military personnel who successfully completed the 128th Command Course (1st year of 2017), with mean age of 21.69 and standard deviation of 2.36 years. In order to evaluate the perception of the students, we used a questionnaire, composed of 18 questions, mostly closed answers, as well as some open answers, being divided into 3 different categories. In order to analyze the responses of the sample participants, descriptive statistics (absolute frequency and respective percentage), measures of central tendency (mean) and dispersion measures (amplitude and standard deviation), when applicable, were used. In order to verify the existence of statistically significant differences in one variable as a function of another. The application of these tests were made by the program of a non-parametric Chi square test, given the nature of (qualitative) variables to analyze the variables under study. The statistic used was made using the IBM-SPSS software, version, 24, adopting a significance level of 5%.Results: When analyzed the importance that the concerning of the age of the participants in the sample, it can be observed that there were statistically significant differences in coordinated motor skills, especially at the level of "kinesthetic differentiation" (X2 = 33.874; sig = 0.037). Concerning to the academic qualifications of the sample participants, the statistical evidence shows that statistically significant differences were found in the "Degree of importance attributed to the training of motor skills in the context of military training" (X2 = 19.284; sig = 0.023); (X2 = 17.378; sig = 0.043) and in the "Coordination Capacities - Motor Control" (X2 = 20,616; sig = 0,014). Concerning with regard to the work (s) sampled participants or employment (s) they had before entering the military service, the statistical evidence shows that there were statistically significant differences in the items: "Considers that the training of motor skills is more important than the training of psychological capacities in a military context? "(X2 = 13,730; sig = 0.008); "Conditional Motor Capacities - Resistance" (X2 = 17,306; sig = 0.027); "Volitional Capacities - Resistance to Frustration (X2 = 21.568; sig = 0.043); "Volitional Capacities - Psychological Resistance" (X2 = 29,144; sig = 0.004) and "Volitional Capacities - Overcoming" (X2 = 21,965; sig = 0,038).Due to the fact that the members of the sample had practiced some sporting modality before starting the recruit, there were no statistically significant differences in this aspect. In addition, considering the age of the participants, there were statistically significant differences in the item "Did you feel that you had any physical breakdown after starting the Course of Command troops?" (X2 = 16,131, sig = 0,024). On the other hand, considering the academic qualifications of the participants, it was verified the existence of statistically significant differences in the "Subjective effort exertion that they had during the military training - Precision" (X2 = 32,760; sig = 0.005); (X2 = 21.538; sig = 0.043) and "It is important that instructors / instructors have scientific knowledge in the area of Physical Education to provide military physical training? "(X2 = 7.825; sig = 0.05). Considering the possibility that the practitioners of the sample had practiced some sporting modality before starting the recruit, there were statistically significant differences in the "Subjective effort exertion during military training - Natural environment work" (X2 = 10.412, c = 0.034); in the "Perceived subjective effort exerted during the military training - Inverse week" (X2 = 9,644; sig = 0,047); (X2 = 11.008; sig = 0.012) and in the "Subjective effort exertion during the military training - 20 km march" (X2 = 9,554) ; sig = 0.049).Conclusions: Considering the statistical evidence that emerges from the results obtained, it is concluded that the physical fitness and the development of motor skills can be considered as an essential factor in the scope of military training for the majority of the inquired participants. In addition, on this basis, we can note that both motor skil

Celem pracy jest analiza wzorów i praktyk przywódczych realizowanych przez bezpośrednich dowódców liniowych w warunkach bojowych. Zasadniczym powodem podjęcia tematyki badań był brak zestawu takich charakterystyk w polskiej i światowej literaturze przedmiotu. Postawione cele badawcze zostały zrealizowane na podstawie analizy jakościowej 43. wywiadów pogłębionych przeprowadzonych z uczestnikami misji wojskowych w Iraku, Afganistanie i Kosowie. Badania własne zaprojektowane zostały z myślą o zbieraniu danych na dwóch płaszczyznach. Po pierwsze, celem była rekonstrukcja uwewnętrznionych przez respondentów prototypów przywódczych, zawierających charakterystyki wzorowego dowódcy liniowego. Po drugie, zebrano informacje na temat efektywnych i nieefektywnych praktyk dowódczych, sklasyfikowanych w ramach wywiedzionych z prac R. Diltsa kategorii analitycznych opisujących funkcjonalne wzory przywództwa: przywódcy-opiekuna, przywódcy-coacha, przywódcy-nauczyciela, przywódcy-mentora i przywódcy-sponsora. W procesie analizy zebranego materiału zastosowano technikę wielokrotnego kodowania z wykorzystaniem programu komputerowego NVIVO. Analiza zebranego materiału koncentrowała się na weryfikacji trzech hipotez badawczych: (a) Prototyp przywódczy dotyczący dowódców liniowych oraz realizowane przez dowódców praktyki przywódcze są izomorficzne; (b) Prototyp przywódczy dotyczący dowódców liniowych w warunkach bojowych charakteryzuje się zespołem zmiennych specyficznych na tle ogólnego prototypu przywódczego dotyczącego dowódcy wojskowego; (c) Skutecznego dowódcę wojskowego w warunkach bojowych charakteryzuje zespół odmiennych kompetencji w każdej z faz operacji bojowej (przygotowania, realizacji oraz uczenia się). Wyniki badań wskazują na dużą zbieżność wzorów i efektywnych praktyk przywódczych. Dowiedziono też, że warunki bojowe powodują uaktywnienie się szczególnego rodzaju potrzeb emocjonalnych żołnierzy. Analiza zebranego materiału pozwoliła też na sformułowanie bardziej szczegółowych wniosków. Stwierdzono brak czynnika ideologicznego jako pożądanego motywatora w warunkach bojowych. Odwoływanie się do pobudek patriotycznych zostało uznane przez respondentów jako nieefektywne. To przekonanie może wynikać z kontekstu działań respondentów, czyli misji zagranicznych, w których udział wynikał jedynie z zobowiązań sojuszniczych Polski. Jednocześnie respondenci zauważają konieczność posiadania przez wzorowych dowódców innych cech i wartości wyższego rzędu. W przypadku cech prototypowych są nimi głównie: bycie „dobrym człowiekiem”, charyzma, świadomość swojego kodeksu aksjonormatywnego, sprawowanie ojcowskiej opieki nad podwładnymi oraz humanitarne prowadzenie działań zbrojnych. W przypadku praktyk dobrego dowódcy są to przede wszystkim: dbanie o bezpieczeństwo podwładnych, przejawiające się w decyzyjności i podejmowaniu przemyślanych działań podczas wykonywania operacji bojowych, a podczas stacjonowania w bazie – w regulowaniu stosunków między żołnierzami w duchu koleżeństwa i poszanowania ich odrębności. Badania pozwoliły także na uchwycenie charakterystyk organizacyjnych, tradycyjnie zaliczanych do problematyki „organizacji uczącej się”. Normy obecne w kulturze organizacyjnej Sił Zbrojnych RP uniemożliwiają czerpanie doświadczeń z misji zagranicznych, zarówno w wymiarze kompetencji wojskowych, jak i wzorów komunikacyjnych, bardziej liberalnych w warunkach bojowych. Można sformułować hipotezę, że organizacyjne uczenie się jednostek Sił Zbrojnych RP jest obecne jedynie w swojej negatywnej postaci. Przybiera formę utrwalonego wzorca reagowania w sytuacji kontaktu z przeciwnikiem, zwanego jako Syndrom Nangar Khel. Polega on na niepodejmowaniu działań podczas ostrzału z obawy przez uznaniem ich za naruszenie Rules of Engagement i konsekwencjami prawnymi po powrocie do kraju. Dysertację kończą wstępne zalecenia w zakresie systemu selekcyjno-szkoleniowego kandydatów na dowódcze stanowiska liniowe.
The purpose of the dissertation is to analyze leadership patterns and practices carried out by direct line commanders in combat conditions. The main reason for undertaking the research topic was lack of a set of such characteristics in Polish and world literature on the subject. The research goals have been executed on a basis of qualitative analysis of 43 in-depth interviews with participants of military missions in Iraq, Afghanistan and Kosovo. The research was designed to collect data on two levels. Firstly, the goal was to reconstruct the leadership prototypes internalized by respondents, containing the characteristics of an exemplary line commander. Secondly, data was collected on effective and ineffective commanding practices categorized in the analytical categories derived from the works of R. Dilts describing functional leadership patterns. These are: leader-supervisor, leader-coach, leader-teacher, leader-mentor and leader-sponsor. In the process of analyzing the collected data a technique of multiple coding in the NVIVO computer program was used. The analysis focused on verification of three research hypotheses: (a) leadership prototypes regarding line commanders and leadership practices carried out by line commanders are isomorphic; (b) leadership prototype regarding line commanders in combat conditions is characterized by a set of characteristics differing from the general leadership prototype regarding military commander; (c) an effective military commander in combat conditions is characterized by a set of different competences in each phase of the combat operation (preparation, implementation and learning). Research results indicate a large convergence of prototype patterns and effective leadership practices. It has also been proven that combat conditions induce special emotional needs of soldiers. Analysis of the collected material also allowed to formulate more detailed conclusions. Lack of an ideological factor as a desirable motivator in combat conditions was found in the respondents’ interviews. Appealing to patriotic motives was considered ineffective. This conviction may result from the context of the respondents' actions, that is foreign missions, in which participation resulted only from Poland's allied obligations. At the same time, the respondents note the need for exemplary commanders to possess other higher values. In case of prototype features, they are mainly: being a "good man", charisma, awareness of his ethic code, showing paternal care over subordinates, and humanitarian way of conducting armed operations. In case of good commander's practices, these are first of all: caring for the safety of subordinates, manifesting as decisiveness and taking thoughtful actions during combat operations, and as regulating relations between soldiers in the spirit of camaraderie and respect for their uniqueness during stationing in the base. The research also allowed to capture organizational characteristics traditionally recognized as a theme of "learning organization". Standards present in the organizational culture of the Polish Armed Forces make it impossible to draw experience from foreign missions, both in the dimension of military competences and in the communication patterns, more liberal in combat conditions. One can formulate a hypothesis that the organizational learning of units of the Polish Armed Forces is present only in its negative form. It manifests as a well-established pattern of reaction in the situation of contact with an opponent, known as the Nangar Khel Syndrome. It involves not taking action in the fire contact situation because of fear of recognizing them as a violation of the Rules of Engagement and legal consequences after returning to the country. The dissertation ends up with general recommendations regarding the selection and training system of candidates for command line positions.

Dissertação de mestrado em European Master in Building Information Modelling
The rail-based transportation projects are at the first line of any strategic agenda, as the advantages realized from them such as environmental sustainability, economic benefits and the enhanced transportation safety to the passengers are well researched and proven. It is also important that the methods and processes of BIM are applied to the rail-based projects, for the project executors to deliver the project without time and cost overruns. There are many examples cited to show the advantages that major railway projects around the world have accomplished over the different phases of the project life cycle by embracing the BIM processes. There are impairments in the adoption of BIM across the supply chain in the railway projects, with the huge ecosystem and multiple heterogenous participants. So, it is essential to understand the stakeholder’s arrangements and their requirements in terms of Information, to completely utilize the information management functions using BIM technologies and methods. The integration of the supply chain and appropriate information transition across the project phases are the key considerations for the development of a BIM framework for effective information management across the project. This work aims to contribute to a clarification of the information workflow and the importance of each one of the tools used for its management, throughout the setting up of some conceptual frameworks. Common Data Environment is analyzed as a powerful tool for the management, development, dissemination, and archiving of information, to serve as an integration channel for the supply chain. There are standard recommendations and frameworks developed to assist the organizations for setting up the CDE that will integrate the different stakeholders and act as the Single source of truth of the information for the ecosystem at any given phase of the project. The information requirements are recommended to be divided into Organization Information requirements, Asset Information Requirements, Project Information Requirements and Exchange Information Requirements. It is critical that the requirements are defined based on the requirements of expected BIM Uses, Project Phases essentials and stakeholders’ requirements. The principle of expressing the information requirements at the procurement process is based on ‘keeping end in mind’, which is vital from the operations and maintenance perspectives. The concept of Pre-Contract and Post-Contract BIM Execution Plan are also essential to complete the procurement cycle and the assessment of the delivery team.
Os projetos de transporte ferroviário estão na primeira linha de qualquer agenda estratégica, uma vez que as vantagens que deles resultam, tais como a sustentabilidade ambiental, os benefícios económicos e o aumento da segurança do transporte para os passageiros, estão já bem investigadas e comprovadas. É também importante que os métodos e processos do BIM sejam aplicados aos projetos relacionados com o caminho-de-ferro, para que os executores do projeto o entreguem sem exceder os prazos e os custos. Há já muitos exemplos referenciados, em todo o mundo, para mostrar as vantagens que os grandes projetos ferroviários atingem, ao longo das diversas fases do ciclo de vida do projeto, ao adotarem processos BIM. Existem, porém, deficiências na adoção do BIM ao longo da cadeia de fornecimento, nos projetos ferroviários, dado o enorme ecossistema e múltiplos e heterogéneos participantes. Assim, é essencial compreender as necessidades das partes interessadas e os seus requisitos em termos de Informação, para poder utilizar cabalmente as funções de gestão da informação utilizando as tecnologias e métodos BIM. A integração da cadeia de fornecimento e a transição adequada da informação ao longo das diversas fases do projeto são chave para o completo desenvolvimento de uma estrutura BIM e para uma gestão eficaz da informação em todo o projeto. Este trabalho visa contribuir para uma clarificação do fluxo da informação e da importância de cada uma das ferramentas utilizadas para a sua gestão, através da definição de alguns enquadramentos conceptuais. O Ambiente Comum de Dados é analisado, enquanto ferramenta poderosa para a gestão, desenvolvimento, disseminação e arquivo da informação, para servir como um canal de integração para toda a cadeia de fornecimento. Existem recomendações e enquadramentos normalizados desenvolvidos para apoiar as organizações na definição do CDE de modo a integrar os diferentes intervenientes e atuar como “fonte única da verdade” da informação, para o ecossistema, em qualquer fase do projeto. Recomenda-se que os requisitos de informação sejam divididos em Requisitos de Informação da Organização, Requisitos de Informação de Ativos, Requisitos de Informação do Projeto e Requisitos de Trocas de Informação. É fundamental que os requisitos sejam definidos com base nos requisitos das utilizações esperadas do BIM, das principais fases do projeto e dos requisitos das partes interessadas. O princípio de explicitar os requisitos de informação logo no processo de contratação, baseia-se em "ter o fim em vista", o que se torna vital sob o ponto de vista das operações e manutenção. O conceito de Plano de Execução BIM Pré-Contrato e Pós-Contrato é também essencial para se completar o ciclo de aprovisionamento e a avaliação da equipa fornecedora.