Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Comma 1'
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Fröhlich, Kristin, Christoph Jacobi, and P. Preusse. "Implementation of the Warner-McIntyre scheme of gravity wave parametrization into COMMA-LIM - part 1, code transfer." Universität Leipzig, 2006. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15485.
Full textA new scheme for the parametrizing of the gravity waves and their impact on the mean circulation of the middle atmosphere has been adapted to COMMA-LIM (COlogne Model of the Middle Atmosphere - Leipzig Institute for Meteorology). The current version based on the Lindzen-scheme (Lindzen, 1981) calculates the propagation and breaking of 48 single waves while the new Warner and McIntyre - scheme uses a spectral approach of gravity waves. Both schemes are based on the medium frequency approach locating the gravity waves between the Brunt-Väisälä-frequency and the rotation rate of the earth ((N >> ω >> f). First results are presented.
Fröhlich, Kristin, Christoph Jacobi, and P. Preusse. "Implementation of the Warner-McIntyre scheme of gravity wave parametrization into COMMA-LIM - part 1, code transfer." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-221743.
Full textA new scheme for the parametrizing of the gravity waves and their impact on the mean circulation of the middle atmosphere has been adapted to COMMA-LIM (COlogne Model of the Middle Atmosphere - Leipzig Institute for Meteorology). The current version based on the Lindzen-scheme (Lindzen, 1981) calculates the propagation and breaking of 48 single waves while the new Warner and McIntyre - scheme uses a spectral approach of gravity waves. Both schemes are based on the medium frequency approach locating the gravity waves between the Brunt-Väisälä-frequency and the rotation rate of the earth ((N >> ω >> f). First results are presented
FUSARO, PAOLO. "CORTE COSTITUZIONALE E CONVENZIONE EUROPEA DEI DIRITTI DELL'UOMO: RILIEVI CRITICI E ASPETTI PROBLEMATICI DI UN NUOVO INQUADRAMENTO FONDATO SULL'ART. 117, COMMA 1, COST." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/150166.
Full textRONCO, STEFANO MARIA. "La nozione di imprenditore nel diritto tributario tra forma societaria e reddito d'impresa." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/87602.
Full textAmeqrane, Ilhame. "Dégénérescence rétinienne chez la souris rd10 Implication de SIRT 1 et PGC-1 alpha ?" Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T041.
Full textRetinopathies are characterized by a progressive degeneration of photoreceptors, leading to blindness. Until now, there are no treatments to prevent the loss of photoreceptors, that’s why it’s important to study the mechanisms involved in the degenerative processes. Rd10 mouse is a good model for retinopathy because the first steps of degeneration occur after the development of the different retinal layers. SIRT 1 is a desacetylase protein involved in DNA repair and in survival cell. PGC-1 alpha is a target of SIRT1, has particularly been studied for its roles in mitochondrial metabolism. PGC-1 alpha desacetylation by SIRT1 has been shown to reduce neuronal death in several neurodegenerative diseases. Retina is part of the central neuronal system, that’s why we studied the involvement of SIRT1 and POGC-1 alpha in a model in retinitis pigmentosa. First, we characterized SIRT1 and PGC-1 alpha expression in normal mouse retina. In rd10 retina, we observed an alteration of SIRT1 expression correlated with photoreceptor apoptosis. Then, we showed a decrease in PGC-1 alpha acetylation since early stages of degeneration, supposing that the activation of the protein increases during the degenerative process. PGC-1 alpha is known to be desacetylated only by SIRT1 which suggest that SIRT1/PGC-1 alpha axis could be important in the development of retinal degeneration. This study is the first to characterize SIRT1 and PGC-1 alpha in retina and to highlight their potential involvement during retinal degeneration
Wipff, Julien. "Implication de la fibrilline-1 et bases génétiques de la sclérodermie systémique." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T037.
Full textRecent evidences suggested that Systemic sclerosis (SSc) could belong to fibrillinopathies because of Fibrillin-1 (FBN-1) and TGFbeta abnormalities inECM. First FBN-1 assessment, performed with a case-control study, did not detect association between FBN1 gene polymorphic markers and SSc. Then, we show a decrease of tissular FBN-1 microfibrillar network observed in the dermis of SSc patients but absence of in vitro alteration of synthesis, secretion and organization of microfibril network by fibroblasts. For TGFbeta pathway, subsequent analyses evaluate TGFbeta receptors with i) the study of Endoglin by case-control study and biochemical dosages it) sequencing of four TGFbeta receptors (ENG, ALK1, TGFBR2 and BMPR2). The most interesting results of the candidate gene strategy (HIFJA, ACE, SLC6A4, TPH1, KCNA5, PTPN22, IRF5, STAT4) were found for IRF5 and STAT4 genes which are associated with SSc and in particular with its fibrotic phenotype
Travagli-Gross, Julia. "Régulation transcriptionnelle du gène codant pour la protéine SOCS-1." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114821.
Full textInterleukin (IL)-4 is a pleotropic cytokine, which displays a variety of biological responses by binding to high affinity receptor complexes. The Jak-STAT pathway has been shown to be activated by IL-4. Activation of JAK, is pivotal for the activation of downstream signaling events including the recruitment and rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT6. STAT6 can dimerize and translocate into the nucleus, where it regulates IL-4 target genes. Responsiveness to cytokines depends upon a balance of positive and negative regulators. Among these regulators SOCS proteins have been described to negatively regulate the JAK/STAT pathway. IL-4 upregulates Socs-1 in the keratinocyte HaCaT cell line, we investigated which sequence of the 5' Socs-1 gene are responsive to IL-4. Collectively, our data demonstrate the involvement of STAT6 and Ets, via a composite DNA element, in IL-4 regulation of Socs-1 gene expression in keratinocytes. We also studied the regulation of the promoter of the Socs-1 gene after stimulation by the IFN-g which is known to be very good inductive Socs-1 gene. We therefore examined the IFN-g activated transcription factors implicated in regulation of Socs-1 gene
Duron, Emmanuelle. "Système IGF-1, maladie d’Alzheimer et maladies cardio-vasculaires." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T030.
Full textSince no curative treatments are available for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), focus of early risk factors and markers is of major interest. Hypertension is a risk factor for AD but the impact of antihypertensive therapy on the cognitive function in patients already diagnosed with AD is unknown. We conducted an observational study, including 321 AD outpatients (mean age: 78 years), followed-up three years with a yearly cognitive evaluation by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE/30). MMSE means were significantly higher among patients using antihypertensive therapy compared to those without antihypertensive therapy, after adjustment for age, gender, education level, blood pressure and MMSE at baseline (p< 0. 001)). Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3) are involved in atherosclerosis and may be involved in MA pathogenesis. We assessed the relationship between IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 (ELISA) serum levels and cognitive impairment. In this cross-sectional study, 694 elderly subjects (mean age: 78. 6 years) were included in four memory centers: 224 subjects were diagnosed with AD, 257 with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and 213 cognitively normal subjects (recruited among patients caregivers) constituted the control group. IGFBP-3 serum levels were higher in the controls as compared to the MCI and AD patients after adjusting for age, gender, educational level, and ApoE ε4 status (p<0. 05). The IGF-1 serum levels were similar between the 3 groups. The main determinants of AD were age (OR (95%CI) = 1. 11 (1. 07-1. 15)), female gender (OR (95%CI)=0. 53 (0. 31 ? 0. 90)), ApoE ε4 status (OR (95%CI)= 2. 76 (1. 68 - 4. 54)), low educational level ((OR (95%CI)= 4,73 (2. 17 - 12. 3)) and low IGFBP-3 level (OR (95%CI)= 0. 83 (0. 70 -0. 98)). These results justify a prospective study to evaluate whether IGF-1/ IGFBP-3 serum levels are determinants of progression from MCI to AD
Nora, Tamara. "La diversité génétique et phénotypique des populations virales issues de patients infectés par VIH - 1." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077187.
Full textDuring my thesis, we developed a new technique for study the genetic diversity of HIV. This method is based on the isolation of infectious clonal viruses directly resulting from single plasma-derived infections events. A comparison of the genomic sequences of clonal viruses from six patients demonstrated strong evidence for extensive recombinaison in vivo, showed that recombination could increase the diversity of drug resistant genotypes and reveals that recombination contributes to the generation and preservation of the HIV-1 diversity. The isolation of clonal viral populations from five different patients permits to evaluate the phenotypic properties of Env proteins exprimed by clonal viruses. Even when comparaisons were restricted to viruses from a same patient with similar tropism, genetically diverses Env proteins exhibited a remarkable fonctionnal diversity, included a wide range of infectivities for a given target cell, differences in their relative ability to infect different target cells and differences in sensibility to inhibition by some entry inhibitors. No correlation was observed between viral infectivity and inhibition by entry inhibitors, indicating that theses properties can be dissociated
Heinis, Mylène. "Etude des effets de l'oxygène dans le développement pancréatique : implication de HIF-1 alpha." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T040.
Full textThe dysfunction of the endocrine tissue of pancreas can lead to diabetes. Up to date, diabetes can be treated but not cured. Cell therapy of diabetes is a important area of research to produce an important functional β cell mass. Thus, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern the differentiation of β cells is paramount. The objective of my thesis was to characterize the role of the tension of oxygen (pO2). We have shown that differentiation of ft-cells depends on the pO2. Notably, pO2 controls the expression of Ngn3 by modulating the stability of HIF-1a protein. Hypoxia also regulates the expression of Hes 1, a target of the activated Notch receptor via HIF-1 alpha. Furthermore, our data indicate that integrity of the Notch pathway is essential for hypoxia to repress β cells differentiation. We have also shown that during pancreas development, HIF-1 alpha was expressed in the precursor cells and next decreased, suggesting that HIF-1 alpha have a physiological role
Auffret, Alexandra. "Caractérisation des dysfonctionnements synaptiques précoces sur des modèles animaux de maladies d'Alzheimer exprimant une mutation de la présénilile 1." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T016.
Full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly characterized by amyloid plaques. Mutations in Presenilin or Amyloid Precursor Protein genes cause early-onset familial forms of AD. Familial mutations led to the creation of several transgenic mice. PS1 mutations cause the most agressive forms of Familial Alzheimer's disease. My PhD project was to study age-dependent synaptic dysfunctions on transgenic mice expressing human Presenilin 1 familial Alzheimer's disease mutations L286V or M146V. Taken together, these results support the view that PS1 mutations promote synaptic dysfunctions and underline the crucial role of PS1 during both normal and pathological aging
Novak, Jan. "Rôle des lymphocytes TNK dans le développement du diabète de type 1." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05D008.
Full textNKT cells, unconventional T cells restricted by theCD1d, molecule,have regulatory functions. Teir failures were implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases including TIDM. The experimental strategies based on the reconstitution or stimulation ofNKT cells have beneficial effect on the disease course. We investigated the mechanism of the protection from T1DM by NKT cells. Our data reveal that NKT cells block the differentiation of naïve anti-islet Tcells into effectors and their capacity to kill pancreatic β cells. The inhibitory action of NKT cells is independent of cytokines produced by NKT cells. Instead, cell contacts are required for the inhibition by NKT cell. The inhibition by NKT cells does not require their interaction with CD1d, contrarily to the involvement of this interaction in NKT cell development and several other functions
Schnekenburger, Michael. "Régulation de l'expression de la glutathion S-transférase P1-1 au cours de la différencification de la lignée leucémique humaine K562." Reims, 2004. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000075.pdf.
Full text@Glutathione S-transferase (GST) P1-1 is an enzyme implicated in carcinogenesis and closely associated with the development of resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Our working hypothesis is based on the fact that the cellular differentiation can be used as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of leukaemias. We wanted to know if the GSTP1-1 expression is modulated during erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation. Results show that its expression is increased during aclarubicine (acla), doxorubicin (dox) and hemin-induced erythroid differentiation of the human K562 cells (a pluripotent chronic myelogenous leukaemia). In contrast, GSTP1-1 expression is down-regulated during phorbol ester TPA-induced megakaryocytic differentiation of these cells. Moreover, time- and concentration-dependent activation of both erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation pathways by butyric acid progressively inhibited GSTP1-1 expression. An analysis of the GSTP1-1 promoter sequence enabled us to discover two GATA sequences. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we determine the specificity of a GATA-1 binding on the site located at -1208. GATA-1 is known to be implicated in the process of hematopoietic differentiation and we show that GATA-1 promoter binding activity is correlated with the GSTP1-1 mRNA expression depending on the differentiation pathway induced by acla, dox, TPA and butyrate. A post-transcriptional stabilization of mRNA is involved in GSTP1-1 increase during hemin-induced erythroid differentiation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the implication of GATA-1 transcription factor in differentiation-specific variations of GSTP1-1 expression
Frisan, Emilie. "Etude de la différenciation érythroïde des syndromes myélodysplasiques de faible risque : rôle des protéines GATA-1 et Hsp70." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T007.
Full textNormal hematopoietic progenitors commitment into erythroid lineage is controlled by stem cell factor (SCF) and erythropoietin (Epo) while erythroid terminal differentiation is only Epo-dependent. DyserythropoYesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) which clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell, combines a defective differentiation of the progenitors and an increased apoptosis of the precursors. This work shows (1) the implication of endoplasmic reticulum in MDS apoptosis downstream of death domain) receptor Fas, (2) defective Epo-dependent activation of the MAPK in patients resistant to Epo treatment, and (3) a caspase-3-mediated Cleavage of the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 due to a defective nuclear localization of the chaperone protein Hsp70 in MDS. Nuclear export of HspVO is regulated by AKT phosphorylation in response to SCF and would be increased by an ectopic expression) of SCF receptor in MDS mature erythroblasts
Zammattio, Françoise. "Voie d'accès et activités anti-tumorales : -2-styryl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-ones." Nantes, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NANT03VS.
Full textGriseri, Thibault. "Rôle immunorégulateur des lymphocytes TNK dans le diabète de type 1 et les infections virales." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N24S.
Full textInvariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells can prevent type 1 diabetes by impairing T cell responses to pancreatic β cells. As iNKT cells can also promote T cell responses to pathogens, and as viruses can trigger autoimmune diabetes, we investigated the effect of iNKT cells on virus-induced diabetes. Mice expressing the lymphochoriomeningitis virus (LCMV) nucleoprotein (NP) in their pancreatic β cells develop diabetes after LCMV infection. Here, we show that although iNKT cells promote systemic anti-LCMV CD8 T cell responses, theyn also completely abolish LCMV-induced diabetes. Locally in the pancreas, iNKT cells induced the production of large amount of antiviral cytokines inhibiting LCMV replication
Ntayi, Carole. "Implication des metalloprotéinases matricielles-1 et -2 dans l'invasion du mélanome : régulation par le collagène de type I et les peptides d'élastine." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMM204.
Full text@In this study, we investigated the role of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in melanoma cells invasion through a three-dimensional type I collagen matrix, and regulation by elastin peptides in vitro. We showed that melanoma cells invasion through a three-dimensional type I collagen matrix was correlated with MMP-1 and MMP-2 activation, and a concomitant decrease of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Adding elastin-derived peptides to the collagen matrix, enhanced invasive potential of the highly metastatic melanoma cells via elastin binding protein by up-regulating MMP-2 activation
Vallois, David. "Analyse de facteurs génétiques impliqués dans le développement du diabète de type 1 chez la souris NOD." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05T026.
Full textType 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multifactotial disease: some environmental factors in association with susceptible genetic background lead to the destruction of insuline-producing {J cells by autoreactive T cells. NOD alleles at the Idd6 locus (murine chromosome 6) confer susceptibility to T1D whereas C3H/HeJ alleles in NOD genetic background confer resistance to the disease. Our studies of the congenic mouse strain NOD. C3H 6. VTH (strain 6. VHI) showed that some factors are responsible of its diabetes resistance : (i) a higher suppressive function of regulatory T cells, (ii) the downregulation of Tlrl gene expression leads to reduced costimulatory signals on T cells and to the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines genes expression by macrophages. Genetic(s) factor(s) involved in this phenotype localize at the Idd6. 3 locus (iii) a two fold reduction of iNKT CD4+ cells subset, restricted to the Idd6. 2 locus
Grela, Françoise-Irène. "Modulation de la réponse immunitaire par TLR7 : rôle dans le diabète de type 1 et l'asthme allergique." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T016.
Full textAccording to hygiene hypothesis, infections can protect from immune disorders. We demonstrate that stimulation of TLR2, 3, 4 and 7 that are implicated in sensing infections, can protect Non obese-diabetic (NOD) mice, which develop a spontaneous type 1 diabetes. This effect would depend on the activation of regulatory cells and immunoregulatory cytokines. We have further demonstrated that TLR2- and TLR3-induced protection were dependent on iNKT cells with an implication of IL-4 for TLR3. In an allergic asthma model, we have shown that TLR7-induced protection was dependent on iNKT cells and IFN-y. We show in vitro that this product directly target iNKT cells without requirement of antigen presenting cells. Taken together, our work emphasize the modulatory role of TLR in immune responses, and especially those due to a rupture of tolerance
Césaire, Raymond. "Quantification par PCR en temps réel de la charge provirale HRLV-1 et application à l'étude des malaldies associées." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077239.
Full textWe have developed a method for HTLV-1 pro viral load quantification by real time PCR, and applied this assay to the study of the tropical spastic paraparesis associated to this retrovirus. The proviral load in the peripheral blood is higher in TSP/HAM than in asymptomatic infection, but this analysis is unable to discriminate for disease diagnosis. However, proviral load is majored in the CSF from TSP/HAM and presents a predictive value allowing the addition of this parameter to the diagnostic criteria of the disease. TSP/HAM is the predominant manifestation of a systemic inflammatory disease reaching also ocular, salivatory _or alveplar tissues. In HTLV- 1-associated arthropathies, the increase in pro viral loads in the peripheral blood and moreover in the synovial compartment is in favour of an implication of HTLV-1 in the arthritic process. Pro viral load in the peripheral blood is correlated to the evolutive profile of TSP/HAM, the values being increased in the rapid evolving forais. HIV coinfection is suspected to increase the risk of TSP/HAM occurrence. In our study, thé peripheral blood proviral load was not modified by HIV coinfection, but the proportion of CD4+ lymphocytes mfected by HTLV- 1 appears increased. HTLV-1 proviral load may be controlled by the CTL response with an. Efficiency influenced by HLA polymorphism. In contrast with studies in the Japanese population, we did not find any association between HLA alleles and proviral load or clinical status. Another application has been the efficiency of filtration in the reduction of proviral load in blood cell components, the results confirming the importance of the quality of the white blood cells removal procedure. Finally, HTLV-1 proviral load is correlated to the percent of atypical lymphocytes in ATL and may be applied to the follow up of residual disease
Ben, Lagha-Merkhi Nadia. "Implication de l'IGFBP-1 dans la minéralisation osseuse. Etude à l'aide d'une lignée de souris transgéniques surexprimant l'hIGFBP-1." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA07A001.
Full textYatouji, Sonia. "Structure de la chromatine et régulation transcriptionnelle du géne mdr 1 dans des cellules tumorales humaines à la chimiothérapie." Reims, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REIMP203.
Full textLopez, Sandra. "Rôle du cofacteur cellulaire TIP47 dans l'incorporation de la glycoprotéine d'enveloppe dans les particules virales du VIH-1." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077170.
Full textThe formation of new infectious HIV-1 viruses requires the encounter between three major viral components: the envelope glycoprotein (Env), the Gag precursor and the genomic RNA. Env incorporation into the viral Gag particles is a crucial step since it confers to the newly formed virions the capacity to infect new target cells. Yet the mechanisms of Env incorporation are not well known. The first part of my thesis allowed us to identify the first cellular cofactor, TIP47, required for Env incorporation. TIP47 permits the association between Gag and Env by interacting simultaneously with the matrix domain of Gag and with the cytoplasmic domain of the transmembrane subunit TMgp41 of Env. HIV-1 Env incorporation is an active mechanism, in which the interaction between Gag, TIP47 and Env plays a central role. TIP47 is essential for Env incorporation into virions produced by différent target cells of HIV-1, as T CD4+ lymphocytes and primary macrophages. The second part of my thesis allowed the characterization of a new group of partners of the cytoplasmic domain of TMgp41 of HIV-1 Env: transcription factors anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, Env can participate in the regulation of different cellular pathways. The interaction between Env and one of these factors, Luman, inhibits its activation. Luman inhibits the transcriptional activity of HIV-1 genes, and Env seems to counteract this inhibition. On the other hand, ATF6 and SREBP, the other factors we identified, are necessary for viral replication and might be activated during HIV-1 infection
Jobard-Rouppert, Fabienne. "Deux-(thiazol-5-yloxy)éthylamines et 3-(4-arylpipérazin-yl)-1-(thiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ols : synthèse et évaluation pharmacologique." Nantes, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NANT07VS.
Full textPélerin, Hélène. "Les inhibiteurs de la protéase du VIH-1, les analogues non nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse du VIH-1 et la barrière hémato-encéphalique au cours de l'infection à VIH-1 : impact des protéines de détoxification dans la biodisponibilité cérabrale des antirétroviraux." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114825.
Full textThe use of protease inhibitors (PIs) or non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNRTIs), appeared to protect specifically against acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome dementia complex, suggesting that, in this condition, therapy might have a direct, additive effect in the central nervous system (CNS). However, several evidences suggest that these drugs and more particularly PIs are limited CNS or cerebrospinal fluid penetration due to the presence of efflux proteins like ABC multidrug transporters (P-gp, MRPs, BCRP) at level of the BBB and epithelial plexus choroïde. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo experiments has failed to resolve whether ARV CNS penetration and cerebrospinal fluid virologic suppression are clinically important. Using a new analytical method and a new in vitro human BBB model, we demonstrated the involvement of P-gp, BCRP and CYP3A4 in a limited passage of APV, EFV and NFV through the BBB
Mazzolini, Julie Emilie. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de la phagocytose dans les macrophages et de sa perturbation par le VIH-1." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T001.
Full textPhagocytosis is a mechanism of internalization of microorganisms and debris that leads to the formation of an intracellular vacuole larger than 0. 5 microns. This mechanism is initiated by the activation of receptors on the surface of professional phagocytes such as macrophages and depends on an intense actin polymerization and reorganization of the plasma membrane involving exocytosis from intracellular compartments. Recycling endosomes bearing AP1, VAMPS and TNFa, and a subpopulation of late endosomes bearing VAMP7, participate in the exocytosis. We investigated the respective locations of the polymerized actin and vesicular compartments, by evanescent wave microscopy. We used the "frustrated phagocytosis" system where cells try to "phagocyte to infinity" and spread on the ligands of phagocytic receptors, as well as a new system that we developed to study the step of phagosome closure. According to our observations, F-actin accumulates in the cell periphery and in the tips of pseudopodia while actin depolymerizes in the center of the phagocytic cup, where vesicular trafficking is more active. This model is to be completed to clarify the molecular players involved in the different stages of progression and closure of phagosomes. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects macrophages, which causes a déficience of phagocytosis of thèse cells. One of thé major virulence factors of HIV-1 is thé Nef (négative factor) protein, known to disrupt thé organization of thé actin cytoskeleton and subcellular trafficking. We observed that infection with HIV-1, and expression of Nef in particular, inhibits phagocytosis by différent receptors in macrophages. Nef protein significantly alters thé recruitment at thé phagocytic cup of recycling endosomes bearing AP1, VAMPS and TNFa. In contrast, Nef does not interfère with thé accumulation of VAMP7 nor that of F-actin. To inhibit phagocytosis Nef requires its myristoylation site and thé LL, DD and PXXP motifs. Finally, we found that Nef interacts with thé AP1 motif via thé LL motif, probably leading to thé disruption of membrane reorganization required for efficient phagocytosis, whereas actin is not altered. My thesis work helped bring new éléments on thé cellular and molecular mechanisms of phagocytosis and to better understand thé dysfunctions observed in macrophages of HIV-1-infected patients
Jacquot, Guillaume. "Propriétés moléculaires et fonctionnelles de la protéine virale Vpr et de la sous-unité p50/dynamitine du complexe dynactine : rôles dans les étapes précoces du cycle réplicatif du VIH-1." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T014.
Full textNumerous studies showed that HIV-1 Vpr plays a crucial role during establishment of the early steps of the viral life cycle. Previous results obtained in our laboratory suggest that Vpr would act by interacting with the nucleoporine hCG1, a component of the nuclear pore complex. The results obtained during my PhD revealed a functional link between this property of Vpr and other known functions of the protein, among which, its cytostatic and pro-apoptotic activities. Moreover, our results suggest that Vpr accumulation at the nuclear envelope could contribute to optimization of viral replication in nondividing cells, such as macrophages. We also characterized a new interaction between the nucleoporin hCG1 and the p50/dynamitin, a central subunit of the dynein/dynactin microtubular complex. Although no information exist in the literature concerning molecular determinants of the p50/dynamitin responsible for its structural role in the dynactin complex, our work revealed the molecular and functional basis of this property
Bouziane, Ouartini Mohammed. "Inhibition de l'integration de l'adn du vih1 par des oligonucleotides intercalants formant des triples helices." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05S009.
Full textMontandon, Ruddy. "Caractérisation et évaluation thérapeutique d’une nouvelle population de progéniteurs B régulateurs dans le diabète de type 1." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T050.
Full textB lymphocytes play both pathogenetic and protective role in autoimmune diseases. Several regulatory B cell (Breg) populations exist whose development remains so far elusive. What are their progenitors and whether they exhibit themselves tolerogenic properties remains to be investigated. We herein describe a novel tolerogenic population of pro-B cell progenitors, emerging in vitro as well as in vivo within the bone marrow upon activation of Toll-like receptors. We named those induced, innate, inflammatory progenitors "iproBs". Interferon-gamma released by activated effector T cells (Teff) induced the expression of the death molecule FasL at the surface of iproBs; enabling them to kill by apoptosis the Teff. In addition, iproBs dramatically reduced interleukin-21 (IL-21) production by Teff. When adoptively transferred into the Non Obese Diabetic mouse that develops spontaneous type 1 diabetes, less than one hundred thousand iproBs were sufficient to prevent durably disease onset. Our results describe for the first time the emergence in infectious settings of a sub-population of hematopoietic progenitors such as iproBs with both killer and immunoregulatory properties. Their regulatory potential is further prolonged by their in vivo differenciation into more mature, still killer Bregs, in this case splenic transitional type 2 marginal zone precursor B cells that represent one of the most efficient Breg subtypes
Guili, Vincent. "Modulation de la signalisation du Nerve Growth Factor par les Cavéolines 1 et 2." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSL0247.
Full textPatey, Martine. "Recherche de nouveaux marqueurs protéiniques impliqués dans le remodelage de la matrice extracellulaire en pathologie thyroi͏̈dienne." Reims, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REIMM205.
Full text@We have studied and described the pattern of distribution of thrombospondin (TSP1)and its receptors anb3 integrin and CD36, in human thyroid tissue and in benignand malignant conditions. This study was realised in collaboration with the Department of Biochemistry of the Faculty of Sciences and Medicine on an in vitro model of porcine thyroid culture. The results show the importance of the interaction between anb3 integrin and TSP1 during the remodeling of the matrix in fibrous goiters and in the desmoplasic stroma of papillary carcinomas of good prognosis, compared to follicular and anaplastic carcinoma. We have also characterized the matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9 and its enzymatic activity by gel zymography, which has demonstrated an increased expression of MMP2 in papillary and anaplastic carcinoma. The pronostic impact of these markers in thyroid neoplasms is discussed
Moulin, Claudie. "Trois,quatre-dihydro-2h-1-benzo(b)pyrane-2-carboxamides analogues du trolox et derives a potentialites anti-allergique ou antidiabetique." Nantes, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NANT12VS.
Full textCasse, Céline. "Etude de l'activation paradoxale de la transcription a partir du promoteur du ltr-vih-1 par les inhibiteurs de la transcription." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05S001.
Full textSin, Soraya. "Identification de gènes impliqués dans le développement de métastases pulmonaires dans le cancer du sein : Etude fonctionnelle de la kindline-1." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T048.
Full textBreast cancer cells frequently disseminate to lungs, however the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Microarray-based transcriptome analysis allowed the identification of gene expression signature associated with metastasic outcome, but without taking account of the organ-specificity of breast cancer metastasis. We compared gene expression profiles of lung metastases with those of non lung metastases, all from breast cancer patients, and we developped a 6-gene signature that discriminates breast primary tumors with a higher risk of lung metastasis. Among the 6 genes of the signature, one encodes kindlin-1 protein, a regulator of integrin functions. We identified kindlin-1 as an independant predictor of breast cancer lung metastasis and as a pronostic marker of lung adenocarcinoma. Consistent with these results, kindlin-1 depletion inhibits primary mammary growth and lung metastasis in a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer. Kindlin-1 overexpression induces activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway and changes characteristic of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), including a gain of mesenchymal markers and a loss of epithelial markers. Kindlin-1 overexpression increases cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Our results underline the key role of kindlin-1 in mammary tumor progression and eventually in other cancer types, suggesting a novel therapeutic target in the control of tumor development in human cancers
Smadja, David. "Rôle du récepteur de la thrombine PAR-1 dans l'expansion des progéniteurs endothéliaux." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05P625.
Full textThe injection of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in preclinical models of ischemia has been shown to enhance neovascularization. However, the scarcity of EPCs in human peripheral blood is a limitation for of its use as a cell therapy product, and the development of an expansion procedure is a crucial issue. In this work, we have characterized EPCs during in vitro expansion, using EPCs derived from cord blood CD34+ cells. An increased expression of KDR/VEGFR2 along expansion was observed, together with an increase of in vitro angiogenic properties. We also show the presence of the thrombin receptor PAR-1 on expanded EPCs. The importance of PAR-1 in blood vessel development has been demonstrated in knockout mice. As EPCs are thought to be involved in postnatal vasculogenesis, we examined the effect of PAR-1 activation on EPCs. PAR-1 activation induced EPCs proliferation, resulting of an angiopoietin 2 upregulation. PAR-1 activation also enhanced actin reorganization, promoting both spontaneous migration in a Boyden chamber assay and migration toward SDF-1. Finally, PAR-1 stimulation by SFLLRN increased the formation of capillary-like structures formed by EPCs in Matrigel, and this effect was abrogated by anti-CXCR-4 and anti-SDF-1 antibodies. All together, PAR-1 activation on cord blood derived EPCs led to a proangiogenic effect. In vivo, enhancement of angiogenic properties of EPCs by thrombin generated at the target site might promote vasculogenesis and thrombus resorption. Our data suggest that SFLLRN peptide could be used to expand cord blood derived-EPCs ex vivo. However, this effect was not found on EPCs isolated from adult blood, underlining the usefulness of a procedure designed to mobilize immature endothelial cells from bone marrow to peripheral blood
Cohen-Solal, Martine. "Cytokines monocytaires et resorption au cours des pertes osseuses." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05S008.
Full textCulina, Slobodan. "Nouveaux éléments dans l'apprêtement des antigènes présentés par les molécules de classe 1 du Complexe Majeur d'Histocompatibilité." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05T007.
Full textClément, Thomas. "Recherche de liens entre expression d'ARN non codants et physiopathologies articulaires, utilisation des microARN comme biomarqueurs du phénotype chondrocytaire." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0113/document.
Full textOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most frequent joint disease and its prevalence still grows with the increase in lifespan. OA is characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, together with synovitis and abnormal subchondral bone remodeling, leading to progressive loss of mobility and pain. Chondrocyte is the unique cell type in cartilage which accounts for the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) components (collagens, proteoglycans). During OA, chondrocyte phenotype is altered and the balance between ECM synthesis and degradation is impaired towards cartilage degradation. To date no treatment can efficiently reduce OA progression so that the search for reliable biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets is very active, particularly since the discovery of microRNAs. miRNAs are estimated to regulate 50% of cellular genes. They contribute to major cellular processes such as cell differentiation, apoptosis or tumorigenesis. Therefore, miRNAs are interesting putative biomarkers. During this PhD thesis, we studied the contribution of miARNs to the control of chondrocyte phenotype. Using a model of chondrocyte differentiated phenotype loss induced by extensive subculturing or IL-1β challenge we studied changes in miRNAs profile with microarrays. We determined a panel of 43 varying miRNA including the miR-23~27b~24-1 cluster and miR-29b. The differential production of miRNAs from this cluster has been investigated, but we didn’t succeed in identifying the underlying mechanisms. However, we identified miR-29b as a negative post-transcriptional regulator of Col-IIa1 during differentiated phenotype loss and OA. Finally, as equilibrium between extracellular levels of inorganic phosphate and pyrophosphate (ePi/ePPi) was previously shown in the laboratory to be crucial for the maintenance of a differentiated chondrocyte phenotype, we studied the regulation of the genes encoding the 4 proteins regulating this balance (ANK, PC1, Pit-1 and TNAP). From in silico analysis, we selected a panel of 4 miRNAs: let7e, miR-9, miR-188 and miR-219. Using reporter assays, we showed that miR-9 was a negative regulator of PC-1, Pit-1 and TNAP, according or not to bioinformatics prediction
Kahhak, Larbi. "Rôle du PAF-Acéther dans les phénomènes allergiques : 1/ activation du basophile par l'intermédiaire du sérum humain, 2/ effets sur la fonction mucociliaire." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05CD02.
Full textLaguette, Nadine. "Impact de la protéine Nef du VIH-1 sur le trafic intracellulaire de CD4 et le pouvoir infectieux des particules virales." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T034.
Full textHIV-1 Nef accelerates progression towards immunodeficiency in vivo. During my thesis we explored two of the most conserved functions of Nef: (i) CD4 downregulation in HIV-1 target cells and (ii) viral infectivity enhancement. Interference of Nef with the endocytic machinery causes CD4 cell surface downregulation. However, CD4 trafficking is governed by different rules in the target cells of the infection: in myeloid cells CD4 is rapidly internalized from the cell surface whilst in lymphoid cells, CD4 is stabilized at the cell surface through interaction with the tyrosine kinase p56lck. In this study, we show that Nef increases CD4 internalization rate only in cells that express p56lck. Therefore Nef uses different mechanisms to downregulate CD4 from the cell surface of myeloid and lymphoid cells. To date, the relative contribution of the functions of Nef during viral biogenesis and upon arrival in the target cells to the Nef dependent increase of viral infectivity, have not been deciphered yet. We designed fusion proteins that allowed the manipulation of the amount of Nef in producer cells and incorporated into viral particles. This study allowed us to determine that the incorporation of Nef into viral particles is not sufficient to cause an increase of viral infectivity. Nef must therefore exert functions, during viral biogenesis, that are crucial for the infectivity of nascent viral particles
Feugeas, Jean-Paul. "Importance fonctionnelle et structure de la partie glycannique du transporteur du glucose des erythrocytes humains." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05S004.
Full textKorwin-Zmijowski, Carla. "Effets des rayonnements ultraviolets A sur la prolifération cellulaire, l'activité mitochondriale, les synthèses de collagène et des metalloprotéinases matricielles de fifroblaste dermiques humains en culture : étapes préliminaires à l'étude de fobroblastes issus de donneurs jeunes et âgés." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05S016.
Full textHammoud, Laika Taghrid. "Immunogénicité de la préproinsuline dans le diabète de type 1 humain chez un modèle murin humanisé HLA." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T022.
Full textType 1 diabetes involves the activation of lymphocytes against p cell autoantigens. In animal models, the predominant role of T lymphocytes is supported by experiments in which diabetes is transferred into naive recipients by diabetogenic T cells, is prevented by antibodies that interfere with T lymphocyte activation or fails to develop in diabetes-prone mice in which key genes in T lymphocyte differentiation or activation are non functional. In man, T lymphocytes are predominant within insulitis at early stages of diabetes. Occurrence of diabetes in an immuno-deficient patient deprived of B lymphocytes further underscores the role of T lymphocytes in human diabetes. MHC class II-restricted CD4+ T cells are central in the autoimmune diabetes process but CDS* T cells play a pivotal role in its initiation in NOD mice. In the human, CD8+ T cells are predominant in the islet cell infiltrate of acutely diabetic patients in most observations. Recurrent diabetes in recipients of isografts from a discordant twin is accompanied by predominant CD8+ T cell infiltration. Among p cell autoantigens, proinsulin has been ascribed a key role in diabetes. In man, insulin and proinsulin are common targets of autoantibodies and T cells in diabetic and prediabetic individuals. Anti-insulin antibodies (IAA) are the first to be detected in children at risk for diabetes and carry a high positive predictive value for diabetes in siblings of type 1 diabetic patients. In NOD mice, injection of insulin-specific T cell clones accelerate diabetes. Protection from diabetes is obtained by injecting insulin in prediabetic mice. In addition, proinsulin 1"'" or 2"'" NOD mice show delayed or accelerated diabetes, respectively. We and others have obtained evidence that a restricted region of human proinsulin located in the B chain and adjacent C-peptide clusters proteasotne cleavage sites generating correct C-termini of putative MHC class 1 peptides and a high number of epitopes that are recognized by diabetic CDS* T cells. Other epitopes have been located within the A chain. Recognition of epitopes that are located within the C peptide and C peptide-B chain junction including residues that are excised during the insulin secretion process makes a strong case for proinsulin as an autoantigen in diabetes. However, there has been no study of epitopes located within the preproinsulin leader sequence despite strong evidence that leader sequence peptides can be presented by class I HLA molecules, especially HLA-A2. 1. To characterize class I-restricted epitopes within the preproinsulin leader sequence, we selected 8- to 11-mer peptides carrying anchoring residues for class I molecules. These peptides were studied for binding to common class I molecules and for carrying C-terminal residues generated by proteasome digestion. HLA-A2-restricted peptides were further tested for immunogenicity in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice. Peptides were studied for recognition by PBMCs from diabetic patients. To study the natural processing of preproinsulin leader peptide, mouse CD8+ T cell clones specific to HLA-A*0201 -restricted peptides were tested for cytotoxicity against PS 15 cells transfected with the HHD and preproinsulin genes
Vessière, Aurélia. "Caractérisation virologique des doubles infections et des formes recombinantes par les VIH-1 du groupe M et du groupe O au Cameroun : conséquences épidémiologiques, diagnostics et thérapeutiques." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T062.
Full textHIV-1 is divided into 4 groups: M (major), O (outlier), N (non-M non-O) and P. Among these groups, recombination is an extremely frequent phenomenon, playing a major role in the diversification of the HIV epidemic. Recombination results from strand switching between the two viral RNA molecules during the reverse transcription step. Thus, multiple infections, by generating heterodiploïd virions, are the prerequisite to recombination. In Central Africa and in Cameroon in particular, all HIV-1 groups circulate and M+O dual infections have been reported. Despite the great genetic divergence between the two groups, three cases of M/O recombinants were described in Cameroonian patients with no epidemiological link. For two of them, recombination involved the vpr gene that could represent a preferential site for M/O intergroup recombination. The transmission and circulation capacities of such forms, that appear to be extremely rare, are unknown. The objective of this work was to develop and validate serological and molecular tools for the detection of M/O recombinants in the vpr gene in patients dually infected by HIV-1 group M (HIV-M) and HIV-1 group O (HIV-O) in Cameroon. Dual infections were screened using a serotyping strategy bases on two gp120/V3 antigens representative of groups M and O. For dually reactive samples, a competitive assay (GSEIA) was developed to eliminate non specific cross-reactivities. Presence of HIV-M and O genomes was confirmed with group specific PCRs targeting the pol and env regions. Finally, a group specific PCR flanking the vpr gene was developed to detect recombinants. This algorithm implemented at Centre Pasteur du Cameroun allowed us to identify 5 M/O recombinants, with a vpr breakpoint for 4 of them. Three vpr recombinants were associated with a HIV-M+O dual infection or a HIV-M infection. Some M/O recombinants were detected in the absence of associated dual infections, of which one in a Cameroonian patient living in France, suggesting transmitted cases. This work underlines the complexity of the detection of M/O recombinants that requires the combination of serological and molecular tools targeting different regions of the genome, in particular for transmitted recombinants. Our results confirm the importance of the vpr gene in M/O recombination phenomena. The great genetic variability of HIV-O strains could have consequences on therapeutic management of patients infected with a M/O recombinant. The risk for emergence of M/O circulating recombinant forms has to be evaluated through an epidemiological surveillance in Cameroon but also in countries having a link with this region
Leblanc, David. "Les monocytes CCR7+ comme outil de transport des nanoantirétroviraux vers le système nerveux central." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6774.
Full textBouchet, Jérôme. "Inhibition de la protéine nef du VIH-1 par un fragment d'anticorps simple-chaîne de lama." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T011.
Full textWhile it is established that HIV-1 Nef is essential for virus replication and AIDS pathogenesis, this viral protein is not targeted by antiviral strategies. The functions of Nef are largely related to perturbations of intracellular trafficking and signaling pathways, through leucine-based and poly-proline motifs required for interactions with clathrin-associated adaptor protein complexes and the phagocyte-specific kinase Hck, respectively. Here, we describe the full inhibitory activity of artificial Nef ligands, Neffins, comprised of modified SH3 domains fused to an anti-Nef single-domain antibody. The Neffins inhibited key activities of Nef, including Nef-mediated CD4 and MHC-I cell surface down-regulation and enhancement of virus infectivity. When expressed in macrophages, Neffins inhibited Nefinduced formation of multinucleated giant cells and podosome rosettes, and counteracted the inhibitory activity of Nef on phagocytosis. Since we show here that these effects of Nef on macrophage functions were both dependent of the leucine-based and poly-proline motifs, we confirmed that the Neffins were able to disrupt interactions of Nef with both AP complexes and Hck. These results demonstrate that it is possible to inhibit all functions of Nef, both in T lymphocytes and macrophages, with a single ligand that represents an efficient tool to develop new antiviral strategies targeting Nef
Nagy, Héléna Juliana. "Traitement des tumeurs hépatiques et ovariennes expérimentales par transfert de gène codant pour la thymidine kinase du virus herpès simplex de type 1." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05CD03.
Full textRobinet, Arnaud. "Régulation de l'expression et/ou de l'activation de la Gélatinase A par deux peptides issus de la thrombospodine et de l'élastine : Implication dans l'invasion tumorale et angiogénèse." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMM208.
Full textNeoangiogenesis, the formation of new blood capillaries from preexisting vessels, plays an important role in a number of physiological and pathological processes, particularly in tumor growth and metastasis. Extracellular proteolysis by matrix metalloproteinases or other neutral proteinases is an absolute requirement for initiating tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Cryptic segments or preexisting domains within larger proteins, most of them belonging to the extracellular matrix, can be exposed by conformational changes and/or generated by partial enzymatic hydrolysis. They can positively or negatively regulate important functions of endothelial cells including adhesion, migration, proliferation, cell survival and cell-to-cell interactions. Such regulations by cryptic segments and proteolytic fragments led to the concept of matricryptins and matrikines, respectively. Matrix metalloproteinases and matrikines in conjunction with other pro -or anti- angiogenic factors might act in concert at any step of the angiogenesis process. A number of matrikines have been identified as potent anti-angiogenic factors, which could provide a new alternative to anti-proteolytic strategies for the development of anti-angiogenic therapeutic molecules aimed at inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. Some of them are currently being investigated in clinical trials
Prevot, Nicolas. "Le rôle de la voie de costimulation ICOS/ICOSL dans le développement du diabète de type 1 chez la souris NOD." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T005.
Full textCostimulatory pathways, by modulating the immune response, play a key role in the development of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes. We studied NOD mice in which Icos and Icosl genes were deleted. We demonstrated that the ICOS/ICOSL costimulation pathway is essential to tolerance rupture directed against β-cells Moreover, study of BDC2. 5 ICOS KO NOD mice demonstrated that the costimulatory pathway is also involved in the control of the autoimmune response. Nevertheless, its modulation remains a dangerous exercise. ICOS KO or ICOSL KO NOD mice, while remained protected from type 1 diabetes, developed instead of a spontaneous peripheral neuropathy. Study and understand the mechanisms leading to these protection and deviation is critical| before testing the therapeutic potential of the ICOS/ICOSL costimulation pathway in human]
Fajardy, Isabelle. "Marqueurs genetiques (hla-dq) et immunologiques (ica) de susceptibilite au diabete insulino-dependant." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05S015.
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