Relevant bibliographies by topics / Combustion ratio

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Combustion ratio'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Combustion ratio"

1

Cheng, Zhe, Wen Jun Wang, Wen Qing Shen, Ai Wu Fan, and Wei Liu. "Flame Stability of Methane/Air Mixture in a Heat-Recirculating-Type Mesoscale Channel with a Bluff-Body." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.12.

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To extend the stable combustion range of micro-combustor, a heat-recirculating-type planar micro-combustor fitted with a bluff-body was proposed in the present work. Numerical simulation on CH4/air premixed combustion in this combustor was performed and the stable combustion range was determined, which showed that the blow-off limit increases with the equivalence ratio and the lower flammability limit was extended. Effect of the equivalence ratio and inlet velocity on combustion efficiency and maximum temperature were investigated. The numerical results showed that combustion efficiencies were higher than 99%, and the maximum temperatures were larger than the corresponding adiabatic flame temperature due to the excess enthalpy combustion effect. However, flashback emerged when the inlet velocity was too small and the equivalence ratio is relatively high.
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Cao, H. L., J. N. Zhao, K. Zhang, D. B. Wang, and X. L. Wei. "Diffusion Combustion Characteristics of H2/Air in the Micro Porous Media Combustor." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.413.

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In order to improve thermal to-electric energy conversion efficiency of the micro gas turbine power generation system, a novel micro porous media combustor is designed and experimental investigation on the H2/air diffusion combustion is performed to obtain its combustion characteristics. High efficiency diffusion combustion of H2/air can be stabilized in the very wide operating range, especially at higher excess air ratio. Exhaust gas temperature is markedly improved and meanwhile heat loss ratio is evidently decreased. Moreover, in the certain operating ranges, the greater the combustion thermal power and excess air ratio, the smaller heat loss of the micro combustor will be. The micro porous media combustor should be a preferred micro combustor for developing the micro gas turbine power generation system.
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Wakabayashi, T., S. Ito, S. Koga, M. Ippommatsu, K. Moriya, K. Shimodaira, Y. Kurosawa, and K. Suzuki. "Performance of a Dry Low-NOx Gas Turbine Combustor Designed With a New Fuel Supply Concept." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 124, no. 4 (September 24, 2002): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1473154.

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This paper describes the performance of a dry low-NOx gas turbine combustor designed with a new fuel supply concept. This concept uses automatic fuel distribution achieved by an interaction between the fuel jet and the airflow. At high loads, most of the fuel is supplied to the lean premixed combustion region for low-NOx, while at low loads, it is supplied to the pilot combustion region for stable combustion. A numerical simulation was carried out to estimate the equivalence ratio in the fuel supply unit. Next, through the pressurized combustion experiments on the combustor with this fuel supply unit using natural gas as fuel, it was confirmed that NOx emissions were reduced and stable combustion was achieved over a wide equivalence ratio range.
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Wang, Taiyu, Zhenguo Wang, Zun Cai, Jian Chen, Mingbo Sun, Zeyu Dong, and Bin An. "Effects of combustor geometry on the combustion process of an RBCC combustor in high-speed ejector mode." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 27 (September 30, 2019): 1950330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919503305.

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The combustion characteristics of high-speed ejector mode in a 2-dimensional strut-based RBCC (rocket-based combined cycle) combustor had been investigated numerically in a Mach 2.5 supersonic flow. The numerical approach had been validated by comparing numerical results with available experimental data. Besides, three different hydrogen-air chemical reaction mechanisms had also been compared. The effect of the combustor geometry on the combustion process was then discussed by analyzing the heat release distribution and flow field. It was found that the wall configuration, closeout angle of the converging location and converging ratio all have significant influences on the heat release distribution and flow field structures. It is demonstrated that a converging–diverging wall configuration is beneficial for the combustion process with significant heat release increase compared to the other wall configurations. In addition, the closeout angle of the converging location is also closely related to the combustion performance, and there exists an optimized closeout angle in a specific combustor geometry. It is also revealed that the major heat release region moves upstream obviously with increase in the converging ratio, leading to an enhanced combustion process. However, the converging ratio is still to be optimized to keep a balance between heat release increase and total pressure loss of the supersonic flow.
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Du, Zhibin, Chao Chen, and Lei Wang. "Combustion characteristics of and bench test on “gasoline + alternative fuel”." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200704324d.

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In this study, an evaporative premixed constant-volume combustion system was designed for combustion of liquid fuels, compared with a traditional constant-volume firebomb. The effects of an alternative fuel of gasoline on the combustion characteristics of the laminar flame of gasoline were analyzed, and then a bench test was carried out. The results show that the addition of an alternative fuel of gasoline makes the maximum non-stretched flame propagation velocity of combusting gasoline increasingly close to that of combusting diluted mixed gas. The Markstein lengths of gasoline and ?gasoline + alternative fuel? become shorter with a higher equivalence ratio, and flame combustion becomes increasingly unstable. The laminar combustion velocity of ?gasoline + alternative fuel? rises first and then declines as the equivalence ratio increases. According to the results of the bench test, adding 20% of the alternative fuel into gasoline will exert little impact on the power performance and fuel consumption of the engine, but it will reduce HC emission by 25% and CO emission by 67%.
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Colantonio, R. O. "The Applicability of Jet-Shear-Layer Mixing and Effervescent Atomization for Low-NOx Combustors." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 120, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818073.

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An investigation has been conducted to develop appropriate technologies for a low-NOx, liquid-fueled combustor. The combustor incorporates an effervescent atomizer used to inject fuel into a premixing duct. Only a fraction of the combustion air is used in the premixing process. This fuel-rich mixture is introduced into the remaining combustion air by a rapid jet-shear-layer mixing process involving radial fuel–air jets impinging on axial air jets in the primary combustion zone. Computational modeling was used as a tool to facilitate a parametric analysis appropriate to the design of an optimum low-NOx combustor. A number of combustor configurations were studied to assess the key combustor technologies and to validate the three-dimensional modeling code. The results from the experimental testing and computational analysis indicate a low-NOx potential for the jet-shear-layer combustor. Key features found to affect NOx emissions are the primary combustion zone fuel–air ratio, the number of axial and radial jets, the aspect ratio and radial location of the axial air jets, and the radial jet inlet hole diameter. Each of these key parameters exhibits a low-NOx point from which an optimized combustor was developed. Also demonstrated was the feasibility of utilizing an effervescent atomizer for combustor application. Further developments in the jet-shear-layer mixing scheme and effervescent atomizer design promise even lower NOx with high combustion efficiency.
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Ozturk, Suat. "A Numerical Investigation on Emissions of Partially Premixed Shale Gas Combustion." International Journal of Heat and Technology 38, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.380319.

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The adiabatic, turbulent, and partially premixed combustions of several shale gases and air in a co-axial type combustor are computationally examined under the effects of different equivalence ratios, inlet temperatures, flow rates, humidity ratios, pressure, oxid inlet temperatures and flow rates, and swirl velocities in this study. Shale gases are extracted from Barnette, New Albany, Fayetteville, and Haynesville areas of USA. ANSYS software is used for numerical calculations of combustion. Results show that the maximum NO emissions for Barnette, New Albany, Fayetteville, and Haynesville shale gas occur at the equivalence ratio of 1.42, 1.41, 1.4, and 1.39. The rising fuel inlet temperature increase NO and reduces CO emissions after 300 K. The increasing humidity ratio causes NO and CO mass fractions to decrease. The ascending pressure raises NO up to 4 bar and lowers CO emissions. The increasing oxid flow rate abates the mass fractions of both NO and CO. The rising swirl velocity escalates NO up to 15 m/s and decreases CO emissions for all the shale gas combustions.
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Chein, Reiyu, Yen-Cho Chen, Jui-Yu Chen, and J. N. Chung. "Premixed Methanol–Air Combustion Characteristics in a Mini-scale Catalytic Combustor." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2014-0061.

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AbstractMethanol catalytic combustion in a mini-scale tubular quartz-made combustor is investigated in this study. An alumina sphere was employed as the support for the platinum catalyst. The experimental results showed that the combustion can be self-ignited at room temperature. Using the combustor wall temperature to characterize the combustor performance, it was found that the combustion temperature can reach a high value within a short time. The experimental results indicated that the combustor performance depends greatly on the fuel/air supply. A higher temperature can be obtained with a higher fuel/air flow rate. The insulated and non-insulated combustor experimental results indicated that heat loss to the environment is an important factor in governing the combustion characteristics due to the large surface/volume ratio. A higher temperature can also be obtained when the combustor is insulated. Because most of the combustion took place at the combustor entrance region, the experimental result suggested that the combustor length can be shortened, leading to a more compact design allowing the combustor integration with various applications. A simple numerical model was built to provide a greater understanding of the combustion characteristics and examine the heat loss effect on combustor performance.
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Naeemi, Saeed, and Seyed Abdolmehdi Hashemi. "Numerical investigations on the liftoff velocity of H2-air premixed combustion in a micro-cylindrical combustor with gradually changed section area." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 17 (March 25, 2020): 3497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220914925.

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Sustaining and stabilizing flames are crucial issues in micro-combustion. In some micro-electro-mechanical systems such as the micro-thermophotovoltaic system, the flame should be formed in the combustion chamber, not outside it (combustion without liftoff). So, study of the liftoff phenomenon is important and vital in these systems. The aim of this study is to evaluate effect of changing combustor section area on the critical liftoff velocity in a micro-cylindrical combustor. For this purpose, the critical liftoff velocities are numerically identified for four combustor configurations (convergent, divergent, convergent-divergent and divergent-convergent combustion chamber). Premixed mixture of hydrogen-air has been used as reactants for the current investigation. Turbulence model implemented in this paper is RNG k-epsilon and combustion reaction was modeled with 10 species and 21 steps scheme using Eddy Dissipation Concept model. Two non-dimensional numbers d1/d2 (inlet to outlet diameter ratio) and d1/d3 (inlet to throat diameter ratio) are defined. For d1/d2 > 1.0, the combustion chamber is convergent, otherwise it is divergent. When d1/d3 > 1.0, the micro combustor is convergent-divergent and for d1/d3 < 1.0, the micro combustor is divergent-convergent. The results indicate that with increasing d1/d2, the liftoff occurs in a lower inlet flow velocity. With varying d1/d3, from 0.71 (2.0/2.8) to 1.0 (2.0/2.0), the liftoff velocity is reduced. Based on the numerical results, it can be said that the use of convergent and convergent-divergent combustion chamber decreases liftoff velocity. Meanwhile, the combustor with diverging and diverging-converging structure can enhance liftoff velocity. In the same condition, critical liftoff velocity of divergent-convergent micro combustor is the highest among all cases and this configuration is appropriate for Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems that work with high inlet velocity.
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Andersson, Ingemar, Mikael Thor, and Tomas McKelvey. "The torque ratio concept for combustion monitoring of internal combustion engines." Control Engineering Practice 20, no. 6 (June 2012): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2011.12.007.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Combustion ratio"

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Lundin, Eva. "Adaptive air-fuel ratio control for combustion engines." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-56651.

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Around the world, vehicle emission regulations become stricter, increasing exhaust emission demands. To manage these rules and regulations, vehicle manufacturers put a lot of effort into minimizing the exhaust emissions. The three-way catalytic converter was developed, and today it is the most commonly used device to control the exhaust emissions.

To work properly the catalytic converter needs to control the air-fuel mixture with great precision. This then increases the demands on the engine management systems, causing them to become more complex. With increased complexity, the time effort of optimizing parameters has grown drastically, hence increasing development costs. In addition to this, operating conditions change due to vehicles age, requiring further optimization of the parameters while running.

To minimize development cost and to control the air-fuel mixture with great precision during an engines full life span, this master thesis proposes a self-optimized system, i.e. an adaptive system, to control the air-fuel mixture.

In the suggested method, the fuel injection to the engine is controlled with help of a linear lambda sensor, which measures the air-fuel mixture. The mapping from injection to measured air-fuel mixture forms a nonlinear system. It can be approximated as a linear function at static engine operating points, allowing the system at each static point to be modelled as a first order system with long time delay. To enable utilization over full operating area, and not only in static point, the controller uses large maps, so called gain-scheduling maps, to change control parameters.

The tested controller is model based. It uses an Otto-Smith Predictor and a feed forward connection of target air-fuel. The model parameters in the controller are updated while driving and the adaptation method used is based on a least squares algorithm.

The performance of the adapted controller and the adaptation method is tested in both simulation environment and in vehicle, showing good potential.

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Brandstetter, Markus. "Robust air-fuel ratio control for combustion engines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627144.

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Kirtaş, Mehmet. "Large Eddy Simulation of a High Aspect Ratio Combustor." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14134.

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The present research investigates the details of mixture preparation and combustion in a two-stroke, small-scale research engine with a numerical methodology based on large eddy simulation (LES) technique. A major motivation to study such small-scale engines is their potential use in applications requiring portable power sources with high power density. The investigated research engine has a rectangular planform with a thickness very close to quenching limits of typical hydrocarbon fuels. As such, the combustor has a high aspect ratio (defined as the ratio of surface area to volume) that makes it different than the conventional engines which typically have small aspect ratios to avoid intense heat losses from the combustor in the bulk flame propagation period. In most other aspects, this engine involves all the main characteristics of traditional reciprocating engines. A previous experimental work has identified some major design problems and demonstrated the feasibility of cyclic combustion in the high aspect ratio combustor. Because of the difficulty of carrying out experimental studies in such small devices, resolving all flow structures and completely characterizing the flame propagation have been an enormously challenging task. The numerical methodology developed in this work attempts to complement these previous studies by providing a complete evolution of flow variables. Results of the present study demonstrated strengths of the proposed methodology in revealing physical processes occurring in a typical operation of the high aspect ratio combustor. For example, in the scavenging phase, the dominant flow structure is a tumble vortex that forms due to the high velocity reactant jet (premixed) interacting with the walls of the combustor. LES gives the complete evolution of this flow structure, from its beginning to its eventual decay after the scavenging period is over. In addition, LES is able to predict the interaction between the bulk flow at top dead center (TDC) and the turbulent flame propagation. The success of this depends on the ability of the model in predicting turbulent flow structure including its length and velocity scales.
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De, Zoysa Merrenna Manula. "Neural network estimation of air-fuel ratio in internal combustion engines." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399048.

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This thesis presents an investigation into a novel method of estimating the air-fuel ratio of a gasoline-fuelled spark-ignition internal combustion engine. The measurement of the air-fuel ratio is important for controlling an engine to reduce exhaust emissions. In production vehicles, the air-fuel ratio is measured using an exhaust gas analyser and the exhaust emissions are reduced by using electronically controlled three-way catalytic converters, which are expensive and subject to operationallimitations such as, requiring the engine to operate with a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. A micro-processor based engine management system monitors the engine performance and controls various engine parameters - the fuel pulse width, ignition timing, exhaust gas re-circulation etc. - to maintain strict control of the engine and ensure optimum engine performance. In the USA and UK the engine management system is also responsible for performing on-board diagnostics and warns the driver of any problems such as misfire, knocking combustion and failure of the catalytic converter. The method of measuring the air-fuel ratio presented in this thesis, termed Spark Voltage Characterization (SVC), uses neural networks to analyse the time varying spark voltage waveform to estimate the air-fuel ratio. The spark plug is in direct contact with the combustion itself, thus making it is an excellent candidate for use as a combustion sensor. As it is already installed in the engine, no modifications are required to the engine block itself. The method uses few external components making it cheaper to implement. Preliminary investigations on this method showed that it was possible to estimate the air-fuel ratio by neural network analysis of the spark voltage waveform. As different engines are equipped with different types of ignition systems, it is important that the sensor is independent of the ignition system thus ensuring that it is able to operate with any type of ignition system. The work presented in this thesis includes: i) an extensive review of other methods of measuring the air-fuel ratio, noting the advantages and disadvantages of each method and how the SVC sensor overcome these disadvantages; ii) a description of the theoretical operation of the sensor; iii) investigation of the effects of various engine parameters on the performance of the sensor; iv) suggestions for further work to improve the sensor performance.
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Grant, Marcus Paul. "Computer control of air-gas ratio for nozzle mix systems." Thesis, Coventry University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390222.

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TEIXEIRA, RENATO NUNES. "INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES WITH VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO: A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1992. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19099@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
É realizado um estudo teórico experimental sobre motores a combustão interna operando com taxa de compressão variável. É feita uma análise teórica sobre determinado mecanismo que permite variar a taxa de compressão. Para tal foi utilizado um programa de simulação para motores com ignição por centelha. No presente trabalho o modelo de simulação foi aprimorado, com a inclusão de previsão de detonação, de emissão de hidrocarbonetos, do cálculo da potencia de atrito, assim como a inclusão do dispositivo do mecanismo de taxa de compressão variável, entre outras alterações. Uma parte experimental foi também realizada, como o objetivo de validar os resultados do modelo teórico e de quantificar os benefícios proporcionados pelo mecanismo em questão. Para tal um motor de pesquisa de combustível – motor CFR – foi utilizado. Uma comparação dos resultados teóricos e experimentais obtidos no presente trabalho com os de outros pesquisadores é também apresentada.
The present work is concerned with a theoretical and expererimental study of variable compression ratio spark ignition internal combustion engines. A theoretical analysis of the engine, operating with a mechanism allows for variable compression ratio, is carried out. For that a simulation program is utilized. In the present work the simulation model was updated with the inclusion of friction, knocking and hidrocarbon emission models, among other things. An experimental work was also carried out, with a CFR engine. The objective was a wo-fold to validade the results of the theoretical model and to assens the benefits of running an engine with variable compression ratio. A comparison is also made between the rrsults of the present work and those from other authors.
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Alshuqaiq, Mohammad Abdullah. "An Analysis of Oil Combustion on Snow." Digital WPI, 2014. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/789.

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Several Arctic council reports conclude that oil spills are the most significant threat to the Arctic ecosystem. Some studies have shown that in-situ burning (ISB) of oil spills over water can remove more than 90% of the oil, and is the most promising technology for an efficient response to oil spills in the Arctic region. The definition of "In situ" is intentional, controlled burning of oil in place (i.e., without extracting or removing the oil first). Earlier studies [Bellino (WPI 2012), Farahani, (WPI 2014)] have investigated burning behavior of crude oil on ice, similar to what one would expect in sea-ice or bare lake ice conditions. The focus of the current study is to investigate the burning behavior of crude oil in snow, similar to oil spills in snow-covered land, or in snow covered sea ice in the Arctic. Understandably, due to the difference in packing density between ice/water and snow, the parameters that influence burning behavior of oil in snow are different compared to burning oil in the sea or ice conditions. The current experimental study shows that the snow behaves as a porous medium, and depending on the porosity and volume of the oil spill, two extreme behaviors are exhibited. In the case of an oil spill on snow with low porosity, the oil sinks easily to the bottom, and the burning involves, significant thermo capillary effects enabling the oil to rise up and burn. On the other hand, if the snow is less porous, most of the oil layer remains on the surface, approaching the case of an ice bed. However, the melting of snow due to flame heat flux causes a circulating flow pattern of the oil, whereby the hot layer at the surface moves down and comes back up due to capillary action. These processes, which have not been observed in the earlier studies, are physically explained in this study. The implications to overall efficiency of the burning process, which represents the amount of crude oil left in the snow after the burning process is discussed. The results will ultimately improve the strategies and the net environmental benefit of, and by it the success of, oil clean-up after an accidental spill on snow.
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Kamal, Rajit. "CFD simulation of mixing in a carbon black reactor : optimum geometry and momentum ratio." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11254.

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Faulkner, Jason Christopher. "A study of ignition and flame propagation in a small, high surface-to-volume ratio combustor." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12439.

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Petrolati, Andrea. "Fate of nitrogen/trace metals species during combustion and gasification of biomass." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7011.

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This thesis focused on the fate of nitrogen and trace metals species from combustion and gasification of biomass. The effect of process parameters on the release of these species during pilot-scale combustion and gasification of biomass was investigated and the information used to identify methods for the reduction of these species. The investigation focused on Miscanthus and Dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS). The pilot-scale test rigs used were a fluidised-bed combustor and a fixed-bed downdraft gasifier. The two fuels were analysed by means of proximate, ultimate and ash analysis. The process parameters monitored were temperatures, gas flow, gas composition and ash composition and the process parameters studied are bed temperature and equivalence ratio. The different nitrogen content of the two fuels plays an important role in the emission. Both bed temperature and air to fuel ratio have demonstrated to have an important influence in the release of nitrogen oxides in combustion and ammonia in gasification, therefore they can be used to mitigate the emission of these species in the flue gas. Both processes are affected by the high alkali metals content of the fuels for the tendency to form low melting composites. Differences have been highlighted in the metal distribution between combustion and gasification. The different nitrogen and ash content of the two fuels make the results of the present thesis applicable to predict the behaviour of other biomass fuels according to the fuel characteristics. The scale of the tests performed allowed highlighting which methods can be used to control the emission of nitrogen and trace metal species. Moreover, the investigation highlighted major drawbacks in the use of biomass fuels in both fluidised bed and fixed bed technology due to ash properties.
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Books on the topic "Combustion ratio"

1

DuBeau, Robert William. An investigation of the effects of fuel composition on combustion characteristics in a T-63 combustor. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1985.

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Jankowsky, Robert S. Experimental performance of a high-area-ratio rocket nozzle at high combustion chamber pressure. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1996.

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Jankovsky, Robert S. High-area-ratio rocket nozzle at high combustion chamber pressure--experimental and analytical validation. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 1999.

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Pitts, William M. The global equivalence ratio concept and the prediction of carbon monoxide formation in enclosure fires. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994.

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Perkins, Hugh Douglas. Effects of fuel distribution on detonation tube performance. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2002.

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Horler, Greg. The design and use of a digital radio telemetry system for measuring internal combustion engine piston parameters. Leicester: De Montfort University, 1999.

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Haugen, Peter. World History for Dummies. New York, USA: Hungry Minds, 2001.

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World History For Dummies. New York, USA: Wiley Publishing, 2001.

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Haugen, Peter. Historia del mundo. Bogotá: Norma, 2002.

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E, Smith C., Holdeman J. D, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. CFD assessment of orifice aspect ratio and mass flow ratio on jet mixing in rectangular ducts. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Combustion ratio"

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Neij, H. M., B. Johansson, and M. Aldén. "Cycle-Resolved Two-Dimensional Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements of Fuel/Air Ratio Correlated to Early Combustion in a Spark-Ignition Engine." In Unsteady Combustion, 383–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1620-3_17.

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Bestehorn, M., and H. Haken. "Synergetics Applied to Pattern Formation in Large-Aspect-Ratio Systems." In Dissipative Structures in Transport Processes and Combustion, 110–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84230-6_10.

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Chen, Yang, Junnan Chao, Hairui Yang, Junfu Lv, Hai Zhang, Qing Liu, and Guangxi Yue. "Mass Balance Performance of A 300 MW CFB Boiler Burning Blend Fuel with Different Mixing Ratio." In Cleaner Combustion and Sustainable World, 579–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30445-3_78.

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Saxena, Mohit Raj, and Rakesh Kumar Maurya. "Impact of Fuel Premixing Ratio and Injection Timing on Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine." In Combustion for Power Generation and Transportation, 277–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3785-6_13.

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Uddalok Sen, Aayush Sharma, Suvabrata Panja, Saikat Mukherjee, Swarnendu Sen, and Achintya Mukhopadhyay. "Correlation of Equivalence Ratio with Spectrometric Analysis for Premixed Combustion." In Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power – Contemporary Research, 1475–83. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2743-4_141.

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Hötte, Felix, Oliver Günther, Christoph von Sethe, Matthias Haupt, Peter Scholz, and Michael Rohdenburg. "Lifetime Experiments of Regeneratively Cooled Rocket Combustion Chambers and PIV Measurements in a High Aspect Ratio Cooling Duct." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 279–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_18.

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Abstract This paper aims at experimental investigations of the life limiting mechanisms of regeneratively cooled rocket combustion chambers, especially the so called doghouse effect. In this paper the set up of a cyclic thermo-mechanical fatigue experiment and its results are shown. This experiment has an actively cooled fatigue specimen that is mounted downstream of a subscale GOX-GCH$$_{\text {4}}$$ combustion chamber with rectangular cross section. The specimen is loaded cyclically and inspected after each cycle. The effects of roughness, the use of thermal barrier coatings, the length of the hot gas phase, the oxygen/fuel ratio and the hot gas pressure are shown. In a second experiment the flow in a generic high aspect ratio cooling duct is measured with the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to characterize the basic flow. The main focus of the analysis is on the different recording and processing parameters of the PIV method. Based on this analysis a laser pulse interval and the window size for auto correlation is chosen. Also the repeatability of the measurements is demonstrated. These results are the starting point for future measurements on the roughness effect on heat transfer and pressure loss in a high aspect ratio cooling duct.
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Li, Peng, Jianjun Zhu, and Wenjie Wu. "The Influence of Methanol Mass Ratio and Compression Ratio on Combustion Characteristics of Dual-Fuel Engine." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 513–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9718-9_38.

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Gao, Yang, Liguang Li, Xiao Yu, Jun Deng, and Zhijun Wu. "Effect of Compression Ratio on Internal Combustion Rankine Cycle Based on Simulations." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 129–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45043-7_14.

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Jameel Basha, S. M. "Adopting SDR Fluctuations to Non-premixed Turbulent Combustion by Varying Swirl Ratio." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 399–413. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9931-3_39.

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Kanti, Roy Mithun, Nobuyuki Kawahara, Eiji Tomita, and Takashi Fujitani. "Effect of Equivalence Ratio on Combustion Characteristics in a Hydrogen Direct-Injection SI Engine." In Sustainable Automotive Technologies 2012, 97–102. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24145-1_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Combustion ratio"

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Ilic, Mladen S., Simeon N. Oka, and M. Radovanovic. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CHAR COMBUSTION KINETICS - CO/CO2 RATIO DURING COMBUSTION." In International Heat Transfer Conference 10. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc10.4990.

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Caton, Jerald A. "The Effects of Compression Ratio and Expansion Ratio on Engine Performance Including the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Results From a Cycle Simulation." In ASME 2007 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2007-1647.

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This investigation quantified the effects of compression ratio and expansion ratio on performance, efficiency, and second law parameters for an automotive, spark-ignition engine. The well known increase in engine performance for increasing compression ratio and expansion ratio is demonstrated. These increases for brake engine performance are modest for compression ratios greater than about 10 for the conditions studied. The results demonstrated that the increasing friction and heat losses for the higher compression ratios are of the same order as the thermodynamic gains. Also, the results included the destruction of availability during combustion. For a part load condition, the availability destroyed decreased from about 23% for a compression ratio of 4 to about 21% for a compression ratio of 10. In addition, this study examined cases with greater expansion ratios than compression ratios. The overall cycle for these cases is often called an “Atkinson” cycle. For most cases, the thermal efficiency first increased as expansion ratio increased, attained a maximum efficiency, and then decreased. The decrease in efficiency after the maximum value was due to increased heat losses, increased friction, and ineffective exhaust processes (due to the reduced cylinder pressure at the time of exhaust valve opening). For part load cases, the higher expansion ratio provided only modest gains due to increased pumping losses associated with the constant load requirement. For the wide open throttle cases, however, the higher expansion ratios provided significant gains. For example, for a compression ratio of 10, expansion ratios of 10 and 30 provided brake thermal efficiencies of about 34% and 43%, respectively. Although the net thermodynamic gains are significant, large expansion ratios such as 30 may not be practical in most applications.
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Saxena, Aditi, and Abdelkader Frendi. "Effect of Equivalence Ratio on Combustion Instabilities." In 10th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-2931.

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Dyuisenakhmetov, Aibolat, Harsh Goyal, Moez Ben Houidi, Rafig Babayev, Jihad Badra, and Bengt Johansson. "Isobaric Combustion at a Low Compression Ratio." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0797.

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Sattelmayer, Thomas. "Influence of the Combustor Aerodynamics on Combustion Instabilities From Equivalence Ratio Fluctuations." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0082.

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Gas turbine combustors are often susceptible to self excited oscillations, which lead to unacceptable levels of pressure, velocity and heat release fluctuations. Although instabilities can occur in systems with locally constant equivalence ratio, it is very important to take into account the influence of equivalence ratio fluctuations, which are generated in the fuel air mixer in the unstable case. These fluctuations are convected into the flame and lead to an additional mechanism for the generation of heat release fluctuations. Moreover, entropy waves are produced in the flame, which travel through the combustor and generate additional pressure waves during the acceleration of the flow at the combustor exit. To date, available theories use the physically unrealistic assumption that the equivalence ratio waves as well as the entropy waves are convected downstream without any spatial dispersion due to the combustor aerodynamics. An analytical approach is presented, which allows to take the spatial dispersion into consideration. For that purpose, the response of the burner and the combustor to an equivalence ratio impulse or an entropy impulse is calculated using the Laplace transformation and a more general transfer function for harmonic waves is derived. The obtained expression has three parameters, which represent the influence of the burner or the combustor aerodynamics, respectively. This equation can be used in numerical codes, which represent the combustion system through a network of acoustic multiports, if the equivalence ratio and the entropy are added to the vector of variables considered. The parameters required for the dynamic combustor model can be deduced from a detailed CFD analysis of the combustor flow in case of the application of the theory to a particular combustor design. As an example, a simple model combustor is used to demonstrate the application of the theory. It is highlighted how the spatial dispersion of the equivalence ratio and entropy fluctuations can be included in the stability analysis. The calculated examples reveal that the influence of both variables on the generation of instabilities is highly overpredicted if the spatial dispersion is not taken into account. Furthermore, it can be deduced from the study, that burner and combustor designs with a wide range of convective time scales have advantages with respect to the stability of the combustor.
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Malpress, Ray, and David R. Buttsworth. "A Comparison Between Two-Position Variable Compression Ratio and Continuously Variable Compression Ratio Engines Using Numerical Simulation." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2009-14042.

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Two types of variable compression ratio engine are considered: i) a continuously variable compression ratio (VCR) device that optimises engine efficiency at all loads, and ii) a VCR device that allows the engine to operate at one of two discrete compression ratios. The simulated engine configuration uses late intake valve closing (LIVC). A maximum geometric compression ratio (GCR) of 17:1 is adopted in the simulations resulting in a constant effective compression ratio of 10.2:1 in all configurations. Reduction from full load is achieved in the simulation with LIVC until the maximum GCR is reached after which lower loads are achieved through throttling. In the two-position VCR engine simulation, the full load range is achieved through throttling in combination with LIVC. At part load, in combination with LIVC, the VCR devices increase the geometric compression ratio to return the effective compression ratio to that for full load in each case. Fuel consumption for the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) is assessed via numerical simulation for a representative vehicle. The simulations indicate that the increase in net fuel consumption over a driving cycle is effectively no different for the two-position VCR engine relative to a continuously variable CR and this justifies further research into two-position VCR technology. Net fuel consumption can also be improved by the use of a limited acceleration that maintains the engine in the reduced compression stroke configuration. An acceleration rate with a driver feedback mechanism is proposed which, in combination with a two-position VCR engine, shows potential for significant reduction in fuel consumption of greater than 15% relative to the full compression, fixed CR configuration for the NEDC.
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Paschereit, Christian Oliver, Ephraim Gutmark, and Wolfgang Weisenstein. "Control of Combustion Driven Oscillations by Equivalence Ratio Modulations." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-118.

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Unstable thermoacoustic modes were investigated and controlled in an experimental low-emission swirl stabilized combustor, in which the acoustic boundary conditions were modified to obtain combustion instability. Several axisymmetric and helical unstable modes were identified for fully premixed conditions. The combustion structure associated with the different unstable modes was visualized by phase locked images of OH chemiluminescence. The axisymmetric mode showed large variation of the heat release during one cycle, while the helical mode showed variation in the radial location of maximal heat release. The helical and axisymmetric unstable modes were associated with flow instabilities related to the recirculating flow in the wakelike legion on the combustor axis and shear layer instabilities at the sudden expansion (dump plane), respectively. A closed loop active control system was employed to suppress the thermoacoustic pressure oscillations and to reduce undesired emissions of pollutants during premixed combustion. Microphone and OH emission detection sensors were utilized to monitor the combustion process and provide input to the control system. High frequency valves were employed to modulate the fuel injection. The specific design of the investigated experimental burner allowed testing the effect of different modulated fuel injection concepts on the different combustion instability modes. Symmetric and antisymmetric fuel injection schemes were tested. Suppression levels of up to 12 dB in the pressure oscillations were observed. In some cases a concomitant reductions of NOx and CO emissions were obtained, however, in other instances increased emissions were recorded at reduced pressure oscillations. The effect of the various pulsed fuel injection methods on the combustion structure was investigated.
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Andrews, G. E., and M. C. Mkpadi. "High Turndown Ratio Low NOx Gas Turbine Combustion." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0059.

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The aim of this work was to show that a two-stage system of pilot and main burner could be used to extend the range of minimum to maximum power (turndown) under low NOx conditions. All the combustion air was admitted to the first stage where the natural gas fuel was split between the pilot and the main swirler. The main swirler was a counter-rotating radial swirler, with only the upstream passage fuelled, using a single point fuel injector on the centre of each radial vane passage inlet. Two pilot fuel injector locations were investigated: central radial outward injection and injection into the dump expansion recirculation zone. It was shown at 600K inlet temperature and atmospheric pressure, that with the central pilot fuelled at a constant 0.18 equivalence ratio the main fuel could be increased to 0.7 equivalence ratio with the NOx increasing from 4 to 6 ppm at 15% oxygen. The use of the outer dump expansion recirculation zone for the pilot resulted in excellent turndown, but higher NOx emissions than for the central pilot fuel injection. This gave a very compact low NOx combustor with a high turndown and no acoustic problems.
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Zhu, Lingqi, Liwen Guo, and Hua Yin. "Spontaneous Combustion Prediction and Combustion Regime Analysis Basing on Experiments by Gas Ratio." In 2010 International Conference on Logistics Engineering and Intelligent Transportation Systems (LEITS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/leits.2010.5664995.

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Cipollone, R., and M. Sughayyer. "Transient Air/Fuel Ratio Control in SI Engines." In ASME 2002 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2002-536.

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Mixture strength control system effectiveness depends on its capacity to deal with air and fuel transport processes inside the intake manifold: the prediction of air mass flow to the engine cylinders and the compensation for the fuel lag during engine transients. These issues are all likely to be of extreme importance with the transient air/fuel ratio control strategies. This paper introduces an innovative model-based air/fuel ratio control strategy for SI engines. It is based on a previously published modeling approach for the air dynamics inside intake manifolds, which is based on the formulation of the mass, momentum and energy conservation equations and named as Method Of Interconnected Capacities. The proposed strategy uses a fuel compensator that is based on a macroscopical modeling of the fuel film dynamical behavior inside the intake manifold, which is derived from the Aquino model. A wide range of severe transient tests obtained from the experimentation of a single-cylinder research engine (type AVL 5401), equipped with port-fuel injection system, is presented. The results obtained have proved the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in controlling the air/fuel ratio in SI engines in a better way compared to the traditional control systems.
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Reports on the topic "Combustion ratio"

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Kudo, Yugo, and Hiroshi Nakajima. Numerical Study on Frequency Distribution of Equivalence Ratio for Diesel Combustion. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0654.

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Geyer, Klaus, Christine Hallé, and Heiko Roßkamp. Fast Response Measurement of Combustion Air to Fuel Ratio for Stratified Two-Stroke Engines. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-32-0109.

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Kitabatake, Ryo, Naoki Shimazaki, and Terukazu Nishimura. Expansion of Premixed Compression Ignition Combustion Region by Supercharging Operation and Lower Compression Ratio Piston. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0436.

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Morikawa, Koji, Makot Kaneko, Yasuo Moriyoshi, and Masaki Sano. Proposition of a New Gasoline Combustion System With High Compression Ratio and High Thermal Efficiency~2nd Report: An Experimental Verification and Combustion Analysis. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0007.

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Longwell, J. P., A. F. Sarofim, E. Bar-Ziv, and Chun-Hyuk Lee. Effects of catalytic mineral matter on CO/CO[sub 2] ratio, temperature and burning time for char combustion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6746185.

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Longwell, J. P., A. F. Sarofim, Chun-Hyuk Lee, A. J. Modestino, and C. Cho. Effects of catalytic mineral matter on CO/CO sub 2 ratio, temperature and burning time for char combustion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5541821.

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Longwell, J. P., A. F. Sarofim, C. H. Lee, A. J. Modestino, and E. Cho. Effects of catalytic mineral matter on CO/CO sub 2 ratio, temperature and burning time for char combustion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6375392.

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Longwell, J. P., A. F. Sarofim, and Chun-Hyuk Lee. Effects of catalytic mineral matter on CO/CO sub 2 ratio, temperature and burning time for char combustion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6221607.

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Longwell, J. P., A. F. Sarofim, L. Tognotti, and Zhiyou Du. Effects of catalytic mineral matter CO/CO[sub 2] ratio on temperature and burning time for char combustion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6781943.

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Longwell, J. P., A. F. Sarofim, E. Bar-Ziv, Chun-Hyuk Lee, and Z. Du. Effects of catalytic mineral matter on CO/CO[sub 2] ratio, temperature and burning time for char combustion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7053887.

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