Journal articles: 'Combustion LIBS'

1

Sheta, Sahar, Muhammad Sher Afgan, Zongyu Hou, Shun-Chun Yao, Lei Zhang, Zheng Li, and Zhe Wang. "Coal analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: a tutorial review." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 34, no. 6 (2019): 1047–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ja00016j.

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This review article forms a guideline for LIBS contribution in coal analysis, encompassing fundamental aspects, operation modes, data processing, and analytical results. LIBS applications related to coal utilization are also highlighted (fly ash analysis and combustion monitoring).

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Zhang, Hansheng, Jagdish P. Singh, Fang-Yu Yueh, and Robert L. Cook. "Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectra in a Coal-Fired MHD Facility." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 11 (November 1995): 1617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953965759.

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A study of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been performed in a particle-loaded methane/air flame and in the Diagnostic Instrumentation and Analysis Laboratory/Mississippi State University (DIAL/MSU) test stand to evaluate its application for practical environments. The LIBS spectra collected from different observational directions and spectral regions are compared. The forward LIBS technique has been chosen to characterize the upstream region of a large magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) coal-fired flow facility (CFFF). The relative concentrations of several species are inferred by fitting the observed CFFF LIBS spectra with computer-simulated spectra. This paper reports the first LIBS experiments in a harsh, turbulent, and highly luminous coal-fired MHD combustion environment.

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Liu, Changcheng, Que Huang, Kaihui Zheng, Jiawen Qin, Dechuang Zhou, and Jian Wang. "Impact of Lithium Salts on the Combustion Characteristics of Electrolyte under Diverse Pressures." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 5373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205373.

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The electrolyte is one of the components that releases the most heat during the thermal runaway (TR) and combustion process of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Therefore, the thermal hazard of the electrolyte has a significant impact on the safety of LIBs. In this paper, the combustion characteristics of the electrolyte such as parameters of heat release rate (HRR), mass loss rate (MLR) and total heat release (THR) have been investigated and analyzed. In order to meet the current demand of plateau sections with low-pressure and low-oxygen areas on LIBs, an electrolyte with the most commonly used lithium salts, LiPF6, was chosen as the experimental sample. Due to the superior low-temperature performance, an electrolyte containing LiBF4 was also selected to be compared with the LiPF6 sample. Combustion experiments were conducted for electrolyte pool fire under various altitudes. According to the experimental results, both the average and peak values of MLR in the stable combustion stage of the electrolyte pool fire had positive exponential relations with the atmospheric pressure. At the relatively higher altitude, there was less THR, and the average and peak values of HRR decreased significantly, while the combustion duration increased remarkably when compared with that at the lower altitude. The average HRR of the electrolyte with LiBF4 was obviously lower than that of solution containing LiPF6 under low atmospheric pressure, which was slightly higher for LiBF4 electrolyte at standard atmospheric pressure. Because of the low molecular weight (MW) of LiBF4, the THR of the corresponding electrolyte was larger, so the addition of LiBF4 could not effectively improve the safety of the electrolyte. Moreover, the decrease of pressure tended to increase the production of harmful hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas.

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Lee, Won-Ju, Dae-Young Kim, Jae-Hyuk Choi, Ji-Woong Lee, Jun-Soo Kim, Kwangho Son, Min-Jae Ha, and Jun Kang. "Utilization of Petroleum Coke Soot as Energy Storage Material." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 20, 2019): 3195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163195.

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Anode active materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) were produced by using waste soot generated after combustion in a plant using petroleum coke as fuel. The soot collected from the boilers in the plant was graphitized through annealing, and this annealed soot was applied to anode active materials. After annealing at 2700 °C, the soot was converted into highly crystalline graphite with ring shapes approximately 100 nm in diameter. The lithium ion coin cells produced using graphitized soot showed high discharge capacity and excellent life cycle with a reversible capacity of 250 mAh/g even after 300 cycles at a rate of 1 C. This study describes a new possibility of using environmentally harmful combustion wastes of petroleum coke as a low-price anode material for LIBs by converting them into a graphite multilayer structure with a unique ring shape through annealing.

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Pražanová, A., M. Havlík Míka, and V. Knap. "Lithium-ion battery module-to-cell: disassembly and material analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2382, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2382/1/012002.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most popular energy storage systems. Due to their excellent performance, they are widely used in portable consumer electronics and electric vehicles (EVs). The ever-increasing requirements for global carbon dioxide CO2 emission reduction inhibit the production of new combustion vehicles. Thus, the demand for EVs increases, as well as the number of spent LIBs. Due to increases in raw materials saving and reduction in energy and environmental impacts, recycling is one of the most promising solutions for end-of-life (EOL) treatment for spent LIBs. This work describes the first step in recycling the LIBs nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) based module from a full battery electric vehicle (BEV) holding its high recycling efficiency and considering the process costs and environmental impact. This paper is devoted to module-to-cell disassembly, discharge state characterization measurements, and material analysis of its components based on x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and diffraction (XRD).

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Ikezawa, S., and T. Ueda. "Basic Research on Elemental and Size Analytical System for Nano-Sized Suspended Particulate Matter Using Contactless Optical Measurement Techniques." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 3, no. 1 (January 2013): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2013010102.

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A contactless sensing system for nano-sized carbonaceous particulate matter using laser-induced incandescence (LII) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is presented. The LIBS technique allows detecting elemental composition and density of the SPMs, and LII technique allows to measure particulate size. LII technique is temporal resolved method that enables measurement of soot particulate sizes in a combustion process. In the case of the measured material consisting of a carbonaceous element, it is easy to determine the particulate diameter distribution derived from the time-profile of emission attenuation signals during cooling process, because the cooling behaviour is characteristic of the particulate diameter in LII technique. However, in actuality, the SPMs consist of several different types of elements. By using LIBS technique, the elemental analysis is able to conduct easily.

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Liu, Changcheng, Kaihui Zheng, Yong Zhou, Kai Zhu, and Que Huang. "Experimental Thermal Hazard Investigation of Pressure and EC/PC/EMC Mass Ratio on Electrolyte." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 2511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092511.

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Electrolytes are involved in the thermal runaway (TR) process of cells, which is a potential hazard in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Therefore, the effects of different mass ratio of carbonate solvents (ethylene carbonate (EC)/propylene carbonate (PC)/ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC)) with LiBF4 and different environmental pressure on the combustion characteristics of electrolyte such as flame centerline temperature, mass loss rate (MLR) and heat release rate (HRR) were analyzed. The combustion process could be divided into four stages: ignition, stable combustion stage, stable combustion with flame color change stage and extinguishing; with the decrease of pressure, the MLR of electrolyte declined and the combustion time prolonged, while the temperature of flame centerline increased.

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Niu, Xiaofeng, Yunfeng Li, Yanjie Hu, Hao Jiang, Xiaoyu Hou, Wenge Li, Shengjie Qiu, and Chunzhong Li. "Aerosol construction of multi-shelled LiMn2O4 hollow microspheres as a cathode in lithium ion batteries." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 2 (2016): 1839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj02501j.

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Novel multi-shelled LiMn₂O₄ hollow microspheres have been successfully prepared by a facile aerosol spray pyrolysis route through the controlled combustion of carbon species. These microspheres show a superior specific capacity and a good rate capacity in LIBs.

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Cao, Zhiqin, and Chengyang Zuo. "Cr2O3/carbon nanosheet composite with enhanced performance for lithium ion batteries." RSC Advances 7, no. 64 (2017): 40243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra06188a.

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A Cr₂O₃/carbon nanosheet composite is directly synthesized by solution combustion synthesis using chromium nitrate as the chromium source and glucose as the carbon source. As anode materials for LIBs, the composite shows superior performance than pure Cr₂O₃.

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10

Ghiji, Mohammadmahdi, Vasily Novozhilov, Khalid Moinuddin, Paul Joseph, Ian Burch, Brigitta Suendermann, and Grant Gamble. "A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Fire Suppression." Energies 13, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 5117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195117.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are a proven technology for energy storage systems, mobile electronics, power tools, aerospace, automotive and maritime applications. LiBs have attracted interest from academia and industry due to their high power and energy densities compared to other battery technologies. Despite the extensive usage of LiBs, there is a substantial fire risk associated with their use which is a concern, especially when utilised in electric vehicles, aeroplanes, and submarines. This review presents LiB hazards, techniques for mitigating risks, the suppression of LiB fires and identification of shortcomings for future improvement. Water is identified as an efficient cooling and suppressing agent and water mist is considered the most promising technique to extinguish LiB fires. In the initial stages, the present review covers some relevant information regarding the material constitution and configuration of the cell assemblies, and phenomenological evolution of the thermal runaway reactions, which in turn can potentially lead to flaming combustion of cells and battery assemblies. This is followed by short descriptions of various active fire control agents to suppress fires involving LiBs in general, and water as a superior extinguishing medium in particular. In the latter parts of the review, the phenomena associated with water mist suppression of LiB fires are comprehensively reviewed.

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Pigłowska, Marita, Beata Kurc, Maciej Galiński, Paweł Fuć, Michalina Kamińska, Natalia Szymlet, and Paweł Daszkiewicz. "Challenges for Safe Electrolytes Applied in Lithium-Ion Cells—A Review." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 6783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226783.

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The aspect of safety in electronic devices has turned out to be a huge challenge for the world of science. Thus far, satisfactory power and energy densities, efficiency, and cell capacities have been achieved. Unfortunately, the explosiveness and thermal runaway of the cells prevents them from being used in demanding applications such as electric cars at higher temperatures. The main aim of this review is to highlight different electrolytes used in lithium-ion cells as well as the flammability aspect. In the paper, the authors present liquid inorganic electrolytes, composite polymer–ceramic electrolytes, ionic liquids (IL), polymeric ionic liquids, polymer electrolytes (solvent-free polymer electrolytes (SPEs), gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), and composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs)), and different flame retardants used to prevent the thermal runaway and combustion of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Additionally, various flame tests used for electrolytes in LIBs have been adopted. Aside from a detailed description of the electrolytes consumed in LIBs. Last section in this work discusses hydrogen as a source of fuel cell operation and its practical application as a global trend that supports green chemistry.

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Gragston, Mark, Paul Hsu, Anil Patnaik, Zhili Zhang, and Sukesh Roy. "Time-Gated Single-Shot Picosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (ps-LIBS) for Equivalence-Ratio Measurements." Applied Spectroscopy 74, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702819885647.

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Time-gated picosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (ps-LIBS) for the determination of local equivalence ratios in atmospheric-pressure adiabatic methane–air flames is demonstrated. Traditional LIBS for equivalence-ratio measurements employ nanosecond (ns)-laser pulses, which generate excessive amounts of continuum, reducing measurement accuracy and precision. Shorter pulse durations reduce the continuum emission by limiting avalanche ionization. Furthermore, by contrast the use of femtosecond lasers, plasma emission using picosecond-laser excitation has a high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), allowing single-shot measurements suitable for equivalence-ratio determination in turbulent reacting flows. We carried out an analysis of the dependence of the plasma emission ratio Hα (656 nm)/NII (568 nm) on laser energy and time-delay for optimization of S/N and minimization of measurement uncertainties in the equivalence ratios. Our finding shows that higher laser energy and shorter time delay reduces measurement uncertainty while maintaining high S/N. In addition to atmospheric-pressure flame studies, we also examine the stability of the ps-LIBS signal in a high-pressure nitrogen cell. The results indicate that the plasma emission and spatial position could be stable, shot-to-shot, at elevated pressure (up to 40 bar) using a lower excitation energy. Our work shows the potential of using ps-duration pulses to improve LIBS-based equivalence-ratio measurements, both in atmospheric and high-pressure combustion environments.

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13

Li, Bo, Dayuan Zhang, Jixu Liu, Yifu Tian, Qiang Gao, and Zhongshan Li. "A Review of Femtosecond Laser-Induced Emission Techniques for Combustion and Flow Field Diagnostics." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091906.

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The applications of femtosecond lasers to the diagnostics of combustion and flow field have recently attracted increasing interest. Many novel spectroscopic methods have been developed in obtaining non-intrusive measurements of temperature, velocity, and species concentrations with unprecedented possibilities. In this paper, several applications of femtosecond-laser-based incoherent techniques in the field of combustion diagnostics were reviewed, including two-photon femtosecond laser-induced fluorescence (fs-TPLIF), femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (fs-LIBS), filament-induced nonlinear spectroscopy (FINS), femtosecond laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (FLIPS), femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging velocimetry (FLEET), femtosecond laser-induced cyano chemiluminescence (FLICC), and filamentary anemometry using femtosecond laser-extended electric discharge (FALED). Furthermore, prospects of the femtosecond-laser-based combustion diagnostic techniques in the future were analyzed and discussed to provide a reference for the relevant researchers.

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Pražanová, Anna, Vaclav Knap, and Daniel-Ioan Stroe. "Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part II: Environmental and Economic Perspective." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 7356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197356.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are crucial for consumer electronics, complex energy storage systems, space applications, and the automotive industry. The increasing requirements for decarbonization and CO2 emissions reduction affect the composition of new production. Thus, the entire automotive sector experiences its turning point; the production capacities of new internal combustion engine vehicles are limited, and the demand for electric vehicles (EVs) has continuously increased over the past years. The growing number of new EVs leads to an increasing amount of automotive waste, namely spent LIBs. Recycling appears to be the most suitable solution for lowering EV prices and reducing environmental impacts; however, it is still not a well-established process. This work is the second part of the review collection based on the performed literature survey, where more than 250 publications about “Recycling of Lithium-ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles” were divided into five sections: Recycling Processes, Battery Composition, Environmental Impact, Economic Evaluation, and Recycling and Rest. This paper reviews and summarizes 162 publications dedicated to recycling procedures and their environmental or economic perspective. Both reviews cover the techno-environmental economic impacts of recycling spent LIBs from EVs published until 2021.

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Vaganov, M. A., V. I. Kazakov, V. F. Lebedev, A. R. Bestugin, and V. V. Kitaev. "Applied spectroscopy methods application in the defluorinated phosphate production technological process control problem." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2094, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2094/2/022042.

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Abstract The paper considers the applied optical spectroscopy methods application in the defluorinated phosphate production, controlling the technological process task. The emission spectral analysis using the method possibilities to control the charge hydrothermal acid processing process, which takes place in special furnaces with natural gas burning and a temperature of 1340 – 1400°C, have been studied. Experiments have been carried out in production conditions, and the radiation spectral characteristics study results from the furnace during the defluorination technological process are presented. It is shown that, by measuring individual spectral lines, it is possible to provide an automatic control mode for the defluorination technological process in the furnace burner controlling the combustion mode terms without the need for visual observation by the operator to ensure a better product yield. The work second part is devoted to the defluorinated phosphate chemical composition study by the laser-spark emission spectrometry method (LIBS). The LIBS method application for the defluorinated phosphate chemical composition analysis is proposed, which allows the production process parameters real-time control. The plasma spectra measurement and interpretation results from the ready-made defluorinated phosphate sample, obtained using the LIBS method, are presented.

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Kim, Ki Jae, Jin Hyeok Yang, and Ye Ji Ha. "Fire-Extinguishing Microcapsule Composite Separator for Chemical Safety Management in Lithium-Ion Battery System." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 4 (July 7, 2022): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-014532mtgabs.

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With recent rapid technological developments, the use of fossil fuels has drastically increased, posing environmental concerns such as global warming and air quality deterioration due to the presence of particulate matter such as fine dust. Renewable energies, such as solar energy and wind energy, have been considered as promising alternatives to reduce the use of fossil fuels. However, the energy generated by renewable energy sources varies significantly and is dispersed because of its strong dependence on environmental conditions. Therefore, energy storage systems (ESSs) should be installed for the stable use of renewable energy systems and stable delivery in response to consumer demand. Among the many batteries used in ESSs, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been used widely as a power source because of their relatively high voltage (~4.7 V vs Li) and high energy density (650 W h kg−1). Long-term reliability is necessary to utilize LIBs in ESSs; however, many drawbacks associated with the long-term use of LIBs have been reported recently in ESSs employing LIBs. Although the performance of LIBs is gradually improving, safety issues such as fire and explosion remain a major issue and disturbed the development of LIBs. In this study, we manufactured Fire-extinguishing Microcapsule (FEMC) containing extinguishing substances for the safety of the battery. Encapsulation of the extinguishing material inside a stable polymer shell prevented the extinguishing material from reacting directly with the electrolyte in the battery. The direct reaction of the extinguishing material with the electrolyte negatively affects the battery performance and causes a short circuit in the battery. When thermal runaway occurs in the battery, the outer shell material melts and the internal fire extinguishing material is released, effectively preventing fire and explosion of the battery. The FEMC was encapsulated by using solvent evaporation technique. To confirm FEMC’s extinguishing effects self-extinguishing time (SET) was measured, and we observed FEMC’s physical properties such as encapsulation, size by using characterization techniques (FE-SEM, TEM, TGA, etc). As a result, the size of the FEMC was evenly distributed about 2 μm to 5 μm, and the surface was generally smooth. In addition, extinguishing material was largely located in the middle of the interior, and the core-shell structure in which stable polymer shell was wrapped around a very thin wall was confirmed. The fire extinguishing effect by FEMC was confirmed in the electrolyte, and as a result, the bare electrolyte without a fire extinguishing additive was extinguished in about 115 sec. On the other hand, when FEMC containing extinguishing material was conducted SET test, it was confirmed that the combustion time decreased by about 12 sec. Compared with bare electrolyte, the combustion time was reduced by about 84.4%. Through this, it was confirmed that the FEMC had an excellent effect in extinguishing the fire in the electrolyte.

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Li, Wenbing, Meirong Dong, Shengzi Lu, Shishi Li, Liping Wei, Jianwei Huang, and Jidong Lu. "Improved measurement of the calorific value of pulverized coal particle flow by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)." Analytical Methods 11, no. 35 (2019): 4471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay01246j.

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Ortenzi, Fernando, Natascia Andrenacci, Manlio Pasquali, and Carlo Villante. "On the Hybridization of Microcars with Hybrid UltraCapacitors and Li-Ion Batteries Storage Systems." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 3230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123230.

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The objective proposed by the EU to drastically reduce vehicular CO2 emission for the years up to 2030 requires an increase of propulsion systems’ efficiency, and accordingly, the improvement their technology. Hybrid electric vehicles could have a chance of achieving this, by recovering energy during braking phases, running in pure electric mode and allowing the internal combustion engine to operate under better efficiency conditions, while maintaining traditionally expected vehicle performances (mileage, weight, available on-board volume, etc.). The energy storage systems for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have different requirements than those designed for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs); high specific power is normally the most critical issue. Using Li-ion Batteries (LiBs) in the designing of on-board Energy Storage Systems (ESS) based only on power specifications gives an ESS with an energy capacity which is sufficient for vehicle requirements. The highest specific power LiBs are therefore chosen among those technologically available. All this leads to an ESS design that is strongly stressed over time, because current output is very high and very rapidly varies, during both traction and regeneration phases. The resulting efficiency of the ESS is correspondingly lowered, and LiBs lifetime can be relevantly affected. Such a problem can be overcome by adopting hybrid storage systems, coupling LiBs and UltraCapacitors (UCs); by properly dimensioning and controlling the ESS’ components, in fact, the current output of the batteries can be reduced and smoothed, using UCs during transients. In this paper, a simulation model, calibrated and validated on an engine testbed, has been used to evaluate the performances of a hybrid storage HEV microcar under different operative conditions (driving cycles, environment temperature and ESS State of Charge). Results show that the hybridization of the powertrain may reduce fuel consumption by up to 27%, while LiBs lifetime may be more than doubled.

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Liu, Xiaodan, Xuping Feng, Lingxia Huang, and Yong He. "Rapid Determination of Wood and Rice Husk Pellets’ Proximate Analysis and Heating Value." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 20, 2020): 3741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143741.

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Biomass pellets are a potential renewable and clean energy source. With the advantages of perfect combustion performance and easy storage and transport, biomass pellets have gradually replaced fossil fuels and become widely used. Rapid and accurate determination of biomass pellets’ quality is critical to efficient energy use. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) combined with chemometric methods were utilized. The gross calorific value (CV) and ash content (Ash), volatile matter (VM) and fixed carbon (FC) were firstly measured and analyzed. LIBS spectra and their corresponding elements of biomass pellet samples were analyzed. Three quantitative analysis models for quality indexes including partial least-squares regression (PLSR), least squares-support vector machines (LS-SVM), extreme learning machines (ELM) were further built. All models performed well, especially the LS-SVM model which obtained the best determination results, with all R2 values over 0.95. Concurrently, the modeling performance of ash was slightly better than that of the other three quality indexes, which further confirmed the feasibility of using relevant elements to predict biomass quality indexes. The overall results indicated that LIBS coupled with suitable chemometrics could be an alternative promising method to determine quality indexes of biomass pellets and further improve energy utilization by using biomass materials with better quality.

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Yin, Wangbao, Lei Zhang, Lei Dong, Weiguang Ma, and Suotang Jia. "Design of a Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy System for On-Line Quality Analysis of Pulverized Coal in Power Plants." Applied Spectroscopy 63, no. 8 (August 2009): 865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370209788964458.

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It is vitally important for a power plant to determine the chemical composition of coal prior to combustion in order to obtain optimal boiler control. In this work, a fully software-controlled laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system comprising a LIBS apparatus and sampling equipment has been designed for possible application to power plants for on-line quality analysis of pulverized coal. Special attention was given to the LIBS system, the data processing methods (especially the normalization with Bode Rule/DC Level) and the specific settings (the software-controlled triggering source, high-pressure gas cleaning device, sample-preparation module, sampling module, etc.), which gave the best direct measurement for C, H, Si, Na, Mg, Fe, Al, and Ti with measurement errors less than 10% for pulverized coal. Therefore, the apparatus is accurate enough to be applied to industries for on-line monitoring of pulverized coal. The method of proximate analysis was also introduced and the experimental error of Aad (Ash, ‘ad’ is an abbreviation for ‘air dried’) was shown in the range of 2.29 to 13.47%. The programmable logic controller (PLC) controlled on-line coal sampling equipment, which is designed based upon aerodynamics, and is capable of performing multipoint sampling and sample-preparation operation.

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Quarles, Charles Derrick, Toni Miao, Laura Poirier, Jhanis Jose Gonzalez, and Francisco Lopez-Linares. "Elemental Mapping and Characterization of Petroleum-Rich Rock Samples by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)." Fuels 3, no. 2 (June 8, 2022): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels3020022.

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The application of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is presented for the direct elemental analysis of hydrocarbon-rich solids. In recent years, LIBS has become a powerful tool for obtaining elemental information and mapping analysis of different petroleum-rich samples with minimal to no sample preparation and without the need to separate the organic matter from the inorganic matter. By selecting the most intense and representative lines, the element distribution in a 2D map can be accessed in less than ten hours. For this reason, two types of hydrocarbon-rich solids were chosen for examination, i.e., core and shale. Nineteen elements were identified in the samples, and 2D mapping for Ca, Mg, Fe, Ti, Ni, C, H, K, O, and S is presented here. A detailed distribution of the elements, and the main components of the hydrocarbons present in these samples, were determined using LIBS. The H/C molar ratio was determined by building H and C calibration curves using data obtained from classical elemental analysis via combustion. These calibration curves contained a high degree of linearity (R2 > 0.98) with the limits of detection for C (193 nm), C (247 nm), and H (656 nm) of 848 mg kg−1, 353 mg kg−1, and 3.5 mg kg−1, respectively. By combining all of this information, LIBS allowed us to determine how these elements were spatially distributed, which elements were dominant in a given sample, and how much hydrocarbon was present, as well as providing a quantitative determination of the H/C molar ratio, and its correlation with the source of origin.

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Yang, Xinwei, Hewu Wang, Minghai Li, Yalun Li, Cheng Li, Yajun Zhang, Siqi Chen, et al. "Experimental Study on Thermal Runaway Behavior of Lithium-Ion Battery and Analysis of Combustible Limit of Gas Production." Batteries 8, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110250.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electric vehicles (EV) and energy storage stations (ESS). However, combustion and explosion accidents during the thermal runaway (TR) process limit its further applications. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the uncontrolled TR exothermic reaction for safe battery system design. In this study, different LIBs are tested by lateral heating in a closed experimental chamber filled with nitrogen. Moreover, the relevant thermal characteristic parameters, gas composition, and deflagration limit during the battery TR process are calculated and compared. Results indicate that the TR behavior of NCM batteries is more severe than that of LFP batteries, and the TR reactions becomes more severe with the increase of energy density. Under the inert atmosphere of nitrogen, the primarily generated gases are H2, CO, CO2, and hydrocarbons. The TR gas deflagration limits and characteristic parameter calculations of different cathode materials are refined and summarized, guiding safe battery design and battery selection for power systems.

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Diaz, Fabian, Yufengnan Wang, Tamilselvan Moorthy, and Bernd Friedrich. "Degradation Mechanism of Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum (NCA) Cathode Material from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries in Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis." Metals 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8080565.

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Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries (LIBs) is still a topic of scientific interest. Commonly, spent LIBs are pretreated by mechanical and/or thermal processing. Valuable elements are then recycled via pyrometallurgy and/or hydrometallurgy. Among the thermal treatments, pyrolysis is the most commonly used pre-treatment process. This work compares the treatment of typical cathode nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) material by conventional pyrolysis, and by a microwave assisted pyrolysis. In the conventional route, the heating is provided indirectly, while via microwave the heating is absorbed by the microwaves, according to the materials properties. The comparison is done with help of a detailed characterization of solid as well as the gaseous products during and after the thermal treatment. The results indicated at least three common stages in the degradation: Dehydration and evaporation of electrolyte solvents (EC) and two degradation periods of EC driven by combustion and reforming reactions. In addition, microwave assisted pyrolysis promotes catalytic steam and dry reforming reactions, leading to the strong formation of H2 and CO.

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Ouyang, Dongxu, Mingyi Chen, Que Huang, Jingwen Weng, Zhi Wang, and Jian Wang. "A Review on the Thermal Hazards of the Lithium-Ion Battery and the Corresponding Countermeasures." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 18, 2019): 2483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122483.

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As one of the most promising new energy sources, the lithium-ion battery (LIB) and its associated safety concerns have attracted great research interest. Herein, a comprehensive review on the thermal hazards of LIBs and the corresponding countermeasures is provided. In general, the thermal hazards of the LIB can be caused or aggravated by several factors including physical, electrical and thermal factors, manufacturing defect and even battery aging. Due to the activity and combustibility of traditional battery components, they usually possess a relatively high thermal hazard and a series of side reactions between electrodes and electrolytes may occur under abusive conditions, which would further lead to the thermal failure of LIBs. Besides, the thermal hazards generally manifest as the thermal runaway behaviors such as high-temperature, ejection, combustion, explosion and toxic gases for a single battery, and it can even evolve to thermal failure propagation within a battery pack. To decrease these hazards, some countermeasures are reviewed including the application of safety devices, fire-retardant additives, battery management systems, hazard warnings and firefighting should a hazard occur.

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Zhu, Wenkun, Xiaohui Li, Rui Sun, Yonghong Yan, Mengfan Yuan, Xiaohan Ren, Xiaoxiao Meng, and Xin Yu. "Dynamic behaviors of the sodium, calcium and iron release during coal combustion using multi-point LIBS." Combustion and Flame 244 (October 2022): 112237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2022.112237.

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McGee, Tyler, Barrett Neath, Samuel B. Matthews, Ofodike A. Ezekoye, and Michael R. Haberman. "Ultrasonic damage detection in lithium-ion batteries subjected to localized heating." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016277.

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The transition from internal combustion to electrically powered vehicles (EVs) is accelerating, with some estimates predicting that 45% of new cars sold in the US will be fully electric by 2035. EVs will be powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This high-power application can subject LIBs to significant electrical, mechanical, and thermal abuse. Predicting and preventing thermal runaway (TR) is therefore of utmost importance to save lives and ameliorate the transition to renewable energy. Currently, battery management systems monitor cell voltage, current, temperature, and presence of gases, which does not provide sufficient advanced warning of a catastrophic event [J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 150, A66 (2021)]. This work explores the viability of evaluating cell safety by monitoring and interpreting ultrasonic signals propagating through a battery as it undergoes localized heating. We monitor different portions of received waveforms, linking them to specific propagating modes or multi-path arrivals. A finite element model is then used to understand the mode of propagation of the chosen frequencies, and the methodology is applied to both 10Ah and 60Ah cells. The time-domain features of signal amplitude and time-of-flight are used to create safety metrics which warn of TR as much as 25 min in advance of failure.

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Kang, Sungwook, Kyu Min Lee, MinJae Kwon, Ohk Kun Lim, and Joung Yoon Choi. "A Quantitative Analysis of the Fire Hazard Generated from Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles." International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering 36, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.f4b33457.

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There is a lack of information on (i) the potential fire load of new green-technology vehicles, (ii) flame spread behavior, (iii) thermal impacts on high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels (HSVs) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) during fuel cell electric vehicles fires (FCEVs), and (iv) thermal damage to adjacent vehicles and upper structural members during FCEV fires occurring in civil structures, such as underground spaces, multi-story parks, and tunnels. In view of this, a full-scale fire test was conducted in this study to quantitatively assess the fire risk of hydrogen FCEVs. Large-scale cone calorimetry was used to quantify the thermal intensity released from the FCEV fire. The flame spreading behavior through an FCEV with HSVs and LIBs was observed using the thermocouples installed. Changes in the temperature and irradiance around the FCEV fire were also measured using an instrumented test rig. The peak heat release rate, total heat released, and fire growth rate were observed to be 5.99 MW, 11.8 GJ, and 0.0055 kW/s², respectively. The temporal point of hydrogen gas release from the HSVs' thermal pressure relief device (TPRD) was estimated to be 16.2-26.2 min. The initiation of thermal runaway of LIBs was deduced from the temperature-time profiles of the LIB modules and their metal housing approximately 22.2 min after HCEV ignition. Moreover, FCEV fires could thermally impair adjacent upper structural members by 800 ℃ combustion gas for at least 13 min and emit a median heat flux of 27.2 kW/m² (peak heat flux of 76.5 kW/m²) to adjacent vehicles. The measurements and findings obtained from this study can contribute to the evaluation of and further studies on newly emerging fire hazards.

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Ctvrtnickova, T., M. P. Mateo, A. Yañez, and G. Nicolas. "Application of LIBS and TMA for the determination of combustion predictive indices of coals and coal blends." Applied Surface Science 257, no. 12 (April 2011): 5447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.12.025.

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Bae, Youngjoon, Sungjin Lim, Ryounghee Kim, and Tae Young Kim. "The Effect of Pressure during Sintering on the Interface between Oxide Solid Electrolyte and Cathode in Solid State Lithium Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024410mtgabs.

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Conventional Li-ion batteries (LIBs), which have been widely used as main power sources for various electronic devices, are facing huge challenges with the explosive growth of electric vehicles (EVs) market. The safety problems of LIBs in EVs causing fire incident mainly result from the use of liquid electrolytes which provide fuel for combustion. Therefore, solid state lithium batteries using a solid electrolyte are widely accepted as promising candidates for next generation energy storage devices with superior safety performances. However, solid state batteries have limitations that originate from solid-solid interfaces between electrode and solid electrolyte, hindering practical development of solid state batteries. Especially, compared to sulfide based solid electrolyte, oxide based solid electrolyte is rigid, resulting in difficulty in forming intimate contact between solid electrolyte and electrode materials. In this study, using lithium vanadium phosphate (Li3V2(PO4)3, LVP) and lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3, LAGP) as cathode material and oxide solid electrolyte model system, we demonstrate the effect of pressure during sintering on the contact between LVP and LAGP, and concomitant cell performance. In addition, we found that the crystallinity of solid electrolyte and the content of carbon conducting agent critically affect the contact. Without any complicated interfacial modification, we successfully made decent cathode-solid electrolyte interface with simple method for superior solid state lithium batteries.

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Choi, Jae Seung, Choong Mo Ryu, Jung Hyun Choi, and Seung Jae Moon. "Improving the Analysis of Sulfur Content and Calorific Values of Blended Coals with Data Processing Methods in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (December 4, 2022): 12410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312410.

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In Situ monitoring of the calorific value of coal has the advantage of reducing the amount of unburned carbon by injecting an appropriate amount of combustion air immediately to induce complete combustion. High sulfur concentrations cause severe environmental problems such as acid rain. In order to estimate the calorific value and measure the sulfur concentration, a new powerful technique for mixed coals was studied. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) does not require sample preparation. Several blended coals were used for the experiment to replicate the actual coal-fired power plant conditions. Two well-known data processing methods in near-infrared spectroscopy have been adopted to enhance the weak sulfur emission lines. The performance of the partial least square regression model was established by the parameters such as coefficient of determination, R2, relative error, and root mean square error (RMSE). The RMSE average was compared with the results of previous studies. As a result, the values from this study were smaller by 6.02% for the calibration line and by 4.5% for the validation line in near-infrared spectroscopy. The RMSE average values for calorific values were calculated to be less than 1%.

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Ye, Yanpeng, Enlai Wan, Zhongmou Sun, Xinyang Zhang, Zhirong Zhang, and Yuzhu Liu. "Online detection and source tracing of crop straw burning." Journal of Laser Applications 34, no. 4 (November 2022): 042049. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000866.

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The carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and metal ions produced by straw burning can severely pollute the atmosphere; thus, online detection and traceability for straw burning is very important. However, to our best knowledge, there is no comprehensive system that can satisfy online detection, classification, and traceability due to the challenging online detection and traceability of straw burning. In this paper, a new system based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and machine learning is developed, and this developed system is employed for the first time in online detection and traceability of straw combustion. Four different types of straw are selected and the straw burning smoke is monitored online using this developed system. The analysis of straw smoke spectra shows that there are Fe, Mn, and Ba heavy metal spectra in the smoke spectra. By comparing the smoke spectra of different types of straw, the characteristic spectral lines with large differences are selected and dimensionality reduction is performed by linear discriminant analysis algorithm. Then, combined with random forest to achieve classification, the final smoke recognition accuracy reaches 87.0%. Straw ash is then used as a reference analysis and the same operation is performed on it. Mn, Ba, and Li heavy metal spectral lines are found in the spectra of ash, and the final recognition accuracy is 92.6%. The innovative and developed system based on LIBS and machine learning is fast, online, and in situ and has far-reaching application prospects in the environment.

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Rajoba, Swapnil J., Rajendra D. Kale, Sachin B. Kulkarni, Vinayak G. Parale, Rohan Patil, Håkan Olin, Hyung-Ho Park, Rushikesh P. Dhavale, and Manisha Phadatare. "Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Mesoporous NiMn2O4 Nanoparticles as an Anode for Lithium-Ion Battery." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5030069.

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NiMn2O4 (NMO) is a good alternative anode material for lithium-ion battery (LIB) application, due to its superior electrochemical activity. Current research shows that synthesis of NMO via citric acid-based combustion method envisaged application in the LIB, due to its good reversibility and rate performance. Phase purity and crystallinity of the material is controlled by calcination at different temperatures, and its structural properties are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Composition and oxidation state of NMO are further investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For LIB application, lithiation delithiation potential and phase transformation of NMO are studied by cyclic voltammetry curve. As an anode material, initially, the average discharge capacity delivered by NMO is 983 mA·h/g at 0.1 A/g. In addition, the NMO electrode delivers an average discharge capacity of 223 mA·h/g after cell cycled at various current densities up to 10 A/g. These results show the potential applications of NMO electrodes for LIBs.

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Zheng, Jinlong, Wei Zhou, Yiran Ma, Hong Jin, and Lin Guo. "Combustion synthesis of LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 powders with enhanced electrochemical performance in LIBs." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 635 (June 2015): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.02.114.

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Park, Geon-Tae, Tae-Chong Noh, and Yang-Kook Sun. "Ultrafine-Grained Ni-Rich Layered Cathode for High-Performance Li-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023297mtgabs.

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Currently, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are the main power source for electric vehicles (EVs) because of their high energy density, excellent rate performance, and long cycle life. However, even EVs that are powered by state-of-the-art LIBs are unable to meet the driving range offered by internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), which is typically 600–800 km.1 The properties of LIBs are strongly related to the nature of positive electrodes (cathodes), and thus, the selection of appropriate cathodes is of paramount importance. Currently, Ni-rich layered LiMO2 (M = Ni, Co, Mn, and/or Al) compounds are considered ideal cathode materials for EV batteries because their high capacity enables EVs to achieve high mileage per charge. Although Ni-rich layered cathodes are advantageous in terms of energy density and material cost, in general, they have considerably decreased cycling lifetimes with inferior thermal stabilities, which hinder their commercialization. The inherent structural instability of Ni-enriched layered oxide cathodes, particularly in the deeply charged state, leads to a build-up of mechanical strain.2 The strain build-up causes the nucleation and propagation of microcracks, which enable electrolyte infiltration and accelerate structural deterioration, which has plagued attempts to stabilize the cycling performance of Ni-rich layered cathodes.3 In this study, we demonstrate that limiting the primary particle size of the cathode resolves the capacity fading problem as nano-sized primary particles effectively relieve the high internal strain associated with the phase transition near charge end and fracture-toughen the cathode. Particle size refinement, achieved by inhibiting the grain growth during lithiation through the introduction of a high-valence dopant, imparts the necessary mechanical toughness to counter the high internal strain associated with the phase transition near charge end. The Li[Ni0.95Co0.04Mn0.01]O2 cathode, whose microstructure is engineered to mitigate the mechanical instability of Ni-rich layered cathodes, represents a next-generation, high energy-density cathode with a long cycle life and fast charging capability. Reference s : [1] K. B. Naceur, Tracking Clean Energy Progress (International Energy Agency, 2016). [2] H.-H. Ryu, K.-J. Park, C. S. Yoon and Y.-K. Sun, Chem. Mater. 30 (2018) 1155–1163. [3] G. W. Nam, N.-Y. Park, K.-J. Park, J. Yang, J. Liu, C. S. Yoon, Y.-K. Sun, ACS Energy Lett. 4 (2019) 2995–3001.

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Bryntesen, Silje Nornes, Anders Hammer Strømman, Ignat Tolstorebrov, Paul R. Shearing, Jacob J. Lamb, and Odne Stokke Burheim. "Opportunities for the State-of-the-Art Production of LIB Electrodes—A Review." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051406.

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A sustainable shift from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) is essential to achieve a considerable reduction in emissions. The production of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) used in EVs is an energy-intensive and costly process. It can also lead to significant embedded emissions depending on the source of energy used. In fact, about 39% of the energy consumption in LIB production is associated with drying processes, where the electrode drying step accounts for about a half. Despite the enormous energy consumption and costs originating from drying processes, they are seldomly researched in the battery industry. Establishing knowledge within the LIB industry regarding state-of-the-art drying techniques and solvent evaporation mechanisms is vital for optimising process conditions, detecting alternative solvent systems, and discovering novel techniques. This review aims to give a summary of the state-of-the-art LIB processing techniques. An in-depth understanding of the influential factors for each manufacturing step of LIBs is then established, emphasising the electrode structure and electrochemical performance. Special attention is dedicated to the convection drying step in conventional water and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)-based electrode manufacturing. Solvent omission in dry electrode processing substantially lowers the energy demand and allows for a thick, mechanically stable electrode coating. Small changes in the electrode manufacturing route may have an immense impact on the final battery performance. Electrodes used for research and development often have a different production route and techniques compared to those processed in industry. The scalability issues related to the comparison across scales are discussed and further emphasised when the industry moves towards the next-generation techniques. Finally, the critical aspects of the innovations and industrial modifications that aim to overcome the main challenges are presented.

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He, Yong, Ronald Whiddon, Zhihua Wang, Yingzu Liu, Yanqun Zhu, Jianzhong Liu, and Kefa Cen. "Inhibition of Sodium Release from Zhundong Coal via the Addition of Mineral Additives: Online Combustion Measurement with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)." Energy & Fuels 31, no. 2 (February 3, 2017): 1082–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01673.

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37

Jumari, Arif, Cornelius Satria Yudha, Hendri Widiyandari, Annisa Puji Lestari, Rina Amelia Rosada, Sigit Puji Santosa, and Agus Purwanto. "SiO2/C Composite as a High Capacity Anode Material of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Battery Derived from Coal Combustion Fly Ash." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 8428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238428.

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Abundantly available SiO2 (silica) has great potential as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries because it is inexpensive and flexible. However, silicon oxide-based anode material preparation usually requires many complex steps. In this article, we report a facile method for preparing a SiO2/C composite derived from coal combustion fly ash as an anode material for Li-ion batteries. SiO2 was obtained by caustic extraction and HCl precipitation. Then, the SiO2/C composite was successfully obtained by mechanical milling followed by heat treatment. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical properties were tested using an 18650 cylindrical cell utilizing LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) as the counter electrode. Based on the obtained results, the physiochemical characteristics and electrochemical performance, it was determined that SiO2/C composites were greatly affected by the temperature of heat treatment. The best result was obtained with the SiO2 content of 10% w/w, heating temperature of 500 °C, initial specific discharge capacity of 586 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C (1 C = 378 mAh g−1), and reversible capacity of 87% after 20 cycles. These results confirmed that the obtained materials had good initial discharge capacity, cyclability, high performance, and exhibited great potential as an anode material for LIBs.

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Joshi, Sachin, Daniel B. Olsen, Cosmin Dumitrescu, Paulius V. Puzinauskas, and Azer P. Yalin. "Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for In-Cylinder Equivalence Ratio Measurements in Laser-Ignited Natural Gas Engines." Applied Spectroscopy 63, no. 5 (May 2009): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370209788346869.

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In this contribution we present the first demonstration of simultaneous use of laser sparks for engine ignition and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) measurements of in-cylinder equivalence ratios. A 1064 nm neodynium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser beam is used with an optical spark plug to ignite a single cylinder natural gas engine. The optical emission from the combustion initiating laser spark is collected through the optical spark plug and cycle-by-cycle spectra are analyzed for Hα (656 nm), O (777 nm), and N (742 nm, 744 nm, and 746 nm) neutral atomic lines. The line area ratios of Hα/O777, Hα/N746, and Hα/Ntot (where Ntot is the sum of areas of the aforementioned N lines) are correlated with equivalence ratios measured by a wide band universal exhaust gas oxygen (UEGO) sensor. Experiments are performed for input laser energy levels of 21 mJ and 26 mJ, compression ratios of 9 and 11, and equivalence ratios between 0.6 and 0.95. The results show a linear correlation ( R2 > 0.99) of line intensity ratio with equivalence ratio, thereby suggesting an engine diagnostic method for cylinder resolved equivalence ratio measurements.

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R, Harini, Latha Hke, and Manjunatha C. "Impact of Green Synthesized Copper Doped Nanostructured Molybdenum Oxide Flakes on Micro Structural, Electrical, and Electrochemical Properties." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 15141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.15141ecst.

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In the present work, the different weight percentage (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt %) of copper (Cu) incapacitated MoO3 flakes were successfully green synthesized by combustion technique using precursor ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate, fuel Shorea Robusta leaves extract, and copper nitrate trihydrate as dopant. XRD analysis reports that the synthesized Cu doped MoO3 material exhibits orthorhombic configuration with high crystallanity nature and the XRD pattern show a shift in diffractive peak towards lower diffractive angle as the Cu dopant percentage increases. FT-IR analysis shows the presence of stretching bond between molybdenum and oxygen atom (Mo=O) at 993cm-1. From SEM morphological analysis flake like structure was observed. The HRTEM studies shows d-spacing of 0.20 nm for 6 wt% Cu doped MoO3 flakes with irregular shapes. UV-DRS studies reports the bandgap ranges from 3.15 eV to 3.36 eV for different weight percentage Cu doped MoO3 flakes and for 6 wt% Cu doped MoO3 flakes obtained bandgap is less (3.15 eV). EIS studies reveal the impedance ranges from 180 Ω to 300 Ω. The bandgap and impedance results shows good conductivity for 6 wt% Cu doped MoO3 flakes compared to other synthesized weight percentage nanostructured Cu doped MoO3 flakes. The improved bandgap and impedance were observed for 6 wt% Cu doped MoO3. Hence, 6 wt% Cu doped MoO3 can be employed as anode electrode material for LIBs.

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Pfleging, Wilhelm, Peter Smyrek, Zheng Yijing, Ulrich Rist, Yannic Sterzl, Alexandra Meyer, and Penghui Zhu. "(Invited) 3D Electrode Architectures for High Power and High Energy Lithium-Ion Battery Operation - Recent Approaches and Process Upscaling." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 6 (October 9, 2022): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-026593mtgabs.

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During the next decades, combustion driven cars will be completely replaced by electrical vehicles (EVs) and it seems quite obvious that liquid electrolyte lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) will be the dominating energy storage system for the next at least 5 to 10 years. As a consequence, in Europe numerous Gigafactories have recently been planned with this state of technology. However, the current lithium-ion battery technology suffers so far from some restrictions like the inability to combine high power and high energy operations at the same time. This limitation is mainly attributed to the cathode architecture and respective mass loading. In addition, the further demand for a significantly enhanced fast charging mainly requires an optimization of the anode design flanked by a high areal capacity. Advanced 3D electrode architectures based on a thick film electrode concept seem to be the most promising approach to overcome the current limitations in battery performances. However, respective technology innovations need to provide a high compatibility grade to existing manufacturing routes in order to enable the required integration in existing and planned factories. For so-called “generation 3” materials, i.e., nickel-rich lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathode and silicon-based anode materials, structuring technologies using cutting edge ultrafast high power lasers, are being developed in order to manufacture 3D electrode architectures with high areal capacity. Multibeam laser processing using diffractive optical elements and dual scanner approaches were established in order to enable high processing speeds in roll-to-roll electrode handling systems. The technology readiness level (TRL 6) is demonstrated for pouch cells geometries. For water-based NMC 622 and silicon-graphite composites the laser structuring process was developed. Different structures including hole, grid, and line patterns, were studied regarding their impact on electrochemical performances such as high-rate capability and cell lifetime. Lithium concentration profiles of unstructured and structured electrodes were studied post mortem using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in order to evaluate lithium intercalation/deintercalation efficiencies and detect possible cell degradation processes. In comparison to unstructured electrodes, 3D electrodes could hereby always be identified as superior: unstructured thick film electrodes show a significant drop in capacity retention for high power operation and tend to form hot spots acting as starting point for cell failure. The upscaling process is flanked by a further improvement of electrode design. For this purpose very recently laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) is applied as printing technology to draw new concepts for sophisticated model electrode architectures with advanced electrochemical performances. Finally, the micro-/nano-scaled texturing of current collectors and separator material is discussed as further possible approaches for boosting the electrochemical performances of LIB pouch cells.

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Gim, Jihyeon, Jinhyup Han, Ozgenur Kahvecioglu, Peng Zuo, Lianfeng Zou, Fulya Dogan, Anil U. Mane, et al. "Performance Optimization of High Ni (≥90%) Cathode Materials: Synthesis & Modification." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023286mtgabs.

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The significant growth rate of the electric vehicles (EVs) market, powered by rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), in favor over of the internal combustion engine (ICE), represents an opportunity to massively reduce CO2 emissions and help limit global warming issues. EVs should have a similar performance to that of ICE-powered vehicles in terms of fulfilling driving range as well as lifetime of the battery to appeal the potential consumers. However, the driving range of EV’s is limited by the battery performance, which is related to the properties of the cathode material. Therefore, the development of advanced cathodes is needed. Current state-of-the-art, Li-ion cathodes for EV batteries are derived from layered LiNiO2 (LNO) by substitution of Ni with other elements such as Mn, Co, and Al – so called LiNixMnyCozAl1-x-y-zO2 (NMCA). Substitutions are used to offset the inferior structural stability and poor cycle-life performance of typically-produced, high-capacity NMCAs. In this regard, pure LNO has been reported as a baseline material for gauging the improvements, via doping/coating strategies, for the NMCA-class of cathodes. However, for the purposes of a fully understanding the roles of Mn, Co, Al, and other dopants in NMCAs, the development of a truly state-of-the-art, LNO cathode should be accomplished. This presentation will discuss the various parameters affecting the synthesis and performance of LNO and LNO-based oxides, from precursors to final products, and the strategies that have been pursued at Argonne National Laboratory towards the realization of high-performance LNO baselines and derivatives thereof. Their potential applicability to battery applications will be also reviewed.

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Jun, Hyung Min, Hyunwoo Kim, and Jai-ick Yoh. "Development of LIBS Plug for Combustor Diagnosis." Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.6108/kspe.2019.23.2.053.

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Vandevelde, Ségolène, Jean-Luc Lacour, Céline Quéré, Lionel Marie, Christophe Petit, and Ludovic Slimak. "Identification du rythme annuel de précipitation des carbonates pariétaux pour un calage micro-chronologique des occupations archéologiques pyrogéniques : cas de la Grotte Mandrin (Malataverne, Drôme, France)." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 192 (2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021002.

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Dans les abris-sous-roche et grottes, la lecture géoarchéologique des sédiments peut permettre, dans des cas favorables, une étude micro-chronologique des traces d’activités anthropiques et en particulier de l’usage du feu. Si la récurrence dans l’utilisation des foyers peut parfois être identifiée par une étude micromorphologique de ces structures au sol, il n’est pas évident que l’ensemble des différents épisodes de combustion puisse y être identifié. Il se trouve que les événements de paléo-feux peuvent être enregistrés ailleurs que dans les foyers, par exemple sous la forme d’imprégnations de suie enregistrées dans les spéléothèmes, témoins des feux passés dans les cavités ; elles peuvent faire l’objet d’une étude fuliginochronologique (lat. fuligo,fuliginosus : suie), qui consiste à étudier la succession des dépôts de suie piégés dans une matrice. Certaines concrétions calcaires ont un autre avantage, celui de présenter des lamines pouvant être annuelles. Lorsque cela peut être démontré, l’étude conjointe des films de suie et des doublets de calcite permet de caler les chroniques de paléo-feux sur une échelle micro-chronologique de temps mesuré. Dans cette étude, nous démontrons, grâce à l’analyse conjointe des alternances de fabrique cristalline et des variations saisonnières de la teneur en strontium (Sr), que les doublets de calcite observés dans les fins encroûtements carbonatés pariétaux du site archéologique de la Grotte Mandrin sont annuels. Pour ce faire, nous avons recours à la spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS – Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) qui permet de révéler des variations relatives d’éléments mineurs et traces dans ces concrétions avec une échelle annuelle à sub-annuelle. Les séquences de films de suie peuvent donc être indexées sur le calendrier annuel de la précipitation des carbonates et les chroniques de paléo-feux calées sur une échelle chronologique relative et précise à l’année près, voire la saison. L’étude des rythmicités des occupations humaines sur le site de la Grotte Mandrin devient alors accessible avec une résolution jusqu’alors inégalée.

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Han, Cheng-Gong, Chunyu Zhu, Genki Saito, and Tomohiro Akiyama. "Improved electrochemical properties of LiMn2O4 with the Bi and La co-doping for lithium-ion batteries." RSC Advances 5, no. 89 (2015): 73315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra13005k.

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Calotă, Răzvan, Alina Girip, Sergiu Istrate, Anica Ilie, Mădălina Nichita, and Valentin Cublesan. "Aspects regarding the use of recovered energy for air conditioning." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 06013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911106013.

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In the paper the authors analyze the possibility of using the energy recovered from combustion gases, for air cooling. The objective is to evaluate the thermal potential of combustion gases from a cogeneration plant with a 3 MW electric power, located in Buzau. The monitoring data for the cogeneration system shows that the average flue gas temperature at the exit to the atmosphere is 125° C and the mass flow rate of the combustion gases is 18351 kg/h. The thermal potential of combustion gases isused for the preparation of hot water at 85°C for the operation of a LiBr-H2O solution absorption plant. Finally, the authors present a comparative study between the classic cooling system using chiller with mechanical vapor compression (VCM) and the absorption plant supplied by recovered energy from the cogeneration system, high lighting the advantage of the proposed trigeneration system.

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Carles Bruno, Joan, Anton Valero, and Alberto Coronas. "Performance analysis of combined microgas turbines and gas fired water/LiBr absorption chillers with post-combustion." Applied Thermal Engineering 25, no. 1 (January 2005): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2004.05.002.

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Jun, Hyung Min, John Hyunwoo Kim, Seok Hwan Lee, and Jack J. Yoh. "Towards simplified monitoring of instantaneous fuel concentration in both liquid and gas fueled flames using a combustor injectable LIBS plug." Energy 160 (October 2018): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.07.016.

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Mărcuș, Gabriel, and Cătălin Ioan Lungu. "Partial load efficiency analysis of a CCHP plant with RICE and H2O-LiBr absorption chiller." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 06019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911106019.

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This paper presents a model for calculating and analyzing the global efficiency of a trigeneration system (CCHP) using 3 reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE) as prime mover for heat and electric loads. RICE operate simultaneously and at the same load. The CCHP plant delivering energy for the office buildings of an economic operator includes also 2 absorption chillers with water-lithium bromide solution for air conditioning. The system has been analyzed for RICE partial load operation mode, linking the thermal energy output to the cooling power generation. The amount of thermal energy production is influenced by the required energy for cooling. The total cooling load in the summer is determined by both the indoor office-rooms cooling load and the data center cooling load (the energy dissipated by the data center’s components and electrical circuits). An vapor-compression chiller is operated for cooling peak load. During yearly thermal load variation, RICE are switched on or off, operate at nominal capacity or in partial load mode. The thermal efficiency of each engine changes according to the demanded heating load, determining the global efficiency variation of the trigeneration system.. The electrical efficiency of the system is also dependent on the RICE operating load that leads the electric generators. The EER factor for the absorption chillers results accordingly at partial or nominal load operating mode. The functioning graphics for each system equipment were developed based on the thermal load curve of the RICEs and the global efficiency variation graph of the trigeneration system was plotted. Finally, conclusions resulted regarding the optimal functioning of the studied trigeneration system.

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Cavalcanti, Eduardo J. C., João Victor M. Ferreira, and Monica Carvalho. "Research on a Solar Hybrid Trigeneration System Based on Exergy and Exergoenvironmental Assessments." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 7560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227560.

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The environmental performance of a combined cooling, heating, and power system is analyzed in this study at a component-level using a SPECO-based exergoenvironmental analysis. The engine consumes natural gas and produces 168.6 kW net power. The waste heat is recovered by a LiBr-H2O absorption chiller and a heat exchanger, which are used for cooling and heating purposes. The energy system is assisted by a solar field. An environmental Life Cycle Assessment quantifies the environmental impacts of the system, and these data are combined with exergy evaluations. The highest total environmental impact rate, 23,740.16 mPt/h, is related to the internal combustion engine, of which pollutant formation is the primary source of environmental impact. Compared with a non-renewable energy system, the solar-assisted trigeneration system decreased the environmental impact per exergy unit of chilled water by 10.99%. Exergoenvironmental performance can be further improved by enhancing the exergy efficiency of the solution pump and high-pressure generator (HG), and by employing a treatment to remove nitrogen oxides in the reciprocating engine.

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Liu, Wei, Fusheng Zhao, Songfeng Yin, Tengzhou Ma, and Jiang Qing. "Analysis of solid combustion products to establish a theoretical model of the causes of thermal runaway of ternary lithium-ion battery overcharge and heating." Journal of Fire Sciences, January 2, 2023, 073490412211462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07349041221146221.

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It is difficult to determine whether ternary lithium-ion batteries (t-LIBs) were the “source” of the actual fire scene because of the little available direct evidence left after thermal runaway combustion of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and the lack of relevant analytical methods for t-LIBs after complete combustion. As a result, a large number of fires involving t-LIBs are controversially identified as the cause every year. In this paper, we conducted experiments on the two most common thermal runaway types of t-LIBs to investigate the correlation model between their combustion products and thermal runaway types. In the case of overcharge, the combustion products (black powder) of t-LIBs contain aluminum elements, which may be due to the thermal reaction of aluminum. In contrast, in the case of heating, the combustion products of t-LIBs have almost no detectable elemental aluminum. The reason may be due to the ability of the electrode material to continuously decompose and precipitate a large amount of metal oxides under the overcharge condition, which constitutes the condition for the occurrence of the aluminum thermal reaction, making the presence of Al2O3 in the combustion products. However, the lack of continuous current action under the heating condition prevents the generation of the aluminum thermal reaction.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Combustion LIBS'

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