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Journal articles on the topic 'Combustion diagnostics; Nitrogen oxide'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Zajemska, M., H. Radomiak, and A. Poskart. "The Optimization And Diagnostics Of Combustion Process With Numerical Modelling Application." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0193.

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Abstract The progressing development of industry and the associated rising environmental pollution create the need for the intensification of combustion processes and the implementation of increasingly stringent environmental protection standards. Therefore, an intensive progress in scientific and research work that is lately observed and studies with the use of numerical methods, are becoming an indispensable element of experimental research. This allows for: optimization of combustion processes, development of new designs of burners and technologies of low-emission combustion, as well as prediction of ecological effects. This article presents the possibilities of numerical modelling in combustion processes in heat furnaces. The chemistry of the combustion process was modelled in CHEMKIN software, while the dynamics of flue gas flow in the combustion chamber was modelled with the use of FLUENT software. Numerical computations were performed for both, the experimental chamber and the real objects, i.e. a pusher furnace and a sheet hardening furnace. The results of obtained measurements and numerical calculations clearly show that the use of hot air affects the growth of emissions, in particular NOx. Furthermore, it has also been proved that the design and the appropriate location of the lance supplying the secondary air result in the reduction of emissions of nitrogen oxides.

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2

Daw, C. S., C. E. A. Finney, B. C. Kaul, K. D. Edwards, and R. M. Wagner. "Characterizing dilute combustion instabilities in a multi-cylinder spark-ignited engine using symbolic analysis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2034 (February 13, 2015): 20140088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0088.

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Spark-ignited internal combustion engines have evolved considerably in recent years in response to increasingly stringent regulations for emissions and fuel economy. One new advanced engine strategy ustilizes high levels of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce combustion temperatures, thereby increasing thermodynamic efficiency and reducing nitrogen oxide emissions. While this strategy can be highly effective, it also poses major control and design challenges due to the large combustion oscillations that develop at sufficiently high EGR levels. Previous research has documented that combustion instabilities can propagate between successive engine cycles in individual cylinders via self-generated feedback of reactive species and thermal energy in the retained residual exhaust gases. In this work, we use symbolic analysis to characterize multi-cylinder combustion oscillations in an experimental engine operating with external EGR. At low levels of EGR, intra-cylinder oscillations are clearly visible and appear to be associated with brief, intermittent coupling among cylinders. As EGR is increased further, a point is reached where all four cylinders lock almost completely in phase and alternate simultaneously between two distinct bi-stable combustion states. From a practical perspective, it is important to understand the causes of this phenomenon and develop diagnostics that might be applied to ameliorate its effects. We demonstrate here that two approaches for symbolizing the engine combustion measurements can provide useful probes for characterizing these instabilities.

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3

Sepman, Alexey, Christian Fredriksson, Yngve Ögren, and Henrik Wiinikka. "Laser-Based, Optical, and Traditional Diagnostics of NO and Temperature in 400 kW Pilot-Scale Furnace." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 7048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11157048.

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A fast sensor for simultaneous high temperature (above 800 K) diagnostics of nitrogen oxide (NO) concentration and gas temperature (T) based on the spectral fitting of low-resolution NO UV absorption near 226 nm was applied in pilot-scale LKAB’s Experimental Combustion Furnace (ECF). The experiments were performed in plasma and/or fuel preheated air at temperatures up to 1550 K, which is about 200 K higher than the maximal temperature used for the validation of the developed UV NO sensor previously. The UV absorption NO and T measurements are compared with NO probe and temperature measurements via suction pyrometry and tuneable diode laser absorption (TDL) using H2O transitions at 1398 nm, respectively. The agreement between the NO UV and NO probe measurements was better than 15%. There is also a good agreement between the temperatures obtained using laser-based, optical, and suction pyrometer measurements. Comparison of the TDL H2O measurements with the calculated H2O concentrations demonstrated an excellent agreement and confirms the accuracy of TDL H2O measurements (better than 10%). The ability of the optical and laser techniques to resolve various variations in the process parameters is demonstrated.

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4

Martinez-Boggio, S. D., S. S. Merola, P. Teixeira Lacava, A. Irimescu, and P. L. Curto-Risso. "Effect of Fuel and Air Dilution on Syngas Combustion in an Optical SI Engine." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081566.

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To mitigate the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, energy production processes must change from fossil to renewable resources. Bioenergy utilization from agricultural residues can be a step towards achieving this goal. Syngas (fuel obtained from biomass gasification) has been proved to have the potential of replacing fossil fuels in stationary internal combustion engines (ICEs). The processes associated with switching from traditional fuels to alternatives have always led to intense research efforts in order to have a broad understanding of the behavior of the engine in all operating conditions. In particular, attention needs to be focused on fuels containing relatively high concentrations of hydrogen, due to its faster propagation speed with respect to traditional fossil energy sources. Therefore, a combustion study was performed in a research optical SI engine, for a comparison between a well-established fuel such as methane (the main component of natural gas) and syngas. The main goal of this work is to study the effect of inert gases in the fuel mixture and that of air dilution during lean fuelling. Thus, two pure syngas blends (mixtures of CO and H2) and their respective diluted mixtures (CO and H2 with 50vol% of inert gases, CO2 and N2) were tested in several air-fuel ratios (stoichiometric to lean burn conditions). Initially, the combustion process was studied in detail by traditional thermodynamic analysis and then optical diagnostics were applied thanks to the optical access through the piston crown. Specifically, images were taken in the UV-visible spectrum of the entire cycle to follow the propagation of the flame front. The results show that hydrogen promotes flame propagation and reduces its distortion, as well as resulting in flames evolving closer to the spark plug. All syngas blends show a stable combustion process, even in conditions of high air and fuel dilution. In the leanest case, real syngas mixtures present a decrease in terms of performance due to significant reduction in volumetric efficiency. However, this condition strongly decreases pollutant emissions, with nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentrations almost negligible.

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5

Kojima, Kotaro, and Jun Kojima. "On-Board Ultrasonic Water-in-Diesel Emulsion (WiDE) Fuel System for Low-Emission Diesel Engine Combustion." Ohio Journal of Science 118, no. 2 (November 26, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ojs.v118i2.6443.

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Water-in-diesel emulsion (WiDE) fuel is a promising alternative fuel capable of reducing nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulate matter (PM) in diesel engine exhaust while simultaneously preserving combustion efficiency of the engine. However, the instability of WiDE fuel—and the high costs of production and transportation—hinder its commercialization and widespread use. An on-board ultrasonic WiDE fuel supply system is proposed as a solution to this challenge. This system allows diesel fuel and water to be continuously emulsified on-board a diesel vehicle. Diesel fuel and water, stored in individual reservoirs, are conveyed in specific ratios to an in-line mixing chamber and are rapidly homogenized by ultrasonic cavitation before entering the fuel injectors. The produced emulsion fuel is then supplied to the engine. A proof-of-concept study was conducted to compare exhaust emissions between emulsion fuels and conventional fuels. Open-flame combustion experiments were conducted using a lab-scale burner to test the system with both diesel and biodiesel fuels. Unique optical diagnostics and image-processing techniques were used to estimate PM emission levels. Results showed a reduction of PM with the use of the on-board WiDE system compared to traditional diesel fuels. PM emissions from biodiesel fuel were reduced by 58% when water-in-biodiesel emulsion was combusted with 2% water. Additionally, a PM emission reduction of 35% was achieved through emulsification of diesel fuel with 2% water. This prototype demonstrates the potential for the on-board WiDE fuel supply concept to both overcome the traditional barriers hindering the commercialization of WiDE fuel and preserve its low-emission and superior combustion efficiency characteristics.

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6

Mikulandric, Robert, Drazen Loncar, Dejan Cvetinovic, Gabriel Spiridon, and Daniel Schneider. "Improvement of environmental aspects of thermal power plant operation by advanced control concepts." Thermal Science 16, no. 3 (2012): 759–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120510134m.

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The necessity of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, as formulated in the Kyoto Protocol, imposes the need for improving environmental aspects of existing thermal power plants operation. Improvements can be reached either by efficiency increment or by implementation of emission reduction measures. Investments in refurbishment of existing plant components or in plant upgrading by flue gas desulphurization, by primary and secondary measures of nitrogen oxides reduction, or by biomass co-firing, are usually accompanied by modernisation of thermal power plant instrumentation and control system including sensors, equipment diagnostics and advanced controls. Impact of advanced control solutions implementation depends on technical characteristics and status of existing instrumentation and control systems as well as on design characteristics and actual conditions of installed plant components. Evaluation of adequacy of implementation of advanced control concepts is especially important in Western Balkan region where thermal power plants portfolio is rather diversified in terms of size, type and commissioning year and where generally poor maintenance and lack of investments in power generation sector resulted in high greenhouse gases emissions and low efficiency of plants in operation. This paper is intended to present possibilities of implementation of advanced control concepts, and particularly those based on artificial intelligence, in selected thermal power plants in order to increase plant efficiency and to lower pollutants emissions and to comply with environmental quality standards prescribed in large combustion plant directive.

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7

Stańczyk, Krzysztof. "Nitrogen Oxide Evolution from Nitrogen-Containing Model Chars Combustion." Energy & Fuels 13, no. 1 (January 1999): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef9801017.

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8

Mann, B. A., S. V. O'Leary, A. G. Astill, and D. A. Greenhalgh. "Degenerate four-wave mixing in nitrogen dioxide: Application to combustion diagnostics." Applied Physics B Photophysics and Laser Chemistry 54, no. 4 (April 1992): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00325192.

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9

Ćwikła-Bundyra, Wiesława. "Catalityc removal of nitrogen oxide from combustion gases." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-007-0090-z.

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Catalityc removal of nitrogen oxide from combustion gases Nitrogen oxide conversion to nitrogen over Pt/Al2 O3, Pd/Al2O3, Rh/Al2O3 catalysts was investigated. The results of the catalytic activity investigations, with the iso-x method, showed that NO reduction by methane occurs at a reasonable rate at the temperature range 200-500°C. Alumina-supported Pd, Pt and Rh catalysts have been compared for the selective reduction of NO to N2. All the catalysts showed good activity in NO reduction by methane, giving around 80 - 90% N2 production. At moderate temperatures Pt is the most active catalyst for the removal of NO.

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10

Hjalmarsson, Anna-Karin. "Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from coal combustion." International Journal of Energy Research 14, no. 8 (1990): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.4440140804.

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11

Repić, B. S., Ž. G. Kostić, M. P. Martinović, and A. B. Gaiger. "Modeling of nitrogen oxide release in coal combustion." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 72, no. 1 (January 1999): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02699059.

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12

Kymäläinen, Maritta, Mikael Forssén, Pia Kilpinen, and Mikko Hupa. "Nitrogen oxide formation in black liquor single droplet combustion." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2001-16-04-p346-354.

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13

Houser, Thomas J., Michael E. McCarville, and Gu Zhuo-Ying. "Nitric oxide formation from fuel-nitrogen model compound combustion." Fuel 67, no. 5 (May 1988): 642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(88)90292-x.

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14

Krupa, R. J., T. F. Culbreth, B. W. Smith, and J. D. Winefordner. "A Flashback-Resistant Burner for Combustion Diagnostics and Analytical Spectrometry." Applied Spectroscopy 40, no. 6 (August 1986): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864508232.

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A general utility burner for the production of laminar, homogenous diffusion flames, which is immune to flashbacks, is presented. Because the fuel and oxidant mix on the surface of the burner rather than within the spray chamber, the flames cannot flashback. A wide variety of gas mixtures has been investigated, including oxygen, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide as the oxidants. Any combination of fuel and oxidant can be safely burned to produced a stable, laminar, and audibly quiet flame. Flame temperatures can be varied over a wide range either by changing the fuel-oxidant ratio or by diluting the flame gases with an inert gas. In this manner, the optimum flame temperature and composition can be achieved. These burners are of general use in analytical emission, fluorescence, and photoacoustic spectrometry, as well as combustion diagnostics.

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15

Ji, Yanyan, Songsong Zhang, Kejian Wang, and Guoli Qi. "Study on combustion and nitrogen oxide emissions of gas boiler." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 721 (January 7, 2020): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/721/1/012054.

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16

Shimizu, Tadaaki, Youichi Sazawa, Tadafumi Adschiri, and Takehiko Furusawa. "Conversion of char-bound nitrogen to nitric oxide during combustion." Fuel 71, no. 4 (April 1992): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(92)90022-g.

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17

Soroka, B. S., and V. V. Horupa. "Environmental Characteristics of Modern Systems of Domestic Use of Fuel. Part 2. Pollutants Formation by Natural Gas Combustion in Atmospheric Burners: Experimental Studies." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 63, no. 5 (October 13, 2020): 450–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2020-63-5-450-461.

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The Gas Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine performs comprehensive studies of the formation of toxic emissions in the flame of atmospheric burners and beyond the visible burning cones (“rich” primary flame). The experiments are based on the proven significant content of harmful substances in the combustion products of gas fuel in household appliances and on direct contact of consumers with gas emissions during the operation of the stoves. A methodology for the experimental researches of the harmful emissions formation has been proposed while the computerized firing rig serving as the diagnostic facility has been developed for studying the combustion of hydrocarbon gases in the burners of household stoves. Carbon oxides CO and nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 are considered as toxic emissions, while the primary air excess coefficient and the heat load of the burner are considered as variable parameters. Under operating conditions of a gas stove, its variable characteristics are the gas pressure in front of the nozzle of the atmospheric burner and its thermal power. When optimizing the design of burners, the determinant value of the stability of burning, energy and environmental indicators of fuel combustion is the coefficient of excess of primary air λpr at a given gas pressure before the burner. The influence of this coefficient on the formation of CO, NO, NO2 is established, and the possibility of emissions with a high concentration of nitrogen dioxide is proved. Since the concentration of [NO] decreases with an increase in λpr, and the absolute level of [NO2] concentrations is not significantly affected by the value of λpr, it is determined that the proportion of [NO2] concentration in the [NOx] = [NO] + [NO2] compound increases with an increase in the primary air excess coefficient.

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18

Chumakov, V. L., and S. N. Devyanin. "Oxide Emissions Reduction from Combustion Control in a Diesel Engine." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 15, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2021-15-1-48-56.

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The authors showed that the European Union norms for the toxicity of exhaust gases (Euro 1 – Euro 5) contributed to the reduction of main harmful components emissions by several times. In foreign countries, Stage and Tier regulations applied to tractor equipment, which also limited the content of toxic components at the legislative level.(Research purpose) To reduce the content of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases by more efficient regulation of the fuel charge distribution in the gas-diesel engine cylinder, changes in the concentration of diesel and gas fuel in certain zones, as well as the use of exhaust gas recirculation.(Materials and methods) The authors analyzed the results of modeling the formation of nitrogen oxides by controlling the workflow in the gas-diesel modification of the diesel engine. In the calculations, the geometric parameters of the D-120 engine, operating at 2000 revolutions per minute, with a filling of 0.6-0.9 volume, were used. The average excess air ratio for the charge was 1.2-3.0, and the excess air ratios for the gas-air mixtures did not exceed 1.2-2.5.(Results and discussion) Using the computational model, the authors estimated the parameters at different pressures at the engine inlet within 0.05-0.09 megapascals, as well as with an increase in the residual gas coefficient in the range of 5-15 percent with a decrease in the concentration of nitrogen oxides from 2500 to 1100 parts per million. Experiments showed that when the power changed from 100 to 20 percent, the nitrogen oxides concentration decreased from 1940 to 800 parts per million.(Conclusions) The authors confirmed the adequacy of the calculation model. They determined that a 40-50 percent reduction in the nitrogen oxide concentration in exhaust gases was achieved with various layering schemes in the combustion chamber. They found that the standards for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides would require mixed engine regulation. It was proved that recirculation of 15 percent of exhaust gases could reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by another 50 percent.

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19

Juszczak, Marek. "Correlation between air flow rate and pollutant concentrations during two-stage oak log combustion in a 25 KW residential boiler." Chemical and Process Engineering 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2016-0034.

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Abstract It can be expected that there is a considerable correlation between combustion air flow rate and the concentrations of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide in the flue gas. The influence of temperature and oxygen concentration in the combustion zone on the concentrations of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide in the flue gas, for high and low combustion air flow, was analysed. Oxygen concentration for which the concentration of carbon monoxide is the lowest was determined, as well as the mutual relation between carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide concentration.

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20

Jankowski, Antoni, and Mirosław Kowalski. "Alternative fuel in the combustion process of combustion engines." Journal of KONBiN 48, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2018-0047.

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Abstract The article analyses the impact of emulsified fuel, containing H2O2 hydrogen peroxide, on the emissions of nitrogen oxides and diesel engine smoke. The process of forming toxic components in exhaust gases of reciprocating engines during the engine operation, and the relationship that specifies the hydrogen peroxide decomposition process were presented. The research was carried out with the use of fuel containing 30%, 20% and 10% of hydrogen peroxide. The concentration courses of the nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), as well as the (CO) carbon monoxide concentration and (S) engine smoke courses were shown separately for the external characteristics of the engine. Finally, the importance of knowledge related to the mechanisms of generation of toxic components in exhaust gases in the reciprocating engines was emphasised.

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21

Ongar, Bulbul, Iliya K. Iliev, Vlastimir Nikolić, and Aleksandar Milašinović. "THE STUDY AND THE MECHANISM OF NITROGEN OXIDES’ FORMATION IN COMBUSTION OF FOSSIL FUELS." Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fume171114026o.

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The burning of all fossil fuels is accompanied by the production of large quantities of nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen oxide from coal combustion is formed from the molecular nitrogen in the air and the nitrogen contained in the fuel. In accordance with the mechanism of formation of nitric oxide from fuel, it is desirable to increase the concentration of coal dust in the flame. The thermal regime of combustion accelerates the release of volatiles, with flames spreading out and the coke residue contributes to the chemical reduction of NOx. In this work we consider the specific issues of the formation mechanism of NOx fuel and ways to reduce their atmospheric emissions. Presented are results from the calculation of the influence of the following on the level of nitric oxides during coal combustion: temperature, oxygen concentration and time of release of fuel nitrogen. It has been established that the influence of nitric oxide fuel on the total nitric oxide emissions is more noticeable at low temperatures of the combustion process.

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22

Rota, Renato, Massimo Morbidelli, and Sergio Carrà. "Combustion Kinetics of Light Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Nitrogen Oxide." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 37, no. 11 (November 1998): 4241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie970474f.

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23

Bowman, Craig T. "Control of combustion-generated nitrogen oxide emissions: Technology driven by regulation." Symposium (International) on Combustion 24, no. 1 (January 1992): 859–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80104-9.

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24

Mansurov, Z. A., S. M. Fomenko, A. N. Alipbaev, R. G. Abdulkarimova, and V. E. Zarko. "Aluminothermic combustion of chromium oxide based systems under high nitrogen pressure." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 52, no. 2 (March 2016): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0010508216020088.

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25

Shatil, A. A., N. S. Klepikov, E. K. Veshnyakov, A. P. Konovalov, N. Yu Korgulin, and A. I. Gorokhov. "Suppressing nitrogen oxide emissions during staged combustion of high-reaction coals." Thermal Engineering 56, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040601509010017.

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26

Munts, V. A., Yu G. Munts, A. P. Baskakov, and E. Yu Pavlyuk. "Nitrogen Oxide Formation During Fluidized Bed Combustion of Coals and Shales." Power Technology and Engineering 48, no. 1 (May 2014): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-014-0479-9.

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27

Buruiana, Daniela Laura, Adrian Sachelarie, Claudiu Butnaru, and Viorica Ghisman. "Important Contributions to Reducing Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Internal Combustion Engines." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 9075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179075.

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Nitrogen oxides are considered significant pollutants because of their effects on ecosystems and human health. The amount of NOx emitted by internal combustion engines can be reduced, mostly by acting on the conditions in which combustion takes place, respectively by lowering the peak flame temperature, reducing the excess of oxygen, etc. The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine represents a new technology that can simultaneously reduce NOx emissions and fuel consumption. This article presents these benefits of the HCCI engine by comparing the emissions and fuel consumption of a monocylinder engine when it is operated in a conventional way, with spark ignition, with those obtained when the engine is running in the HCCI mode. Moreover, since engine simulation has become an important tool for investigating the HCCI process and for developing new control strategies for it, this was used in this study to determine the effects of the exhaust gas recirculation on the combustion quality, respectively, on emissions.

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28

Navrodska, Raisa, Nataliia Fialko, Georgii Presich, Georgii Gnedash, Sergii Alioshko, and Svitlana Shevcuk. "Reducing nitrogen oxide emissions in boilers at moistening of blowing air in heat recovery systems." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000055.

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Considered indicators of reducing harmful emissions into the environment by gas-fired water-heating and steam boilers of the municipal heat-power engineering, which are equipped with heat-recovery systems of boiler exhaust-gases. The results of studies on the relative decrease of emissions of nitrogen oxides and other harmful substances generated during fuel combustion in boilers when used for boilers complex heat-recovery plants for heating heat-network water and water for a chemical water-purification system of a boiler plant, as well as for heating and humidifying combustion air are presented. It is shown that the use of such complex heat-recovery systems, due to the useful heat of exhaust-gases from boilers, provides a reduction in fuel consumption and, consequently, the volumes of harmful emissions generated during its combustion, by 8–12%, depending on the mode of operation of boilers during the heating period. The efficiency of using combustion-air humidifying in these installations to decrease the level of formation of nitrogen oxides in the combustion area of boilers is considered. It is also shown that the use of these systems provides a decrease emissions of nitrogen oxides to the environment by up to 60% by reducing the combustion temperature in the combustion area at moisture introduction with the combustion air and, as a result, suppression of formation these oxides during fuel combustion in boilers. The substantiation of the accuracy of the obtained calculated values of the levels of relative decrease of emissions of nitrogen oxides with the moisture introduction into the boiler by comparing them with experimental data is given. Comparative of the results shows a good agreement between the calculated and experimental data.

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29

Stenin, Valery Alexandrovich, and Irina Valer’yevna Ershova. "Improvement of power efficiency and environmental safety of ship boilers." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2020, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2020-3-40-46.

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The article focuses on the methods of reducing nitrogen oxide emissions that are important to consider and apply in operation of ship boilers and thermal power plants, along with other activities aimed to protect the environment. Nitrogen oxide emissions can be restrained by using the technological (primary, in-process) operations. Flue gas recirculation is the most popular method of restraining nitrogen oxide emissions in oil-gas boilers, reducing the temperature and nitrogen oxide concentration in flue gases. Besides affecting the environment, the combustion products recirculation greatly lowers the technical and economic performance of the boiler by decreasing its performance that is why using the method remains limited. There has been described the scheme of flue gas recirculation in the ship auxiliary boilers that ensures reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions and increase in efficiency of boiler furnace. It has been proposed to combine steam and carbon dioxide fuel conversion with power combustion and thermochemical heat regeneration. Thermodynamic feasibility of combustion product recirculation in ship auxiliary boiler has been given. Using the power and stoichiometric analyses of reference liquid fuel combustion, the possibility of fuel conversion has been illustrated for the case when both fuel and recirculation gases are supplied into reburning zone of the furnace. The calculations determine air oxygen ratio for reburning and oxidative zones, flue gas recirculation factor and furnace efficiency change at thermochemical heat regeneration. The study results are proposed to use in non-stoichiometric and staged fuel combustion.

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30

Shimizu, Tadaaki, and Makoto Inagaki. "Decomposition of nitrogen oxide (N2O) over limestone under fluidized bed combustion conditions." Energy & Fuels 7, no. 5 (September 1993): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00041a014.

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31

Jang, D. S., and S. Acharya. "Moment Closure Model for Nitrogen Oxide Formation in Pulverized Coal Combustion Furnaces." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 113, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905784.

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A moment closure model has been developed to model fuel-bound NO formation in a turbulent pulverized coal flame in a furnace. The effect of turbulence on combustion is accounted for by solving transport equations of fluctuating species correlations arising due to turbulent fluctuations. Correlation between fluctuating species concentration and fluctuating temperature is neglected. The predicted results show reasonable overall agreement with experimental data.

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32

Pickens, Richie D. "Add-on control techniques for nitrogen oxide emissions during municipal waste combustion." Journal of Hazardous Materials 47, no. 1-3 (May 1996): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(95)00122-0.

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33

Cvetanović, Sveta. "Overview of nitrogen oxide reactions during fossil fuel combustion in the atmosphere." Safety Engineering 10, no. 2 (2020): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/se2002103c.

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This paper discusses the reactions of formation and decomposition of nitrogen oxides during fossil fuel combustion and in the atmosphere. Information about the chemical processes of pollutant formation and decomposition is the basis for the development of theoretical models of pollutant emissions. The information also provides a clearer picture about the primary factors influencing emissions. Nitrogen oxides are pollutants that damage human health, living and nonliving nature, and material property.

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34

MODAN, Ecaterina–Magdalena, and Adriana-Gabriela PLAIASU. "An overview on metal-oxide catalytic converters." University of Pitesti. Scientific Bulletin - Automotive Series 30, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26825/bup.ar.2020.002.

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Diesel vehicles produce exhaust gases that include nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.A major environmental problem is the elimination of nitrogen oxides, as they are major air pollutants. Global restrictions on NOx emissions from fuel combustion have been imposed. Efforts have been made to develop catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx. In this paper is presented the types of catalytic converters used nowadays for dissipate emissions and selective catalytic reduction.

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Kong, Xianglu, Song Yang, Shoujun Liu, Kaixia Zhang, Tingting Jiao, and Ju Shangguan. "Study on Coupling Effect of Additives on NOx Control in Coal Pyrolysis-Combustion." E3S Web of Conferences 290 (2021): 03029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129003029.

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A large amount of nitrogen oxides produced by loose coal combustion has an important impact on the ecological environment. To solve this problem, it is proposed to prepare clean coke instead of loose coal combustion to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides from civil coal combustion. Clean coke is prepared by pyrolysis raw coal adding additives, and the gas generated by pyrolysis is collected uniformly, thus avoiding the emission problem in the process of loose burning. In addition, the clean fuel catalyzes the reduction of nitrogen oxides to produce N2 in the combustion process, thus reducing the emission of combustion nitrogen oxides. In this paper, the additives were investigated, and finally it was found that loading 1 wt.% Fe and Ni had a better effect of decrease nitrogen content in coke through pyrolysis of coal and denitrification during the combustion of coke, and had a coupling effect on nitrogen oxide control in the pyrolysis-combustion process.

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Choi, Iksoo, and Changhee Lee. "Numerical Study on Nitrogen Oxide and Black Carbon Reduction of Marine Diesel Engines Using Emulsified Marine Diesel Oil." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 6347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226347.

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In this study, the exhaust gas characteristics of marine diesel oil (MDO) and emulsion fuels, which are currently used to reduce nitrogen oxides and particulate matters emitted from ship engines, were investigated through experimental and numerical analyses. The moisture included in the emulsion fuel primarily promotes the atomization of fuel due to microexplosion, and lowers the combustion temperature due to the latent heat of evaporation from the evaporation of moisture, thus reducing nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. In the case of emulsion fuel containing a water content of 16%, the combustion temperature was lowered, and the reduction rate of nitrogen oxide and black carbon was about 60% and 15%, respectively. The proposed method is a combustion control technology that can reduce particulate matter as well as nitrogen oxides by using emulsion fuel.

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Wang, Chang’an, Pengqian Wang, Lin Zhao, Yongbo Du, and Defu Che. "Experimental Study on NOx Reduction in Oxy-fuel Combustion Using Synthetic Coals with Pyridinic or Pyrrolic Nitrogen." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 2499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122499.

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Oxy-fuel combustion technology can capture carbon dioxide (CO2) in the large-scale and greatly lower nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission in coal-fired power plants. However, the influence of inherent minerals on NOx reduction still remains unclear and the impact of oxy-fuel combustion on the transformation of different nitrogen functional groups has yet to be fully understood. The present work aims to obtain a further understanding of the NOx reduction during oxy-fuel combustion using synthetic coals with pyrrolic or pyridinic nitrogen. Compared to pyridinic nitrogen, more of the pyrrolic nitrogen in synthetic coal was converted to NOx. The conversion ratio of nitric oxide (NO) first increased significantly with the rising oxygen content and then trended to an asymptotically constant as the oxygen (O2) content varied between 10–50%. The nitrogen dioxide (NO2) formation was roughly proportional to the oxygen content. The NO2 conversion was increased with particle size but the case of NO showed a non-monotonic variation. The catalytic effects of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) on the transformation of pyridinic nitrogen to NO were independent of the combustion atmosphere, while the alteration from air to the oxy-fuel combustion led to a change of mineral catalytic effect on the oxidation of pyrrolic nitrogen within the coal matrix.

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VÄHÄ-SAVO, NIKLAS, NIKOLAI DEMARTINI,, and MIKKO HUPA. "Fate of biosludge nitrogen in black liquor evaporation and combustion." September 2012 11, no. 9 (October 1, 2012): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.9.53.

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At many mills, biosludge, which has a high nitrogen content, is added to black liquor and burned in kraft recovery boilers. The aim of this work was to determine the fate of biosludge nitrogen in the high solids black liquor concentrators and in the recovery boiler. Specifically, does biosludge addition result in higher nitric oxide (NO) and cyanate formation during black liquor combustion? To obtain this information, samples were collected from the chemical recovery cycle of a Finnish kraft pulp mill along with relevant process data. Laboratory combustion experiments clearly showed an increase in NO formation for the mill black liquor with biosludge, but no clear increase in nitrogen oxide emissions was detected in the recovery boiler after biosludge addition. Analysis of the green liquor samples from the dissolving tank showed a significant increase in nitrogen exiting the recovery boiler as cyanate. This finding was supported by laboratory tests studying cyanate formation. The increased cyanate results in increased ammonia formation in the recausticizing cycle, which can lead to higher NO emissions, as seen in the noncondensible gas incinerator at the mill.

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Liu, Hong, Yang Du, Guohai Yang, Guoqing Zhu, Yunji Gao, and Wei Ding. "Flame retardance of modified graphene to pure cotton fabric." Journal of Fire Sciences 36, no. 2 (December 17, 2017): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904117748118.

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Phosphorus- and nitrogen-doped graphene oxides are conveniently obtained by the modification of as-prepared graphene oxide and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, and ultraviolet–visible spectra. The combustion performances of pure cotton fabric, respectively, enriched with graphene oxide, phosphorus-doped graphene oxide, and nitrogen-doped graphene oxides, are tested and evaluated. The results show that phosphorus-doped graphene oxide acts as the most promising flame retardant, which can effectively reduce the burning rate and heat release rate of the combustion process, with excellent smoke suppression effect. Based on the relevant parameters obtained from the experimental results of phosphorus-doped graphene oxide, Simtec simulation is operated to demonstrate vertical combustion of thin fabric before and after flame-retardant treatment, and the results are consistent with the trend of the experimental results and suggest a magnifying effect of phosphorus-doped graphene oxide.

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Stone, C. R., T. R. Carden, and I. Podmore. "Analysis of the Effect of Inlet Valve Disablement on Swirl, Combustion and Emissions in a Spark Ignition Engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 207, no. 4 (October 1993): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_195_02.

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A four-valve spark ignition engine combustion system has been tested with normal valve operation and with each inlet valve disabled in turn. A steady flow air rig has been used to establish the flow, barrel swirl and axial swirl characteristics. The combustion performance has been evaluated at five operating points, to determine the effect of the increased swirl with inlet valve disablement. The tests showed that the combustion was faster, with a lower level of cycle-by-cycle variation in combustion; the peak cylinder pressures also rose slightly and occurred closer to top dead centre (TDC). A computer model has been used to investigate the effect of faster burn on the trade-off between engine output, efficiency and nitrogen oxide emissions. It is concluded that a faster burn, with an ignition timing retarded to give the baseline output, should lead to a reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions. This is confirmed by a modelling exercise, which also indicated that using exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) should lead to reductions in both the nitrogen oxide emissions and the part load fuel consumption.

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Zvar-Baskovic, Urban, Rok Vihar, Samuel Rodman-Opresnik, and Tomaz Katrasnik. "Simultaneous particulate matter and nitrogen oxide emission reduction through enhanced charge homogenization in diesel engines." Thermal Science 22, no. 5 (2018): 2039–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180131259z.

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In the presented study, low temperature combustion was established with a direct injection of diesel fuel being a representative of high reactivity fuels and tire pyrolysis oil being a representative of low reactivity fuels. Tire pyrolysis oil was tested as a potential waste derived fuel for low temperature combustion, as it features diesel-like physical properties and lower cetane number compared to diesel fuel. The goal of this study was determination of suitable injection strategies and exhaust gas re-circulation rates to explore potentials of both fuels in reducing emissions in low temperature combustion modes. It was demonstrated that relatively small changes in the engine control strategy possess the potential to significantly improve NOx/particulate matter trade-off with minor effect on engine efficiency. In addition, low temperature combustion was for the first time successfully demonstrated with tire pyrolysis oil fuel, however, it was shown that lower re-activity of the fuel is by itself not sufficient to improve NOx /soot trade-off compared to the diesel fuel as entire spectra of fuel properties play an important role in improving NOx /soot trade-off. This study thus establishes relations between different engine control strategies, intake manifold pressure and exhaust gas recirculation rate on engine thermodynamic parameters and engine-out emissions while utilizing innovative waste derived fuel that have not yet been analysed in similar combustion concepts.

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Mladenovic, Milica, Dragoljub Dakic, Stevan Nemoda, Milijana Paprika, Mirko Komatina, Branislav Repic, and Aleksandar Eric. "The combustion of biomass - the impact of its types and combustion technologies on the emission of nitrogen oxide." Chemical Industry 70, no. 3 (2016): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind150409033m.

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Harmonization of environmental protection and the growing energy needs of modern society promote the biomass application as a replacement for fossil fuels and a viable option to mitigate the green house gas emissions. For domestic conditions this is particularly important as more than 60% of renewables belongs to biomass. Beside numerous benefits of using biomass for energy purposes, there are certain drawbacks, one of which is a possible high emission of NOx during the combustion of these fuels. The paper presents the results of the experiments with multiple biomass types (soybean straw, cornstalk, grain biomass, sunflower oil, glycerin and paper sludge), using different combustion technologies (fluidized bed and cigarette combustion), with emphasis on the emission of NOx in the exhaust gas. A presentation of the experimental installations is given, as well as an evaluation of the effects of the fuel composition, combustion regimes and technology on the NOx emissions. As the biomass combustion took place at temperatures low enough that thermal and prompt NOx can be neglected, the conclusion is the emissions of nitrogen oxides primarily depend on the biomass composition- it is increasing with the increase of the nitrogen content, and decreases with the increase of the char content which provides catalytic surface for NOx reduction by CO.

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43

Knop, Vincent, Adlène Benkenida, Stéphane Jay, and Olivier Colin. "Modelling of combustion and nitrogen oxide formation in hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines within a 3D CFD code." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33, no. 19 (October 2008): 5083–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.06.027.

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44

Rebrov, A. I., and E. G. Gorlov. "Combined technology for decreasing nitrogen oxide emissions upon the combustion of fuel oil." Solid Fuel Chemistry 45, no. 5 (October 2011): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0361521911050090.

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45

Shabanov, A. V., D. V. Kondrat'ev, V. A. Solomin, and V. K. Vanin. "On the issue of reducing nitrogen oxide emissions by diesel internal combustion engines." Trudy NAMI, no. 1 (2020): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.51187/0135-3152-2020-1-78-86.

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46

De Marco, A., and G. Poncia. "A model of combustion chambers, including nitrogen oxide generation, in thermal power plants." Control Engineering Practice 7, no. 4 (April 1999): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0661(99)00008-8.

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47

Wen, Wei, Jin-Ming Wu, and Yu-De Wang. "Gas-sensing property of a nitrogen-doped zinc oxide fabricated by combustion synthesis." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 184 (July 2013): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.04.052.

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48

Harada, Tatsuro, Yoshio Ogura, Rikiya Abe, and Koji Sasatsu. "Indirect Detection of Nitrogen Oxide Emission on Actual PFBC (Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion)." IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines 120, no. 12 (2000): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejsmas.120.593.

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49

Futko, S. I. "Analysis of Nitrogen-Oxide Formation Mechanisms in Filtration Combustion of Methane–Air Mixtures." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 39, no. 6 (November 2003): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:cesw.0000007674.81766.e9.

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50

Volkov, D. V., S. A. Zaitsev, and V. F. Gol’tsev. "Parametric study of nitrogen oxide formation during combustion of uniform methane—Air mixtures." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 35, no. 2 (March 1999): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02674423.

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