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Journal articles on the topic 'Combustion diagnostics; Nitrogen oxide'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Zajemska, M., H. Radomiak, and A. Poskart. "The Optimization And Diagnostics Of Combustion Process With Numerical Modelling Application." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (2015): 687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0193.

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Abstract The progressing development of industry and the associated rising environmental pollution create the need for the intensification of combustion processes and the implementation of increasingly stringent environmental protection standards. Therefore, an intensive progress in scientific and research work that is lately observed and studies with the use of numerical methods, are becoming an indispensable element of experimental research. This allows for: optimization of combustion processes, development of new designs of burners and technologies of low-emission combustion, as well as pre

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2

Daw, C. S., C. E. A. Finney, B. C. Kaul, K. D. Edwards, and R. M. Wagner. "Characterizing dilute combustion instabilities in a multi-cylinder spark-ignited engine using symbolic analysis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2034 (2015): 20140088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0088.

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Spark-ignited internal combustion engines have evolved considerably in recent years in response to increasingly stringent regulations for emissions and fuel economy. One new advanced engine strategy ustilizes high levels of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce combustion temperatures, thereby increasing thermodynamic efficiency and reducing nitrogen oxide emissions. While this strategy can be highly effective, it also poses major control and design challenges due to the large combustion oscillations that develop at sufficiently high EGR levels. Previous research has documented that combus

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3

Sepman, Alexey, Christian Fredriksson, Yngve Ögren, and Henrik Wiinikka. "Laser-Based, Optical, and Traditional Diagnostics of NO and Temperature in 400 kW Pilot-Scale Furnace." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (2021): 7048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11157048.

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A fast sensor for simultaneous high temperature (above 800 K) diagnostics of nitrogen oxide (NO) concentration and gas temperature (T) based on the spectral fitting of low-resolution NO UV absorption near 226 nm was applied in pilot-scale LKAB’s Experimental Combustion Furnace (ECF). The experiments were performed in plasma and/or fuel preheated air at temperatures up to 1550 K, which is about 200 K higher than the maximal temperature used for the validation of the developed UV NO sensor previously. The UV absorption NO and T measurements are compared with NO probe and temperature measurements

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4

Martinez-Boggio, S. D., S. S. Merola, P. Teixeira Lacava, A. Irimescu, and P. L. Curto-Risso. "Effect of Fuel and Air Dilution on Syngas Combustion in an Optical SI Engine." Energies 12, no. 8 (2019): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081566.

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To mitigate the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, energy production processes must change from fossil to renewable resources. Bioenergy utilization from agricultural residues can be a step towards achieving this goal. Syngas (fuel obtained from biomass gasification) has been proved to have the potential of replacing fossil fuels in stationary internal combustion engines (ICEs). The processes associated with switching from traditional fuels to alternatives have always led to intense research efforts in order to have a broad understanding of the behavior of the engine

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5

Kojima, Kotaro, and Jun Kojima. "On-Board Ultrasonic Water-in-Diesel Emulsion (WiDE) Fuel System for Low-Emission Diesel Engine Combustion." Ohio Journal of Science 118, no. 2 (2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ojs.v118i2.6443.

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Water-in-diesel emulsion (WiDE) fuel is a promising alternative fuel capable of reducing nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulate matter (PM) in diesel engine exhaust while simultaneously preserving combustion efficiency of the engine. However, the instability of WiDE fuel—and the high costs of production and transportation—hinder its commercialization and widespread use. An on-board ultrasonic WiDE fuel supply system is proposed as a solution to this challenge. This system allows diesel fuel and water to be continuously emulsified on-board a diesel vehicle. Diesel fuel and water, stored in indiv

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6

Mikulandric, Robert, Drazen Loncar, Dejan Cvetinovic, Gabriel Spiridon, and Daniel Schneider. "Improvement of environmental aspects of thermal power plant operation by advanced control concepts." Thermal Science 16, no. 3 (2012): 759–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120510134m.

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The necessity of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, as formulated in the Kyoto Protocol, imposes the need for improving environmental aspects of existing thermal power plants operation. Improvements can be reached either by efficiency increment or by implementation of emission reduction measures. Investments in refurbishment of existing plant components or in plant upgrading by flue gas desulphurization, by primary and secondary measures of nitrogen oxides reduction, or by biomass co-firing, are usually accompanied by modernisation of thermal power plant instrumentation and control sys

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7

Stańczyk, Krzysztof. "Nitrogen Oxide Evolution from Nitrogen-Containing Model Chars Combustion." Energy & Fuels 13, no. 1 (1999): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef9801017.

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8

Mann, B. A., S. V. O'Leary, A. G. Astill, and D. A. Greenhalgh. "Degenerate four-wave mixing in nitrogen dioxide: Application to combustion diagnostics." Applied Physics B Photophysics and Laser Chemistry 54, no. 4 (1992): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00325192.

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9

Ćwikła-Bundyra, Wiesława. "Catalityc removal of nitrogen oxide from combustion gases." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 9, no. 4 (2007): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-007-0090-z.

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Catalityc removal of nitrogen oxide from combustion gases Nitrogen oxide conversion to nitrogen over Pt/Al2 O3, Pd/Al2O3, Rh/Al2O3 catalysts was investigated. The results of the catalytic activity investigations, with the iso-x method, showed that NO reduction by methane occurs at a reasonable rate at the temperature range 200-500°C. Alumina-supported Pd, Pt and Rh catalysts have been compared for the selective reduction of NO to N2. All the catalysts showed good activity in NO reduction by methane, giving around 80 - 90% N2 production. At moderate temperatures Pt is the most active catalyst f

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10

Hjalmarsson, Anna-Karin. "Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from coal combustion." International Journal of Energy Research 14, no. 8 (1990): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.4440140804.

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11

Repić, B. S., Ž. G. Kostić, M. P. Martinović, and A. B. Gaiger. "Modeling of nitrogen oxide release in coal combustion." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 72, no. 1 (1999): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02699059.

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12

Kymäläinen, Maritta, Mikael Forssén, Pia Kilpinen, and Mikko Hupa. "Nitrogen oxide formation in black liquor single droplet combustion." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 16, no. 4 (2001): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2001-16-04-p346-354.

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13

Houser, Thomas J., Michael E. McCarville, and Gu Zhuo-Ying. "Nitric oxide formation from fuel-nitrogen model compound combustion." Fuel 67, no. 5 (1988): 642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(88)90292-x.

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14

Krupa, R. J., T. F. Culbreth, B. W. Smith, and J. D. Winefordner. "A Flashback-Resistant Burner for Combustion Diagnostics and Analytical Spectrometry." Applied Spectroscopy 40, no. 6 (1986): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864508232.

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A general utility burner for the production of laminar, homogenous diffusion flames, which is immune to flashbacks, is presented. Because the fuel and oxidant mix on the surface of the burner rather than within the spray chamber, the flames cannot flashback. A wide variety of gas mixtures has been investigated, including oxygen, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide as the oxidants. Any combination of fuel and oxidant can be safely burned to produced a stable, laminar, and audibly quiet flame. Flame temperatures can be varied over a wide range either by changing the fuel-oxidant ratio or by diluting

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15

Ji, Yanyan, Songsong Zhang, Kejian Wang, and Guoli Qi. "Study on combustion and nitrogen oxide emissions of gas boiler." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 721 (January 7, 2020): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/721/1/012054.

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16

Shimizu, Tadaaki, Youichi Sazawa, Tadafumi Adschiri, and Takehiko Furusawa. "Conversion of char-bound nitrogen to nitric oxide during combustion." Fuel 71, no. 4 (1992): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(92)90022-g.

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17

Soroka, B. S., and V. V. Horupa. "Environmental Characteristics of Modern Systems of Domestic Use of Fuel. Part 2. Pollutants Formation by Natural Gas Combustion in Atmospheric Burners: Experimental Studies." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 63, no. 5 (2020): 450–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2020-63-5-450-461.

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The Gas Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine performs comprehensive studies of the formation of toxic emissions in the flame of atmospheric burners and beyond the visible burning cones (“rich” primary flame). The experiments are based on the proven significant content of harmful substances in the combustion products of gas fuel in household appliances and on direct contact of consumers with gas emissions during the operation of the stoves. A methodology for the experimental researches of the harmful emissions formation has been proposed while the computerized firing rig ser

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18

Chumakov, V. L., and S. N. Devyanin. "Oxide Emissions Reduction from Combustion Control in a Diesel Engine." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 15, no. 1 (2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2021-15-1-48-56.

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The authors showed that the European Union norms for the toxicity of exhaust gases (Euro 1 – Euro 5) contributed to the reduction of main harmful components emissions by several times. In foreign countries, Stage and Tier regulations applied to tractor equipment, which also limited the content of toxic components at the legislative level.(Research purpose) To reduce the content of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases by more efficient regulation of the fuel charge distribution in the gas-diesel engine cylinder, changes in the concentration of diesel and gas fuel in certain zones, as well as the us

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19

Juszczak, Marek. "Correlation between air flow rate and pollutant concentrations during two-stage oak log combustion in a 25 KW residential boiler." Chemical and Process Engineering 37, no. 3 (2016): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2016-0034.

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Abstract It can be expected that there is a considerable correlation between combustion air flow rate and the concentrations of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide in the flue gas. The influence of temperature and oxygen concentration in the combustion zone on the concentrations of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide in the flue gas, for high and low combustion air flow, was analysed. Oxygen concentration for which the concentration of carbon monoxide is the lowest was determined, as well as the mutual relation between carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide concentration.

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20

Jankowski, Antoni, and Mirosław Kowalski. "Alternative fuel in the combustion process of combustion engines." Journal of KONBiN 48, no. 1 (2018): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2018-0047.

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Abstract The article analyses the impact of emulsified fuel, containing H2O2 hydrogen peroxide, on the emissions of nitrogen oxides and diesel engine smoke. The process of forming toxic components in exhaust gases of reciprocating engines during the engine operation, and the relationship that specifies the hydrogen peroxide decomposition process were presented. The research was carried out with the use of fuel containing 30%, 20% and 10% of hydrogen peroxide. The concentration courses of the nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), as well as the (CO) carbon monoxide concentration and (S)

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21

Ongar, Bulbul, Iliya K. Iliev, Vlastimir Nikolić, and Aleksandar Milašinović. "THE STUDY AND THE MECHANISM OF NITROGEN OXIDES’ FORMATION IN COMBUSTION OF FOSSIL FUELS." Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 2 (2018): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fume171114026o.

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The burning of all fossil fuels is accompanied by the production of large quantities of nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen oxide from coal combustion is formed from the molecular nitrogen in the air and the nitrogen contained in the fuel. In accordance with the mechanism of formation of nitric oxide from fuel, it is desirable to increase the concentration of coal dust in the flame. The thermal regime of combustion accelerates the release of volatiles, with flames spreading out and the coke residue contributes to the chemical reduction of NOx. In this work we consider the specific issues of the formatio

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22

Rota, Renato, Massimo Morbidelli, and Sergio Carrà. "Combustion Kinetics of Light Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Nitrogen Oxide." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 37, no. 11 (1998): 4241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie970474f.

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23

Bowman, Craig T. "Control of combustion-generated nitrogen oxide emissions: Technology driven by regulation." Symposium (International) on Combustion 24, no. 1 (1992): 859–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80104-9.

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24

Mansurov, Z. A., S. M. Fomenko, A. N. Alipbaev, R. G. Abdulkarimova, and V. E. Zarko. "Aluminothermic combustion of chromium oxide based systems under high nitrogen pressure." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 52, no. 2 (2016): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0010508216020088.

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25

Shatil, A. A., N. S. Klepikov, E. K. Veshnyakov, A. P. Konovalov, N. Yu Korgulin, and A. I. Gorokhov. "Suppressing nitrogen oxide emissions during staged combustion of high-reaction coals." Thermal Engineering 56, no. 1 (2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040601509010017.

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26

Munts, V. A., Yu G. Munts, A. P. Baskakov, and E. Yu Pavlyuk. "Nitrogen Oxide Formation During Fluidized Bed Combustion of Coals and Shales." Power Technology and Engineering 48, no. 1 (2014): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-014-0479-9.

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27

Buruiana, Daniela Laura, Adrian Sachelarie, Claudiu Butnaru, and Viorica Ghisman. "Important Contributions to Reducing Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Internal Combustion Engines." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (2021): 9075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179075.

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Nitrogen oxides are considered significant pollutants because of their effects on ecosystems and human health. The amount of NOx emitted by internal combustion engines can be reduced, mostly by acting on the conditions in which combustion takes place, respectively by lowering the peak flame temperature, reducing the excess of oxygen, etc. The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine represents a new technology that can simultaneously reduce NOx emissions and fuel consumption. This article presents these benefits of the HCCI engine by comparing the emissions and fuel consumption of

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28

Navrodska, Raisa, Nataliia Fialko, Georgii Presich, Georgii Gnedash, Sergii Alioshko, and Svitlana Shevcuk. "Reducing nitrogen oxide emissions in boilers at moistening of blowing air in heat recovery systems." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000055.

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Considered indicators of reducing harmful emissions into the environment by gas-fired water-heating and steam boilers of the municipal heat-power engineering, which are equipped with heat-recovery systems of boiler exhaust-gases. The results of studies on the relative decrease of emissions of nitrogen oxides and other harmful substances generated during fuel combustion in boilers when used for boilers complex heat-recovery plants for heating heat-network water and water for a chemical water-purification system of a boiler plant, as well as for heating and humidifying combustion air are present

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29

Stenin, Valery Alexandrovich, and Irina Valer’yevna Ershova. "Improvement of power efficiency and environmental safety of ship boilers." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2020, no. 3 (2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2020-3-40-46.

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The article focuses on the methods of reducing nitrogen oxide emissions that are important to consider and apply in operation of ship boilers and thermal power plants, along with other activities aimed to protect the environment. Nitrogen oxide emissions can be restrained by using the technological (primary, in-process) operations. Flue gas recirculation is the most popular method of restraining nitrogen oxide emissions in oil-gas boilers, reducing the temperature and nitrogen oxide concentration in flue gases. Besides affecting the environment, the combustion products recirculation greatly lo

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30

Shimizu, Tadaaki, and Makoto Inagaki. "Decomposition of nitrogen oxide (N2O) over limestone under fluidized bed combustion conditions." Energy & Fuels 7, no. 5 (1993): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00041a014.

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31

Jang, D. S., and S. Acharya. "Moment Closure Model for Nitrogen Oxide Formation in Pulverized Coal Combustion Furnaces." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 113, no. 2 (1991): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905784.

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A moment closure model has been developed to model fuel-bound NO formation in a turbulent pulverized coal flame in a furnace. The effect of turbulence on combustion is accounted for by solving transport equations of fluctuating species correlations arising due to turbulent fluctuations. Correlation between fluctuating species concentration and fluctuating temperature is neglected. The predicted results show reasonable overall agreement with experimental data.

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32

Pickens, Richie D. "Add-on control techniques for nitrogen oxide emissions during municipal waste combustion." Journal of Hazardous Materials 47, no. 1-3 (1996): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(95)00122-0.

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33

Cvetanović, Sveta. "Overview of nitrogen oxide reactions during fossil fuel combustion in the atmosphere." Safety Engineering 10, no. 2 (2020): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/se2002103c.

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This paper discusses the reactions of formation and decomposition of nitrogen oxides during fossil fuel combustion and in the atmosphere. Information about the chemical processes of pollutant formation and decomposition is the basis for the development of theoretical models of pollutant emissions. The information also provides a clearer picture about the primary factors influencing emissions. Nitrogen oxides are pollutants that damage human health, living and nonliving nature, and material property.

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34

MODAN, Ecaterina–Magdalena, and Adriana-Gabriela PLAIASU. "An overview on metal-oxide catalytic converters." University of Pitesti. Scientific Bulletin - Automotive Series 30, no. 1 (2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26825/bup.ar.2020.002.

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Diesel vehicles produce exhaust gases that include nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.A major environmental problem is the elimination of nitrogen oxides, as they are major air pollutants. Global restrictions on NOx emissions from fuel combustion have been imposed. Efforts have been made to develop catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx. In this paper is presented the types of catalytic converters used nowadays for dissipate emissions and selective catalytic reduction.

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35

Kong, Xianglu, Song Yang, Shoujun Liu, Kaixia Zhang, Tingting Jiao, and Ju Shangguan. "Study on Coupling Effect of Additives on NOx Control in Coal Pyrolysis-Combustion." E3S Web of Conferences 290 (2021): 03029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129003029.

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A large amount of nitrogen oxides produced by loose coal combustion has an important impact on the ecological environment. To solve this problem, it is proposed to prepare clean coke instead of loose coal combustion to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides from civil coal combustion. Clean coke is prepared by pyrolysis raw coal adding additives, and the gas generated by pyrolysis is collected uniformly, thus avoiding the emission problem in the process of loose burning. In addition, the clean fuel catalyzes the reduction of nitrogen oxides to produce N2 in the combustion process, thus reducin

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36

Choi, Iksoo, and Changhee Lee. "Numerical Study on Nitrogen Oxide and Black Carbon Reduction of Marine Diesel Engines Using Emulsified Marine Diesel Oil." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (2019): 6347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226347.

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In this study, the exhaust gas characteristics of marine diesel oil (MDO) and emulsion fuels, which are currently used to reduce nitrogen oxides and particulate matters emitted from ship engines, were investigated through experimental and numerical analyses. The moisture included in the emulsion fuel primarily promotes the atomization of fuel due to microexplosion, and lowers the combustion temperature due to the latent heat of evaporation from the evaporation of moisture, thus reducing nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. In the case of emulsion fuel containing a water content of 16%, the

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37

Wang, Chang’an, Pengqian Wang, Lin Zhao, Yongbo Du, and Defu Che. "Experimental Study on NOx Reduction in Oxy-fuel Combustion Using Synthetic Coals with Pyridinic or Pyrrolic Nitrogen." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (2018): 2499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122499.

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Oxy-fuel combustion technology can capture carbon dioxide (CO2) in the large-scale and greatly lower nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission in coal-fired power plants. However, the influence of inherent minerals on NOx reduction still remains unclear and the impact of oxy-fuel combustion on the transformation of different nitrogen functional groups has yet to be fully understood. The present work aims to obtain a further understanding of the NOx reduction during oxy-fuel combustion using synthetic coals with pyrrolic or pyridinic nitrogen. Compared to pyridinic nitrogen, more of the pyrrolic nitrogen

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38

VÄHÄ-SAVO, NIKLAS, NIKOLAI DEMARTINI,, and MIKKO HUPA. "Fate of biosludge nitrogen in black liquor evaporation and combustion." September 2012 11, no. 9 (2012): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.9.53.

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At many mills, biosludge, which has a high nitrogen content, is added to black liquor and burned in kraft recovery boilers. The aim of this work was to determine the fate of biosludge nitrogen in the high solids black liquor concentrators and in the recovery boiler. Specifically, does biosludge addition result in higher nitric oxide (NO) and cyanate formation during black liquor combustion? To obtain this information, samples were collected from the chemical recovery cycle of a Finnish kraft pulp mill along with relevant process data. Laboratory combustion experiments clearly showed an increas

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39

Liu, Hong, Yang Du, Guohai Yang, Guoqing Zhu, Yunji Gao, and Wei Ding. "Flame retardance of modified graphene to pure cotton fabric." Journal of Fire Sciences 36, no. 2 (2017): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904117748118.

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Phosphorus- and nitrogen-doped graphene oxides are conveniently obtained by the modification of as-prepared graphene oxide and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, and ultraviolet–visible spectra. The combustion performances of pure cotton fabric, respectively, enriched with graphene oxide, phosphorus-doped graphene oxide, and nitrogen-doped graphene oxides, are tested and evaluated. The results show that phosphorus-doped graphene oxide acts as the most promising flame retardant, which can effectively reduce the burning rate and h

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40

Stone, C. R., T. R. Carden, and I. Podmore. "Analysis of the Effect of Inlet Valve Disablement on Swirl, Combustion and Emissions in a Spark Ignition Engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 207, no. 4 (1993): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_195_02.

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A four-valve spark ignition engine combustion system has been tested with normal valve operation and with each inlet valve disabled in turn. A steady flow air rig has been used to establish the flow, barrel swirl and axial swirl characteristics. The combustion performance has been evaluated at five operating points, to determine the effect of the increased swirl with inlet valve disablement. The tests showed that the combustion was faster, with a lower level of cycle-by-cycle variation in combustion; the peak cylinder pressures also rose slightly and occurred closer to top dead centre (TDC). A

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41

Zvar-Baskovic, Urban, Rok Vihar, Samuel Rodman-Opresnik, and Tomaz Katrasnik. "Simultaneous particulate matter and nitrogen oxide emission reduction through enhanced charge homogenization in diesel engines." Thermal Science 22, no. 5 (2018): 2039–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180131259z.

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In the presented study, low temperature combustion was established with a direct injection of diesel fuel being a representative of high reactivity fuels and tire pyrolysis oil being a representative of low reactivity fuels. Tire pyrolysis oil was tested as a potential waste derived fuel for low temperature combustion, as it features diesel-like physical properties and lower cetane number compared to diesel fuel. The goal of this study was determination of suitable injection strategies and exhaust gas re-circulation rates to explore potentials of both fuels in reducing emissions in low tempera

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42

Mladenovic, Milica, Dragoljub Dakic, Stevan Nemoda, et al. "The combustion of biomass - the impact of its types and combustion technologies on the emission of nitrogen oxide." Chemical Industry 70, no. 3 (2016): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind150409033m.

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Harmonization of environmental protection and the growing energy needs of modern society promote the biomass application as a replacement for fossil fuels and a viable option to mitigate the green house gas emissions. For domestic conditions this is particularly important as more than 60% of renewables belongs to biomass. Beside numerous benefits of using biomass for energy purposes, there are certain drawbacks, one of which is a possible high emission of NOx during the combustion of these fuels. The paper presents the results of the experiments with multiple biomass types (soybean straw, corn

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43

Knop, Vincent, Adlène Benkenida, Stéphane Jay, and Olivier Colin. "Modelling of combustion and nitrogen oxide formation in hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines within a 3D CFD code." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33, no. 19 (2008): 5083–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.06.027.

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44

Rebrov, A. I., and E. G. Gorlov. "Combined technology for decreasing nitrogen oxide emissions upon the combustion of fuel oil." Solid Fuel Chemistry 45, no. 5 (2011): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0361521911050090.

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45

Shabanov, A. V., D. V. Kondrat'ev, V. A. Solomin, and V. K. Vanin. "On the issue of reducing nitrogen oxide emissions by diesel internal combustion engines." Trudy NAMI, no. 1 (2020): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.51187/0135-3152-2020-1-78-86.

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46

De Marco, A., and G. Poncia. "A model of combustion chambers, including nitrogen oxide generation, in thermal power plants." Control Engineering Practice 7, no. 4 (1999): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0661(99)00008-8.

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Wen, Wei, Jin-Ming Wu, and Yu-De Wang. "Gas-sensing property of a nitrogen-doped zinc oxide fabricated by combustion synthesis." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 184 (July 2013): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.04.052.

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Harada, Tatsuro, Yoshio Ogura, Rikiya Abe, and Koji Sasatsu. "Indirect Detection of Nitrogen Oxide Emission on Actual PFBC (Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion)." IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines 120, no. 12 (2000): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejsmas.120.593.

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Futko, S. I. "Analysis of Nitrogen-Oxide Formation Mechanisms in Filtration Combustion of Methane–Air Mixtures." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 39, no. 6 (2003): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:cesw.0000007674.81766.e9.

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Volkov, D. V., S. A. Zaitsev, and V. F. Gol’tsev. "Parametric study of nitrogen oxide formation during combustion of uniform methane—Air mixtures." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 35, no. 2 (1999): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02674423.

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