Relevant bibliographies by topics / Combustion diagnostics; Nitrogen oxide

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Combustion diagnostics; Nitrogen oxide'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Combustion diagnostics; Nitrogen oxide"

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Zajemska, M., H. Radomiak, and A. Poskart. "The Optimization And Diagnostics Of Combustion Process With Numerical Modelling Application." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0193.

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Abstract The progressing development of industry and the associated rising environmental pollution create the need for the intensification of combustion processes and the implementation of increasingly stringent environmental protection standards. Therefore, an intensive progress in scientific and research work that is lately observed and studies with the use of numerical methods, are becoming an indispensable element of experimental research. This allows for: optimization of combustion processes, development of new designs of burners and technologies of low-emission combustion, as well as prediction of ecological effects. This article presents the possibilities of numerical modelling in combustion processes in heat furnaces. The chemistry of the combustion process was modelled in CHEMKIN software, while the dynamics of flue gas flow in the combustion chamber was modelled with the use of FLUENT software. Numerical computations were performed for both, the experimental chamber and the real objects, i.e. a pusher furnace and a sheet hardening furnace. The results of obtained measurements and numerical calculations clearly show that the use of hot air affects the growth of emissions, in particular NOx. Furthermore, it has also been proved that the design and the appropriate location of the lance supplying the secondary air result in the reduction of emissions of nitrogen oxides.
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Daw, C. S., C. E. A. Finney, B. C. Kaul, K. D. Edwards, and R. M. Wagner. "Characterizing dilute combustion instabilities in a multi-cylinder spark-ignited engine using symbolic analysis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2034 (February 13, 2015): 20140088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0088.

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Spark-ignited internal combustion engines have evolved considerably in recent years in response to increasingly stringent regulations for emissions and fuel economy. One new advanced engine strategy ustilizes high levels of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce combustion temperatures, thereby increasing thermodynamic efficiency and reducing nitrogen oxide emissions. While this strategy can be highly effective, it also poses major control and design challenges due to the large combustion oscillations that develop at sufficiently high EGR levels. Previous research has documented that combustion instabilities can propagate between successive engine cycles in individual cylinders via self-generated feedback of reactive species and thermal energy in the retained residual exhaust gases. In this work, we use symbolic analysis to characterize multi-cylinder combustion oscillations in an experimental engine operating with external EGR. At low levels of EGR, intra-cylinder oscillations are clearly visible and appear to be associated with brief, intermittent coupling among cylinders. As EGR is increased further, a point is reached where all four cylinders lock almost completely in phase and alternate simultaneously between two distinct bi-stable combustion states. From a practical perspective, it is important to understand the causes of this phenomenon and develop diagnostics that might be applied to ameliorate its effects. We demonstrate here that two approaches for symbolizing the engine combustion measurements can provide useful probes for characterizing these instabilities.
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Sepman, Alexey, Christian Fredriksson, Yngve Ögren, and Henrik Wiinikka. "Laser-Based, Optical, and Traditional Diagnostics of NO and Temperature in 400 kW Pilot-Scale Furnace." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 7048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11157048.

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A fast sensor for simultaneous high temperature (above 800 K) diagnostics of nitrogen oxide (NO) concentration and gas temperature (T) based on the spectral fitting of low-resolution NO UV absorption near 226 nm was applied in pilot-scale LKAB’s Experimental Combustion Furnace (ECF). The experiments were performed in plasma and/or fuel preheated air at temperatures up to 1550 K, which is about 200 K higher than the maximal temperature used for the validation of the developed UV NO sensor previously. The UV absorption NO and T measurements are compared with NO probe and temperature measurements via suction pyrometry and tuneable diode laser absorption (TDL) using H2O transitions at 1398 nm, respectively. The agreement between the NO UV and NO probe measurements was better than 15%. There is also a good agreement between the temperatures obtained using laser-based, optical, and suction pyrometer measurements. Comparison of the TDL H2O measurements with the calculated H2O concentrations demonstrated an excellent agreement and confirms the accuracy of TDL H2O measurements (better than 10%). The ability of the optical and laser techniques to resolve various variations in the process parameters is demonstrated.
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Martinez-Boggio, S. D., S. S. Merola, P. Teixeira Lacava, A. Irimescu, and P. L. Curto-Risso. "Effect of Fuel and Air Dilution on Syngas Combustion in an Optical SI Engine." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081566.

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To mitigate the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, energy production processes must change from fossil to renewable resources. Bioenergy utilization from agricultural residues can be a step towards achieving this goal. Syngas (fuel obtained from biomass gasification) has been proved to have the potential of replacing fossil fuels in stationary internal combustion engines (ICEs). The processes associated with switching from traditional fuels to alternatives have always led to intense research efforts in order to have a broad understanding of the behavior of the engine in all operating conditions. In particular, attention needs to be focused on fuels containing relatively high concentrations of hydrogen, due to its faster propagation speed with respect to traditional fossil energy sources. Therefore, a combustion study was performed in a research optical SI engine, for a comparison between a well-established fuel such as methane (the main component of natural gas) and syngas. The main goal of this work is to study the effect of inert gases in the fuel mixture and that of air dilution during lean fuelling. Thus, two pure syngas blends (mixtures of CO and H2) and their respective diluted mixtures (CO and H2 with 50vol% of inert gases, CO2 and N2) were tested in several air-fuel ratios (stoichiometric to lean burn conditions). Initially, the combustion process was studied in detail by traditional thermodynamic analysis and then optical diagnostics were applied thanks to the optical access through the piston crown. Specifically, images were taken in the UV-visible spectrum of the entire cycle to follow the propagation of the flame front. The results show that hydrogen promotes flame propagation and reduces its distortion, as well as resulting in flames evolving closer to the spark plug. All syngas blends show a stable combustion process, even in conditions of high air and fuel dilution. In the leanest case, real syngas mixtures present a decrease in terms of performance due to significant reduction in volumetric efficiency. However, this condition strongly decreases pollutant emissions, with nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentrations almost negligible.
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Kojima, Kotaro, and Jun Kojima. "On-Board Ultrasonic Water-in-Diesel Emulsion (WiDE) Fuel System for Low-Emission Diesel Engine Combustion." Ohio Journal of Science 118, no. 2 (November 26, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ojs.v118i2.6443.

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Water-in-diesel emulsion (WiDE) fuel is a promising alternative fuel capable of reducing nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulate matter (PM) in diesel engine exhaust while simultaneously preserving combustion efficiency of the engine. However, the instability of WiDE fuel—and the high costs of production and transportation—hinder its commercialization and widespread use. An on-board ultrasonic WiDE fuel supply system is proposed as a solution to this challenge. This system allows diesel fuel and water to be continuously emulsified on-board a diesel vehicle. Diesel fuel and water, stored in individual reservoirs, are conveyed in specific ratios to an in-line mixing chamber and are rapidly homogenized by ultrasonic cavitation before entering the fuel injectors. The produced emulsion fuel is then supplied to the engine. A proof-of-concept study was conducted to compare exhaust emissions between emulsion fuels and conventional fuels. Open-flame combustion experiments were conducted using a lab-scale burner to test the system with both diesel and biodiesel fuels. Unique optical diagnostics and image-processing techniques were used to estimate PM emission levels. Results showed a reduction of PM with the use of the on-board WiDE system compared to traditional diesel fuels. PM emissions from biodiesel fuel were reduced by 58% when water-in-biodiesel emulsion was combusted with 2% water. Additionally, a PM emission reduction of 35% was achieved through emulsification of diesel fuel with 2% water. This prototype demonstrates the potential for the on-board WiDE fuel supply concept to both overcome the traditional barriers hindering the commercialization of WiDE fuel and preserve its low-emission and superior combustion efficiency characteristics.
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Mikulandric, Robert, Drazen Loncar, Dejan Cvetinovic, Gabriel Spiridon, and Daniel Schneider. "Improvement of environmental aspects of thermal power plant operation by advanced control concepts." Thermal Science 16, no. 3 (2012): 759–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120510134m.

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The necessity of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, as formulated in the Kyoto Protocol, imposes the need for improving environmental aspects of existing thermal power plants operation. Improvements can be reached either by efficiency increment or by implementation of emission reduction measures. Investments in refurbishment of existing plant components or in plant upgrading by flue gas desulphurization, by primary and secondary measures of nitrogen oxides reduction, or by biomass co-firing, are usually accompanied by modernisation of thermal power plant instrumentation and control system including sensors, equipment diagnostics and advanced controls. Impact of advanced control solutions implementation depends on technical characteristics and status of existing instrumentation and control systems as well as on design characteristics and actual conditions of installed plant components. Evaluation of adequacy of implementation of advanced control concepts is especially important in Western Balkan region where thermal power plants portfolio is rather diversified in terms of size, type and commissioning year and where generally poor maintenance and lack of investments in power generation sector resulted in high greenhouse gases emissions and low efficiency of plants in operation. This paper is intended to present possibilities of implementation of advanced control concepts, and particularly those based on artificial intelligence, in selected thermal power plants in order to increase plant efficiency and to lower pollutants emissions and to comply with environmental quality standards prescribed in large combustion plant directive.
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Stańczyk, Krzysztof. "Nitrogen Oxide Evolution from Nitrogen-Containing Model Chars Combustion." Energy & Fuels 13, no. 1 (January 1999): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef9801017.

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Mann, B. A., S. V. O'Leary, A. G. Astill, and D. A. Greenhalgh. "Degenerate four-wave mixing in nitrogen dioxide: Application to combustion diagnostics." Applied Physics B Photophysics and Laser Chemistry 54, no. 4 (April 1992): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00325192.

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Ćwikła-Bundyra, Wiesława. "Catalityc removal of nitrogen oxide from combustion gases." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-007-0090-z.

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Catalityc removal of nitrogen oxide from combustion gases Nitrogen oxide conversion to nitrogen over Pt/Al2 O3, Pd/Al2O3, Rh/Al2O3 catalysts was investigated. The results of the catalytic activity investigations, with the iso-x method, showed that NO reduction by methane occurs at a reasonable rate at the temperature range 200-500°C. Alumina-supported Pd, Pt and Rh catalysts have been compared for the selective reduction of NO to N2. All the catalysts showed good activity in NO reduction by methane, giving around 80 - 90% N2 production. At moderate temperatures Pt is the most active catalyst for the removal of NO.
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Hjalmarsson, Anna-Karin. "Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from coal combustion." International Journal of Energy Research 14, no. 8 (1990): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.4440140804.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Combustion diagnostics; Nitrogen oxide"

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Walker, D. J. W. "Spectroscopic studies of four wave mixing and its application to velocimetry and combustion species detection." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389041.

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Williams, R. B. "Degenerate four wave mixing for combustion diagnostics of nitric oxide." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308746.

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Ogden, Gregory E. "Pulverized coal combustion: Flame attachment and nitrogen oxide emissions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289822.

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To fully utilize coal as a long-term energy source, pollution prevention technologies must be developed to mitigate the negative environmental and health impacts of coal combustion. NOₓ emissions are of particular concern due to their role in forming ground-level ozone, photochemical smog, fine particulates and acid rain. A systematic evaluation of near-flame aerodynamics was conducted to determine how burner operating parameters and oxygen partial pressure influence flame attachment and coal ignition, two properties essential for proper low NOₓ burner operation. A laboratory scale (17kW) 2m tall, 0.5m diameter electrically heated furnace and axial burner with adjustable secondary combustion air annuli and primary fuel jets were used in the study. Transport air oxygen partial pressure (PO₂), coal particle size distribution, primary and secondary jet velocity, and wall temperature were varied independently to determine the effect of each variable on flame attachment and NOₓ. NOₓ emissions from the furnace were similar to those from full-scale tangentially-fired boilers. The tendency for flame attachment increased with velocity ratio (Θ), wall temperature, PO₂, and coal fines. Θ's greater than 1 were required for stable combustion. Increasing Θ reduced flame standoff distances and NOₓ for always-detached flames. NOₓ increased with Θ for always-attached flames. Increasing PO₂ reduced NOₓ by up to 50% by promoting flame attachment. However both oxygen enrichment and increasing fines had little impact on NOₓ for always-attached and always-detached flames. Wall temperature and excess air in leakage were the dominant variables affecting NOₓ. Furnace exhaust oxygen levels increased when operating under a slight vacuum with corresponding increases in NOₓ. Emissions for detached flames increased with wall temperature 3 times faster than attached flames. Emissions data obtained from the furnace under slight positive furnace pressure increased linearly with wall temperature. A novel dual flame was produced at high Θ and reduced PO₂ consisting of one flame attached to the burner and one stabilized 18" below the burner. This configuration is similar to staged combustion but without separate over-fire air. Emissions from the dual flame were significantly below those observed from conventional Type-O attached and detached flames.
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Jewmaidang, Jirasak. "Homogeneous sulfur tri-oxide formation in gas reburning for nitrogen oxides control." Ohio : Ohio University, 1999. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175801641.

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Rendon, Arturo Keer. "Fundamentals of low NOx burners." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387763.

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Paciotti, Robert Neil. "AN EVALUATION OF NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSION FROM A LIGHT-DUTY HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLE TO MEET U.S.E.P.A. REQUIREMENTS USING A DIESEL ENGINE." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1185480463.

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Wirth, Douglas A. "An experimental investigation of the effect of temporal equivalence ratio fluctuations on NOx emissions in premixed flames." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37948.

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Jans, Elijah R. "Laser Diagnostics for Kinetic Studies of Nonequilibrium Molecular Plasmas and High-Speed Flows." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1618850427972453.

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Hunderup, James W. "An experimental investigation of the conversion of NO to NO2 in a simulated gas turbine environment." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06162009-063102/.

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Molet, Julien. "Formation des oxydes d'azote dans les flammes haute pression : étude expérimentale par fluorescence induite par laser : application aux flammes méthane/air et méthane/hydrogène/air." Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2066/document.

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Le monoxyde d’azote (NO) est un polluant atmosphérique responsable d’effets nuisibles sur l’environnement et la santé. Afin de mieux contrôler ces émissions, il est indispensable de comprendre et de maîtriser leur formation,en particulier lors de la combustion à haute pression, domaine d’application industrielle (cas des turbines à gaz,des moteurs…). On distingue quatre voies principales de formation de NO : la voie thermique, la voie du NO précoce, la voie NNH et la voie N2O. L’objectif de cette thèse à caractère expérimentale est de compléter la base de données expérimentale déjà existante nécessaire à la compréhension et à l’identification de la contribution de chaque voie à la formation du NO à haute pression.Dans cette thèse, un dispositif de brûleurs à contre-courants a été utilisé pour étudier la structure de flammes laminaires, prémélangées à haute pression. Les profils de concentration de NO dans les flammes CH4/O2/N2 à différentes richesses (Фc =0,7-1,2) et différentes pressions (P=0,1-0,7 MPa) ont été mesurés par Fluorescence Induite par Laser. L’effet de l’ajout d’hydrogène (80%CH4/20%H2 : Application Hythane®) sur la formation de NO a également été étudié dans les flammes pauvres CH4/O2/N2. Le mécanisme cinétique GDF-Kin®3.0_NCN a été comparé aux mesures de NO disponibles dans la littérature ainsi qu’aux simulations des mécanismes cinétiques du Gaz Research Institute (version 2.11 et 3.0). Ces trois mécanismes ont été ensuite comparés aux mesures expérimentales réalisées dans ces travaux de thèse
The nitric oxide (NO) is a pollutant responsible of detrimental effects on the environment and health. To better control these emissions, it’s crucial to understand and to control their formation, in particular during the combustion process at high pressure, area of industrial applications (gas turbines, engines…).There are four major routes of the NO formation: the thermal route, the prompt-NO route, the NNH route and theN2O route. The aim of this experimental thesis is to complete the existing experimental database which isnecessary to the understanding and the identification of the contribution from each route to the NO formation at high pressure.In this thesis, a facility of two twin counter-flow burners was used to study the structure of the laminar, premixed flames at high pressure. Experimental NO concentration profiles have been measured in CH4/O2/N2 flames for arange of equivalence ratio (from 0.7 to 1.2) and pressures (from 0.1 to 0.7 MPa) by Laser Induced Fluorescence.The effect of adding hydrogen (80%CH4/20%H2: Hythane® application) on the NO formation has been also studied in lean CH4/O2/N2 flames. The GDF-Kin®3.0_NCN kinetic mechanism has been compared to experimental data from the literature and also compared to the simulations from the Gas Research Institute mechanisms (version 2.11 and 3.0). These three mechanisms have been finally compared to the experimental data from this thesis
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Books on the topic "Combustion diagnostics; Nitrogen oxide"

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Beggs, Thomas W. Nitrogen oxide control for stationary combustion sources. Cincinnati, OH: Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986.

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Pels, Jan Remmert. Nitrous oxide in coal combustion. Delft: Eburon, 1995.

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Kjäldman, Lars. Numerical simulation of combustion and nitrogen pollutants in furnances. Espoo: Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1993.

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Wendt, J. O. L. Effect of fuel sulfur on nitrogen oxide formation in combustion processes. Research Triangle Park, NC: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1988.

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Taniguchi, Masayuki. Oxy-fuel combustion: The NOx and coal ignition reactions. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Beggs, Thomas. Nitrogen oxide control for stationary combustion sources. 1986.

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U.S. Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program. and United States. Dept. of Energy., eds. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology for the control of nitrogen oxide emissions from coal-fired boilers. [Washington, DC]: Clean Coal Technology, 2005.

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United States. Dept. of Energy and Southern Company Services, eds. Control of nitrogen oxide emissions: Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) : a report on a project conducted jointly under a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and Southern Company Services, Inc. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1997.

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United States. Office of Clean Coal Technology, ed. Comprehensive report to Congress, clean coal technology program: 180 MWe demonstration of advanced tangentially-fired combustion techniques for the reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from coal-fired boilers : a project proposed by Southern Company Services, Inc. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, Office of Clean Coal Technology, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Combustion diagnostics; Nitrogen oxide"

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Bowman, C. T. "Gas-Phase Reaction Mechanisms for Nitrogen Oxide Formation and Removal in Combustion." In Pollutants from Combustion, 123–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4249-6_7.

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Ozaki, T., and T. Ohsawa. "Using Two-photon Absorption to measure the Temperature and Concentration of Nitric Oxide in Propane/Oxygen Flames." In Laser Diagnostics and Modeling of Combustion, 141–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45635-0_18.

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Liu, R. W., Q. L. Zhou, S. E. Hui, and T. M. Xu. "Experimental Study of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions in a Circulating Fluidized Bed." In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, 1011–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02682-9_157.

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Wang, Aihua, Jiuju Cai, and Guowei Xie. "Numerical Study of Flame Properties and Nitrogen Oxide Formation in High Temperature Air Combustion." In Challenges of Power Engineering and Environment, 1376–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76694-0_259.

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Jędrusik, Maria, Dariusz Łuszkiewicz, and Arkadiusz Świerczok. "Methods to Reduce Mercury and Nitrogen Oxides Emissions from Coal Combustion Processes." In Environmental Emissions. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92342.

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The chapter presents the issue of reducing mercury and nitrogen oxides emissions from the flue gas of coal-fired boilers. The issue is particularly relevant due to the stricter regulations regarding exhaust gas purity. A brief review of the methods for reducing Hg and NOx emissions has been made, pointing out their pros and cons. Against this background, the results of the authors’ own research on the injection of selected oxidants into flue gases to remove both of these pollutants are presented. The injection of sodium chlorite solution into the flue gas (400 MWe lignite fired unit) upstream the wet flue gas desulphurization (WFGD) absorber contributed to the oxidation of both metallic mercury and nitric oxide and enhanced their removal efficiency. The results of tests on lignite and hard coal flue gases indicate that in order to reduce the unfavorable phenomenon of mercury re-emission from WFGD absorbers, in some cases, it is necessary to add selected chemical compounds (e.g., sulfides) to the desulfurization system. The results of field tests for flue gas from lignite (400 MWe unit) and hard coal-fired boilers (195 and 220 MWe units) confirmed the usefulness of oxidizer injection technology to reduce mercury emissions below the level required by BAT conclusions.
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Calvert, Jack G., John J. Orlando, William R. Stockwell, and Timothy J. Wallington. "The Oxides of Nitrogen: Their Relation to Tropospheric Ozone." In The Mechanisms of Reactions Influencing Atmospheric Ozone. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190233020.003.0006.

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Reactive (or “odd”) nitrogen is emitted into the atmosphere in a variety of forms, with the most important being NOx (NO and NO2), ammonia (NH3), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Emissions of these species into the atmosphere have been summarized, for example, by the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (the AR4; IPCC, 2007). Some discussion of NOx emissions and trends has also been presented in Chapter I. Emissions of NOx are mainly the result of anthropogenic activity associated with fossil fuel combustion and industrial activity. For the 1990s, the AR4 estimates total anthropogenic NOx emissions of 33.4 TgN yr−1, with natural emissions (mostly from soil and lightning) accounting for an additional 8.4–13.7 TgN yr−1. Ammonia emissions are comparable in magnitude to those for NOx, with anthropogenic emissions (45.5 TgN yr−1) again exceeding natural emissions (10.6 TgN yr−1). Although the majority of the ammonia produces aerosols or is scavenged by aerosol and is subsequently lost from the atmosphere, some gas phase oxidation does occur, which can in part lead to NOx production. The N2O source strength is about 17.7 TgN yr−1, with natural sources outweighing anthropogenic ones (IPCC, 2007). However, N2O is essentially inert in the troposphere, and thus the vast majority of its photooxidation and concomitant NOx release occurs in the stratosphere. The major NOx − related reactions occurring in the Earth’s troposphere are summarized in Figure III-A-1. As just alluded to, the species NO and NO2 are jointly referred to as NOx and are often treated collectively. This is because, under daytime conditions, these two species are rapidly interconverted, with the interconversion occurring on a much shorter timescale than the loss of either species.
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Atkins, Peter. "Irritating Atmospheres: Atmospheric Photochemistry." In Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0030.

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The problem of photochemically generated smog begins inside internal combustion engines, where at the high temperatures within the combustion cylinders and the hot exhaust manifold nitrogen molecules and oxygen molecule combine to form nitric oxide, NO. Almost as soon as it is formed, and when the exhaust gases mingle with the atmosphere, some NO is oxidized to the pungent and chemically pugnacious brown gas nitrogen dioxide, NO2, 1. We need to watch what happens when one of these NO2 molecules is exposed to the energetic ultraviolet photons in sunlight. We see a photon strike the molecule and cause a convulsive tremor of its electron cloud. In the brief instant that the electron cloud has swarmed away from one of the bonding regions, an O atom makes its escape, leaving behind an NO molecule. We now continue to watch the liberated O atom. We see it collide with an oxygen molecule, O2, and stick to it to form ozone, O3, 2. This ozone is formed near ground level and is an irritant; ozone at stratospheric levels is a benign ultraviolet shield. Now keep your eye on the ozone molecule. In one instance we see it collide with an NO molecule, which plucks off one of ozone’s O atoms, forming NO2 and letting O3 revert to O2. Another fate awaiting NO2 is for it to react with oxygen and any unburned hydrocarbon fuel and its fragments that have escaped into the atmosphere. We can watch that happening too where the air includes surviving fragments of hydrocarbon fuel molecules. A lot of little steps are involved, and they occur at a wide range of rates. Let’s suppose that some unburned fuel escapes as ethane molecules, CH3CH3, 3. Although ethane is not present in gasoline, a CH3CH2· radical (Reaction 12) would have been formed in its combustion and then combined with an H atom in the tumult of reactions going on there. You already know that vicious little O atoms are lurking in the sunlit NO2-ridden air. We catch sight of one of their venomous acts: in a collision with an H2O molecule they extract an H atom, so forming two ·OH radicals.
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Mosier, Arvin R., and William J. Parton. "Soil–Atmosphere Exchange of Trace Gases in the Colorado Shortgrass Steppe." In Ecology of the Shortgrass Steppe. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135824.003.0018.

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During the past half century, atmospheric concentrations of important greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) have been increasing at unprecedented rates ( I PCC, 1996, 2007). Trace gases such as methane (CH4), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are exchanged regularly between the soil and atmosphere, playing important roles in the greenhouse effect, in atmospheric chemistry, and in the redistribution of ecosystem nitrogen (N). Soils can be important sources of greenhouse gases, commonly contributing up to two thirds of atmospheric N2O and more than one third of atmospheric CH4 (Monson and Holland, 2001; Smith et al., 2003). Recent extensive changes in land management and in cultivation, which can stimulate N2O production and/or decrease CH4 uptake, could be contributing to the observed increases of both CH4 and N2O in the atmosphere (IPCC, 2007). Although the absolute amount of trace gases (such as CH4, NO, and N2O) released into the atmosphere from soils may be small, these gases are extremely effective at absorbing infrared radiation (Smith et al., 2003). Methane, for example, is 20 to 30 times more effcient than CO2 as a greenhouse gas (LeMer and Roger, 2001). As a result, even small changes in the production or consumption of these gases by soils could dramatically influence climate change. Of the gases exchanged between the soil and atmosphere, the major reactive ones are oxides of N (NO and NO2, collectively referred to as NOx). Combustion is a major source of NOx, but native and N-fertilized soils also contribute signi3 - cant amounts of NOx to the atmosphere (Williams et al., 1992). Nitric and nitrous oxide play a complex role in atmospheric chemistry. At low concentrations, it catalyzes the breakdown of ozone. At higher concentrations it can interact with carbon monoxide (CO), hydroxyl radicals (OH.), and hydrocarbons to produce ozone. Atmospheric NOx is converted within days to nitric acid, which is an important component (30% to 50%) of acidity in precipitation (Williams et al., 1992).
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Conference papers on the topic "Combustion diagnostics; Nitrogen oxide"

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Wade, W. R. "Near Zero Emission Internal Combustion Engines." In ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine and Rail Transportation Divisions Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2003-0775.

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Near zero emission levels from an internal combustion engine were achieved to meet California’s Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (PZEV) requirement beginning with the 2003 model year. Using a systems approach, the tailpipe emission requirements for the PZEV standard were cascaded to the base engine design, control system and catalyst system to achieve the engine-out emissions and catalyst efficiency requirements. Major emphasis was on low emission cold starting and rapid catalyst light-off. Overall catalyst efficiencies of over 99.9% for hydrocarbon emissions, 98.8% for carbon monoxide emissions and 99.5% for oxides of nitrogen emissions were achieved over 150K miles. In addition to achieving near zero levels for tailpipe emissions, on-board diagnostics were developed to detect malfunctions in the near zero emission control systems. Likewise, a near zero evaporative emission system was developed. Future PZEV developments are described as more vehicles will be required to meet the PZEV requirements in the future.
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Durocher, Antoine, Jiayi Wang, Gilles Bourque, and Jeffrey M. Bergthorson. "Impact of Boundary Condition and Kinetic Parameter Uncertainties on NOx Predictions in Methane-Air Stagnation Flame Experiments." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59404.

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Abstract A comprehensive understanding of uncertainty sources in experimental measurements is required to develop robust thermochemical models for use in industrial applications. Due to the complexity of the combustion process in gas turbine engines, simpler flames are generally used to study fundamental combustion properties and measure concentrations of important species to validate and improve modelling. Stable, laminar flames have increasingly been used to study nitrogen oxide (NOx) formation in lean-to-rich compositions in low-to-high pressures to assess model predictions and improve accuracy to help develop future low-emissions systems. They allow for non-intrusive diagnostics to measure sub-ppm concentrations of pollutant molecules, as well as important precursors, and provide well-defined boundary conditions to directly compare experiments with simulations. The uncertainties of experimentally-measured boundary conditions and the inherent kinetic uncertainties in the nitrogen chemistry are propagated through one-dimensional stagnation flame simulations to quantify the relative importance of the two sources and estimate their impact on predictions. Measurements in lean, stoichiometric, and rich methane-air flames are used to investigate the production pathways active in those conditions. Various spectral expansions are used to develop surrogate models with different levels of accuracy to perform the uncertainty analysis for 15 important reactions in the nitrogen chemistry and the 6 boundary conditions (ϕ, Tin, uin, du/dzin, Tsurf, P) simultaneously. After estimating the individual parametric contributions, the uncertainty of the boundary conditions are shown to have a relatively small impact on the prediction of NOx compared to kinetic uncertainties in these laboratory experiments. These results show that properly calibrated laminar flame experiments can, not only provide validation targets for modelling, but also accurate indirect measurements that can later be used to infer individual kinetic rates to improve thermochemical models.
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Tan, Oui Hong, Steven John Wilcox, and John Ward. "The Development of a Monitoring and Control System for Pulverised Coal Flames Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85018.

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This paper discusses the application of low cost sensors for monitoring pulverised coal flames. A series of burner diagnostics tests using Infra-red (IR), Microphone and Acoustic Emission (AE) sensors were conducted on a 150 kW pulverised fuel (pf) burner rig based at Casella CRE Ltd. in the United Kingdom. These experiments systematically varied the burner swirl number and the secondary airflow rate over a significant range for two different coals so that both satisfactory and ‘poor’ combustion conditions were obtained. The infra-red radiation from the flame, the combustion noise and the acoustic emission generated in the burner body were measured, as were the fuel and airflow rates and pollutant emissions. The signals from the sensors were analysed by using signal processing techniques to reveal a number of features. These in turn were compared with the three major combustion gases such as Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Oxygen (O2) followed by correlation coefficient analysis (CCA). It is envisaged that these sensors can be used for predicting gaseous emissions and will be particularly attractive for multiple burner installations where the pollutant emissions are often discharged through a common manifold, so that the individual burner performance is often not known and cannot be optimised.
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Gao, Tongyang, Shui Yu, Kelvin Xie, Marko Jeftic, Meiping Wang, and Ming Zheng. "The Estimation of Nitrogen Oxides Reduction Potential Through Enhanced Heat Release Analysis." In ASME 2016 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2016-9440.

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An enhanced heat release analysis method is proposed to investigate the NOx emission reduction potential in diesel low temperature combustion and the combustion of premixed ethanol ignited by diesel injections. The heat release analysis from the in-cylinder pressure is a commonly applied diagnostic tool to gain insights in various aspects of combustion, such as start of combustion, ignition delay, combustion phasing, and combustion duration. However, these parameters are more qualitative than quantitative when they are correlated to engine efficiency and emissions. The results are often inconsistent at different engine operating conditions, such as different intake pressure levels, EGR rates and engine loads. In this work, the authors proposed a new parameter named as peak of combustion acceleration, which is the maximum of the first derivative of the heat release rate over an engine cycle. It was observed that the peak of combustion acceleration had a close correlation with the emissions of smoke and NOx at different engine loads and in the combustion of both diesel LTC and premixed ethanol ignited by diesel injections. With the test engine platform, the NOx emission reduced to lower than 50 ppm when the peak of combustion acceleration was less than 25 for diesel LTC and 35 for premixed ethanol ignited by diesel injections. The detailed cylinder pressure sampling and treatment processes were described in this paper. The impact of cycle to cycle variation in the cylinder pressure on the calculation of the peak of combustion acceleration was discussed. The peak of combustion acceleration and the corresponding engine crank angle from each individual engine cycle were calculated and the statistic performance of these parameters was evaluated. The comparison indicated an acceptable consistency between the results from individual engine cycle and from the averaged engine cycles. The proposed peak of combustion acceleration can be potentially integrated in the engine control as an indication of the NOx reduction potential.
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De Giorgi, M. G., E. Pescini, S. Campilongo, G. Ciccarella, D. Fontanarosa, and A. Ficarella. "Effects of Emulsified Fuel on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Aeroengine Combustors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-92039.

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Abstract The aim of the present work is the experimental investigation of the effects of the addition of water and urea into jet fuels, on the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions and eventually improvement of the lean flame stability in aeroengine combustors. Experiments have been carried out using a 300-kW liquid-fueled swirling combustor. Various urea and/or water concentrations have been tested at the same fuel/air ratio. In order to study the flame behavior, non-invasive optical diagnostic techniques, as charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras in different spectral ranges (Visible and UV ranges, with different optical filters), have been adopted to analyze the shape and the brightness of the flame structure. Measurements of exhaust emissions (NOx, SO2, CO, CO2 and O2) have also been performed in order to evaluate the impact of emulsification on the entire combustion process. Finally, the thermal efficiency losses with respect to the neat jet test case were also analyzed for each emulsified fuel condition.
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Jianxin Zhou, Yinxin Ji, Zongliang Qiao, Fengqi Si, and Zhigao Xu. "Nitrogen oxide emission modeling for boiler combustion using accurate online support vector regression." In 2013 10th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2013.6816339.

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Giang, Cam, Ahmet Selamet, and James Ervin. "Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Formation from Isooctane-Air Combustion in a Perfectly Stirred Reactor." In 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2002-3711.

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Varacalle, D. J., G. Irons, R. J. Lalumiere, W. D. Swank, and J. Lagerquist. "Modeling and Diagnostics of the Praxair HVAF Combustion Spray Process." In ITSC 1998, edited by Christian Coddet. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1998p0347.

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Abstract The high-velocity air-fuel process (HVAF) is an emerging technology used in the thermal spray industry. The Praxair HVAF process combines air and a liquid fuel (e.g., kerosene, diesel) to generate an energy source with extremely high gas velocities. Analytical studies were conducted to investigate gas and particle dynamics in the Praxair HVAF process for coating with WC-l2Co and stainless steel powders. The mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations were first solved, using the TORCH computer program. Typical output from the model includes temperature and velocity profiles as a function of radial and axial position. The PROCESS gas/particle computer program was then used to calculate from these temperature and velocity profiles the dynamics of particles injected into the gas plume. The primary result of the gas/particle code is a description of the injected particle temperature and velocity as a function of position in the plume. A thorough understanding of the process was obtained using this modeling technique. The results of the modeling were confirmed with process diagnostics. Particle temperature measurements for the WC-Co powder system were obtained with a two-color pyrometer; particle velocity measurements were obtained using particle imaging velocimetry. The coatings produced in the study exhibit superior quality, with high-density, high-hardness, low-oxide content, and high-bond strength.
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Hermann, Fredrik, Thomas Zeuch, and Jens Klingmann. "The Effect of Diluents on the Formation Rate of Nitrogen Oxide in a Premixed Laminar Flame." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53841.

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New high-efficiency power cycles and environmentally friendly cycles have introduced combustion atmospheres that differ from the traditional hydrocarbon-air mixtures. Wet cycles, solid oxide fuel cell with a gas turbine (SOFC-GT), CO2 separation/capture and biogas combustion are processes that involve high concentrations of inert gases such as H2O, CO2 and N2. These new combustion atmospheres have not been well characterized for premixed flames, hence greater interest is attached how NOx formation is affected. At combustion temperatures above 1800 K, NOx emission is dominated by thermal NOx. The thermal NOx mechanism consists of three elementary reactions. The process is known to be exponential in combustion temperature, but it is also comparably slow and thus dependent on the residence time and the temperature in the post-flame zone. To model the flame, code for a one-dimensional flame with detailed chemistry was used. The flame code solves the combustion evolvement for a one-dimensional, premixed laminar flame. Detailed chemistry was used to model the chemical kinetics. NOx production was described by a NOx mechanism, including thermal, prompt and N2O intermediate. Altogether, the mechanisms consisted of 116 species and 713 reactions. The cases investigated were all premixed flames, diluted with either H2O, CO2, N2 or Ar. The cases used a constant combustion temperature of 2000 K and different pressure levels. All cases were investigated at constant inlet air-fuel temperature and varying equivalence ratio. The rate of formation of NO was investigated for both natural gas and hydrogen flames. The rate of formation of NO is reduced by the addition of any diluents at constant combustion temperature if the O-atom concentration is reduced in the high temperature post-flame zone. The computations show equilibrium between O and O2, and the reduced rates of formation of NO (at constant temperature) are thus simply the result of reduction in the product [O2]0.5[N2] in the post-flame zone.
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Rymsha, Steven M. "Inline Biodiesel Blending." In ASME 2007 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2007-1737.

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This paper will cover a method for inline blending biodiesel and the initial testing of fuel blends for a Wartsila TM620, inline six cylinder, 4-stroke, 400 rpm, diesel engine generator set rated at 7.8MW. To facilitate this initial testing 6,000 gallons of Recycled Frying Oil Methyl Ester (RFO-ME) was delivered by ISO tank container from Oahu. The testing objective was to design a system that would facilitate emissions data collection for numerous blends, gain experience using the fuel, and to determine if nitrogen oxide emission levels would exceed our air permit. Engine performed well on all fuel blends, with a greater than expected increase in nitrogen oxide emissions, but within the limits of the air permit. Neat biodiesel (B100) resulted in an increased thermal efficiency when compared to #2 diesel. Inline blending is a safe effective method to control fuel blends.
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Reports on the topic "Combustion diagnostics; Nitrogen oxide"

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Sorge, J. N., and S. M. Wilson. 500 MW demonstration of advanced wall-fired combustion techniques for the reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions from coal-fired boilers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10192340.

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Sorge, J. N., B. Menzies, S. M. Smouse, and J. W. Stallings. 500 MW demonstration of advanced wall-fired combustion techniques for the reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions from coal-fired boilers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/106649.

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Author, Not Given. 180 MW demonstration of advanced tangentially-fired combustion techniques for the reduction of nitrogen oxide (NO sub x ) emissions from coal-fired boilers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5969340.

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Landham, E. C. Jr, and M. G. Faulkner. ESP performance analysis during the 180 MW demonstration of advanced tangentially-fired combustion techniques for the reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions from coal fired boilers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10143660.

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Tavoulareas, E. S., R. Hardman, D. Eskinazi, and L. Smith. 180 MW demonstration of advanced tangentially-fired combustion techniques for the reduction of nitrogen oxide (NO{sub x}) emissions from coal-fired boilers. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10147443.

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Smith, L. L., and M. P. Hooper. Innovative Clean Coal Technology (ICCT): 500 MW demonstration of advanced wall-fired combustion techniques for the reduction of nitrogen oxide (NO[sub x]) emissions from coal-fired boilers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7133478.

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Author, Not Given. Innovative Clean Coal Technology (ICCT): 180 MW demonstration of advanced tangentially-fired combustion techniques for the reduction of nitrogen oxide (NO sub x ) emissions from coal-fired boilers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7274909.

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Smith, L. L., and M. P. Hooper. Innovative Clean Coal Technology (ICCT): 500 MW demonstration of advanced wall-fired combustion techniques for the reduction of nitrogen oxide (NO{sub x}) emissions from coal-fired boilers. Phase 2, Overfire air tests. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10191770.

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500 MW Demonstration of Advanced Wall-Fired Combustion Techniques for the Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions from Coal-Fired Boilers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2220.

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500 MW demonstration of advanced wall-fired combustion techniques for the reduction of nitrogen oxide (NO[sub x]) emissions from coal-fired boilers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6641404.

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