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1
Vandevelde, Ségolène, Jean-Luc Lacour, Céline Quéré, Lionel Marie, Christophe Petit, and Ludovic Slimak. "Identification du rythme annuel de précipitation des carbonates pariétaux pour un calage micro-chronologique des occupations archéologiques pyrogéniques : cas de la Grotte Mandrin (Malataverne, Drôme, France)." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 192 (2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021002.
Abstract:
Dans les abris-sous-roche et grottes, la lecture géoarchéologique des sédiments peut permettre, dans des cas favorables, une étude micro-chronologique des traces d’activités anthropiques et en particulier de l’usage du feu. Si la récurrence dans l’utilisation des foyers peut parfois être identifiée par une étude micromorphologique de ces structures au sol, il n’est pas évident que l’ensemble des différents épisodes de combustion puisse y être identifié. Il se trouve que les événements de paléo-feux peuvent être enregistrés ailleurs que dans les foyers, par exemple sous la forme d’imprégnations de suie enregistrées dans les spéléothèmes, témoins des feux passés dans les cavités ; elles peuvent faire l’objet d’une étude fuliginochronologique (lat. fuligo,fuliginosus : suie), qui consiste à étudier la succession des dépôts de suie piégés dans une matrice. Certaines concrétions calcaires ont un autre avantage, celui de présenter des lamines pouvant être annuelles. Lorsque cela peut être démontré, l’étude conjointe des films de suie et des doublets de calcite permet de caler les chroniques de paléo-feux sur une échelle micro-chronologique de temps mesuré. Dans cette étude, nous démontrons, grâce à l’analyse conjointe des alternances de fabrique cristalline et des variations saisonnières de la teneur en strontium (Sr), que les doublets de calcite observés dans les fins encroûtements carbonatés pariétaux du site archéologique de la Grotte Mandrin sont annuels. Pour ce faire, nous avons recours à la spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS – Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) qui permet de révéler des variations relatives d’éléments mineurs et traces dans ces concrétions avec une échelle annuelle à sub-annuelle. Les séquences de films de suie peuvent donc être indexées sur le calendrier annuel de la précipitation des carbonates et les chroniques de paléo-feux calées sur une échelle chronologique relative et précise à l’année près, voire la saison. L’étude des rythmicités des occupations humaines sur le site de la Grotte Mandrin devient alors accessible avec une résolution jusqu’alors inégalée.
2
Latreche, Soulef, Mokthar Boutahala, and Abdelkrim Kahoul. "Combustion catalytique de la suie en presence du melange O2/NO sur des catalyseurs Pt / Bi2Ru2O7." Annales de chimie Science des Matériaux 32, no. 3 (May 23, 2007): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/acsm.32.297-305.
3
Amenan Lydie Clarisse, Mangoula-Allali, Kone Tiangoua, Messou Aman, Nikebie Koffi Olivier Fabrice, and Coulibaly Lacina. "Valorisation Energetique des Dechets Agricoles : cas de la Pomme de Cajou dans le Departement de Tanda (Côte d’Ivore)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 27 (August 31, 2022): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n27p142.
Abstract:
Cette étude s’est proposée de valoriser la pomme de cajou e combustible. Le matériel est constitué de pommes de cajou séchée non carbonisée (PCSNC), pommes de cajou fermentées séchées carbonisées (PCFSC),, pommes de cajou séchées et carbonisées (PCSC), briquettes comportant 100% de pommes carbonisées et 0% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC100), briquettes comportant 80% de pommes carbonisées et 20% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC80), briquettes comportant 70% de pommes carbonisées et 30% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC70), briquettes comportant 60% de pommes carbonisées et 40% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC60). Ces combustibles ont été caractérisés en déterminant la quantité de chaleur dégagée, la durée de combustion, le temps d’ébullition, le niveau de dégagement de fumée, la masse de suie après combustion et le taux de cendres. Les valeurs obtenues pour ces paramètres ont été comparées à celles du charbon de bois. Il ressort que les quantités de chaleur dégagées par PCFNC (963 KJ) et PCSNC (943 kJ) sont relativement proches de celle (1122 kJ) du charbon de bois. Pour la durée de combustion, ce sont les briquettes et le charbon de bois témoin qui mettent plus de temps à se consumer (60 minutes, environ). Le temps le plus court d’ébullition de l’eau est obtenu avec BPC100 (10,98 minutes contre 15,45 minutes pour le charbon de bois). Les combustibles à base de pommes de cajou ont tous dégagé de la fumée et ont favorisé un dépôt de suie après la combustion contrairement au charbon de bois. Au niveau de la cendre, BPC60 et BPC70 ont produit moins de cendre (10g) que le charbon de bois (12,5g). Au vu de ces résultats, si certaines caractéristiques de la pomme de cajou sont améliorées, sa valorisation énergétique est possible.
This study intended to valorize the cashew apple or cashew nut into fuel. The material consists of cashew apples and sawdust, which allowed us to obtain 8 types of fuel. This includes dried cashew apples without carbonization (PCSNC), dried fermented cashew apples with carbonization (PCFSC), dried cashew apples with carbonization (PCSC), and briquettes with 100% carbonized apples and 0% sawdust with carbonization (BPC100), briquettes with 80% carbonized apples and 20% carbonized sawdust (BPC80), briquettes with 70% carbonized apples and 30% carbonized sawdust (BPC70), briquettes with 60% carbonized apples and 40% carbonized sawdust (BPC60). These fuels were characterized by determining the amount of released heat, combustion time, boiling time, level of smoke release, soot mass after combustion, and ash content. The values obtained for these parameters were compared with those of charcoal. The heat release of PCFNC (963 kJ) and PCSNC (943 kJ) is relatively close to that of charcoal (1122 kJ). The briquettes and the control charcoal take longer to burn (about 60 minutes, in terms of burning time. The shortest water boiling time was obtained with BPC100 (10.98 minutes versus 15.45 minutes for charcoal). Cashew apple fuels all gave off smoke and promoted soot deposition after combustion. This was not the same as charcoal’s case. Regarding ash generation, BPC60 and BPC70 produced less ash (10g) than charcoal (12.5g). Considering these results, if some characteristics of the cashew apple are improved, its energy valorization is possible.
4
Kelsall, G. J., M. A. Smith, and M. F. Cannon. "Low Emissions Combustor Development for an Industrial Gas Turbine to Utilize LCV Fuel Gas." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906856.
Abstract:
Advanced coal-based power generation systems such as the British Coal Topping Cycle offer the potential for high-efficiency electricity generation with minimum environmental impact. An important component of the Topping Cycle program is the gas turbine, for which development of a combustion system to burn low calorific value coal derived fuel gas, at a turbine inlet temperature of 1260°C (2300°F), with minimum pollutant emissions, is a key R&D issue. A phased combustor development program is underway burning low calorific value fuel gas (3.6-4.1 MJ/m3) with low emissions, particularly NOx derived from fuel-bound nitrogen. The first phase of the combustor development program has now been completed using a generic tubo-annular, prototype combustor design. Tests were carried out at combustor loading and Mach numbers considerably greater than the initial design values. Combustor performance at these conditions was encouraging. The second phase of the program is currently in progress. This will assess, initially, an improved variant of the prototype combustor operating at conditions selected to represent a particular medium sized industrial gas turbine. This combustor will also be capable of operating using natural gas as an auxiliary fuel, to suit the start-up procedure for the Topping Cycle. The paper presents the Phase 1 test program results for the prototype combustor. Design of the modified combustor for Phase 2 of the development program is discussed, together with preliminary combustion performance results.
5
Petzold, A., M. Gysel, X. Vancassel, R. Hitzenberger, H. Puxbaum, S. Vrochticky, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, and P. Mirabel. "On the effects of hydrocarbon and sulphur-containing compounds on the CCN activation of combustion particles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 3 (May 3, 2005): 2599–642. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-2599-2005.
Abstract:
Abstract. The European PartEmis project (''Measurement and prediction of emissions of aerosols and gaseous precursors from gas turbine engines'') was focussed on the characterisation and quantification of exhaust emissions from a gas turbine engine. A comprehensive suite of aerosol, gas and chemi-ion measurements were conducted under different combustor operating conditions and fuel sulphur concentrations. Combustion aerosol characterisation included on-line measurements of mass and number concentration, size distribution, mixing state, thermal stability of internally mixed particles, hygroscopicity, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation potential, and off-line analysis of chemical composition. Modelling of CCN activation of combustion particles was conducted using microphysical and chemical properties obtained from the measurements as input data. Based on this unique data set, the role of sulphuric acid coatings on the combustion particles, formed in the cooling exhaust plume through either direct condensation of gaseous sulphuric acid or coagulation with volatile condensation particles nucleating from gaseous sulphuric acid, and the role of the organic fraction for the CCN activation of combustion particles was investigated. It was found that particles containing a large fraction of non-volatile organic compounds grow significantly less at high relative humidity than particles with a lower content of non-volatile OC. Also the effect of the non-volatile OC fraction on the potential CCN activation is significant. While a coating of water-soluble sulphuric acid increases the potential CCN activation, or lowers the activation diameter, respectively, the non-volatile organic compounds, mainly found at lower combustion temperatures, can partially compensate this sulphuric acid-related enhancement of CCN activation of carbonaceous combustion aerosol particles.
6
MENACER, Brahim, Naima KHATIR, and Mostefa BOUCHETARA. "Numerical Modelling of Emission Characteristic for a Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine." Mechanics 28, no. 3 (June 21, 2022): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.mech.31064.
Abstract:
The main objective of this study is to elaborate an engine cycle simulation program using GT-Suite software to analyze the influence of equivalence ration and compression ratio on the main emissions of a four-stroke direct injection spark ignition engine. The experimental result is used to compare the cylinder pressure result obtained with the developed model. The present article is a study of the effect of compression ratio and equivalence ratio on the main emissions of the direct injection spark engine for a two-zone combustion analytical model and by using of the GT-Suite simulation software. The developed analytical model is validated by the use of experimental data. The analytical curve of the pressure in the combustion chamber is experimentally validated with a difference of the order of 6%.
7
Uzbekov, V. R. "INFLUENCE OF KEROGEN CONCENTRATED IN THE BAZHENIAN SUITE RESERVOIR ROCKS ON THE IN-SITU COMBUSTION PROCESS." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2015-2-70-73.
Abstract:
The Bazhenian deposits which are developed by a perspective thermal method known as in-situ combustion process are described. This technology is analyzed as well as the fuel sources in case of its implementation in the reservoirs under study. Based on the result of the analysis of the expected amount of carbon residue a conclusion is drawn about a basic fuel source for the in-situ combustion process.
8
Krüger, J., J. Koppmann, P. Nau, A. Brockhinke, M. Schenk, N. Hansen, U. Werner, and K. Kohse-Höinghaus. "From Precursors to Pollutants: Some Advances in Combustion Chemistry Diagnostics." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 16, no. 2-3 (April 8, 2014): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj174.
Abstract:
The present assessment and prediction of potential pollutant emissions from combustion systems often rely on dedicated combustion models. Their validation depends on the critical examination of the relevant chemical reaction pathways. To this end, a number of combustion diagnostic techniques are available<br />which can probe important chemical constituents in situ, thus providing direct information on the progress of the combustion reactions. Here, some recent experimental advances for the investigation of a suite of targets from molecular intermediates and soot precursors to nascent particles will be presented. Examples include the application of quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS), molecular-beam mass<br />spectrometry (MBMS) with different ionization schemes, photoelectron–photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy, helium ion microscopy (HIM), and polarization-modulated infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS).<br /><br />
9
Hira, A., and K. Chao. "Direct Endoscopic Intratumoral Injection of Onyx for the Preoperative Embolization of a Recurrent Juvenile Nasal Angiofibroma." Interventional Neuroradiology 17, no. 4 (December 2011): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101991101700413.
Abstract:
Percutaneous injection of embolization material within head and neck tumors is being described as an alternative or adjunct to transarterial embolization. Access in these reports is by computed tomography (CT) guidance, which is cumbersome given the need to transport the patient from the CT scanner to angiography suite. We describe a case of direct percutaneous onyx embolization of juvenile nasal angiofibroma following endoscopic access in the angiography suite including self-sustained onyx combustion during surgical electrocautery.
10
Craven, Jeff D., Andrew W. Muscha, R. Chase Harrison, Markus A. R. Kreitzer, Robert N. Dean, and Beth A. Guertal. "A Wireless Hay Bale Status Sensor Suite Using PCB Sensor Technology." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2017, DPC (January 1, 2017): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2017dpc-ta3_presentation1.
Abstract:
The spontaneous combustion of curing hay bales poses serious safety and financial issues to farmers and ranchers across the United States and abroad. The primary cause of this spontaneous combustion is the baling of hay before it has adequately dried and reached a sufficiently low moisture content level. This inadequate drying is primarily due to the farmer allowing the hay to dry in the field after cutting for a given period of time. But unfortunately, this does not always ensure that the hay has sufficiently dried before baling. Spontaneous combustion of hay bales is due to a proliferation of thermophilic bacteria that thrive in a moist and hot environment. If the moisture content of hay is greater than 20%, it provides a suitable environment for mesophilic bacteria, which can heat the hay to as a high as 140°F. Although this is not problematic in and of itself, a 140°F hay bale is a suitable environment for the proliferation of thermophilic bacteria, which can further heat the hay to 170oF. At this temperature, the hay can spontaneous combust, destroying the hay and risking the loss of buildings, equipment, livestock and agricultural workers. To combat this problem, a low-cost, low-power, wireless hay bale status sensor suite has been developed so that the farmer can easily and safely monitor the conditions inside a curing hay bale, to give the farmer time to take action before the bale spontaneously combusts. The battery operated sensor suite has two sensors in contact with the hay inside the bale, a printed circuit board (PCB) moisture content sensor and a discrete temperature sensor. The extremely low-cost of the PCB moisture content sensor is what enables the practicality of the sensor suite. WiFi is used to transmit moisture content and temperature data to the farmer's smartphone when it comes within range. The sensor suite is placed inside the bale at the time of baling. After the bale has fully cured, in four to six weeks, the reusable sensor suite can be removed and used in a new bale.
11
Brownfield, Michael E. "Characterization of feed coals and coal combustion byproducts from the Wyodak-Anderson coal zone, Powder River Basin, Wyoming." Mountain Geologist 57, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 199–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.57.3.199.
Abstract:
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) determined the physical and chemical properties of more than 260 feed coal and coal combustion byproducts from two coal-fired power plants. These plants utilized a low-sulfur (0.23-0.47 wt. % S) and low ash (4.9-6.3 wt. % ash) subbituminous coal from the Wyodak-Anderson coal zone in the Tongue River Member of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation, Powder River Basin, Wyoming. Fifty-three samples of bituminous coal were collected and analyzed from a Kentucky power plant, which used several sources of bituminous coals from the Appalachian and Illinois Basins. Based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of feed coal samples collected and analyzed from 1996 through the late 2000s, two mineral suites were identified: (1) a primary or detrital suite consisting of quartz (including beta-form grains), biotite, feldspar, and minor zircon; and (2) a secondary authigenic mineral suite containing alumino-phosphates (crandallite and gorceixite), kaolinite, carbonates (calcite and dolomite), quartz, anatase, barite, and pyrite. The detrital mineral suite is interpreted, in part, to be of volcanic origin, whereas the authigenic mineral suite is interpreted, in part, to be the result of the alteration of the volcanic minerals. The mineral suites have contributed to the higher amounts of barium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, strontium, and titanium in the Powder River Basin feed coals in comparison to eastern US coals. XRD analysis indicates that (1) fly ash is mostly aluminate glass, perovskite, lime, gehlenite, quartz, and phosphates with minor amounts of periclase, anhydrite, hematite, and spinel group minerals; and (2) bottom ash is predominantly quartz, plagioclase (albite and anorthite), pyroxene (augite and fassaite), rhodonite, and akermanite, and spinel group minerals. Microprobe and SEM analyses of fly ash samples revealed quartz, zircon, and monazite, euhedral laths of corundum with merrillite, hematite, dendritic spinels/ferrites, wollastonite, and periclase. The abundant calcium and magnesium mineral phases in the fly ash are attributed to the alteration of carbonate, clay, and phosphate minerals in the feed coal during combustion. The calcium- and magnesium-rich and alumino-phosphate mineral phases in the coal combustion byproducts can be attributed to volcanic minerals deposited in peat-forming mires. Dissolution and alteration of these detrital volcanic minerals occurred either in the peat-forming stage or during coalification and diagenesis, resulting in the authigenic mineral suite. The presence of free lime (CaO) in fly ash produced from Wyodak-Anderson coal acts as a self-contained “scrubber” for SO3, where CaO + SO3 form anhydrite either during combustion or in the upper parts of the boiler. Considering the high lime content in the fly ash and the resulting hydration reactions after its contact with water, there is little evidence that major amounts of leachable metals are mobilized in the disposal or utilization of this fly ash.
12
MENACER, Brahim, Abdelkader SOUALMIA, Sunny NARAYAN, and Moaz AL-LEHAIBI. "Impact Analysis of the Key Engine Parameters on Piston Lubrication and Friction Performance in Diesel Engines Using GT-SUITE Program." Mechanics 30, no. 3 (June 28, 2024): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.mech.35251.
Abstract:
In Compression ignition engines combustion occurs at higher temperatures that leads to a rapid rise in combustion pressure and amount of heat released. This may lead to lesser emissions during engine cycle. Moreover, occurrence of combustion takes place for a very small crank angles duration resulting in better thermal efficiency. On the other hand, the oil used for lubrication in IC engines is responsible for a significant amount of pollution and particles emitted into the environment. In order to comply with increasingly strict pollution standards, manufacturers make considerable efforts to minimize the impact of oil consumption on engine emissions. The purpose of this study is to develop a one dimensional numerical simulation method using GT-Suite software to assess how the engine speed and load affect the oil film thickness, frictional force, and power losses during the operating engine cycle. The results obtained in this simulation were validated using experimental data, and there is good agreement between the numerical and experimental results. It was found in this paper that the maximum friction power losses were found to be 1.6 kW at middle of strokes and the minimum Oil film thickness was obtained in range of 9-38 μm.
13
Zhou, Jun, Peter Zotter, Emily A. Bruns, Giulia Stefenelli, Deepika Bhattu, Samuel Brown, Amelie Bertrand, et al. "Particle-bound reactive oxygen species (PB-ROS) emissions and formation pathways in residential wood smoke under different combustion and aging conditions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 10 (May 18, 2018): 6985–7000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6985-2018.
Abstract:
Abstract. Wood combustion emissions can induce oxidative stress in the human respiratory tract by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the aerosol particles, which are emitted either directly or formed through oxidation in the atmosphere. To improve our understanding of the particle-bound ROS (PB-ROS) generation potential of wood combustion emissions, a suite of smog chamber (SC) and potential aerosol mass (PAM) chamber experiments were conducted under well-determined conditions for different combustion devices and technologies, different fuel types, operation methods, combustion regimes, combustion phases, and aging conditions. The PB-ROS content and the chemical properties of the aerosols were quantified by a novel ROS analyzer using the DCFH (2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin) assay and a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). For all eight combustion devices tested, primary PB-ROS concentrations substantially increased upon aging. The level of primary and aged PB-ROS emission factors (EFROS) were dominated by the combustion device (within different combustion technologies) and to a greater extent by the combustion regimes: the variability within one device was much higher than the variability of EFROS from different devices. Aged EFROS under bad combustion conditions were ∼ 2–80 times higher than under optimum combustion conditions. EFROS from automatically operated combustion devices were on average 1 order of magnitude lower than those from manually operated devices, which indicates that automatic combustion devices operated at optimum conditions to achieve near-complete combustion should be employed to minimize PB-ROS emissions. The use of an electrostatic precipitator decreased the primary and aged ROS emissions by a factor of ∼ 1.5 which is however still within the burn-to-burn variability. The parameters controlling the PB-ROS formation in secondary organic aerosol were investigated by employing a regression model, including the fractions of the mass-to-charge ratios m∕z 44 and 43 in secondary organic aerosol (SOA; f44−SOA and f43−SOA), the OH exposure, and the total organic aerosol mass. The regression model results of the SC and PAM chamber aging experiments indicate that the PB-ROS content in SOA seems to increase with the SOA oxidation state, which initially increases with OH exposure and decreases with the additional partitioning of semi-volatile components with lower PB-ROS content at higher OA concentrations, while further aging seems to result in a decay of PB-ROS. The results and the special data analysis methods deployed in this study could provide a model for PB-ROS analysis of further wood or other combustion studies investigating different combustion conditions and aging methods.
14
Menacer, Brahim, Naima Khatir, Mostefa Bouchetara, Ahmed Amine Larbi, and Cherif Belhout. "The Heat Transfer Study in the Diesel Engine Combustion Chamber Using a Two-Zone Combustion Model." Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems 7, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 614–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/mmep.070414.
Abstract:
The study of heat transfer phenomena in diesel engines is a very complex task considering the number of engine components such as intake and exhaust manifolds, lubricant oil and coolant subsystems, the different heat transfer mechanisms (conduction, convection, and radiation). This paper presents simulation results using a dual-zone model associated to GT-Suite simulation software for the calculation of convective heat transfer from gas to the cylinder wall, radiation heat transfer, gas pressure and temperature for low, partial and full load engine as a function of crank angle for a single-cylinder diesel engine. In this present article, a numerical simulation model was created to foresee the main combustion characteristics, and the simulated results were approved through the reference experiment data. Simulation results showed that any increase in the mass of fuel injected into the combustion chamber would generate a significant increase in the level of pressure and temperature of the combustion gases in the cylinder. This means that despite the improved power performance, excessive fuel consumption would have a negative effect on the thermal behavior and consequently on the life of the engine. The essential objective of any combustion engine development is to reduce fuel consumption while maintaining or improving the engine's power output.
15
Wu, Yuguo, Yulong Zhang, Jie Wang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Junfeng Wang, and Chunshan Zhou. "Study on the Effect of Extraneous Moisture on the Spontaneous Combustion of Coal and Its Mechanism of Action." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 1969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081969.
Abstract:
It is imperative to have an in-depth understanding of the effect of extraneous moisture on the spontaneous combustion of coal not only for the control and prevention of coal spontaneous combustion in the coal mining industry, but also for the optimization design and application of the technological process. In this study, the type of moisture in a coal body has been redefined for the first time from the perspective of disaster prevention and control, i.e., original occurrence of moisture in the coal matrix and the extraneous moisture from the technological process. A suit of coal bodies with different extraneous moisture was prepared by soaking long-flame coal with a low water content. Using a temperature-programmed oxidation test, the effects of extraneous moisture on the temperature increase rate of coal bodies and the emission characteristics of gaseous products during coal spontaneous combustion were studied. Moreover, combined with the characterization of thermal analysis and of pore structure test, the action the mechanism of extraneous moisture on the coal spontaneous combustion process was also explored. The experimental results indicated that the effect of the extraneous moisture content varied with the development of coal spontaneous combustion. In the slow oxidation stage, extraneous moisture played a physical inhibition role in the coal oxidation. In the accelerated oxidation stage, extraneous moisture exhibited a catalytic effect on the coal–oxygen reaction or directly participated in the reaction. After entering the rapid oxidation stage, a delayed effect appeared. When the coal temperature exceeded 180 °C, the spontaneous combustion characteristics of coals with different initial moisture contents gradually tended to achieved balance.
16
Yang, Junhui, Liguo Yang, Jida Zhang, Xiaoxu Fan, Sheng Li, Luyao Zhang, and Weijie Zhang. "Experimental Study on Ultra-Low Concentration Methane Regenerative Thermal Oxidation." Energies 17, no. 9 (April 28, 2024): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17092109.
Abstract:
As a major coal country, China faces the issue of significant gas emissions during the coal mining process. This study aims to improve the utilization efficiency of mine gas, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote the low-carbon and green transformation of the coal industry. A 10 kW gas regenerative thermal oxidizer (RTO) experimental system was constructed. The effects of initial methane concentration, low-temperature flue gas proportion, and operating load on combustion temperature, methane oxidation rate, high-temperature flue gas energy, and system thermal efficiency were studied. The results show that when the combustion temperature is below 600 °C, the CH4 combustion reaction cannot proceed effectively, and the system temperature continuously decreases and cannot be maintained stably. The experiment determines the stable operating methane concentration range of the RTO. In this experimental system, the lower limit of the initial methane concentration is 0.28%, corresponding to an 86% methane oxidation rate. As the initial methane concentration decreases, the combustion temperature also decreases, and the methane oxidation rate follows suit. The higher the low-temperature flue gas proportion, the higher the combustion temperature, and the system’s thermal efficiency and output heat decrease with the increase in the low-temperature flue gas proportion. This experiment explores multiple factors affecting regenerative thermal oxidation, providing a basis for ensuring the safe and stable operation of the system and its optimization. Improving the thermal insulation and heat exchange performance of the storage body can expand the lower limit of the initial methane concentration, thereby increasing the stability and thermal efficiency of the system.
17
Yadav, Pooja J. "Long Persistent Afterglow Luminescence in Gd<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>3</sub>Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub>:Ce<sup>3+</sup>, Green Emitting Aluminate Phosphor." Materials Science Forum 1072 (October 25, 2022): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-t5bm75.
Abstract:
Green LL is observed in Ce doped Gd3Al5O12: Ce, Ga garnet phosphors. LL is well correlated with Ce3+ emission and a peak around 150°C in the TL glow curve. In comparison with the commercial phosphor YAG, the Gd3Al5O12: Ce, Ga (GAG) is more stable and shows more intense TL properties, this phosphor can be used for dosimetry detections and measurements. Gd3Al5O12 activated with Ce (0.7 mol.%) phosphors were prepared by combustion synthesis. The long-lasting luminescence (LL) is also reported in Pr3+ and Ce3+ doped in reducing atmosphere in YAG phosphor. But YAG: Ce gives yellow emission which doesn’t suit LL applications. On the other hand, Ga substituted GdAG: Ce phosphor gives green emission at shorter wavelengths. In this paper we explored Ga substituted GdAG: Ce phosphor prepared by combustion synthesis for LL, results of these investigations are reported in this paper.
18
Porumb, Ioan, Romeo Marian, Kutluyil Doğançay, and Javaan Singh Chahl. "Robust Instant Angle Speed Measurement for Internal Combustion Engines—A Novel Sensing Suite and Methodology." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030754.
Abstract:
This paper presents the development and implementation of a novel robust sensing and measurement system that achieves fine granularity and permits new insights into operation of rotational machinery. Instant angle speed measurements offer a wealth of useful information for complex machines in which the motion is the result of multidimensional, internal, and external interactions. The implementation of the proposed system was conducted on an internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine crankshaft’s angular velocity is the result of the integration of all variables of motor and resisting forces. The crankshaft angular velocity variation also reflects the interaction between the internal thermodynamic cycle of the engine and the plant it powers. To minimise the number of variables, we used for our experiments an aero piston engine for small air-vehicles—a well-made and reliable powerplant—connected to a propeller. This paper presents the need for a better sensing and measurement system. Then, we show the development of the system, the measurement protocol and process, recording and analysis of the data, and results of some experiments. We then demonstrate the possibilities this sensing suite can achieve—a deeper insight into the operation of the machine—by performing high-quality analyses of engine cycles, well beyond capabilities in the state of the art. This system can be generalised for other rotational machines and equipment.
19
Capron, R., M. Curci, and E. Dittmar. "Analyse morphologique des suies formées lors de la combustion des matériaux. Définition d’indicateurs." Revue de Métallurgie 90, no. 9 (September 1993): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/199390091121.
20
Kamyab, Mohammad Hassan, Amin Moslemi Petrudi, and Ionut Cristian Scurtu. "One-Dimensional Analysis and Modeling of the Xu 7 Engine Due to Changes in Valve Timing to Improve Engine Performance." Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 2, no. 4 (June 15, 2020): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/technium.v2i4.1036.
Abstract:
The advancement of technology and the upgrade of internal combustion engines, the need to use precision and efficiency in controlling and regulating the injection and refuelling sets of the engine has intensified. Proper adjustment of valve timing and ignition is effective in improving the performance of internal combustion engines. In this study, the one-dimensional model of the xu 7 engine was used in the GT Suite software and the effects of changing the timing of the valve on the performance of the engine were investigated. Then, by changing the range of the user's required velocity, the appropriate valve timing was examined. By adjusting the timing of the valve, more power and torque can be obtained in the range of unusual engine velocity’s, and the efficiency of the engine can be determined in different types of uses. The extracted engine simulation results are designed for medium velocity’s.
21
Mirzaeian, Mohsen, and Simon Langridge. "Creating a Virtual Test Bed Using a Dynamic Engine Model with Integrated Controls to Support in-the-Loop Hardware and Software Optimization and Calibration." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030652.
Abstract:
In the current study, a 0D/1D engine model built in the commercial code GT-Suite was coupled with the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) model created in the Simulink environment, aiming to more accurately predict the interaction of the engine and aftertreatment system (ATS) operating parameters, both during steady-state and transient maneuvers. After a detailed validation based on extensive experimental data from a heavy-duty commercial diesel Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), the engine model was fine-tuned and the 0D predictive diesel combustion model, DIPulse, was calibrated to best predict the combustion process, including engine-out NOx emissions. For correct prediction of the engine’s behavior in transient operations, the complete control strategy of the air path, including boost, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), main and pilot Start of Injection (SOI), injection pressure, and exhaust flap, was implemented in the Simulink environment. To demonstrate the predictive capability of the model, a hot World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC) was simulated, obtaining good agreement with the experimental data both in terms of emissions and performance parameters, confirming the reliability of the proposed approach. Finally, a case study on possible fuel consumption improvement through thermal insulation of the exhaust manifold, exhaust ports, and turbocharger was carried out.
22
Bova, A. S., G. Bohrer, and M. B. Dickinson. "A model of gas mixing into single-entrance tree cavities during wildland fires." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 8 (August 2011): 1659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-077.
Abstract:
The level of protection to fauna provided by tree cavities during wildland fires is not well understood. Here we present a model for estimating the transport of combustion gases into cylindrical, single-entrance cavities during exposures caused by different wildland fire scenarios. In these shelters, the entrance occurs near the top of the cavity. This empirical model was developed from a suite of numerical experiments using the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Fire Dynamics Simulator, which spanned a range of entrance diameters, wind speeds, gas temperatures, and vertical angles of incidence. To evaluate the model’s predictions, it was used to replicate, with great accuracy, a time series of carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in a controlled experiment where a fabricated cylindrical cavity was exposed to combustion products. The time constant for cavity filling is proportional to the ratio of cavity volume to entrance area. Hot gases lead to significant stratification within the cavity during exposures. To demonstrate the model’s potential use in predicting faunal exposures in the context of land management, we show that the model can be used to estimate dosage within red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis Vieillot, 1809) cavities without requiring temporally detailed, local measurements of wind speed and combustion product concentrations.
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Toman, Rastislav, and Jan Macek. "Evaluation of the Predictive Capabilities of a Phenomenological Combustion Model for Natural Gas SI Engine." Journal of Middle European Construction and Design of Cars 15, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mecdc-2017-0007.
Abstract:
Abstract The current study evaluates the predictive capabilities of a new phenomenological combustion model, available as a part of the GT-Suite software package. It is comprised of two main sub-models: 0D model of in-cylinder flow and turbulence, and turbulent SI combustion model. The 0D in-cylinder flow model (EngCylFlow) uses a combined K-k-ε kinetic energy cascade approach to predict the evolution of the in-cylinder charge motion and turbulence, where K and k are the mean and turbulent kinetic energies, and ε is the turbulent dissipation rate. The subsequent turbulent combustion model (EngCylCombSITurb) gives the in-cylinder burn rate; based on the calculation of flame speeds and flame kernel development. This phenomenological approach reduces significantly the overall computational effort compared to the 3D-CFD, thus allowing the computation of full engine operating map and the vehicle driving cycles. Model was calibrated using a full map measurement from a turbocharged natural gas SI engine, with swirl intake ports. Sensitivity studies on different calibration methods, and laminar flame speed sub-models were conducted. Validation process for both the calibration and sensitivity studies was concerning the in-cylinder pressure traces and burn rates for several engine operation points achieving good overall results.
24
Li, Ming Hai, Biao Liu, and You Bo Ning. "Analysis on Effects of Fuel Cam on High-Pressure Fuel System." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.948.
Abstract:
GT-Suite software is used to establish the simulation model of high-pressure fuel injection system for diesel engine. Simulation parameters are modified based on the comparison with given experimental results. In order to improve diesel engine fuel injection performance, the cam profile was improved to ensure a high injection pressure and smooth operating characteristics. A more reasonable fuel cam profile was designed by analyzing the injection characteristics and dynamics. It improves the fuel mixture formation and combustion, so diesel economy and emissions performance are also guaranteed.
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Hurt, Robert H., and Reginald E. Mitchell. "Unified high-temperature char combustion kinetics for a suite of coals of various rank." Symposium (International) on Combustion 24, no. 1 (January 1992): 1243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80146-3.
26
Dąbrowiecki, Zbigniew, Małgorzata Dąbrowiecka, Romuald Olszański, and Piotr Siermontowski. "Decontamination of a Diving Suit." Polish Hyperbaric Research 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phr-2016-0025.
Abstract:
AbstractWhen working in chemical or biological environments, contamination is an extremely dangerous issue for the rescue services of the fire department, police and the army.Modern protective overalls worn by fire fighters or dry “Viking” diving suits made from neoprene or nylon covered with polyurethane, have been proven to ensure sufficient protection. However, once the contaminated area is left, there is a need to perform decontamination of the external and internal surfaces of the protective overalls; in order to ensure the clothing continues to offer a high level of comfort and to retain the durability of said protective clothing, it is of course also necessary to perform a drying procedure.Moreover, there is a risk of a transfer of pathogenic micro-organisms between persons utilising the same protective clothes, particularly in the case of expensive specialist suits. Micro-organisms which may potentially spread through clothing include intestinal bacteria, such as: Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, E. coli (including E. coli O157), C. difficile, viruses inducing infections of the upper respiratory tract and alimentary tract (noraviruses, rotaviruses, adeno and astroviruses). The risk of infection also involves the presence of the flu viruses, herpesviruses and pathogens transferred through skin, such as S. aureus (including MRSA), yeast-like fungi (Candida albicans), fungal strains inducing Tinea pedis and Tinea corporis [1]. Pathogenic micro-organisms can easily transfer from fabric surface onto the body of a person wearing protective clothing.From the numerous available techniques of decontamination of surfaces, equipment and protective clothing we propose to use for this purpose gaseous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a very effective biocidal agent. In field conditions, typical for the activities of rescue crews of the fire department, police and army we assume utilisation of a portable decontamination chamber enabling performance of a complete decontamination process.The process lasting approximately 3 hours encompasses 3 phases:• Drying phase;• Decontamination with gaseous hydrogen peroxide;• Catalytic combustion phase of hydrogen peroxide residues to a level safe for the environment.The integrated humidity and H2O2level sensors ensure automatic control of the entire process and the unique distribution system of gaseous H2O2secures full accessibility of the biocidal agent to the external surface of protective clothing as well as its interior. Moreover, the container allows for the conduction of the complete decontamination of the rescue equipment, night vision devices, binoculars, field telephones, radio stations, etc. Upon decontamination cycle completion, we obtain a completely dried suit which can be safely used by another crew member.
27
Li, Ming Hai, Feng Jiang, Biao Liu, and Ming Gao Ouyang. "Simulation Research on Post-Injection of Electronically Controlled Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 2238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.2238.
Abstract:
GT-Suite software is used to establish the simulation model of electronic fuel injection system for 16V280ZJ diesel engine. Combustion process simulation calculation is conducted to the direct injection (DI) diesel engine based on a main-post double injection scheme. Simulation parameters are modified based on the comparison with given experimental results. The calculation results effectively reflect the influence of fuel ratio and the interval angle between main and post injection over emission and fuel economy. Finally, in order to improve the engine emissions and reduce the pressure rise rate, we get the optimal injection solution for the main-post injection mode.
28
Lester, E., T. Wu, W. Quick, W. Gibb, and R. Stainsby. "Potential benefits of experimental modelling techniques when assessing combustion behaviour of a suite of coals." Journal of the Energy Institute 81, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174602208x299794.
29
Stetina, Josef, Michael Bohm, and Michal Brezina. "Small Cogeneration Unit with Heat and Electricity Storage." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 2102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082102.
Abstract:
A micro cogeneration unit based on a three-cylinder internal combustion engine, Skoda MPI 1.0 L compressed natural gas (CNG), with an output of 25 kW at 3000 RPM is proposed in this paper. It is a relatively simple engine, which is already adopted by the manufacturer to operate on CNG. The engine life and design correspond to the original purpose of use in the vehicle. A detailed dynamic model was created in the GT-SUITE environment and implemented into an energy balance model that includes its internal combustion engine, heat exchangers, generator, battery storage, and water storage tank. The 1D internal combustion engine model provides us with information on engine start-up time, actual effective power, friction power, and the amount of heat going to the cooling system and exhaust pipe. The catalytic converter was removed from the exhaust pipe, and the engine was always operating at full load; thus, engine power control is not considered. An energy storage system for an island operation of the entire power unit for a large, detached house was designed to withstand accumulated energy for a few days in the case of a breakout. To reach a low initial system cost, the possible implementation of worn-out battery packs toward emission reduction in terms of the second life of the battery is proposed. The energy and emission balance are carried out, and the service life of the engine is also discussed.
30
d’Ambrosio, Stefano, Cosimo di Dio, and Roberto Finesso. "Model-Based Calibration and Control of Tailpipe Nitrogen Oxide Emissions in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine and Its Assessment through Model-In-The-Loop." Energies 16, no. 24 (December 12, 2023): 8030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16248030.
Abstract:
The present paper investigates two different strategies for model-based calibration and control of tailpipe nitrogen oxide emissions in a light-duty 3.0 L diesel engine equipped with an aftertreatment system (ATS). The latter includes a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), a diesel particulate filter (DPF), and an underfloor selective catalytic reduction (SCR) device, in which the injection of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), marketed as ‘AdBlue’, is also taken into account. The engine was modeled in the GT-SUITE environment, and a previously developed model-based combustion controller was integrated in the model, which is capable of adjusting the start of injection of the main pulse and the total injected fuel mass, in order to achieve desired targets of engine-out nitrogen oxide emissions (NOx) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). First, a model-based calibration strategy consisting of the minimization of an objective function that takes into account fuel consumption and AdBlue injection was developed and assessed by exploring different weight factors. Then, a direct model-based controller of tailpipe nitrogen oxide emissions was designed, which exploits the real-time value of the SCR efficiency to define engine-out NOx emission targets for the combustion controller. Both strategies exploit the model-based combustion controller and were tested through a Model-in-the-Loop (MiL) under steady-state and transient conditions. The advantages in terms of tailpipe NOx emissions, fuel consumption, and AdBlue injection were finally discussed.
31
Lin, Mang, Xiaolin Zhang, Menghan Li, Yilun Xu, Zhisheng Zhang, Jun Tao, Binbin Su, Lanzhong Liu, Yanan Shen, and Mark H. Thiemens. "Five-S-isotope evidence of two distinct mass-independent sulfur isotope effects and implications for the modern and Archean atmospheres." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 34 (August 6, 2018): 8541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803420115.
Abstract:
The signature of mass-independent fractionation of quadruple sulfur stable isotopes (S-MIF) in Archean rocks, ice cores, and Martian meteorites provides a unique probe of the oxygen and sulfur cycles in the terrestrial and Martian paleoatmospheres. Its mechanistic origin, however, contains some uncertainties. Even for the modern atmosphere, the primary mechanism responsible for the S-MIF observed in nearly all tropospheric sulfates has not been identified. Here we present high-sensitivity measurements of a fifth sulfur isotope, stratospherically produced radiosulfur, along with all four stable sulfur isotopes in the same sulfate aerosols and a suite of chemical species to define sources and mechanisms on a field observational basis. The five-sulfur-isotope and multiple chemical species analysis approach provides strong evidence that S-MIF signatures in tropospheric sulfates are concomitantly affected by two distinct processes: an altitude-dependent positive 33S anomaly, likely linked to stratospheric SO2 photolysis, and a negative 36S anomaly mainly associated with combustion. Our quadruple stable sulfur isotopic measurements in varying coal samples (formed in the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic periods) and in SO2 emitted from combustion display normal 33S and 36S, indicating that the observed negative 36S anomalies originate from a previously unknown S-MIF mechanism during combustion (likely recombination reactions) instead of coal itself. The basic chemical physics of S-MIF in both photolytic and thermal reactions and their interplay, which were not explored together in the past, may be another ingredient for providing deeper understanding of the evolution of Earth’s atmosphere and life’s origin.
32
Lang, Todd, and Robert H. Hurt. "Char combustion reactivities for a suite of diverse solid fuels and char-forming organic model compounds." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 29, no. 1 (January 2002): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1540-7489(02)80056-6.
33
Menacer, Brahim, and Mostefa Bouchetara. "Parametric Analysis of the Effect of Engine Speed and Load on the Hydrodynamic Performance of the Lubricant in Diesel Engine." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 64, no. 4 (September 17, 2020): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.15725.
Abstract:
The oil consumption in an internal combustion engine is an important source of pollution and particulate emissions, main efforts are done by the manufacturers to reduce to the maximum the impact of the oil consumption on the emissions of the engine, and to satisfy the increasingly rigorous standards of pollution. The losses by friction due to piston ring friction explain 20 % of the total mechanical losses in internal combustion engines. A reduction in piston ring friction would therefore result in higher efficiency, lower fuel consumption and reduced emissions. The goal of this study is to develop a numerical method by using of GT-Suite software to analyze the influence of engine speed and engine load during the working cycle on oil film thickness, frictional force, power losses. Our predicted results were validated with the experimental data of a previous study, and they have shown a good agreement. The results in the current analysis demonstrated that the engine speed and load have a remarkable effect on oil film thickness, friction force and friction power losses between the top ring and cylinder liner. So, it would help in reducing friction as well as making a contribution towards the improvement of engine performance such as torque, efficiency and fuel consumption.
34
Dickinson, Matthew B., Andrew T. Hudak, Thomas Zajkowski, E. Louise Loudermilk, Wilfrid Schroeder, Luke Ellison, Robert L. Kremens, et al. "Measuring radiant emissions from entire prescribed fires with ground, airborne and satellite sensors – RxCADRE 2012." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 1 (2016): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf15090.
Abstract:
Characterising radiation from wildland fires is an important focus of fire science because radiation relates directly to the combustion process and can be measured across a wide range of spatial extents and resolutions. As part of a more comprehensive set of measurements collected during the 2012 Prescribed Fire Combustion and Atmospheric Dynamics Research (RxCADRE) field campaign, we used ground, airborne and spaceborne sensors to measure fire radiative power (FRP) from whole fires, applying different methods to small (2 ha) and large (>100 ha) burn blocks. For small blocks (n = 6), FRP estimated from an obliquely oriented long-wave infrared (LWIR) camera mounted on a boom lift were compared with FRP derived from combined data from tower-mounted radiometers and remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS). For large burn blocks (n = 3), satellite FRP measurements from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensors were compared with near-coincident FRP measurements derived from a LWIR imaging system aboard a piloted aircraft. We describe measurements and consider their strengths and weaknesses. Until quantitative sensors exist for small RPAS, their use in fire research will remain limited. For oblique, airborne and satellite sensors, further FRP measurement development is needed along with greater replication of coincident measurements, which we show to be feasible.
35
Su, Jiaxin, Yan Hu, Bin Zhou, Yinghua Ye, and Ruiqi Shen. "The Role of Graphene Oxide in the Exothermic Mechanism of Al/CuO Nanocomposites." Molecules 27, no. 21 (November 6, 2022): 7614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217614.
Abstract:
Metastable intermixed composites (MICs) have received increasing attention in the field of energy materials in recent years due to their high energy and good combustion performance. The exploration of ways of improving their potential release of heat is still underway. In this study, Al–CuO/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites were prepared using a combination of the self-assembly and in-suit synthesis methods. The formulation and experimental conditions were also optimized to maximize the exothermic heat. The DSC analysis shows that the addition of the GO made a significant contribution to the exothermic effect of the nanothermite. Compared with the Al–CuO nanothermite, the exothermic heat of the Al–CuO/GO nanocomposites increase by 306.9–1166.3 J/g and the peak temperatures dropped by 7.9–26.4 °C with different GO content. The reaction mechanism of the nanocomposite was investigated using a DSC and thermal reaction kinetics analysis. It was found that, compared with typical thermite reactions, the addition of the GO changed the reaction pathway of the nanothermite. The reaction products included CuAlO2. Moreover, the combustion properties of nanocomposite were investigated. This work reveals the unique mechanism of GO in thermite reactions, which may promote the application of carbon materials in nanothermite.
36
Mills, Andrew Robert, and Visakan Kadirkamanathan. "Sensing for aerospace combustor health monitoring." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-11-2018-0283.
Abstract:
Purpose This paper proposes new methods of fault detection for fuel systems in order to improve system availability. Novel fault systems are required for environmentally friendly lean burn combustion, but can carry high risk failure modes particularly through their control valves. The purpose of the developed technology is the rapid detection of these failure modes, such as valve sticking or impending sticking, and therefore to reduce this risk. However, sensing valve state is challenging due to hot environmental temperatures, which results in a low reliability for conventional position sensing. Design/methodology/approach Starting with the business needs elicited from stakeholders, a quality functional deployment process is performed to derive sensing system requirements. The process acknowledges the difference between test-bed and in-service aerospace needs through weightings on requirements and maps these customer requirements to systems performance metrics. The design of the system must therefore optimise the sensor suite, on- and off-board signal processing and acquisition strategy. Findings Against this systems engineering process, two sensing strategies are outlined which illustrate the span of solutions, from conventional gas path sensing with advanced signal processing to novel non-invasive sensing concepts. While conventional sensing may be feasible within a test cell, the constraints of aerospace in-service operation may necessitate more novel alternatives. Acoustic emission (detecting very high frequency surface vibration waves) sensing technology is evaluated to provide a non-invasive, remote and high temperature tolerant solution. Through this comparison, the considerations for the end-to-end system design are highlighted to be critical to sensor deployment success in-service. Practical implications The paper provides insight into different means of addressing the important problem of monitoring faults in combustor systems in gas turbines. By casting of the complex design problem within a systems engineering framework, the outline of a toolset for solution evaluation is provided. Originality/value The paper provides three areas of significant contributions: a diversity of methods to diagnosing fuel system malfunctions by measuring changes fuel flow distributions, through novel means, and the combustor exit temperature profiles (cause and effect); the use of analytical methods to support the selection (types and quantities) and placement of sensors to ensure adequate state awareness while minimising their impact on the engine system cost and weight; and an end-to-end data processing approach to provide optimised information for the engine maintainers allowing informed decision-making.
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Damaševičius, Martynas, Alfredas Rimkus, Mindaugas Melaika, and Jonas Matijošius. "BIOFUEL AND HYDROGEN INFLUENCE FOR OPERATION PARAMETERS OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE / BIODEGALŲ IR VANDENILIO ĮTAKA KIBIRKŠTINIO UŽDEGIMO VARIKLIO VEIKIMO RODIKLIAMS." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 8, no. 5 (December 30, 2016): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2016.964.
Abstract:
Paper presents research of efficient and ecological parameters of gasoline engine working with biobuthanol (10% and 20% by volume) and addi-tionaly supplying oxygen and hydrogen (HHO) gas mixture (3.6 l/min), which was obtained from from water by electrolysis. Biobuthanol addition decreases rate of heat release, the combustion temperature and pressure are lower, which has an influence on lower nitrous oxide (NOx) emission in exhaust gases. However, biobuthanol increases carbon monoxide (CO) concentration. Biobuthanol fuel has a simplier molecular structure, therefore the concentration of HC in the exhaust gas is decreasing. Due to lower heating value of biobuthanol fuel and slower combustion process, the engine efficiency decreases and specific fuel consumptions increase. The change of engine energetical indicators due to biobuthanol, can be compensated with advanced ignition angle. Using experimental investigation, it was determined, that negative biobuthanol influence for the combustion process and engine efficient inicators can be compensated also by additional supplied HHO gas, in which the hydrogen element iprove fuel mixture com-bustion. Fuel combustion process analysis was carried out using AVL BOOST software. Experimental research and combustion process numerical simulation showed that using balanced biobuthanol and hydrogen addition, optimal efficient and ecological parameters could be achieved, when engine is working for petrol fuel typical optimal spark timing. Straipsnyje pateikiami kibirkštinio uždegimo variklio energinių ir ekologinių rodiklių tyrimo rezultatai, gauti varikliui veikiant benzino ir biobutanolio (10 % ir 20 % tūrio) mišiniais ir papildomai tiekiant elektrolizės būdu iš vandens išgautą deguonies ir vandenilio (HHO) dujų mišinį (3,6 l/min). Biobutanolio priedas mažina šilumos išsiskyrimo intensyvumą degimo metu, mažėja degimo temperatūra bei slėgis. Tai mažina azoto oksidų (NOx) koncentraciją, tačiau didina anglies viendeginio (CO) koncentraciją išmetamosiose dujose. Dėl paprastesnės biobutanolio molekulinės struktūros ne iki galo sudegusių angliavandenilių (CH) koncentracija deginiuose mažėja. Biobutanolis dėl mažes-nio šilumingumo ir lėtesnio degimo mažina variklio efektyvų sukimo momentą ir didina lyginamąsias degalų sąnaudas. Biobutano-lio paveiktus variklio energinius rodiklius galima iš dalies kompensuoti paankstinus uždegimo paskubos kampą. Eksperimentiniu tyrimu nustatyta, kad neigiamą biobutanolio priedo įtaką degalų degimo procesui ir variklio energiniams rodikliams galima kompensuoti papildomai tiekiant HHO dujas, kuriose esantis vandenilis greitina ir gerina degalų mišinių degimą. AVL BOOST programa atlikta degalų mišinių de-gimo proceso analizė. Įvertinus eksperimentinių tyrimų ir degimo proceso skaitinio modeliavimo rezultatus nustatyta, kad, naudojant sude-rintą biobutanolio ir vandenilio priedą, optimalūs energiniai ir ekologiniai rodikliai gali būti pasiekti varikliui veikiant benzinui optimaliu už-degimo paskubos kampu.
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Menacer, Brahim, and Mostefa Bouchetara. "Estudio numérico del efecto de perfil del primer anillo del pistón de compresión sobre el rendimiento hidrodinámico del lubricante de un motor diésel." Revista de Metalurgia 56, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.177.
Abstract:
El comportamiento del revestimiento del anillo del pistón de combustión representa una de las mayores fuentes de fricción y de potencia para diferentes condiciones de funcionamiento de un motor de combustión interna. El presente trabajo evalúa el efecto del perfil del anillo de compresión sobre el principal comportamiento tribológico del lubricante en un motor diésel de cuatro tiempos. Se desarrolló un análisis unidimensional utilizando el software GT-Suite para la lubricación hidrodinámica entre el segmento del pistón de compresión y la pared del cilindro. Se aplicó un método numérico para analizar la influencia de los diferentes diseños geométricos de anillos durante el ciclo de trabajo sobre el espesor de la película de aceite, la fuerza de fricción y la pérdida de potencia. Se utilizó el modelo de simulación de Takigushi para validar y verificar el modelo numérico utilizado. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron una compatibilidad cualitativa y cuantitativa buena entre los dos modelos aplicados. El modelo numérico utilizado permite analizar la influencia de los parámetros de diseño de anillos para mejorar el rendimiento tribológico de los motores de pistón.
39
Desgroux, P., A. El Bakali, and X. Mercier. "Croissance des HAP et des suies et transition phase gaz-phase solide dans les processus de combustion." EPJ Web of Conferences 18 (2011): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20111804001.
40
He, Gang, Pei Zhao, Shibin Guo, Yixiang Chen, Guanghua Liu, and Jiangtao Li. "In suit synthesis and bonding of Cu to W–Cu composite by combustion synthesis and centrifugal infiltration." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 579 (December 2013): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.04.210.
41
Chernousenko, O. Yu, A. Yu Rachуnskyі, and O. V. Baranyuk. "CFD MODELING OF THE GM-50 (E-50-3.9-440GM) BOILER FURNACE." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving 79, no. 2 (June 20, 2024): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2024.10.
Abstract:
The main purpose of the work is to analyze the feasibility of replacing standard burners with burners that operate using jet niche technology burners in power boilers, such as the GM-50 steam boiler (E-50-3.9-440GM). To achieve this goal, a computer model of the steam boiler and burners was built. The study was conducted using the ANSYS Student software suite. The application of numerical modeling methods using the ANSYS Student software suite allowed for a detailed analysis of the fuel combustion process in the steam boiler, evaluate its efficiency, and examine its impact on environmental indicators. The object of the study is the processes occurring during the combustion of gaseous fuel and their impact on the performance indicators of the GM-50 power boiler. The subject of the study is the CFD model of the fuel boiler GM-50, whose standard burners are capable of operating on both liquid and gaseous fuel. Methane was used as the fuel, and both standard axial burners and jet niche technology burners were used, which are more environmentally friendly. Verification of the CFD model, which was performed using a known analytical method, indicates that the discrepancy between the analytical calculations and the model calculations does not exceed 6.7 %. The average temperature of the flue gases in the “festoon window” was chosen as the comparison parameter. Analytically, the temperature value was obtained to be 1117 °C. The calculation using the CFD model, developed in ANSYS-CFX, indicates that the temperature value should be 1042 °C. It was determined that standard burners are less environmentally friendly than, for example, modern jet niche technology burners. For an air excess coefficient α = 1.2, the average value of nitrogen oxides at the outlet from the burner is 187 ppm. There is sense in replacing standard burners, for example, with jet niche technology burners, which are the most suitable for replacing standard ones. Bibl. 24, Fig. 6.
42
Baburic, Mario, Alexandre Raulot, and Neven Duic. "Implementation of discrete transfer radiation method into swift computational fluid dynamics code." Thermal Science 8, no. 1 (2004): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0401019b.
Abstract:
The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has developed into a powerful tool widely used in science, technology and industrial design applications, when ever fluid flow, heat transfer, combustion, or other complicated physical processes, are involved. During decades of development of CFD codes scientists were writing their own codes, that had to include not only the model of processes that were of interest, but also a whole spectrum of necessary CFD procedures, numerical techniques, pre-processing and post-processing. That has arrested much of the scientist effort in work that has been copied many times over, and was not actually producing the added value. The arrival of commercial CFD codes brought relief to many engineers that could now use the user-function approach for mod el ling purposes, en trusting the application to do the rest of the work. This pa per shows the implementation of Discrete Transfer Radiation Method into AVL?s commercial CFD code SWIFT with the help of user defined functions. Few standard verification test cases were per formed first, and in order to check the implementation of the radiation method it self, where the comparisons with available analytic solution could be performed. After wards, the validation was done by simulating the combustion in the experimental furnace at IJmuiden (Netherlands), for which the experimental measurements were available. The importance of radiation prediction in such real-size furnaces is proved again to be substantial, where radiation itself takes the major fraction of over all heat transfer. The oil-combustion model used in simulations was the semi-empirical one that has been developed at the Power Engineering Department, and which is suit able for a wide range of typical oil flames.
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Landing, W. M., J. M. Caffrey, S. D. Nolek, K. J. Gosnell, and W. C. Parker. "Atmospheric wet deposition of mercury and other trace elements in Pensacola, Florida." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 10 (May 26, 2010): 4867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4867-2010.
Abstract:
Abstract. In an effort to understand and quantify the impact of local, regional, and far-distant atmospheric mercury sources to rainfall mercury deposition in the Pensacola, Florida watershed, a program of event-based rainfall sampling was started in late 2004. Modified Aerochem-Metrics wet/dry rainfall samplers were deployed at three sites in the region around the Crist coal-fired power plant and event-based samples were collected continuously for three years. Samples were analyzed for total Hg and a suite of trace elements including Al, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Th, U, V, and Zn. Nutrients (ammonia and nitrate) and major anions (chloride and sulfate) were also measured on each sample. Multivariate statistical methods were used to sort these tracers into factors that represent potential source categories contributing to the rainfall chemistry. As, Hg, Sb, Se, Sn, and non sea-salt sulfate were all significantly correlated (R>0.6) with one factor which we interpret as an anthropogenic source term reflecting input from coal combustion throughout the southeastern US. Using ratios of total Hg to volatile elements, we estimate that 22–33% of the rainfall Hg results from coal combustion in the southeastern US with the majority coming from the global background.
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Healy, R. M., S. Hellebust, I. Kourtchev, A. Allanic, I. P. O'Connor, J. M. Bell, D. A. Healy, J. R. Sodeau, and J. C. Wenger. "Source apportionment of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Cork Harbour, Ireland using a combination of single particle mass spectrometry and quantitative semi-continuous measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 19 (October 11, 2010): 9593–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9593-2010.
Abstract:
Abstract. An aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was deployed for the measurement of the size resolved chemical composition of single particles at a site in Cork Harbour, Ireland for three weeks in August 2008. The ATOFMS was co-located with a suite of semi-continuous instrumentation for the measurement of particle number, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), sulfate and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). The temporality of the ambient ATOFMS particle classes was subsequently used in conjunction with the semi-continuous measurements to apportion PM2.5 mass using positive matrix factorisation. The synergy of the single particle classification procedure and positive matrix factorisation allowed for the identification of six factors, corresponding to vehicular traffic, marine, long-range transport, various combustion, domestic solid fuel combustion and shipping traffic with estimated contributions to the measured PM2.5 mass of 23%, 14%, 13%, 11%, 5% and 1.5% respectively. Shipping traffic was found to contribute 18% of the measured particle number (20–600 nm mobility diameter), and thus may have important implications for human health considering the size and composition of ship exhaust particles. The positive matrix factorisation procedure enabled a more refined interpretation of the single particle results by providing source contributions to PM2.5 mass, while the single particle data enabled the identification of additional factors not possible with typical semi-continuous measurements, including local shipping traffic.
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Olszewski, Wojciech, Marek Dzida, Van Giao Nguyen, and Dao Nam Cao. "Reduction of CO2 Emissions from Offshore Combined Cycle Diesel Engine-Steam Turbine Power Plant Powered by Alternative Fuels." Polish Maritime Research 30, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2023-0040.
Abstract:
Abstract Diverse forms of environmental pollution arise with the introduction of materials or energy that exert adverse effects on human health, climate patterns, ecosystems, and beyond. Rigorous emission regulations for gases resulting from fuel combustion are being enforced by the European Union and the International Maritime Organization (IMO), directed at maritime sectors to mitigate emissions of SOx, NOx, and CO2. The IMO envisions the realisation of its 2050 targets through a suite of strategies encompassing deliberate reductions in vessel speed, enhanced ship operations, improved propulsion systems, and a transition towards low and zero-emission fuels such as LNG, methanol, hydrogen, and ammonia. While the majority of vessels currently depend on heavy fuel or low-sulphur fuel oil, novel designs integrating alternative fuels are gaining prominence. Technologies like exhaust gas purification systems, LNG, and methanol are being embraced to achieve minimised emissions. This study introduces the concept of a high-power combined ship system, composed of a primary main engine, a diesel engine, and a steam turbine system, harnessing the energy contained within the flue gases of the main combustion engine. Assumptions, constraints for calculations, and a thermodynamic evaluation of the combined cycle are outlined. Additionally, the study scrutinises the utilisation of alternative fuels for ship propulsion and their potential to curtail exhaust emissions, with a specific focus on reducing CO2 output.
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Zheng, Yueming, Jian Liu, Hongdeng Jian, Xiangtao Fan, and Fuli Yan. "Fire Diurnal Cycle Derived from a Combination of the Himawari-8 and VIIRS Satellites to Improve Fire Emission Assessments in Southeast Australia." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 2852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13152852.
Abstract:
The violent and persistent wildfires that broke out along the southeast coast of Australia in 2019 caused a large number of pollutant emissions, which seriously affected air quality and the global climate. The existing two methods for estimating combustion emissions based on burned area and fire radiative power mainly use a medium resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) on the Aqua and Terra satellites. However, the low temporal resolution of MODIS and insensitivity to small fires lead to deviation in the estimation of fire emissions. In order to solve this problem, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) with better performance is adopted in this paper, combined with the fire diurnal cycle information obtained by geostationary satellite Himawari-8, to explore the spatio-temporal model of biomass combustion emissions. Using this, a high-spatial- and -temporal-resolution fire emission inventory was generated for southeastern Australia from November 2019 to January 2020, which aims to fully consider the highly dynamic nature of fires and small fires (low FRP) that are much lower than the MODIS burned area or active fire detection limit, with emphasis on dry matter burned (DMB). We found that during the study period, the fire gradually moved from north to south, and the diurnal cycle of the fire in the study area changed greatly. The peak time of the fire gradually delayed as the fire moved south. Our inventory shows that the DMB in southeast Australia during the study period was about 146 Tg, with major burned regions distributed along the Great Dividing Range, with December 2019 being the main burning period. The total DMB we calculated is 0.5–3.1 times that reported by the GFAS (Global Fire Assimilation System) and 1.5 to 4 times lower than that obtained using the traditional “Burned Area Based Method (FINN)”. We believe that the GFAS may underestimate the results by ignoring a large number of small fires, and that the excessive combustion rate used in the FINN may be a source of overestimation. Therefore, we conclude that the combination of high-temporal-resolution and high-spatial-resolution satellites can improve FRE estimation and may also allow further verification of biomass combustion estimates from different inventories, which are far better approaches for fire emission estimation.
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Szczepankowski, Andrzej, and Janusz Szymczak. "Operation-Related Failures of Aircraft Turbine Engines." Solid State Phenomena 260 (July 2017): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.260.258.
Abstract:
The paper is intended to draw attention to the most frequent reasons that lead to initiation of failures to components of flame tubes incorporated into combustion chambers and turbine units during the operation lifetime of aircraft turbine engines. These failures are illustrated by means of numerous examples that disclose gradual deterioration of components and subassemblies detected on their surfaces during endoscopic inspections carried out on various types of components and subassemblies of aircraft engines. The mentioned deterioration process affecting blade surfaces of turbine blade rims is analyzed on the basis of continuous monitoring that has been carried out to date. Attention is also paid to the way how aircraft engines have been so far and keep being evaluated whether or not they suit for further operation with consideration to specific features of service.
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Nguyen, Dat Xuan, Vu Hoang Nguyen, and Phuong Xuan Pham. "DEVELOPING AND VALIDATING A GT-SUITE BASED MODEL FOR A SECOND GENERATION COMMONRAIL SOLENOID INJECTOR." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 59, no. 3 (May 17, 2021): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/59/3/15803.
Abstract:
Injection profiles, containing important parameters like injection rate, directly affect the spray structure, fuel-air mixture quality, and as such the physical and chemical processes occurring in the IC engine’s combustion chamber. Therefore, injection profiles are one of the keys to improving power, thermal efficiency and minimizing the emission for IC engines. In this paper, a GT-Suite - based simulation model for a second generation solenoid commonrail injector typically utilized in Hyundai 2.5 TCI-A diesel engines, has been successfully developed and validated. The validation is done by using experimental data are acquired by a Zeuch’s method-based Injection Analyzer (UniPg STS) in University of Perugia, Italy. The calibration data is measured over a wide range of rail pressure and energizing time (ET) corresponding to the engine operating conditions. The results show that the injector model developed here is reliable and suitable for examining the injector’s hydraulic characteristics. The difference in start of injection values obtained through experiment and simulation is only about 15 µs. The total injection volumes obtained through experiment and simulation under ET > 0.8 ms is less than 10 % while the difference is quite high under ET < 0.8 ms and high rail pressure (up to 34.5 %).
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Deetz, Konrad, and Bernhard Vogel. "Development of a new gas-flaring emission dataset for southern West Africa." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 4 (April 18, 2017): 1607–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1607-2017.
Abstract:
Abstract. A new gas-flaring emission parameterization has been developed, which combines remote sensing observations using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) nighttime data with combustion equations. The parameterization has been applied to southern West Africa, including the Niger Delta as a region that is highly exposed to gas flaring. Two 2-month datasets for June–July 2014 and 2015 were created. The parameterization delivers emissions of CO, CO2, NO, NO2 and SO2. A flaring climatology for both time periods has been derived. The uncertainties owing to cloud cover, parameter selection, natural gas composition and the interannual differences are assessed. The largest uncertainties in the emission estimation are linked to the parameter selection. It can be shown that the flaring emissions in Nigeria have significantly decreased by 25 % from 2014 to 2015. Existing emission inventories were used for validation. CO2 emissions with the estimated uncertainty in parentheses of 2.7 (3. 6∕0. 5) Tg yr−1 for 2014 and 2.0 (2. 7∕0. 4) Tg yr−1 for 2015 were derived. Regarding the uncertainty range, the emission estimate is in the same order of magnitude compared to existing emission inventories with a tendency for underestimation. The deviations might be attributed to a shortage in information about the combustion efficiency within southern West Africa, the decreasing trend in gas flaring or inconsistent emission sector definitions. The parameterization source code is available as a package of R scripts.
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Kim, Seungmin, Jaesam Sim, Youngsoo Cho, Back-Sub Sung, and Jungsoo Park. "Numerical Study on the Performance and NOx Emission Characteristics of an 800cc MPI Turbocharged SI Engine." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 7419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217419.
Abstract:
The main purpose of this study is to optimize engine performance and emission characteristics of off-road engines with retarded spark timing compared to MBT by repurposing the existing passenger engine. This study uses a one-dimensional (1D)-simulation to develop a non-road gasoline MPI turbo engine. The SI turbulent flame model of the GT-suite, an operational performance predictable program, presents turbocharger matching and optimal operation design points. To optimize the engine performance, the SI turbulent model uses three operation parameters: spark timing, intake valve overlap, and boost pressure. Spark timing determines the initial state of combustion and thermal efficiency, and is the main variable of the engine. The maximum brake torque (MBT) point can be identified for spark timing, and abnormal combustion phenomena, such as knocking, can be identified. Spark timing is related to engine performance, and emissions of exhaust pollutants are predictable. If the spark timing is set to variables, the engine performance and emissions can be confirmed and predicted. The intake valve overlap can predict the performance and exhaust gas by controlling the airflow and combustion chamber flow, and can control the performance of the engine by controlling the flow in the cylinder. In addition, a criterion can be set to consider the optimum operating point of the non-road vehicle while investigating the performance and exhaust gas emissions accompanying changes in boost pressure With these parameters, the design of experiment (DoE) of the 1D-simulation is performed, and the driving performance and knocking phenomenon for each RPM are predicted during the wide open throttle (WOT) of the gasoline MPI Turbo SI engine. The multi-objective Pareto technique is also used to optimize engine performance and exhaust gas emissions, and to present optimized design points for the target engine, the downsized gasoline MPI Turbo SI engine. The results of the Pareto optimal solution showed a maximum torque increase of 12.78% and a NOx decrease of 54.31%.