Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Combustion de suie'
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Lamharess, Nora. "Etude de la réactivité des suies issues de la combustion des biocarburants : interaction avec le filtre à particules catalysé." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066717.
The aims of this thesis is to study and understand, on a CDPF, the reactivity of soots arising from three different biofuels: a classic gasoil (named GO), a blend of 30% of biodiesel with classic gasoil (named B30) and a blend of 30% of Fischer-tropsch gasoil with classic gasoil (named FT30). The approach is based on the use of a commercial catalyst type DPNR of Toyota in order to realize some tests on engine and synthetic gas benches. Characterization tests have also been realized for a better understanding of the reactivity of each soot type. It appears from this study that the use of biofuels in Diesel engines should not penalize the functioning or controlling of the catalyzed particulate filter. The first generation biofuels (B30) is very interesting because the composition of exhaust gases resulting from the combustion of this biofuels is favorable for the continuous regeneration by NO2 (decrees of soot emissions and increase of NOx / PM ratio. The soot from the second-generation biofuel (FT30) has been found very reactive in the case of the forced regeneration in the presence of NO2 and oxygen. The fast oxidation of this soot would reduce the time of this mode of regeneration and thus limits the fuel penalty due to such regeneration. The results of this study suggest that the B30 soot is more interesting on continuous regeneration by NO2 while soot FT30 favors the regeneration by oxygen
Aubagnac-Karkar, Damien. "Sectional soot modeling for Diesel RANS simulations." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECAP0061/document.
Soot particles emitted by Diesel engines cause major public health issues. Car manufacturers need models able to predict soot number and size distribution to face the more and more stringent norms.In this context, a soot model based on a sectional description of the solid phase is proposed in this work. First, the type of approach is discussed on the base of state of the art of the current soot models. Then, the proposed model is described. At every location and time-step of the simulation, soot particles are split into sections depending on their size. Each section evolution is governed by: • a transport equation;• source terms representing its interaction with the gaseous phase (particle inception, condensation surface growth and oxidation);• source terms representing its interaction with other sections (condensation and coagulation).This soot model requires the knowledge of local and instantaneous concentrations of minor species involved in soot formation and evolution. The kinetic schemes including these species are composed of hundreds of species and thousands of reactions. It is not possible to use them in 3D-CFD simulations. Therefore, the tabulated approach VPTHC (Variable Pressure Tabulated Homogeneous Chemistry) has been proposed. This approach is based on the ADF approach (Approximated Diffusion Flame) which has been simplified in order to be coupled with the sectional soot model. First, this tabulated combustion model ability to reproduce detailed kinetic scheme prediction has been validated on variable pressure and mixture fraction homogeneous reactors designed for this purpose. Then, the models predictions have been compared to experimental measurement of soot yields and particle size distributions of Diesel engines. The validation database includes variations of injection duration, injection pressure and EGR rate performed with a commercial Diesel fuel as well as the surrogate used in simulations. The model predictions agree with the experiments for most cases. Finally, the model predictions have been compared on a more detailed and academical case with the Engine Combustion Network Spray A, a high pressure Diesel spray. This final experimental validation provides data to evaluate the model predictions in transient conditions
Keita, Mamady. "Modeling of soot particles nucleation from combustion processes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10145.
To better control soot particles emission and minimize their health and environmental effects, it is crucial to better understand their formation mechanisms in particularly combustion processes. The first step of these particulates matter formation is their precursors PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) formation, followed by the nucleation process which links the gas-phase (PAH chemistry) and solid-phase (particles). In the first part of this work, we developed a new detailed chemical kinetic mechanism describing accurately both low and high-temperature ignition and combustion of a wide range of liquid transportation and laboratory fuels as well as the formation of PAH up to coronene, suspected to be major soot precursors. In the second part of this work, a sectional soot model is used with the developed kinetic mechanism in order to investigate soot particles nucleation mechanisms in reproducing experimental data tendencies (soot volume fractions and particles diameters). This couple of kinetic and soot models is run on the detailed kinetic solver Cantera in order to solve both the gas and disperse solid phases in steady laminar flame conditions. The soot model used with the developed detailed kinetic mechanism is validated over premixed laminar methane, ethylene and n-butane flames at various equivalence ratios. Homomolecular and Heteromolecular dimerizations of modest size of PAHs from pyrene to coronene (mass of monomer ranging from 200 to 300 amu) have been considered for particle nucleation modeling
Mahjoubi, Hedi. "Contribution au développement de la pyrométrie polychromatique en combustion diesel." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1991. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1420_hmahjoubi.pdf.
Keller, Michel. "Development of a multi-scale approach using chemical kinetics and reactive force field molecular dynamics to model soot formation and oxidation." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IPPAE005.
In the present study bond formation reactions between soot precursors and their role in the soot inception process is investigated. The soot precursors were generated in macroscopic detailed gas-phase kinetic calculations and according to certain criteria introduced in simulation boxes to model bond formation between soot precursor molecules with reactive force field molecular dynam-ics modeling. The impacts of temperature, fuel mixture and equivalence ratio have been investigated on the rate and structure of the newly formed molecules. The resulting structures compare well to previously reported experimental results. Furthermore, the bond formation rate between PAH is found to be linearly correlated with the temperature at which the PAH precursors are generated, while fuel and equivalence ratio do not have a direct impact on the reaction rate. The generated growth structures are lumped in: 1) directly linked, 2) aliphatically linked and 3) pericondensed polycyclic hydrocarbons. It is found that the amount of aliphatically linked PAH increases with the amount of aliphatic content of fuel mixture. Finally, a reaction scheme is presented displaying the most representative reaction pathways to form growth structures in each lumping class and their eventual intercon-version. The present work – that applies a combined approach of macroscopic gas-phase kinetic calculations and atomistic reactive force field simulations – offers a good alternative to obtain structural differences of nascent soot for a broad range of thermodynamic conditions and detailed reaction mechanisms for soot inception process
Kashif, Muhammad. "Measurement of sooting tendencies of alternative fuels : application to primary reference fuels." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066258.
An optical diagnostics layout is designed and validated to measure soot volume fraction in methane/air diffusion flames doped with vapors of liquid hydrocarbons. Soot volume fraction is inferred from the inversion of integrated light extinction data using an Onion-peeling algorithm stabilized by a Tikhonov regularization method. This measurement is then converted into apparatus-independent Yield Sooting Index (YSI). The method has been applied to compare the sooting tendencies of PRFs in doped axisymmetric diffusion flames when keeping the concentration or energy of injected vapors constant. A second-order correlation modeling the variation of YSI with the mole fraction of iso-octane in PRF mixture and the proportion of carbon dioxide in the co-flowing oxidizer has been established using least-squares non-linear data-fitting to experimental data. These studies performed on laboratory flames and the results obtained are of practical importance and can be used to predict the sooting behavior of fuels under practical combustion environment
Saylam, Ahmad. "Etudes par modélisation de l'oxydation et de l'autoinflammation d'alcanes et d'aromatiques purs et de mélanges à haute pression entre 600 et 1500 K : réduction de mécanismes détaillés : mesure de la formation des suies." Artois, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ARTO0206.
The understanding and control of many combustion phenomena requires an interactive work between experiments and modelling. The presentation of the two coupled approaches is a prerequisite to demonstrate the complexity of the phenomena (Chapters I and II). This complexity often precludes from fully elucidating the details of the chemistry of hydrocarbon oxidations. Such a failure has been shown by an attempt to improve the mechanism of oxidation of isooctane (Chapter III). Hundreds of species and thousands of reactions come into play during the oxidation of an hydrocarbon and they all must be included into the detailed mechanisms. The need for smaller mechanisms logically has led to devise a technique of reduction (Chapter IV). Predictive thermokinetic mechanisms have been built, reduced, and validated with new experimental data and data collected from previous work or published elsewhere (Chapter V). Laser diagnostic techniques have been used to measure soot particles and HAP inside a methane flame (Chapter VI)
Legros, Guillaume. "Etude du comportement radiatif d'une flamme de diffusion établie en micropesanteur." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2297.
This study is a contribution to a project aiming to characterize a fire spreading in weightlessness. An ethylene burner across which an airflow leads to boundary layer type conditions is used. First experimental results show the high sensitivity of the flame radiative emission to the airflow velocity and the soot key-role. Gas contribution to the flame emission is computed and qualitatively fit with experimental data. Because of the need in a reliable numerical model of soot production, a phenomenological model, based on a theoretical analysis, is suggested in order to estimate this production dependency in airflow and fuel velocities, which are this configuration parameters. Eventually, this model reveals two different regimes where soot either inhibits or enhances the combustion
Ayranci, Kilinç Işil. "A nonintrusive diagnostics technique for flame soot based on near-infrared emission spectrometry." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ISAL0037.
Une méthodologie originale de diagnostique des suies a été développée, validée et mise en œuvre pour la détermination in-situ de la température, la fraction volumique et l'indice de réfraction des agrégats de suie formés dans les flammes, en utilisant la spectrométrie d'émission dans le proche infrarouge. Les travaux ont été conduits en trois parties. La première a concerné le développement et la validation d'un modèle direct complet de simulation de l'émission radiative des flammes sur une ligne de visée. Les propriétés radiatives des agrégats de suie ont été étudiées en validant expérimentalement la méthode DDA avec des mesures micro-ondes et en l'utilisant ensuite pour évaluer l'applicabilité de l'approximation RDG-FA. La deuxième partie a impliqué l'analyse expérimentale de l'émission radiative de flammes de diffusion éthylène/air en mettant en œuvre la spectrométrie à Transformée de Fourier dans le Proche Infra-Rouge. La mesure des flux de rayonnement émis sur une ligne de visée a été réalisée en conjonction avec une analyse de l'étalonnage, du bruit, des incertitudes et de la reproductibilité. La dernière partie a consisté en le développement, l'évaluation et l'application d'une méthodologie d'inversion qui a pour données d'entrée les spectres d'émission de flammes optiquement minces, élimine le bruit, identifie l'indice de réfraction des suies à partir des gradients spectraux et fournit la température et la fraction volumique par reconstruction tomographique. La validation avec des données simulées et une application aux spectres mesurés indiquent que la méthodologie proposée est prometteuse pour le diagnostic non intrusif des suies dans les flammes
Keita, Mamady. "Modeling of soot particles nucleation from combustion processes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10145/document.
To better control soot particles emission and minimize their health and environmental effects, it is crucial to better understand their formation mechanisms in particularly combustion processes. The first step of these particulates matter formation is their precursors PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) formation, followed by the nucleation process which links the gas-phase (PAH chemistry) and solid-phase (particles). In the first part of this work, we developed a new detailed chemical kinetic mechanism describing accurately both low and high-temperature ignition and combustion of a wide range of liquid transportation and laboratory fuels as well as the formation of PAH up to coronene, suspected to be major soot precursors. In the second part of this work, a sectional soot model is used with the developed kinetic mechanism in order to investigate soot particles nucleation mechanisms in reproducing experimental data tendencies (soot volume fractions and particles diameters). This couple of kinetic and soot models is run on the detailed kinetic solver Cantera in order to solve both the gas and disperse solid phases in steady laminar flame conditions. The soot model used with the developed detailed kinetic mechanism is validated over premixed laminar methane, ethylene and n-butane flames at various equivalence ratios. Homomolecular and Heteromolecular dimerizations of modest size of PAHs from pyrene to coronene (mass of monomer ranging from 200 to 300 amu) have been considered for particle nucleation modeling
Jabine, Larbi. "Modélisation numérique de l'influence des suies sur le transfert radiatif dans une flamme de diffusion laminaire en microgravité." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2305.
Gueniche, Hadj Ali Battin-Leclerc Frédérique. "Compréhension de la formation des suies étude de la combustion de précurseurs des cycles aromatiques en flamme laminaire prémélangée /." S. l. : INPL, 2007. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2007_GUENICHE_H_A.pdf.
Darius, Danielle. "Etude cinétique de la formation des particules de suie à partir de constituants d'un kérosène." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2069.
Gilot, Patrick. "Interprétation théorique et modélisation de la combustion de suies sur filtre à particules Diesel." Mulhouse, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MULH0153.
Emtil, Hassane. "Implantation et validation de sous-modèles de délai et de suie et modélisation du rayonnement dans le code Kiva-II." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECDL0037.
Dayma, Guillaume. "Étude de l'oxydation et de la combustion de précurseurs de suies." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2003_DAYMA_G.pdf.
When government decide to increase taxes on Diesel fuel and try to push for less polluting fuels, it appears useful to work on soot formation du ring the combustion in angines in arder to limit their emission. The chapter 1 of this report gives generalities about combustion, oxidation mechanisms, soot formation and presents a bibliographie review of former works on cyclohexene and aliene. Chapter Il presents experimental apparatus used in this work detailing the premixed laminar flame set up during this study. Chapter Ill presents the mechanisms written to reproduce our experimental results obtained in flame for aliene and in shock tube and perfectly jet-stirred reactor for cyclohexene and also the comparison with simulations
Noirot, Rémi. "Etude expérimentale et paramétrique de la combustion de suies sur filtre à particules : application à l'épuration des échappements des moteurs Diesel." Mulhouse, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MULH0147.
Boiarciuc, Andrei. "Développement de la technique "Incandescence Induite par Laser" pour caractériser les particules de suies dans un moteur Diesel." Orléans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ORLE2025.
Delorme, Thierry. "Pyrométrie polychromatique appliquée à l'analyse de la combustion et de la production des suies et des NOx dans une chambre de combustion diesel." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1993. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1557_tdelorme.pdf.
Valencia, Correa Andres. "Etude expérimentale des concentrations de suie et des vitesses dans une flamme de paroi verticale." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR059/document.
The fire growth and spread on a confined space depends on the inflammation and combustion of combustible materials. An important case is the fire propagation on a vertical wall configuration, in which the pyrolysis gas and the total heat flux released by the flame are coupled by convective and radiative heat flux from the flame to the wall. This kind of flame is piloted by the buoyancy forces, and is characterized by a low velocity regime and a strong generation of soot particles. Although numerous works have been devoted on the study of vertical wall flames, few have been carried out on the analysis of the flame within the reactive boundary layer and the study of the zones of production of soot particles, which is data necessary for fire simulation codes validation. In this aim, simultaneous measurements of velocity by Particle Image Velocity (PIV) and of soot volume fraction by planar laser induced incandescence (LII) have been carried out on vertical wall fire generated by a vertical porous burner fed with a CH4/C2H4 mixture. First, the characteristics of soot sheet (shape, size, thickness, and peak concentration) have been studied at different heights into the flame, as well as the average and RMS soot volume fraction fields. Then, average and RMS fields of velocity and their probability density function have been analyzed. A description of the reactive boundary layer, through the definition of a characteristic velocity scale in the near-wall zone (viscous sub-layer), has been carried out by using a « PIV Zoom » set-up. Finally, simultaneous LII/PIV measurements have been carried out in order to study the influence of the aerodynamics of the flow on the soot volume fraction distribution, as well as the transport and turbulent flux of soot into the reactive boundary layer
Pruvost-Bonnaillie, Claire. "Etude de la combustion catalytique de particules carbonées sur des systèmes oxydes : CeO2, ZrO2, TiO2 et Al2O3, promus ou non par des ajouts d'ions Cu2+ et/ou K+." Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0077.
Lemaire, Romain. "Étude de l'impact de la combustion de différents types de carburants sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des particules de suie par couplage de l'incandescence et de la fluorescence induite par laser." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10138.
Soot particles generated in combustion processes are strongly linked to various environmental and health problems. As a consequence, regulations regarding particulate emissions are becoming more and more stringent. To reduce the quantities of soot emitted into the atmosphere, fundamental studies have to be undertaken in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in the formation of soot particles. The objective of this work is to study the impact of the combustion of different types of fuels on the physical-chemical properties of soot. To this end, a hybrid bumer has been specially designed in order to generate a series of liquid fuel diffusion flames whose hydrodynamic behaviour is similar and independent of the physical properties of the tested fuels. Quantitative mappings of soot and soot precursors have been carried out in flames of kerosene, Diesel, gasoline, biofuels and various kerosene and Diesel surrogates by coupling Laser Induced Incandescence and Laser Induced Fluorescence (Lll/LIF). By comparing the LII signaIs obtained for different excitation wavelengths, it has been possible to determine the evolution of the optical properties of soot as a function of the wavelength. The evolution of the physical properties of soot particles (density, specific heat, refractive index, diameter) during the combustion process have been derived from the analysis of the LII fluence curves and time decays obtained at different heights in the flames. Finally, a microprobe sampling system has been developed in order to obtain soot samples which have then been analysed using laser desorption/laser ionization/time-of- tlight mass spectrometry to determine the nature of the chemicals adsorbed on the soot surface
Contreras, Rodriguez Jorge Omar. "Numerical study of soot formation / oxidation mechanisms and radiative heat transfer in closed-and open - tip laminar diffusion flames." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4757/document.
Microgravity ethylene laminar boundary layer diffusion flames generated by a flat porous burner and characterized by the fuel injection velocities of 3 and 4 mm/s and an oxidizer velocity of 250 mm/s have been simulated by using an accurate radiation model, a comprehensive kinetic mechanism, and a soot model consisting of inception as a result of the collision of two pyrene molecules, heterogeneous surface growth and oxidation following the hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition (HACA) mechanism, soot particle coagulation, and PAH surface condensation. Model predictions are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data in terms of the stand-off distance and soot volume fraction. The stand-off distance and soot production are enhanced as the fuel velocity increases. H and OH radicals, responsible of the de-hydrogenation of sites in the HACA process, and pyrene, of the species for soot inception and PAH condensation processes, are found to be located in a region that follows the stand-off distance. Soot is then produced in this region and is transported inside the boundary layer by convection and thermophoresis. Radiative loss is substantially higher in these flames than in normal gravity diffusion flames owing to much longer residence times. Calculations carried out by neglecting soot radiation and by using the optically-thin approximation (OTA) revealed that soot dominates the radiative heat transfer in these flames and that the use of OTA gives rise to significant discrepancies in temperature and soot volume fraction
Dellinger, Nicolas. "Modélisation de la formation et de l’évolution des particules de suie en approche hybride Euler-Lagrange pour la simulation de foyers aéronautiques." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS074.
Soot has become an important issue in the design of aeroengine combustors. New certifications on soot particles are to be applied in 2020 due to growing concern about pollutant emissions in the transportation industry. Soot particles also modify radiative heat transfers in combustion chambers affecting thermal load at walls and NOx formation. Still, efficient and accurate prediction of soot particles formation and evolution is an open field in CFD. This manuscript proposes to combine a Eulerian description of soot precursors and a Lagrangian description of particles evolution, which has the advantage to be well suited to follow the evolution of the particle size distribution. The growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is modelled by a sectional method to obtain the soot inception rate and create the particles tracked in the gas flow. The particles are described as spheres interacting with the gas through chemical processes and between each other by coalescence, bounded to young liquid-like particles depending on their diameter. The method is implemented in the CEDRE code and completed by an algorithm for the reduction of the particles population to limit the cost of its statistical convergence. Applied to steady laminar premixed C2H4-air flames, it is confronted with some success to measurements of soot volume fraction, particle diameter and species molar fractions. The method is then applied combined with the Quasi-Steady State Approximation for gas chemistry to a swirled pressurized C2H4-air flame, similar to RQL configurations of aeroengine combustors, and confronted with some success to velocity, temperature, composition and soot volume fraction measurements
Huguet, Christelle. "Etude cinétique de la combustion des suies diésel : application à la modélisation de la régénération du filtre à particule." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2067.
Dufitumukiza, Jean Pierre. "Développement des techniques optiques pour la caractérisation in-situ de la suie dans des foyers de combustion à haute pression." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2023/2023ULILR010.pdf.
The growth of air traffic urges combustion research to get a detailed understanding of the physical and chemical processes occurring in the aircraft engine; the main objectives are 1) to improve the combustion process and 2) to lower gaseous and particulate emissions. A solution to the first issue lies in the combustion at higher pressure and temperature, but this can impact the second issue, particularly concerning the production of soot and NOx emissions. To find a solution, it is necessary to develop experimental tools applied in representative combustion conditions relative to those encountered in aircraft engines in order to capture complex phenomena occurring inside these engines. To do this, a semi-industrial aeronautical test rig equipped with suitable optical diagnostics implemented/available at ONERA Palaiseau offers a glimpse of information into these combustion processes. As a result, this research aims to develop and implement optical techniques for characterizing soot particles in aeronautical engine-relevant combustors. Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII) is the primary technique on which efforts are directed. This technique is based on Planck's law radiation model. LII technique is used due to its high sensitivity for detecting the soot volume fraction and flexibility for its implementation in various optical configurations. In addition, the coupling of LII with other optical techniques presents a high interest in understanding the mechanisms and parameters leading to soot formation. First, Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) is added as a complementary technique to detect soot precursors known as Polycyclic-Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Secondly, light scattering provides information on the distribution of unburnt liquid fuel droplets and possible soot particle localization inside the combustor. Thirdly, OH* chemiluminescence illustrates the reaction zone and heat release. Finally, the PAHs and soot transportation or interactions with the flow field are tackled via particle image velocimetry (PIV)
Lemaire, Romain. "Étude de l'impact de la combustion de différents types de carburants sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des particules de suie par couplage de l'incandescence et de la fluorescence induite par laser." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10138.
Soot particles generated in combustion processes are strongly linked to various environmental and health problems. As a consequence, regulations regarding particulate emissions are becoming more and more stringent. To reduce the quantities of soot emitted into the atmosphere, fundamental studies have to be undertaken in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in the formation of soot particles. The objective of this work is to study the impact of the combustion of different types of fuels on the physical-chemical properties of soot. To this end, a hybrid bumer has been specially designed in order to generate a series of liquid fuel diffusion flames whose hydrodynamic behaviour is similar and independent of the physical properties of the tested fuels. Quantitative mappings of soot and soot precursors have been carried out in flames of kerosene, Diesel, gasoline, biofuels and various kerosene and Diesel surrogates by coupling Laser Induced Incandescence and Laser Induced Fluorescence (Lll/LIF). By comparing the LII signaIs obtained for different excitation wavelengths, it has been possible to determine the evolution of the optical properties of soot as a function of the wavelength. The evolution of the physical properties of soot particles (density, specific heat, refractive index, diameter) during the combustion process have been derived from the analysis of the LII fluence curves and time decays obtained at different heights in the flames. Finally, a microprobe sampling system has been developed in order to obtain soot samples which have then been analysed using laser desorption/laser ionization/time-of- tlight mass spectrometry to determine the nature of the chemicals adsorbed on the soot surface
Hébert, Damien. "Etude de la combustion des matériaux solides, application à la sécurité incendie." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00795236.
Tishkova, Victoria. "Nanoparticules de combustion émises par différents moyens de transport : caractérisation physico-chimique et hygroscopicité." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX22060.pdf.
Transport emission of nanoparticles into atmosphere is of major interest because of its possible effect on climate changes. The understanding of the potential environmental effect of the aviation and ship emission is still poor maintly because of the lack in the experimental characterization of these nanoparticules. The present work focuses on physico-chemical properties of combustion nanoparticles and their interaction with water. Hygroscopicity is on of the key parameters that are related to could condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and the environnemental effect. Experimental data show differences in the microstructure, elemental composition residuals coming from marine transport emitted residuals. Water uptake on combustion residuals coming from marine transport and aviation is higher than for laboratory-produced samples. We can therfore guess that these particules act as active CCN in the atmosphere
Van-Hulle, Pascal. "Caractérisation des aérosols émis par la combustion des hydrocarbures : application à la mesure de l'indice de réfraction des suies." Rouen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ROUES009.
Boucher, Aymeric. "Modélisation de la formation des polluants au sein des foyers aéronautiques par une méthode de chimie tabulée." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECAP0006/document.
The reduction of pollutant emissions of aeronautical combustion chambers is a major issue for engine manufacturers. In order to support them in this task, it is necessary to develop numerical simulation tools able to predict accurately chemical species emissions at the chamber outlet. To achieve this, a detailed description of the chemical reactions is necessary. Nevertheless, considering the current computer capabilities, this description is not presently affordable. This is why the use of chemistry reduction methods preserving the capability to predict pollutants species is necessary. The method of tabulated chemistry is a good candidate to tackle these problems and therefore is used as the basis of model developments achieved in the framework of this PhD thesis. A preliminary work has been made to select in the literature tabulated chemistry methods applying to turbulent reactive two-phase flows. The technique to create the chemical tables has been improved in order to take into account the effect of the residence time of the burnt gases on nitrogen oxides formation. The coupling of the method with a soot model has also been achieved. The tabulated chemistry gives access to the concentration of soot precursors and oxidizers, quantities which are required by the model used for the soot prediction. The developed tabulated chemistry model has been applied to the simulation of a configuration representative of aeronautical combustors. The concentration of nitrogen oxides, soot particles, carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons predicted by the numerical simulations have been compared to experimental results. The topology of the soot volume fraction field and the shape of pollutant concentrations profiles at the outlet agree quite well with the experiments. Nevertheless, concentration levels obtained from the simulations differ from the experimental results. This can be imputed to the error in the prediction of the temperature field that is independent of the combustion model, since a similar error was observed with another combustion model
Zhu, Xiangyu. "Characterization of wood pellets combustion for clean energy generation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR016.
The themes of my research are to quantify and compare the combustion characteristics and the associated polluting emissions of natural wood pellets and roasted black pellets.By controlling all the combustion parameters (primary and secondary incoming air, pellet flow, boiler power), the main objectives are to:- Quantify and compare the combustion characteristics of natural wood pellets and roasted pellets on a well-controlled combustion test bench.- To measure pollutant emissions using physicochemical analyzers and by in-situ laser diagnostics in the combustion chamber and in the chimney.- Assess the technical-economic advantages of the two types of pellets across the entire value chain and offer professional advice to heating engineers and combinators on the most economical and environmentally friendly use of biomass pellets
Schwartz, Dominique. "Conception d'un réacteur à flux laser pour l'étude de la combustion de grains de charbon : applications aux mesures d'émission de polluants." Mulhouse, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MULH0206.
Escudero, Barros Felipe Andrés. "Experimental and numerical contributions to soot production in laminar axisymmetric diffusion flames." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0048.
An experimental study was performed with the main objective of characterizing soot production for different oxygen indices (OIs) in normal (NDFs) and inverse (IDFs) diffusion flames. Specific absorption-emission based methods were developed, implemented and validated to measure soot volume fraction and temperature. It was found that for IDFs, an increase on the OI produces an enhancement of soot formation but does not affect oxidation processes, leading to an increase on soot volume fraction and radiant fraction. In addition, a scaling analysis based on the smoke point (SP) resulted on a unified behavior for ethylene, propane and butane fueled NDFs in terms of flame height, soot volume fraction and radiant fraction at SP. In a second step, a numerical study was performed with the main objective of evaluating the predictive capabilities of the sectional method (SM) and three methods of moments (MOMs) for the resolution of the population balance equation (PBE) for soot particle size distribution (PSD). For this purpose, the MOMs were added to an existing parallel code for simulating laminar axisymmetric diffusion flames. The SM was able to reproduce the available experimental data whereas the MOMs were not able to predict details of soot morphology with the same level of accuracy. An analysis on the main differences between the SM and MOMs was performed. The main issue identified for the MOMs was the inability to satisfy the assumption of conservation of number density of primary particles and number of primary particles per aggregate during soot surface processes
Sood, Kanika. "Combustion des nouveaux biocarburants : étude de la formation des Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques Oxygénés (HAPOs) et les petites particules de suie (<10 nm)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2023/2023ULILR088.pdf.
Biofuels and other biomass-derived chemicals are now considered as a vital part of sustainable energy portfolio, where they promise to contribute to our society’s energy security. Despite the undeniable interest presented by these biofuels, their combustion processes are likely to enhance the formation of OPAHs (Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) which may eventually contribute to the formation of soot, and may as well profoundly modify its properties. The work carried out in this thesis focused on the identification and quantification of the oxygenated aromatics formed during the combustion of a lignin-based biofuel in flame conditions. Laminar premixed flames of anisole (surrogate model compound for biomass) and hydrocarbon fuel blends (iso-octane and methane) have been investigated using Advanced Gas Chromatography. In this context, we implemented a sample enrichment technique (sample pre-concentration trap) with a set of in situ and ex situ chromatographic analysis (1D GC-MS, 1D GC-SPT-FID and 2D GC-MS) which enabled us to identify a large panel of different oxygenated (~100) aromatics. These results were then used to analyze the fuel decomposition pathways that lead to the formation of OPAHs. Together with identification, this thesis provides a detailed quantitative experimental database in terms of the evolution of the mole fraction with respect to the flame height for several oxygenated and associated non-oxygenated aromatics. Other biofuels like 2,5-DMF and ethanol were also studied and experimental results showed that the different molecular structures of biofuels lead to significant differences in the formation of intermediate species and pollutants. This work also highlights crucial information concerning the amount and the size of soot particles formed in such flames using LII and SMPS. Preliminary results from soot measurements indicate that the soot particle size in these flames is very small (<10 nm)
Vonarb, Régis. "Contribution à l'étude des phénomènes d'inflammation et de propagation de la combustion d'un lit de suies diesel additivées." Mulhouse, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MULH0579.
Bourrous, Soleiman. "Étude du colmatage des filtres THE plans et à petits plis par des agrégats de nanoparticules simulant un aérosol de combustion." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0301/document.
In nuclear facilities, airborne particles are the vector of most of the radiological contamination. For this reason, pleated HEPA filters are one of the containment devices which are actively studied by the IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire) to ensure the safety of nuclear exploitation. To avoid contamination of the environment, the understanding of the behavior of the filters especially in accidental situation has to be as exhaustive as possible. The most probable accident and the most penalizing for the containment devices is fire which leads to a massive soot particle production. In this case, the clogging of the filters is a problematic which has to be taken into account. Up to now, an empirical correlation has been developed to predict the pressure drop increase. The empirical nature of this correlation doesn’t allow its use in all situations. A phenomenological understanding and model of the clogging is then necessary. The following PhD work aims to reduce the pressure drop evolution to physical observations for each step of the clogging in order to model it on the most physical basis as possible. To do so, the study has been divided in two parts. The first one focusing on the behavior of flat filter by measuring the penetration of particles inside the medium and the porosity of the deposit formed on its surface. In the second part a small scale experiment based on a single pleat has been developed. Accumulation of the particles inside the pleat has been directly observed, deformation of the pleat as well as airflow in the pleat (using a PIV method) has been measured. During these experiments, pressure drop has been monitored and the measured parameters have been linked to the pressure drop evolution. Finality is to build a simple analytical model to predict the pressure drop evolution of the filters as a function of the deposited mass, the aerosol characteristics and the ventilation conditions. The main perspective opened by these results is the validation of complete numerical models to overcome the experimental limits. The logical extension of this work will be the study of the interaction of a clogged filter with temperature, air moisture and chemical aggression
Lefort, Benoîte. "Cinétique de combustion de flammes prémélangées riches méthane/éthane/propane : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Lille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL10155.
The present work concerns the study of rich liminar premixed CH4/C2H6/C3H8/O2/N2 flames (Phi =1,66 et 2,05). The stable species are analyzed by micropobe sampling, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. The temperature profiles are measured with a coated thermocouple. A detailed chemical kinetic mechanism, including 197 species involved in 1207 reactions, has been developped. The profiles of C2 (ethylene, acetylene), C3 (allene, propyne) and C4 (butadiene, butyne) hydrocarbon species and of benzene and toluene, which are known as soot precursors, are well predicted by the model. The chemical mechanism has been also compared with other mechanisms of the literature and tested in other experimental conditions (ignition delays, burning velocities, perfect stirred reactor). Soot volume fractions are mesured by Incandescence Induced of Laser in the richest flame
Varin, Étienne. "Etude et développement du modèle de combustion turbulente PEUL : Application à la prédiction de la formation des suies dans les foyers aéronautiques." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES033.
This work deals with the numerical simulation of turbulent reactive flows. The aim of the study is to develop a model able to predict soot formation in aeronautical chambers. We use a Probalistic Eulerian Lagrangian (PEUL) method to describe the turbulent combustion. With this model, the velocity field is calculated by solving Navier-Stokes equations. Chemical composition and temperature fields are obtained by solving the Probability Density Function transport equation with a Monte Carlo method. A soot model is coupled to the combustion model in order to compute soot levels. The different processes of soot formation and destruction are taken into account: precursors formation, nucleation, surface growth, coagulation and oxidation of soot particles. We compare computation results with experimental results in the case of an ethylene/air turbulent diffusion flame. Finally, an application of our model to a practical case is related. The three dimensional numerical simulation of an aeronautical combustion chamber is presented
Wartel, Maxime. "Développement de la méthode Fluorescence Induite par Laser en jet froid pour la quantification d’espèces aromatiques impliquées dans la formation des particules de suie dans les flammes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10004/document.
The emission of PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) and carbonaceous particles produced during fuel combustion have a significant impact both on the environment and health. Indeed, soot particles, as ultra-fine particles are easily assimilated by the respiratory system and cause disorders of the body. In addition, PAHs either in the gas phase or adsorbed on the surface of soot are known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds. Understanding of these pollutants formation requires the development of more and more sensitive techniques to allow their detection in flames, a complex environment where many chemical species interact. This thesis aims to develop a new selective, sensitive and quantitative method for detecting PAHs based on the extraction of flame species and their analysis by Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) after cooling within a supersonic jet. By using this method, it is possible to obtain selective spectra of individual PAHs allowing their selective and quantitative measurement in flames.With the development of this method, the measurement of mole fraction profiles of three key species in the mechanisms of PAHs formation (benzene, naphthalene and pyrene) was achieved in a CH4/O2/N2 laminar premixed flame stabilized at low pressure for different pressure and equivalence ratio conditions. In parallel, soot volume fraction profiles were measured in situ using the technique of Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII), highlighting correlations between concentrations of PAHs and soot particles. The obtained database will be useful to develop kinetics modelling of PAHs and soot formation in flames
Grimonprez, Symphorien. "Propriétés hygroscopiques de particules de suie prélevées dans des flammes de kérosène et de diesel : influence de l'exposition à des oxydants atmosphériques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10031/document.
Civil aviation has traditionally experienced faster growth than most other industries, and currently is a leading part of the global transport economy. In parallel to the civil aviation growth, larger and larger amount of greenhouse gases and aerosol particles are emitted in the high troposphere. Especially, aerosol emissions can trigger the formation of condensation trails (contrails) that may persist and eventually evolve in cirrus-like artificial clouds. Soot particles released on the high troposphere may act as precursors for the water droplets or ice particles of which contrails are formed, ultimately initiating the formation of clouds in conditions where they would not otherwise persist. In this work we aim to gain better insights on the role of soot in the contrail formation process. To better understand this phenomenon, we determined the activated fraction and the critical supersaturation of soot sampled from laboratory flames. We evaluated the hygroscopic properties of fresh soot. We studied the influence of sampling method, particle size and maturity of soot. We were then interested in the impact of different atmospheric aging on the hygroscopic properties of kerosene soot. Finally, we determined the hygroscopicity parameter κ of fresh soot and aging soot (diesel and kerosene)
Sapa, Bertrand. "Contribution à l'extension d'un schéma incompressible pour les flammes à bas nombre de Froude." Phd thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ESMA0004.
As a first step for fire simulation, an extension of the incompressible scheme and adaptations for the free boundary limits have been developed in Code_Saturne, EDF R&D's fluid mechanic software. This numerical approach is aimed to handle unsteady low Froude number flames dominated by natural convection. The turbulence model is a k − ε with gravity effects. The combustion model uses an infinitely fast one-step reaction with a presumed probability density function. The radiative transfer equation is solved with the discrete ordinates method. The radiative properties are computed thanks to a wide band model. Nucleation, growth, agglomeration and oxidation of soot are treated with a semi-empirical model. The model was applied to steady thermal plumes and a helium plume, configurations closed to fire. Benefits from tested closures on buoyant production term are negligible and suggest that closure of turbulent fluxes is more important. However, benefits from the weakly compressible scheme is significant, in particular on unsteady behaviour. The computed, time-averaged velocity and temperature profiles are compared with experimental data, and a relatively good agreement is attained. Then the model was applied to a pool fire and a compartment fire. With the pool fire, using a fine mesh is needed to balance a lack of turbulence production and get a good prediction on fire characteristics. This conclusion is moderate for the compartment fire. Although the mesh used is coarse, the predictions are reasonable, due to the strong influence of radiation from smoke and walls
Maugendre, Mathieu. "Etude des particules de suie dans les flammes de kérosène et de diester." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ISAM0016/document.
Soot are carbonaceous fine particles, which diameters are ranged from a few nanometres to a few micrometers. They have an impact on climate, due to their radiative properties, as well as on health, due to their small size. That’s why particulate matter is an important concern. In order to gain a better understanding of the influence of the combustion devices, which implies specific residence time and also specific turbulence, oxidation and pressure properties, we studied three specific kinds of combustion : first, laminar diffusion flames at atmospheric pressure ; then, a laminar diffusion flame a high pressures (3 to 5 bar) ; finally, a turbulent flame produced in a combustor at high pressures (1,2 to 3 bar). Another objective of this work was to improve the knowledge about soot produced by the combustion of liquid fuels, namely kerosene and biofuel. We studied morphological properties (fractal dimension, primary particle size…) and the refractive index m* of soot produced by these combustion systems. The technique employed to characterize the soot refractive index is based on the analysis of a part of smokes produced by flames. These are transported towards two optical cells, so that extinction and scattering coefficients can be measured, in addition to soot size distributions. Furthermore, a morphological characterization of the aggregates is conducted, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photographs. Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory for fractal aggregates is used to determine two functions of the refractive index E(m) and F(m), so that m* can be deduced
Ayachi, Naceur. "Contribution à l'étude de la formation de la suie dans les milieux en combustion par les méthodes optiques basées sur la diffusion de lumière." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ECDL0026.
Bensouda, Fatima-Zohra. "Etude de la réactivité de suies Diesel à partir de mesures thermogravimétriques : résolution mathématique des équations correspondantes." Mulhouse, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MULH0559.
Tafforin, Anne-Gaëlle. "Modélisation des transferts radiatifs en milieu diphasique, émissif, absorbant et multidiffusant : application aux particules de suies formées dans les flammes laminaires." Rouen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ROUES004.
Serve, Adrien. "Couche catalytiques conductrices ioniques pour filtre à particules autorégénérant." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1210/document.
This study deals with the development of ionic conductive catalysts based on yttria-stabilized zirconia for soot oxidation in Diesel Particle Filter (DPF). Soot oxidation was observed at the nanoscale using Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy. Reaction was shown to occur at the interface between YSZ and soot, ranging from 20 to 40 nm, and activity was related to the number of contact points between soot and catalyst. In order to promote activity, we associated to YSZ an oxygen carrier: silver, under the form of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) scattered over YSZ surface. Results display a synergy between YSZ and AgNPs, allowing for the promotion of soot oxidation under poor contact conditions. Isotopic exchange and oxidation experiments demonstrated AgNPs promote oxygen integration into YSZ lattice. Characterizations of supported AgNPs over different oxides such as YSZb (displaying different properties than YSZ), ZrO2, SiO2, CeZrO2, indicate that the soot oxidation activity is related to the amount of metallic silver species on the oxide surface. Hydrothermal ageing tests indicate that Ag/YSZb formulation displays a stable activity in poor contact conditions and a low silver loss. Baby-DPF (1 inch diameter, 3 inches length) were impregnated with silver-supported catalysts and tested on a synthetic gas bench producing a gas stream containing suspended soot particles. Soot oxidation activity and filtration efficiency were measured. A baby-FAP containing the Ag/YSZb formulation was shown to oxide soot at a temperature as low as 350°C and to induce self-regeneration (soot oxidation overcoming the collection) at 450°C
Marchal, Caroline. "Modélisation de la formation et de l'oxydation des suies dans un moteur automobile." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00392316.
Sri, Rahayu Wuryaningsih. "Préparation, caractérisation et mise en œuvre de catalyseurs à base de pérovskites dans la combustion des suies diesel." Compiègne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994COMPD695.
Ouf, François-Xavier. "Caractérisation des aérosols émis lors d'un incendie." Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUES003.
This work deals with the characterization of soot particles present in the plumes of highly ventilated turbulent diffusion flames. Three fuels have been studied: acetylene, toluene and PolyMethylMethacrylate. The size distribution of soot particles was measured on line after dilution, with a discussion about the response of the metrological devices to fractal aggregates. The fractal dimension and the prefactor have been determined from electronic microscopy micrographs analysis. The effective density of the soot aggregates has been also determined by a serial analysis of their electrical mobility and aerodynamic diameters. Then the refractive index of soot particles has been computed at two wavelengths (632 and 1064 nm) by an inversion method based on previous measurements and on measurements of extinction and vertical-vertical scattering coefficients. Results obtained for the three fuels appeared to be consistent with each other and mean values of refractive indices have been established (m=1. 56-0. 61. I and m=1. 71-0. 86. I at 1064 nm)