Academic literature on the topic 'Combustion de suie'
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Journal articles on the topic "Combustion de suie":
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Vandevelde, Ségolène, Jean-Luc Lacour, Céline Quéré, Lionel Marie, Christophe Petit, and Ludovic Slimak. "Identification du rythme annuel de précipitation des carbonates pariétaux pour un calage micro-chronologique des occupations archéologiques pyrogéniques : cas de la Grotte Mandrin (Malataverne, Drôme, France)." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 192 (2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021002.
Abstract:
Dans les abris-sous-roche et grottes, la lecture géoarchéologique des sédiments peut permettre, dans des cas favorables, une étude micro-chronologique des traces d’activités anthropiques et en particulier de l’usage du feu. Si la récurrence dans l’utilisation des foyers peut parfois être identifiée par une étude micromorphologique de ces structures au sol, il n’est pas évident que l’ensemble des différents épisodes de combustion puisse y être identifié. Il se trouve que les événements de paléo-feux peuvent être enregistrés ailleurs que dans les foyers, par exemple sous la forme d’imprégnations de suie enregistrées dans les spéléothèmes, témoins des feux passés dans les cavités ; elles peuvent faire l’objet d’une étude fuliginochronologique (lat. fuligo,fuliginosus : suie), qui consiste à étudier la succession des dépôts de suie piégés dans une matrice. Certaines concrétions calcaires ont un autre avantage, celui de présenter des lamines pouvant être annuelles. Lorsque cela peut être démontré, l’étude conjointe des films de suie et des doublets de calcite permet de caler les chroniques de paléo-feux sur une échelle micro-chronologique de temps mesuré. Dans cette étude, nous démontrons, grâce à l’analyse conjointe des alternances de fabrique cristalline et des variations saisonnières de la teneur en strontium (Sr), que les doublets de calcite observés dans les fins encroûtements carbonatés pariétaux du site archéologique de la Grotte Mandrin sont annuels. Pour ce faire, nous avons recours à la spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS – Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) qui permet de révéler des variations relatives d’éléments mineurs et traces dans ces concrétions avec une échelle annuelle à sub-annuelle. Les séquences de films de suie peuvent donc être indexées sur le calendrier annuel de la précipitation des carbonates et les chroniques de paléo-feux calées sur une échelle chronologique relative et précise à l’année près, voire la saison. L’étude des rythmicités des occupations humaines sur le site de la Grotte Mandrin devient alors accessible avec une résolution jusqu’alors inégalée.
2
Latreche, Soulef, Mokthar Boutahala, and Abdelkrim Kahoul. "Combustion catalytique de la suie en presence du melange O2/NO sur des catalyseurs Pt / Bi2Ru2O7." Annales de chimie Science des Matériaux 32, no. 3 (May 23, 2007): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/acsm.32.297-305.
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Amenan Lydie Clarisse, Mangoula-Allali, Kone Tiangoua, Messou Aman, Nikebie Koffi Olivier Fabrice, and Coulibaly Lacina. "Valorisation Energetique des Dechets Agricoles : cas de la Pomme de Cajou dans le Departement de Tanda (Côte d’Ivore)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 27 (August 31, 2022): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n27p142.
Abstract:
Cette étude s’est proposée de valoriser la pomme de cajou e combustible. Le matériel est constitué de pommes de cajou séchée non carbonisée (PCSNC), pommes de cajou fermentées séchées carbonisées (PCFSC),, pommes de cajou séchées et carbonisées (PCSC), briquettes comportant 100% de pommes carbonisées et 0% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC100), briquettes comportant 80% de pommes carbonisées et 20% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC80), briquettes comportant 70% de pommes carbonisées et 30% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC70), briquettes comportant 60% de pommes carbonisées et 40% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC60). Ces combustibles ont été caractérisés en déterminant la quantité de chaleur dégagée, la durée de combustion, le temps d’ébullition, le niveau de dégagement de fumée, la masse de suie après combustion et le taux de cendres. Les valeurs obtenues pour ces paramètres ont été comparées à celles du charbon de bois. Il ressort que les quantités de chaleur dégagées par PCFNC (963 KJ) et PCSNC (943 kJ) sont relativement proches de celle (1122 kJ) du charbon de bois. Pour la durée de combustion, ce sont les briquettes et le charbon de bois témoin qui mettent plus de temps à se consumer (60 minutes, environ). Le temps le plus court d’ébullition de l’eau est obtenu avec BPC100 (10,98 minutes contre 15,45 minutes pour le charbon de bois). Les combustibles à base de pommes de cajou ont tous dégagé de la fumée et ont favorisé un dépôt de suie après la combustion contrairement au charbon de bois. Au niveau de la cendre, BPC60 et BPC70 ont produit moins de cendre (10g) que le charbon de bois (12,5g). Au vu de ces résultats, si certaines caractéristiques de la pomme de cajou sont améliorées, sa valorisation énergétique est possible.
This study intended to valorize the cashew apple or cashew nut into fuel. The material consists of cashew apples and sawdust, which allowed us to obtain 8 types of fuel. This includes dried cashew apples without carbonization (PCSNC), dried fermented cashew apples with carbonization (PCFSC), dried cashew apples with carbonization (PCSC), and briquettes with 100% carbonized apples and 0% sawdust with carbonization (BPC100), briquettes with 80% carbonized apples and 20% carbonized sawdust (BPC80), briquettes with 70% carbonized apples and 30% carbonized sawdust (BPC70), briquettes with 60% carbonized apples and 40% carbonized sawdust (BPC60). These fuels were characterized by determining the amount of released heat, combustion time, boiling time, level of smoke release, soot mass after combustion, and ash content. The values obtained for these parameters were compared with those of charcoal. The heat release of PCFNC (963 kJ) and PCSNC (943 kJ) is relatively close to that of charcoal (1122 kJ). The briquettes and the control charcoal take longer to burn (about 60 minutes, in terms of burning time. The shortest water boiling time was obtained with BPC100 (10.98 minutes versus 15.45 minutes for charcoal). Cashew apple fuels all gave off smoke and promoted soot deposition after combustion. This was not the same as charcoal’s case. Regarding ash generation, BPC60 and BPC70 produced less ash (10g) than charcoal (12.5g). Considering these results, if some characteristics of the cashew apple are improved, its energy valorization is possible.
4
Kelsall, G. J., M. A. Smith, and M. F. Cannon. "Low Emissions Combustor Development for an Industrial Gas Turbine to Utilize LCV Fuel Gas." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906856.
Abstract:
Advanced coal-based power generation systems such as the British Coal Topping Cycle offer the potential for high-efficiency electricity generation with minimum environmental impact. An important component of the Topping Cycle program is the gas turbine, for which development of a combustion system to burn low calorific value coal derived fuel gas, at a turbine inlet temperature of 1260°C (2300°F), with minimum pollutant emissions, is a key R&D issue. A phased combustor development program is underway burning low calorific value fuel gas (3.6-4.1 MJ/m3) with low emissions, particularly NOx derived from fuel-bound nitrogen. The first phase of the combustor development program has now been completed using a generic tubo-annular, prototype combustor design. Tests were carried out at combustor loading and Mach numbers considerably greater than the initial design values. Combustor performance at these conditions was encouraging. The second phase of the program is currently in progress. This will assess, initially, an improved variant of the prototype combustor operating at conditions selected to represent a particular medium sized industrial gas turbine. This combustor will also be capable of operating using natural gas as an auxiliary fuel, to suit the start-up procedure for the Topping Cycle. The paper presents the Phase 1 test program results for the prototype combustor. Design of the modified combustor for Phase 2 of the development program is discussed, together with preliminary combustion performance results.
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Petzold, A., M. Gysel, X. Vancassel, R. Hitzenberger, H. Puxbaum, S. Vrochticky, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, and P. Mirabel. "On the effects of hydrocarbon and sulphur-containing compounds on the CCN activation of combustion particles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 3 (May 3, 2005): 2599–642. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-2599-2005.
Abstract:
Abstract. The European PartEmis project (''Measurement and prediction of emissions of aerosols and gaseous precursors from gas turbine engines'') was focussed on the characterisation and quantification of exhaust emissions from a gas turbine engine. A comprehensive suite of aerosol, gas and chemi-ion measurements were conducted under different combustor operating conditions and fuel sulphur concentrations. Combustion aerosol characterisation included on-line measurements of mass and number concentration, size distribution, mixing state, thermal stability of internally mixed particles, hygroscopicity, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation potential, and off-line analysis of chemical composition. Modelling of CCN activation of combustion particles was conducted using microphysical and chemical properties obtained from the measurements as input data. Based on this unique data set, the role of sulphuric acid coatings on the combustion particles, formed in the cooling exhaust plume through either direct condensation of gaseous sulphuric acid or coagulation with volatile condensation particles nucleating from gaseous sulphuric acid, and the role of the organic fraction for the CCN activation of combustion particles was investigated. It was found that particles containing a large fraction of non-volatile organic compounds grow significantly less at high relative humidity than particles with a lower content of non-volatile OC. Also the effect of the non-volatile OC fraction on the potential CCN activation is significant. While a coating of water-soluble sulphuric acid increases the potential CCN activation, or lowers the activation diameter, respectively, the non-volatile organic compounds, mainly found at lower combustion temperatures, can partially compensate this sulphuric acid-related enhancement of CCN activation of carbonaceous combustion aerosol particles.
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MENACER, Brahim, Naima KHATIR, and Mostefa BOUCHETARA. "Numerical Modelling of Emission Characteristic for a Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine." Mechanics 28, no. 3 (June 21, 2022): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.mech.31064.
Abstract:
The main objective of this study is to elaborate an engine cycle simulation program using GT-Suite software to analyze the influence of equivalence ration and compression ratio on the main emissions of a four-stroke direct injection spark ignition engine. The experimental result is used to compare the cylinder pressure result obtained with the developed model. The present article is a study of the effect of compression ratio and equivalence ratio on the main emissions of the direct injection spark engine for a two-zone combustion analytical model and by using of the GT-Suite simulation software. The developed analytical model is validated by the use of experimental data. The analytical curve of the pressure in the combustion chamber is experimentally validated with a difference of the order of 6%.
7
Uzbekov, V. R. "INFLUENCE OF KEROGEN CONCENTRATED IN THE BAZHENIAN SUITE RESERVOIR ROCKS ON THE IN-SITU COMBUSTION PROCESS." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2015-2-70-73.
Abstract:
The Bazhenian deposits which are developed by a perspective thermal method known as in-situ combustion process are described. This technology is analyzed as well as the fuel sources in case of its implementation in the reservoirs under study. Based on the result of the analysis of the expected amount of carbon residue a conclusion is drawn about a basic fuel source for the in-situ combustion process.
8
Krüger, J., J. Koppmann, P. Nau, A. Brockhinke, M. Schenk, N. Hansen, U. Werner, and K. Kohse-Höinghaus. "From Precursors to Pollutants: Some Advances in Combustion Chemistry Diagnostics." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 16, no. 2-3 (April 8, 2014): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj174.
Abstract:
The present assessment and prediction of potential pollutant emissions from combustion systems often rely on dedicated combustion models. Their validation depends on the critical examination of the relevant chemical reaction pathways. To this end, a number of combustion diagnostic techniques are available<br />which can probe important chemical constituents in situ, thus providing direct information on the progress of the combustion reactions. Here, some recent experimental advances for the investigation of a suite of targets from molecular intermediates and soot precursors to nascent particles will be presented. Examples include the application of quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS), molecular-beam mass<br />spectrometry (MBMS) with different ionization schemes, photoelectron–photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy, helium ion microscopy (HIM), and polarization-modulated infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS).<br /><br />
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Hira, A., and K. Chao. "Direct Endoscopic Intratumoral Injection of Onyx for the Preoperative Embolization of a Recurrent Juvenile Nasal Angiofibroma." Interventional Neuroradiology 17, no. 4 (December 2011): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101991101700413.
Abstract:
Percutaneous injection of embolization material within head and neck tumors is being described as an alternative or adjunct to transarterial embolization. Access in these reports is by computed tomography (CT) guidance, which is cumbersome given the need to transport the patient from the CT scanner to angiography suite. We describe a case of direct percutaneous onyx embolization of juvenile nasal angiofibroma following endoscopic access in the angiography suite including self-sustained onyx combustion during surgical electrocautery.
10
Craven, Jeff D., Andrew W. Muscha, R. Chase Harrison, Markus A. R. Kreitzer, Robert N. Dean, and Beth A. Guertal. "A Wireless Hay Bale Status Sensor Suite Using PCB Sensor Technology." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2017, DPC (January 1, 2017): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2017dpc-ta3_presentation1.
Abstract:
The spontaneous combustion of curing hay bales poses serious safety and financial issues to farmers and ranchers across the United States and abroad. The primary cause of this spontaneous combustion is the baling of hay before it has adequately dried and reached a sufficiently low moisture content level. This inadequate drying is primarily due to the farmer allowing the hay to dry in the field after cutting for a given period of time. But unfortunately, this does not always ensure that the hay has sufficiently dried before baling. Spontaneous combustion of hay bales is due to a proliferation of thermophilic bacteria that thrive in a moist and hot environment. If the moisture content of hay is greater than 20%, it provides a suitable environment for mesophilic bacteria, which can heat the hay to as a high as 140°F. Although this is not problematic in and of itself, a 140°F hay bale is a suitable environment for the proliferation of thermophilic bacteria, which can further heat the hay to 170oF. At this temperature, the hay can spontaneous combust, destroying the hay and risking the loss of buildings, equipment, livestock and agricultural workers. To combat this problem, a low-cost, low-power, wireless hay bale status sensor suite has been developed so that the farmer can easily and safely monitor the conditions inside a curing hay bale, to give the farmer time to take action before the bale spontaneously combusts. The battery operated sensor suite has two sensors in contact with the hay inside the bale, a printed circuit board (PCB) moisture content sensor and a discrete temperature sensor. The extremely low-cost of the PCB moisture content sensor is what enables the practicality of the sensor suite. WiFi is used to transmit moisture content and temperature data to the farmer's smartphone when it comes within range. The sensor suite is placed inside the bale at the time of baling. After the bale has fully cured, in four to six weeks, the reusable sensor suite can be removed and used in a new bale.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Combustion de suie":
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Lamharess, Nora. "Etude de la réactivité des suies issues de la combustion des biocarburants : interaction avec le filtre à particules catalysé." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066717.
Abstract:
Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier et de comprendre, sur un filtre à particules catalysé commercial, la réactivité des suies issues de la combustion de trois différents carburants : un gazole conventionnel (GO), un mélange de 30% de biodiesel avec du gazole (B30) et un mélange de 30% de gazole de synthèse de type Fischer-tropsch avec du gazole conventionnel (FT30). L’approche repose sur l’utilisation d’un catalyseur de type DPNR (Toyota) afin de réaliser des essais au banc à gaz synthétiques et au banc moteur. Des caractérisations physico-chimiques des suies, du catalyseur et des carburants sont également réalisées afin de mieux comprendre la réactivité de chaque type de suie et de faire le lien entre le carburant et la réactivité catalytique. Il ressort de cette étude que l'utilisation de biocarburants, dans un moteur Diesel, ne devrait pas pénaliser le fonctionnement ni la gestion du filtre à particules catalysé. Le biocarburant de première génération (type biodiesel) serait même bénéfique dans la mesure où la composition des gaz d'échappement qui en résulte est favorable à la régénération continue du filtre à particules catalysé par le NO2 : émissions de suies diminuées et rapport NOx/PM augmenté. Les suies issues du biocarburant de deuxième génération (type Fischer-Tropsch) se sont quant à elles révélées particulièrement réactives dans le cas de la régénération forcée, en présence de NO2 et d'oxygène. Leur oxydation rapide permettrait de diminuer la durée de ce mode de régénération et par là de limiter la surconsommation de carburant qui lui est associée. Les réflexions menées suite aux résultats de cette étude laissent supposer que la suie du B30 est plus avantageuse en termes de régénération continue par le NO2 alors que la suie FT30 est plutôt intéressante pour une régénération par l’oxygèneThe aims of this thesis is to study and understand, on a CDPF, the reactivity of soots arising from three different biofuels: a classic gasoil (named GO), a blend of 30% of biodiesel with classic gasoil (named B30) and a blend of 30% of Fischer-tropsch gasoil with classic gasoil (named FT30). The approach is based on the use of a commercial catalyst type DPNR of Toyota in order to realize some tests on engine and synthetic gas benches. Characterization tests have also been realized for a better understanding of the reactivity of each soot type. It appears from this study that the use of biofuels in Diesel engines should not penalize the functioning or controlling of the catalyzed particulate filter. The first generation biofuels (B30) is very interesting because the composition of exhaust gases resulting from the combustion of this biofuels is favorable for the continuous regeneration by NO2 (decrees of soot emissions and increase of NOx / PM ratio. The soot from the second-generation biofuel (FT30) has been found very reactive in the case of the forced regeneration in the presence of NO2 and oxygen. The fast oxidation of this soot would reduce the time of this mode of regeneration and thus limits the fuel penalty due to such regeneration. The results of this study suggest that the B30 soot is more interesting on continuous regeneration by NO2 while soot FT30 favors the regeneration by oxygen
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Aubagnac-Karkar, Damien. "Sectional soot modeling for Diesel RANS simulations." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECAP0061/document.
Abstract:
Les particules de suies issues de moteur Diesel constituent un enjeu de santé publique et sont soumises à des réglementations de plus en plus strictes. Les constructeurs automobiles ont donc besoin de modèles capables de prédire l’évolution en nombre et en taille de ces particules de suies. Dans ce cadre, un modèle de suies basé sur une représentation sectionnelle de la phase solide est proposé dans cette thèse. Le choix de ce type d’approche est d’abord justifié par l’étude de l’état de l’art de la modélisation des suies. Le modèle de suies proposé est ensuite décrit. A chaque instant et en chaque point du maillage, les particules de suies sont réparties en sections selon leur taille et l’évolution de chaque section est gouvernée par : • une équation de transport;• des termes sources modélisant l’interaction avec la phase gazeuse (nucléation, condensation, croissance de surface et oxydation des suies);• des termes sources collisionnels permettant de représenter les interactions entre suies (condensation et coagulation). Ce modèle de suies nécessite donc la connaissance des concentrations locales et instantanées des précurseurs de suies et des espèces consommées par les schémas de réactions de surface des suies. Les schémas fournissant ces informations pour des conditions thermodynamiques rencontrées dans des moteurs Diesel comportant des centaines d’espèces et des milliers de réactions, ils ne peuvent être utilisés directement dans des calculs de CFD. Pour pallier cela, l’approche de tabulation de la chimie VPTHC (Variable Pressure Tabulated Homogeneous Chemistry) a été proposée. Cette approche est basée sur l’approche ADF (Approximated Diffusion Flame) qui a été simplifiée pour permettre son emploi couplé au modèle de suies sectionnel. Dans un premier temps, la capacité du modèle tabulé à reproduire la cinétique chimique a été validée par comparaison des résultats obtenus avec ceux de réacteurs homogènes avec loi de piston équivalents. Finalement, le modèle VPTHC, couplé au modèle de suies sectionnel, a été validé sur une base d’essais moteur dédiée avec des mesures de distribution en taille de suies à l’échappement. Cette base comporte des variations de durée d’injection, de pression d’injection et de taux d’EGR à la fois pour un carburant Diesel commercial et pour le carburant modèle utilisé dans les calculs. Les prédictions des débits horaires de suies et des distributions à l’échappement obtenues sont en bon accord avec les mesures.Ensuite, les résultats du modèle ont été comparés avec les mesures plus académiques et détaillées du Spray A de l’Engine Combustion Network, un spray à haute pression et température. Cette seconde validation expérimentale a permis l’étude du comportement du modèle dans des régimes transitoiresSoot particles emitted by Diesel engines cause major public health issues. Car manufacturers need models able to predict soot number and size distribution to face the more and more stringent norms.In this context, a soot model based on a sectional description of the solid phase is proposed in this work. First, the type of approach is discussed on the base of state of the art of the current soot models. Then, the proposed model is described. At every location and time-step of the simulation, soot particles are split into sections depending on their size. Each section evolution is governed by: • a transport equation;• source terms representing its interaction with the gaseous phase (particle inception, condensation surface growth and oxidation);• source terms representing its interaction with other sections (condensation and coagulation).This soot model requires the knowledge of local and instantaneous concentrations of minor species involved in soot formation and evolution. The kinetic schemes including these species are composed of hundreds of species and thousands of reactions. It is not possible to use them in 3D-CFD simulations. Therefore, the tabulated approach VPTHC (Variable Pressure Tabulated Homogeneous Chemistry) has been proposed. This approach is based on the ADF approach (Approximated Diffusion Flame) which has been simplified in order to be coupled with the sectional soot model. First, this tabulated combustion model ability to reproduce detailed kinetic scheme prediction has been validated on variable pressure and mixture fraction homogeneous reactors designed for this purpose. Then, the models predictions have been compared to experimental measurement of soot yields and particle size distributions of Diesel engines. The validation database includes variations of injection duration, injection pressure and EGR rate performed with a commercial Diesel fuel as well as the surrogate used in simulations. The model predictions agree with the experiments for most cases. Finally, the model predictions have been compared on a more detailed and academical case with the Engine Combustion Network Spray A, a high pressure Diesel spray. This final experimental validation provides data to evaluate the model predictions in transient conditions
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Keita, Mamady. "Modeling of soot particles nucleation from combustion processes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10145.
Abstract:
Pour mieux contrôler l’émission des particules de suies et minimiser leurs impacts sur l’environnement et la santé publique, il est crucial de mieux comprendre leurs mécanismes de formation, en particulier dans les processus de combustion des hydrocarbures. La première étape de formation de ces matières carbonées est la formation de leurs précurseurs appelés HAP (Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques), suivie de l’étape de nucleation des suies. La première partie de ce travail de recherche est focalisée sur le développement d’un nouveau schéma cinétique détaillé, décrivant avec précision non seulement l’auto-inflammation et la combustion basse et haute températures des carburants liquides de transport et ceux du laboratoire, mais aussi la formation des HAP jusqu’au coronène car ces HAP sont suspectés d’être les principaux précurseurs de suies. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, un modèle sectionnel de suies est utilisé avec le présent schéma cinétique afin d’investiguer les mécanismes de formation des particules de suies en reproduisant les tendances des données expérimentales (fractions volumiques de suies, diamètres des particules). Ce modèle de suies décrit la nucleation, la condensation, la croissance en surface, la coagulation et l’oxydation des particules de suies. Le couple “schéma cinétique-modèle sectionnel de suies” a été validé sur les flammes prémélangées laminaires de methane, d’éthylène et de n-butane à différentes richesses. Les dimérisations homomoléculaire et hétéromoléculaire des HAP de taille modérée (du pyrène au coronène) ont été considérées pour la modélisation de la nucleation des particules de suiesTo better control soot particles emission and minimize their health and environmental effects, it is crucial to better understand their formation mechanisms in particularly combustion processes. The first step of these particulates matter formation is their precursors PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) formation, followed by the nucleation process which links the gas-phase (PAH chemistry) and solid-phase (particles). In the first part of this work, we developed a new detailed chemical kinetic mechanism describing accurately both low and high-temperature ignition and combustion of a wide range of liquid transportation and laboratory fuels as well as the formation of PAH up to coronene, suspected to be major soot precursors. In the second part of this work, a sectional soot model is used with the developed kinetic mechanism in order to investigate soot particles nucleation mechanisms in reproducing experimental data tendencies (soot volume fractions and particles diameters). This couple of kinetic and soot models is run on the detailed kinetic solver Cantera in order to solve both the gas and disperse solid phases in steady laminar flame conditions. The soot model used with the developed detailed kinetic mechanism is validated over premixed laminar methane, ethylene and n-butane flames at various equivalence ratios. Homomolecular and Heteromolecular dimerizations of modest size of PAHs from pyrene to coronene (mass of monomer ranging from 200 to 300 amu) have been considered for particle nucleation modeling
4
Mahjoubi, Hedi. "Contribution au développement de la pyrométrie polychromatique en combustion diesel." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1991. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1420_hmahjoubi.pdf.
Abstract:
La température instantanée des gaz dans la chambre de combustion d'un moteur diesel est un paramètre fondamental des processus de formation des polluants et d'évaluation des pertes thermiques. Sa détermination à partir des mesures de rayonnement nécessite une parfaite connaissance des propriétés radiatives du milieu en combustion. Dans ce cadre, une évaluation rigoureuse de l'émissivité de la suie, fondée sur la théorie de la diffusion de la lumière de mie, a permis de concevoir et développer une méthode susceptible de fournir la température, la concentration et la taille des particules de suie à partir de mesures simultanées de luminance à trois longueurs d'onde. La validation de la méthode a été faite sur une flamme de diffusion laminaire. Elle a ensuite été testée sur deux types de moteur: un moteur expérimental, un moteur industriel. Les essais ont fait ressortir l'importance du délai d'auto inflammation. L'accroissement de ce dernier implique une élévation de la température de combustion et une diminution importante de la quantité de suie produite. Celle-ci apparaît par ailleurs étroitement liée à la charge. Enfin si la taille des particules semble peu sensible aux paramètres de fonctionnement moteur, sa prise en compte en pyrométrie trichromatique apporte une meilleure précision de mesure par rapport aux méthodes traditionnelles. L'ensemble des résultats montre le rôle que peut jouer la méthode proposée dans la recherche des conditions optimales de la combustion.
5
Keller, Michel. "Development of a multi-scale approach using chemical kinetics and reactive force field molecular dynamics to model soot formation and oxidation." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IPPAE005.
Abstract:
La présente étude décrit la mise au point d'une approche multi-échelles pour la modélisation des processus pendant la formation et l'oxydation précoce de la suie. Pour ce faire, des calculs cinétiques détaillés et macroscopiques en phase gazeuse sont utilisés, à l'aide de Chemkin, pour modéliser la combustion dans un réacteur fermé hétérogène dans des conditions diverses. Afin d'étudier l'impact de la température, du mélange de carburant et du rapport d'équivalence, une gamme de ces trois paramètres a été analysée. A partir des résultats des calculs de cinétique de réaction, des molécules pertinentes pour la formation de suie, appelées précurseurs de suie, ont été extraites et selon certains critères introduits dans des boîtes de simulation pour modéliser la formation de liaisons entre les molécules de précurseurs de suie par modélisation de la dynamique moléculaire du champ de force réactif. Afin d'obtenir la meilleure description de ces processus, trois champs de forces réactives sont évalués et comparés aux calculs ab initio. L'effet des paramètres de simulation utilisés dans l'approche de modélisation moléculaire du champ de force réactive, comme la température et le pas de temps, sur la précision des calculs est étudié et analysé pour confirmer les conditions optimales de modélisation. Les impacts de la température, du mélange de combustible et du rapport d'équivalence des calculs de Chemkin se traduisent par les compositions des précurseurs de suie et l'influence des différentes compositions a été étudiée sur le taux et la structure des molécules nouvellement formées. Les structures qui en résultent se comparent bien aux résultats expérimentaux précédemment rapportés. En outre, le taux de formation de liaison entre les précurseurs de suie est en corrélation linéaire avec la température à laquelle les précurseurs de suie sont produits, tandis que le combustible et le rapport d'équivalence n'ont pas d'incidence directe sur le taux de réaction. Les structures de croissance générées sont regroupées : 1) hydrocarbures polycycliques directement liés, 2) aliphatiquement liés et 3) hydrocarbures polycycliques péricondensés. On constate que la quantité de molecules aliphatiquement liés augmente avec la quantité de contenu aliphatique du mélange de carburant. De plus, un schéma de réaction est présenté montrant les voies de réaction les plus représentatives pour former des structures de croissance dans chaque classe de grumeaux et leur interconversion éventuelle. L'impact des différences structurelles dans les structures générées par la formation de liaisons entre les précurseurs de suie, sur leur cinétique d'oxydation est testé. Pour ces quatre oxydants différents, ce sont des radicaux oxygène, des radicaux hydroxyle, des radicaux hydroperoxyle et des radicaux méthoxy, qui sont introduits et les réactions modélisées. On constate que deux des oxydants introduits se décomposent et interagissent largement et ne réagissent donc pas avec les structures de suie naissantes formées. Pour les deux autres oxydants, la cinétique des réactions d'oxydation avec les structures de suie naissantes est étudiée. On peut montrer que la cinétique est différente pour les espèces qui possèdent une chaîne latérale aliphatique par rapport à celles qui n'en possèdent pas. Enfin, les énergies d'activation des réactions d'oxydation sont estimées, en traçant la constante de vitesse sur la température inverse. Les énergies d'activation trouvées se comparent bien aux expériences et autres études de modélisation de la littérature. Le présent travail - qui applique une approche combinée de calculs cinétiques macroscopiques en phase gazeuse et de simulations de champ de force atomique réactive - offre une bonne alternative pour obtenir des différences structurelles de suie naissante pour une large gamme de conditions thermodynamiques et des mécanismes de réaction détaillés pour les processus de formation et d'oxydation des suiesIn the present study bond formation reactions between soot precursors and their role in the soot inception process is investigated. The soot precursors were generated in macroscopic detailed gas-phase kinetic calculations and according to certain criteria introduced in simulation boxes to model bond formation between soot precursor molecules with reactive force field molecular dynam-ics modeling. The impacts of temperature, fuel mixture and equivalence ratio have been investigated on the rate and structure of the newly formed molecules. The resulting structures compare well to previously reported experimental results. Furthermore, the bond formation rate between PAH is found to be linearly correlated with the temperature at which the PAH precursors are generated, while fuel and equivalence ratio do not have a direct impact on the reaction rate. The generated growth structures are lumped in: 1) directly linked, 2) aliphatically linked and 3) pericondensed polycyclic hydrocarbons. It is found that the amount of aliphatically linked PAH increases with the amount of aliphatic content of fuel mixture. Finally, a reaction scheme is presented displaying the most representative reaction pathways to form growth structures in each lumping class and their eventual intercon-version. The present work – that applies a combined approach of macroscopic gas-phase kinetic calculations and atomistic reactive force field simulations – offers a good alternative to obtain structural differences of nascent soot for a broad range of thermodynamic conditions and detailed reaction mechanisms for soot inception process
6
Kashif, Muhammad. "Measurement of sooting tendencies of alternative fuels : application to primary reference fuels." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066258.
Abstract:
Un dispositif a été conçu et validé pour mesurer la fraction volumique de suie dans de flammes non-prémélangées méthane/air dopées en vapeurs d’hydrocarbures liquides. La quantification en fraction volumique de suie est obtenue en inversant les données d’extinction d’un faisceau laser à travers une flamme axisymétrique par l’algorithme nommé Onion- Peeling stabilisé par une régularisation de type Tikhonov. La mesure est ensuite convertie en un indice appelé Yield Sooting Index (YSI). La méthode a été appliquée pour comparer les tendances des de mélanges de n-heptane et d’iso-octane (Primary Reference Fuels (PRFs)) à produire de suie dans une flamme non-prémélangée axisymmétrique dopée en vapeur de PRF, en maintenant constante soit la concentration en vapeur, soit de l’énergie des vapeurs injectés. Une corrélation de second ordre a été établie pour prédire la variation d’YSI avec la teneur en iso-octane dans le PRF et la concentration en dioxyde de carbone dans l’écoulement oxydant annulaire. Les études réalisées sur cette flamme de laboratoire et les résultats obtenus ont une portée pratique et doivent permettre de prédire le comportement des combustibles considérés à former de suie en condition réellesAn optical diagnostics layout is designed and validated to measure soot volume fraction in methane/air diffusion flames doped with vapors of liquid hydrocarbons. Soot volume fraction is inferred from the inversion of integrated light extinction data using an Onion-peeling algorithm stabilized by a Tikhonov regularization method. This measurement is then converted into apparatus-independent Yield Sooting Index (YSI). The method has been applied to compare the sooting tendencies of PRFs in doped axisymmetric diffusion flames when keeping the concentration or energy of injected vapors constant. A second-order correlation modeling the variation of YSI with the mole fraction of iso-octane in PRF mixture and the proportion of carbon dioxide in the co-flowing oxidizer has been established using least-squares non-linear data-fitting to experimental data. These studies performed on laboratory flames and the results obtained are of practical importance and can be used to predict the sooting behavior of fuels under practical combustion environment
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Saylam, Ahmad. "Etudes par modélisation de l'oxydation et de l'autoinflammation d'alcanes et d'aromatiques purs et de mélanges à haute pression entre 600 et 1500 K : réduction de mécanismes détaillés : mesure de la formation des suies." Artois, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ARTO0206.
Abstract:
La compréhension et la maîtrise des phénomènes de combustion demande un travail interactif d'expérience et de modélisation. Une description de ces deux modes de recherche couplés est un passage nécessaire de la mise en évidence de la complexité des phénomènes étudiés (Chapitres I et II). Cette complexité ne permet pas toujours d'élucider complètement la chimie d'oxydation des hydrocarbures. Une tentative d'améliorer la simulation des résultats expérimentaux d'un mécanisme d'oxydation de l'iso-octane montre cet échec (Chapitre III). L'oxydation d'un hydrocarbure peut mettre en jeu des centaines d'espèces et des milliers de réactions qui doivent être incorporées dans ces mécanismes détaillés. La nécessité de réduire ces mécanismes détaillés nous a logiquement conduit à élaborer une technique de réduction de ces mécanismes (Chapitre IV). Des mécanismes thermocinétiques prédictifs sont construits et validés sur des données expérimentales nouvelles et précédemment acquises au laboratoire Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère (PC2A) ou publiées (Chapitre V). Des techniques de diagnostic laser sont utilisées pour mesurer in situ des particules de suies et des HAP dans une flamme de méthane (Chapitre VI)The understanding and control of many combustion phenomena requires an interactive work between experiments and modelling. The presentation of the two coupled approaches is a prerequisite to demonstrate the complexity of the phenomena (Chapters I and II). This complexity often precludes from fully elucidating the details of the chemistry of hydrocarbon oxidations. Such a failure has been shown by an attempt to improve the mechanism of oxidation of isooctane (Chapter III). Hundreds of species and thousands of reactions come into play during the oxidation of an hydrocarbon and they all must be included into the detailed mechanisms. The need for smaller mechanisms logically has led to devise a technique of reduction (Chapter IV). Predictive thermokinetic mechanisms have been built, reduced, and validated with new experimental data and data collected from previous work or published elsewhere (Chapter V). Laser diagnostic techniques have been used to measure soot particles and HAP inside a methane flame (Chapter VI)
8
Legros, Guillaume. "Etude du comportement radiatif d'une flamme de diffusion établie en micropesanteur." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2297.
Abstract:
Ces travaux contribuent à un projet tendant à caractériser la propagation d'une flamme d'incendie établie en apesanteur. Une flamme de diffusion d'éthylène est alors établie sur une plaque plane et alimentée par un jet oxydant transverse. Les premiers résultats expérimentaux traduisent la forte sensibilité de la puissance radiative émise par la flamme à la vitesse de l'écoulement oxydant et le rôle déterminant des suies. La contribution des gaz à la puissance radiative émise par la flamme est numériquement simulée, recoupant qualitativement les résultats expérimentaux. En l'absence d'un modèle numérique fiable de production de suie, un modèle phénoménologique, étayé par une analyse théorique, est alors proposé afin d'évaluer cette production en fonction des paramètres du problème que sont vitesse d'écoulement oxydant et vitesse d'injection combustible. Ce modèle met finalement au jour deux régimes distincts où les suies jouent pour la combustion un rôle inhibant pour l'un et moteur pour l'autreThis study is a contribution to a project aiming to characterize a fire spreading in weightlessness. An ethylene burner across which an airflow leads to boundary layer type conditions is used. First experimental results show the high sensitivity of the flame radiative emission to the airflow velocity and the soot key-role. Gas contribution to the flame emission is computed and qualitatively fit with experimental data. Because of the need in a reliable numerical model of soot production, a phenomenological model, based on a theoretical analysis, is suggested in order to estimate this production dependency in airflow and fuel velocities, which are this configuration parameters. Eventually, this model reveals two different regimes where soot either inhibits or enhances the combustion
9
Ayranci, Kilinç Işil. "A nonintrusive diagnostics technique for flame soot based on near-infrared emission spectrometry." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ISAL0037.
Abstract:
A novel nonintrusive soot diagnostics methodology was developed, validated and applied for in-situ determination of temperature, volume fraction and refractive index of soot aggregates formed inside flames by using near-infrared emission spectrometry. Research was conducted in three main parts, first one addressing development and validation of a comprehensive direct model for simulation of line-of-sight radiative emission from axisymmetric sooty flames by coupling sub-models for radiative transfer, radiative properties and optical constants. Radiative property for soot agglomerates was investigated by experimentally validating DDA method against microwave measurements and using it as a reference to assess applicability of simpler RDG-FA approximation. Part two concerns experimental investigation of an axisymmetric ethylene/air diffusion flame by Fourier Transform Near-Infrared spectroscopy. Measurement of line-of-sight emission intensity spectra was performed along with analyses on calibration, noise, uncertainty and reproducibility. Final part focuses on development, evaluation and application of an inversion methodology that inputs spectral emission intensity measurements from optically thin flames, removes noise, identifies soot refractive index from spectral gradients and retrieves soot temperature and volume fraction fields by tomographic reconstruction. Validation with simulated data and favourable application to measurements indicate that proposed methodology is a promising option for nonintrusive soot diagnostics in flamesUne méthodologie originale de diagnostique des suies a été développée, validée et mise en œuvre pour la détermination in-situ de la température, la fraction volumique et l'indice de réfraction des agrégats de suie formés dans les flammes, en utilisant la spectrométrie d'émission dans le proche infrarouge. Les travaux ont été conduits en trois parties. La première a concerné le développement et la validation d'un modèle direct complet de simulation de l'émission radiative des flammes sur une ligne de visée. Les propriétés radiatives des agrégats de suie ont été étudiées en validant expérimentalement la méthode DDA avec des mesures micro-ondes et en l'utilisant ensuite pour évaluer l'applicabilité de l'approximation RDG-FA. La deuxième partie a impliqué l'analyse expérimentale de l'émission radiative de flammes de diffusion éthylène/air en mettant en œuvre la spectrométrie à Transformée de Fourier dans le Proche Infra-Rouge. La mesure des flux de rayonnement émis sur une ligne de visée a été réalisée en conjonction avec une analyse de l'étalonnage, du bruit, des incertitudes et de la reproductibilité. La dernière partie a consisté en le développement, l'évaluation et l'application d'une méthodologie d'inversion qui a pour données d'entrée les spectres d'émission de flammes optiquement minces, élimine le bruit, identifie l'indice de réfraction des suies à partir des gradients spectraux et fournit la température et la fraction volumique par reconstruction tomographique. La validation avec des données simulées et une application aux spectres mesurés indiquent que la méthodologie proposée est prometteuse pour le diagnostic non intrusif des suies dans les flammes
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Keita, Mamady. "Modeling of soot particles nucleation from combustion processes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10145/document.
Abstract:
Pour mieux contrôler l’émission des particules de suies et minimiser leurs impacts sur l’environnement et la santé publique, il est crucial de mieux comprendre leurs mécanismes de formation, en particulier dans les processus de combustion des hydrocarbures. La première étape de formation de ces matières carbonées est la formation de leurs précurseurs appelés HAP (Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques), suivie de l’étape de nucleation des suies. La première partie de ce travail de recherche est focalisée sur le développement d’un nouveau schéma cinétique détaillé, décrivant avec précision non seulement l’auto-inflammation et la combustion basse et haute températures des carburants liquides de transport et ceux du laboratoire, mais aussi la formation des HAP jusqu’au coronène car ces HAP sont suspectés d’être les principaux précurseurs de suies. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, un modèle sectionnel de suies est utilisé avec le présent schéma cinétique afin d’investiguer les mécanismes de formation des particules de suies en reproduisant les tendances des données expérimentales (fractions volumiques de suies, diamètres des particules). Ce modèle de suies décrit la nucleation, la condensation, la croissance en surface, la coagulation et l’oxydation des particules de suies. Le couple “schéma cinétique-modèle sectionnel de suies” a été validé sur les flammes prémélangées laminaires de methane, d’éthylène et de n-butane à différentes richesses. Les dimérisations homomoléculaire et hétéromoléculaire des HAP de taille modérée (du pyrène au coronène) ont été considérées pour la modélisation de la nucleation des particules de suiesTo better control soot particles emission and minimize their health and environmental effects, it is crucial to better understand their formation mechanisms in particularly combustion processes. The first step of these particulates matter formation is their precursors PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) formation, followed by the nucleation process which links the gas-phase (PAH chemistry) and solid-phase (particles). In the first part of this work, we developed a new detailed chemical kinetic mechanism describing accurately both low and high-temperature ignition and combustion of a wide range of liquid transportation and laboratory fuels as well as the formation of PAH up to coronene, suspected to be major soot precursors. In the second part of this work, a sectional soot model is used with the developed kinetic mechanism in order to investigate soot particles nucleation mechanisms in reproducing experimental data tendencies (soot volume fractions and particles diameters). This couple of kinetic and soot models is run on the detailed kinetic solver Cantera in order to solve both the gas and disperse solid phases in steady laminar flame conditions. The soot model used with the developed detailed kinetic mechanism is validated over premixed laminar methane, ethylene and n-butane flames at various equivalence ratios. Homomolecular and Heteromolecular dimerizations of modest size of PAHs from pyrene to coronene (mass of monomer ranging from 200 to 300 amu) have been considered for particle nucleation modeling
Book chapters on the topic "Combustion de suie":
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Sperling, Daniel, and Deborah Gordon. "Beyond the Gas-Guzzler Monoculture." In Two Billion Cars Driving Toward Sustainability, 13–46. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195376647.003.0002.
Abstract:
Abstract Motor vehicles are fundamentally unchanged from a century ago. Sure, today’s cars are vast improvements over the Model T. They’re more reliable, comfortable, efficient, powerful, clean burning, and safe. But they still have the same carrying capacity, steering and braking devices, fuel economy, and infrastructure for driving and parking. Perhaps most important, the vast majority of vehicles on the road are still powered by an inherently inefficient technology—the four-stroke internal combustion engine developed by Nikolaus Otto in 1867 and first incorporated in a car by Karl Benz in 1885. These ancient engines are still fueled by petroleum, essentially the sole fuel for all global mobility. Gasoline engines still waste more than two-thirds of the fuel they burn and directly emit 20 pounds of CO2 into the air for every gallon of fuel burned. Diesel engines are only slightly better.
2
"minutes retention depending on the oil processed. Then, Synthetic silica hydrogels: Described in the immediately the oil is heated to 70°C, (158°F) to assist "breaking" the preceding section. emulsion and the mixture is passed through a primary (first) centrifuge. The general dosage of acid-activated bleaching earths is 0.3-0.6%, depending on the quality of the oil and bleach-In contrast, the short-mix process, developed in Europe, ing earth. Bleaching earths provide catalytic sites for de-is conducted at 90°C (84°F), uses a more highly concen-composition of oxidation products. Peroxide values (mea-trated caustic, and a mixing time and primary centrifuging sure of aldehydes) and p-anisidine values (precursors for time of less than 1 minute [135]. Less heat damage to the oxidative degradation) first rise and then decrease during oil and higher refining yield are claimed by advocates of bleaching. Bleaching processes used include atmospheric the long mix process. batch, vacuum batch, and continuous vacuum. Vacuum 4. Silica Absorption bleaching has the advantage of excluding air, partially by In traditional refining, oil from the primary centrifuge is vaporization of water in the earth, and is recommended. A washed with warm soft water to remove residual soap and typical vacuum bleaching process is 20-30 minimum at passed through a (secondary) centrifuge. The washed oil 100-110°C (212-230°F) and 50 mmHg absolute [135]. then is dried under vacuum. However, disposal of wash The reactions catalyzed during bleaching continue into water is increasingly becoming a problem, and the indus-the filter bed and are known as the "press bleaching ef-try is shifting to a modified caustic "waterless" refining fect." The reactive components of oil remain in the bleach-process. Soaps poison the adsorption sites of clays in later ing bed. Care should be taken to "blow" the filter press as bleaching operations and are removed by silica hydrogels. free of oil as possible and to wet the filter cake (which can The oil may be degummed with use of chelating acids, be very dusty) to prevent spontaneous combustion [137]. caustic neutralized, passed through a primary centrifuge, At this point, the product is RB ("refined, bleached") and may be partially vacuum-dried. Synthetic silica hy-oil. If the intended product is an oil, it can be sent to the de-drogels, effective in removing 7-25 times more phos-odorizer and become RBD. If solids are desired, the solids-phatides and soaps than clay on a solids basis, and for re-temperature profile of the oil may be modified by hydro-moving phosphorus and the major metal ions, is added genation, interesterification, or chill fractionation, alone or and mixed with the oil. By absorbing these contaminants in combination. first, the bleaching clay is spared for adsorbing chloro-6. Hydrogenation phyll and the oxidation-degradation products of oil Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to satu-[136-138]. rate carbon-to-carbon double bonds. It is used to raise try-5. Bleaching glyceride melting points and to increase stability as by jective of bleaching is to remove various contami-converting linolenic acid to linoleic in soybean oil [141]. A The ob lighter, "brush" hydrogenation is used for the latter pur-nants, pigments, metals, and oxidation products before the pose. oil is sent to the deodorizer. Removal of sulfur is especial-Most of the catalysts that assist hydrogenation are nick-ly important before hydrogenation of canola and rapeseed el-based, but a variety is available for special applications. oils. Flavor of the oil also is improved. As mentioned in the "Selectivity" refers to ability of the catalyst and process to preceding section, silica hydrogels will adsorb many of sequentially saturate fatty acids on the triglycerides in the these contaminants and spare the bleaching earth. Howev-order of most unsaturated to the fully saturated. For row er, earths are still used for these purposes in installations crop oils, perfect selectivity would be: that have not adopted hydrated silicas. Types of bleaching materials available include [136,139,140]: C18:3 C18:2 C18:1 Linolenic acid Linoleic acid Oleic acid Neutral earths: Basically hydrated aluminum silicates, sometimes called "natural clays" or "earths," and C18:0 fuller's earth, which vary in ability to absorb pigments. Stearic acid Acid-activated earths: Bentonites or montmorillonites, Although typical hydrogenation is not selective, it can be treated with hydrochloric or sulfuric acid to improve favored to a limited degree by selection of catalyst and by their absorption of pigments and other undesirable temperature and pressure of the process. Efficient hydro-components, are most commonly used. genation requires the cleanest possible feed stock (without Activated carbon: Expensive, more difficult to use, but of soaps, phosphatides, sulfur compounds, carbon monoxide, special interest for adsorbing polyaromatic hydrocar-nitrogen compounds, or oxygen-containing compounds) bons from coconut and fish oils. and the purest, driest hydrogen gas possible [140]." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 361–73. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-35.
Conference papers on the topic "Combustion de suie":
1
Ludu, Andrei, Gernot Athenstaedt, and Stephen G. Dexter. "Turbocharging a Medium Speed Diesel Engine to Suit Different Applications." In ASME 2001 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-ice-407.
Abstract:
Abstract The turbocharger match plays a key role for a successfully developed engine. Properly matched turbochargers ensure a good gas exchange, the right air flow rates, and air-fuel ratios as required for the combustion fine tuning. AVL LIST GmbH in Graz, Austria, starting from a blank computer display, designed, developed and tested a medium speed diesel engine to cover three applications: power generation, marine propulsion and drilling rig drive. The 12 cylinder vee engine has 2370 HP rated power at 1500 rpm rated engine speed. For the drilling rig drive application 8% torque backup at low engine speed is available. The turbocharging challenge was to specify a turbocharger to suit all three applications. Thus, the turbocharger operation ranged from the constant engine speed operation for power generation, to variable engine speed operation for marine propulsion and with torque backup for the drilling rig drive application. The paper reports test results which demonstrate that AVL could match the engine over a wide application range. The engine performance and system layout calculations performed prior to testing were validated by tests. The engine performance software used is presented. A special emphasis is placed on the implementation, operation and impact of a bypass and waste-gate system as an aid to match the turbocharger for the engine operation with torque back-up.
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Kandassamy, K., E. Natarajan, and S. Renganarayanan. "Comparative Analysis of Biomass Gasifiers for Thermal and Power Applications." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-058.
Abstract:
Gasifiers are viable alternative for producing heat and power with minimal adverse impact on the environment. The gasification technology is now considered to be in an advanced stage of development. Hence there is huge expectation from the user industry for its application. For a country like India with its vast agricultural residues, there is a huge requirement for an efficient power generation system. In this regard careful studies are required to select an appropriate gasification technology to suit the available fuels. In this paper different types of gasifiers namely updraft, downdraft, bubbling fluidized bed and entrained bed are compared and their suitability for various applications are evaluated. The technological developments achieved so far and requirements of further developments are also analyzed. A systematic comparison of the performance of various gasifiers is carried out and their unique features are discussed. From the comparative study, specificity of gasifier design is brought out highlighting their merits and possible application potential. The study also brought-out the fact that a universal design concept cannot be achieved to meet the requirements of all possible applications for gasification process.
3
Daya, Rohil, Maneet Raj Singh, John Hoard, and Sreedhar Chanda. "Insulated Catalyst With Heat Storage for Real World Vehicle Emissions Reduction." In ASME 2016 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2016-9477.
Abstract:
In previous publications, the model development and simulation of a vacuum-insulated catalytic converter was presented. GT-Suite model simulations demonstrated the heat retention capacity of the converter, and corresponding emissions reductions. This paper provides an update of the converter model development and analysis of real-world benefits of the converter. The vehicle-aftertreatment model of the vacuum-insulated converter (VICC) was improved significantly, and detailed explanations of all theoretical modeling considerations are presented. In absence of experimental data, a flow-test experiment was conducted to measure the flow rate in exhaust tailpipe during vehicle soak due to thermosiphon. These results were used as inputs in the GT-Suite model simulations of conventional and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). New model simulations demonstrated the ability of the VICC to achieve significant emissions reductions following vehicle soaks of up to 18 hours. To examine the real-world benefits of the converter, driving data was obtained from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and a MATLAB code was developed to statistically analyze 23,156 drive cycles. The VICC was simulated on standard drive cycles to develop a correlation between melt time of the phase-change material (PCM) and average drive cycle speed and acceleration. This correlation was used to predict the probability that the PCM will melt in a given real-world driving cycle. The MATLAB code was also used to calculate soak time and re-solidification time probability. Finally, FTP emission results were weighted with the soak time probabilities. This analysis showed that in real-world driving conditions, the VICC is expected reduce cold-start CO and HC emissions by 26% and 48% respectively.
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Kelsall, G. J., M. A. Smith, and M. F. Cannon. "Low Emissions Combustor Development for an Industrial Gas Turbine to Utilise LCV Fuel Gas." In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-413.
Abstract:
Advanced coal based power generation systems such as the British Coal Topping Cycle offer the potential for high efficiency electricity generation with minimum environmental impact. An important component of the Topping Cycle programme is the gas turbine, for which development of a combustion system to burn low calorific value coal derived fuel gas, at a turbine inlet temperature of 1260°C (2300 F), with minimum pollutant emissions, is a key R&D issue. A phased combustor development programme is underway burning low calorific value fuel gas (3.6–4.1 MJ/m3) with low emissions, particularly NOx derived from fuel bound nitrogen. The first phase of the combustor development programme has now been completed using a generic tubo-annular, prototype combustor design. Tests were carried out at combustor loading and mach numbers considerably greater than the initial design values. Combustor performance at these conditions was encouraging. The second phase of the programme is currently in progress. This will assess, initially, an improved variant of the prototype combustor operating at conditions selected to represent a particular medium sized industrial gas turbine. This combustor will also be capable of operating using natural gas as an auxiliary fuel, to suit the start-up procedure for the Topping Cycle. The paper presents the Phase 1 test programme results for the prototype combustor. Design of the modified combustor for Phase 2 of the development programme is discussed, together with preliminary combustion performance results.
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Hajiloo, Azardokht, Venkat Narra, Erin Krumenacker, Hasan Karim, Lee Shunn, Sanjeeb Bose, and Frank Ham. "Application of Large Eddy Simulation for HA_Class Combustion System Design to Mitigate Combustion Instabilities (Frequency, and Amplitude)." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-60184.
Abstract:
Abstract Enabled by national commercialization of massive shale resources, Gas Turbines continue to be the backbone of power generation in the US. With the ever-increasing demand on efficiency, GT combustion sections have evolved to include shorter combustion lengths and multiple axial staging of the fuel, while at the same time operating at ever increasing temperatures. This paper presents the results of very detailed Large Eddy Simulations of one (or two) combustor can(s) for a 7HA GE Gas Turbine Engine over a range of operating parameters. The model of the simulated combustor can(s) includes (include) all the details of the combustor from compressor diffuser to the end of the stationary part of the first stage of the turbine. It includes the geometries of multiple pre-mixers within the combustion can(s) and the complete design features for axial fuel staging. All simulations in this work are performed using the CharLES flow solver developed by Cascade Technologies. CharLES is a suite of massively parallel CFD tools designed specifically for multiphysics LES in high-fidelity engineering applications. Thermo acoustic results from LES were validated first in the physical GE lab and then in full-engine testing. Both the trend as well as the predicted amplitudes for the excited axial dominant combustion mode matched the data produced in the lab and in the engine. The simulations also revealed insight into the ingestion of hot gases by different hardware pieces that may occur when machine operates under medium to high combustion dynamics amplitudes. This insight then informed the subsequent design changes which were made to the existing hardware to mitigate the problems encountered.
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Iwasaki, Hideyuki, Yuuto Higasa, Masaaki Takiguchi, Seiichi Sue, and Keitaro Shishido. "Effects of Design for Piston Pin and Bearing on State of Bearing Lubrication." In ASME 2007 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2007-1723.
Abstract:
We measured the friction of piston pin boss bearings for a gasoline engine to make sure of the state of lubrication. In addition, we checked how the shape of the piston pin as well as that of the pin boss influenced the state of bearing lubrication, which was analyzed according to the FEM calculations of pin and bearing contact pressure. As a result, it was made clear that the state of bearing lubrication sharply deteriorated at an engine speed of 3500 rpm or higher because the deformed pin caused the pin edge to heavily come into contact with the bearing, and a side relief was able to improve the state of lubrication at a high engine speed. We also gave a check to the piston pin for thickness to see how it influenced the state of lubrication, finding that a lighter-weight pin led to the deterioration of lubrication.
7
Viele, Matthew, Isaac Liu, Guoqiang Wang, Hugo Andrade, and Bryan Willson. "Remote Sensing of Fuel Systems Using Real-Time 1D CFD." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2012-81138.
Abstract:
Many modern engine systems are designed using one-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (1D CFD). This same technique can be used to model these systems in real time. This real-time model can be used to create virtual sensors in places where due to environmental or cost reasons physical sensors would not be practical. Achieving real-time performance of the CFD model requires more throughput than is available on single processor systems, so an Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is employed. By employing an FPGA, we can synthesize and reconfigure our system to ensure determinism and lower resource usage. We instantiate several dedicated processing cores for parallel processing of sub-volumes. The number of cores can be configured to support up to 500 fluid volumes, more than enough for common 1D CFD models used in engines. This paper evaluates the feasibility of such a system and evaluates the complexity of such models against the GT-SUITE simulation software.
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Anson, B., I. Critchley, J. Schumacher, and M. Scott. "Active Control of Combustion Dynamics for Lean Premixed Gas Fired Systems." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30068.
Abstract:
The present paper describes an active control system consisting of a fast-acting actuator valve, coupled with a control algorithm capable of adaptive phase and amplitude control for pressure oscillation suppression. Experiments were conducted using two separate combustion test rigs: a small, lean premixed, tubular combustor (75 kW) and a larger premixed annular DLE system (4 MW). Active control of pressure oscillations at frequencies of approximately 90 Hz and 300 Hz was demonstrated on the 75 kW rig. Up to 90% reduction in single-frequency dynamic pressure amplitude and 70% reduction in peak-mean was achieved. Simultaneous suppression of these two distinct modes was also demonstrated. The system was also demonstrated on a full-scale 4 MW combustion rig, with peak-mean dynamic pressure reductions between 33–45%. Instability reductions were achieved by pulsing fuel supplied to either a diffusion or a premixed flame. The response of the flame was notably better for the premixed case. For the premixed flame, combustor pressure pulses were realizable up to a frequency of about 400Hz, while the diffusion flame could only induce combustor pressure pulses up to approximately 50Hz. Adaptive frequency, phase and amplitude logic were developed, allowing automatic selection of the optimal values of these parameters to maximize suppression efficacy to suit the particular operating condition.
9
Joshi, Satyum, Erik Koehler, Mufaddel Dahodwala, Michael Franke, and Jeffrey D. Naber. "Controls Development and Vehicle Drive Cycle Analysis of Integrated Turbocompounding, Electrification and Supercharging System (ITES)." In ASME 2018 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2018-9703.
Abstract:
Integrated Turbocompounding, Electrification and Supercharging (ITES) is a novel approach for integrated implementation of technologies aimed at reduction of fuel consumption in a single unit. The ITES system optimally manages the power flow between the turbocompound turbine, secondary compressor, 48V electric motor/generator and engine by employing a planetary gear set. The unified approach delivers a substantial reduction in both expense and space claim while improving the overall system efficiency in comparison to the independent implementation of each of these individual technologies. As part of a previous development effort the ITES system functionality was validated through engine drive cycle simulation primarily utilizing the 48V motor generator unit for power split turbocompounding, power split supercharging and engine torque assist. In this latest development phase, the functionality of ITES system has been evaluated on a vehicle level model through a vehicle drive cycle simulation. First, a supervisory control strategy was developed for the ITES system to facilitate start-stop, regenerative braking and engine torque assist functionality using the ITES motor/generator unit. Next, a GT-Suite engine model developed for a downsized engine with the ITES unit applied, along with an appropriate control strategy, was integrated in to a class 6/7 vocational vehicle 1D model. The model was then simulated over the GHG Phase 2 ARB cycle and the fuel economy was compared to that of vehicle model with only the baseline engine configuration. Finally, the battery capacity was optimized to maximize vehicle fuel economy and battery life.
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Edwards, K. Dean, and Robert M. Wagner. "Investigating Potential Efficiency Improvement for Light-Duty Transportation Applications Through Simulation of an Organic Rankine Cycle for Waste-Heat Recovery." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35120.
Abstract:
Modern diesel engines used in light-duty transportation applications have peak brake thermal efficiencies in the range of 40–42% for high-load operation with substantially lower efficiencies at realistic road-load conditions. Thermodynamic energy and exergy analysis reveals that the largest losses from these engines are due to heat loss and combustion irreversibility. Substantial improvement in overall engine efficiency requires reducing or recovering these losses. Unfortunately, much of the heat transfer either occurs at relatively low temperatures resulting in large entropy generation (such as in the air-charge cooler), is transferred to low-exergy flow streams (such as the oil and engine coolant), or is radiated or convected directly to the environment. While there are significant opportunities for recovery from the exhaust and EGR cooler for heavy-duty applications, the potential benefits of such a strategy for light-duty diesel applications are unknown due to transient operation, the low thermal quality of exhaust gases at typical driving conditions, and the added mass of the system. Waste-heat recovery efforts will directly compete with NOx aftertreatment systems for the limited thermal energy in the exhaust during low-load operation. We have developed an organic Rankine cycle model using GT-Suite® to investigate the potential for efficiency improvement through waste-heat recovery from the exhaust and EGR cooler of a light-duty diesel engine. Results from steady-state and drive-cycle simulations are presented, and we discuss the operational difficulties associated with transient drive cycles and competition between waste-heat recovery systems, turbochargers, aftertreatment devices, and other systems for the limited thermal resources at typical driving conditions.
Reports on the topic "Combustion de suie":
1
Pinto de Moura, Maria Cecilia. Low-Carbon Pathways for Transportation: Ramping up vehicle electrification and phasing out petroleum. Union of Concerned Scientists, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47923/2022.14770.
Abstract:
We have an urgent need—and a unique opportunity—to profoundly transform the ways in which people and goods move around in the United States. A collaborative analysis led by the Union of Concerned Scientists found that using existing technologies, and at modest cost, we can achieve a zero-carbon, equitable transportation system by 2050. This transformation is made possible by phasing out petroleum and transitioning to low and zero-carbon fuels. This eliminates tailpipe emissions that endanger communities, and at the same time keeps our climate targets within reach. To get there, we need to rapidly electrify vehicle fleets; strengthen efficiency standards for both electric and internal-combustion engine vehicles; reduce emissions from the remaining liquid fuels in hard-to-decarbonize sectors such as aviation, shipping, and long distance road transportation; and enable communities to reduce or eliminate the need to drive. Achieving these goals will require a suite of forward-thinking policies and regulations at all administrative levels that are implemented with meaningful community engagement.