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Journal articles on the topic 'Combined stressing'
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1
He, Huan An, Wei Dong, and Zhi Min Wu. "Study on Long-Term Expansive Deformation of Self-Stressing Concrete with Combined Restrictions of Steel Fibers and Steel Bar." Key Engineering Materials 452-453 (November 2010): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.452-453.533.
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Self-stressing concrete is sort of expansive concrete with high expansion energy which can induce prestresses with restriction in concrete, and steel fibers also enhance tensile strength of concrete. The combination of these two high performance concrete can be used to improve the cracking resistance of concrete significantly. However, like mechanical prestressed concrete, a stable long-term prestresses (self-stresses) level is a key to exploit the particular advantage of steel fiber reinforced self-stressing concrete. Self-stresses are created by restricting the expansion of self-stressing concrete with steel bars or/and steel fibers, therefore, in this paper a series of tests on long-term expansive deformation of concrete were carried out by means of measuring restrict expansive deformation of self-stressing concrete with restriction of steel fibers. The results of tests showed, based on the three-year recording, that the expansive deformation of steel fiber reinforced self-stressing concrete almost kept the same as that of 28-day without remarkable rebound which indicated that losses of self-stresses were not significant and can meet the design requirements on self-stresses level. In addition, it is proposed on the relationship between restrict expansive deformation and reinforcement ratio of steel rebars under different steel fiber volume fraction from 0-2%.
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He, Huan An, and Cheng Kui Huang. "Study on Restrained Expansive Deformation of Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Stressing Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.305.
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A new sort of high performance concrete is introduced which combines most advantages of prestressed concrete and steel fiber concrete, named steel fiber reinforced self-stressing concrete(SFFRSSC for short). Self-stressing concrete is actually a kind of expansive concrete which self-stresses, namely pre-compressive stresses, are induced by dint of some restrictions generally provided by steel bars to concrete expansion after hydration of expansive cement. As a result of chemical reaction, concrete archived prestresses by itself different from mechanical prestressed concrete, so called self-stressing concrete. By distributing short-cut steel fibers into self-stressing concrete at random, prestresses( self-stress) are created in concrete under combined restriction of steel bars and steel fibers. Thank to the pre-stresses tensile strength of concrete are significantly increased as well as cracking strength. In addition, expansive deformation of SFFRSSC can compensate the shrinkage of concrete to decrease shrinkage crack, and the steel fibers play an important role in post-crack behavior. On the other hand, self-stressing concrete can avoid the troubles of construction compared with conventional mechanical prestressed concrete. For purpose of understanding the properties of SFFRSSC, in this paper some researches were carried out to investigate the special expansive behaviors of restrained expansive deformation with restriction of steel bar as well as steel fiber. The test results indicated that steel bar and steel fiber both provide effective restrict to self-stressing concrete as result of forming prestresses in concrete.
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Gomon, Petro. "INNOVATIVE METHOD FOR FORWARD STRESSING OF COMBINED REINFORCEMENT OF WOODEN BEAMS." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 79 (April 11, 2022): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2022.79.77-86.
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The article describes the basic methods of front tensioning of steel reinforcement and composite smuga behind the help of special outbuildings when folding forward stressed wooden elements and structures.
For the essential advancement of the hardness of the elements from the village, which is necessary to apply to the core: increase the strength of the squeezed zone of reinforcement with accessible reinforcement with the highest modulus of springiness, that is, steel; create a buoyant wig for the front tension of the composite stitching made of carbon fiber by Sika CarboDur.
The sequence of front tensioning of steel reinforcement and composite smuga without special attachments is broken down. In the new model, it was changed to change the bending of the glued-reinforced combination to the reinforcement of the beam with a track of the front tension of the string reinforcement, which is used in the splice of simple steps without the addition of additional special outbuildings. The buttstock of the front tensioning of the composite reinforcement Sika CarboDur S- 512 was placed on the wood of the stretched zone of the beam without special attachments. Shown is one of the methods of anchoring the composite strіchkovo reinforcement Sika CarboDur S-512.
If such a design is put into operation, then when the cob is occupied, її cobs will be extinguished, the forward stresses will be called out, and the last thing will be more likely to bend. In this way, one and the same value of the deflection will be reached with greater equalization of tension, lower without forward tension.
The advantage of this method is its simplicity, even if it is not necessary to adjuncts for tensile reinforcement. In addition, for the front tension of the reinforcement in this way, a change in the bending of the gap with the design behind the prototype is up to 30%.
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He, Huan An, Bo Xin Wang, and Jian Ting Lin. "Performance on Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Stressing Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 400-402 (October 2008): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.400-402.427.
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In this paper a new sort of high performance concrete is introduced which combines most advantages of prestressed concrete and steel fiber concrete, named steel fiber reinforced self-stressing concrete(SFFRSSC for short). Self-stressing concrete is actually a kind of expansive concrete which self-stresses, namely pre-compressive stresses, are induced by dint of some restrictions generally provided by steel bars to concrete expansion after hydration of expansive cement. As a result of chemical reaction, concrete archived prestresses by itself different from mechanical prestressed concrete, so called self-stressing concrete. By distributing short-cut steel fibers into self-stressing concrete at random, self-stresses are generated in concrete under combined restriction of steel bars as well as steel fibers. Thank to the pre-stresses tensile strength of concrete are significantly increased as well as cracking strength. In addition, on the one hand, expansive deformation of SFFRSSC can compensate the shrinkage of concrete to decrease non-loaded cracks resulting from shrinkage, and even when cracking, the steel fibers play an important role in resistance to crack development. On the other hand, self-stressing concrete can avoid the troubles of construction compared with conventional mechanical prestressed concrete. Therefore, above-mentioned advantages of SFFRSSC over ordinary concrete imply a better prospect in using SFFRSSC in civil engineering. For purpose of understanding the properties of SFFRSSC, in this paper some researches were carried out to investigate the special expansive behaviors with ages and tensile strength. The test results indicated that at early age the expansion of SFFRSSC developed rapidly but 14 day the 90% of overall expansive deformation basically fulfilled and subsequently expansion kept stable. Axial tensile test result showed that tensile strength were improved 2-3 times for self-stressing concrete specimens restrained by steel bars as well as steel fibers.
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Keblish, Peter A. "Amputation Alternatives in the Lower Limb, Stressing Combined Management of the Traumatized Extremity." Clinics in Plastic Surgery 13, no. 4 (October 1986): 595–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-1298(20)31539-x.
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Keblish, P. A. "Amputation alternatives in the lower limb, stressing combined management of the traumatized extremity." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 81, no. 1 (January 1988): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198801000-00054.
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Würfl, Joachim, Paul Kurpas, Frank Brunner, Michael Mai, Matthias Rudolph, and Markus Weyers. "Degradation properties of MOVPE-grown GaInP/GaAs HBTs under combined temperature and current stressing." Microelectronics Reliability 41, no. 8 (August 2001): 1103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-2714(01)00081-6.
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Vetrova, E. A. "Formation of roughness of the surface layer of non-rigid parts of hollow cylinder type during combined machining and surface plastic deformation." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 6, no. 2-2 (March 20, 2012): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68404.
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The forming of surface roughness of non-rigid parts such as hollow cylinder while combined machining intervenes three phases. The magnitude of surface roughness depends on shape and size of deformed elements, magnitude of axial feed, radial forcing, number of stressing cycles, physical and mechanical parameters of the material, etc.
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Senna, M., Y. Fujiwara, T. Isobe, and J. Tanaka. "Molecular dynamic–molecular orbital combined study on the solid state interfacial reaction under mechanical stressing." Solid State Ionics 141-142 (May 2001): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(01)00717-2.
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Kraus, Dennis H., Michael J. Zelefsky, Heidi A. J. Brock, Jerry Huo, Louis B. Harrison, and Jatin P. Shah. "Combined Surgery and Radiation Therapy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Hypopharynx." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 116, no. 6 (June 1997): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(97)70240-7.
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx remains a highly lethal disease. This article documents our experience with 132 patients undergoing surgical management of squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx, of whom 80% received postoperative radiation therapy. Local-regional control was obtained in 61% of the patients. Five-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 30% and 41%, respectively. Prognosis was better in patients with limited disease: local disease permitting larynx-sparing surgery, N0/N1 clinical neck, and stage I/II/III disease. Cancer of the hypopharynx remains an aggressive entity associated with poor prognosis. Novel strategies stressing improved local-regional control with prevention of distant metastasis are warranted.
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Juozapaitis, Algirdas, Donatas Jatulis, and Antanas Šapalas. "DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMBINED PLANE STEEL GUYED TOWER-MAST." Engineering Structures and Technologies 1, no. 4 (December 31, 2009): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/skt.2009.19.
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One of the most effective and widely used high-rise telecommunication structures are steel towers and guyed masts. The behaviour, analysis and application fields are exhaustively discussed in a number of scientific publications. The main advantages of tower structures are low building area, however, from the point of view of steel consumptions, such structures are not effective enough. For technical-economic efficiency not only the rational types of cross sections for typical mast elements are selected, but also various combined structural systems are developed and implemented. Flat tower-masts are also known. They are combined from a single plain truss supported out of its plane by guys. In this case, such mixed system is able to carry acting loads and actions in one direction like a tower and in other direction – like a mast. From a technicaleconomic point of view, such system stands in the intermediate position between the guyed mast and the tower. The major weakness of such framework is relatively great depth and the cross sectional area of the chords of the tower truss which is caused by the relatively high values of the bending moment in the chord acting in the plane of guys and the large buckling length of the chord out of truss plane. It must be stressed that wind action on the investigated structure directly depends on the dimensions of the chord cross section. This paper deals with the new combined plain tower-mast structure the chords of which out of plane are stiffened by and inserted between the guys connecting joints and the double-sided strut members. These members are pre-stressed to avoid compression induced by transverse loading. The analysis of the behavior of a separate strut system under transversal loading is performed and analytical expressions for determining internal forces and displacements in its members with and without pre-stressing are provided. The minimum values of the required pre-stressing in ties of the strut system are described. It is proved that a proper choice of the parameters of structural components gives a possibility of obtaining a favorable distribution of bending moments in the chord. On the basis of numerical experiments, a comparison between the results defined analytically and ones determined by the means of the Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis program is performed. The accuracy of the proposed analytical method is discussed. For defining the behaviour peculiarities of the new combined structural system and for estimating its technical-economic efficiency, the numerical experiment by the means of FEM program (Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis) was carried out. Analysis was performed using 98 meter high ordinary and new guyed tower-mast structures with guys fixed at four levels. The member sections of the analyzed structures designed according to the values of the defined acting internal forces are presented. It is estimated that using strut members helps in considerably reducing (about 4,8 times) the maximum values of bending moments in the chords of tower truss. It was estimated that depth between the chords in a new combined system was 2 times lesser than that in the ordinary tower – mast system. It is shown that in case of the same cross section and value of the pre-stressing force, the value of the vertical reaction of the new strutted tower-mast system on foundation was 1,65 time lesser than that in the ordinary system. Conclusions and recommendations are provided.
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Maximov, JT, GV Duncheva, IM Amudjev, AP Anchev, and N. Ganev. "A new approach for pre-stressing of rail-end-bolt holes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 12 (February 4, 2016): 2275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216630003.
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Bolted joint railroad is the subject matter of this paper. Rail joint elements are subjected to cyclic and impact loads as a result of the passage of trains, which causes the origination and growth of fatigue cracks occurring, in most cases, around the bolt holes. Fatigue failure around rail-end-bolt holes is particularly dangerous because it leads to derailment of trains and, consequently, to inevitable accidents. Moreover, the cracking at rail-ends, which starts from bolt hole surface, causes premature rails replacement. The presence of residual compressive hoop stresses around the bolted holes, which is achieved by prestressing of these holes, extends the fatigue life of bolted joint railroads. This article presents an innovative technology for pre-stressing of rail-end-bolt holes, implemented on a vertical machining centre of Revolver vertical (RV) type. Two consecutive operations are involved in the manufacturing technology process: formation of the hole by drilling, reaming and making of a chamfer through a new combined cutting tool; cold hole working by spherical motion cold working through a new tool equipment, which minimizes the axial force on the reverse stroke. The new technology introduces beneficial residual compressive stresses around the bolted holes thereby preventing the fatigue cracks growth and increasing the fatigue life of these openings.
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Ma, Z. J., P. T. Lai, Z. H. Liu, P. K. Ko, and Y. C. Cheng. "Mechanisms for hot-carrier-induced degradation in reoxidized-nitrided-oxide n-MOSFET's under combined AC/DC stressing." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 40, no. 6 (June 1993): 1112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.214737.
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Das, N. C., V. Nathan, S. Dacus, and J. Cable. "Combined effects of hot-carrier stressing and ionizing radiation in SiO/sub 2/, NO, and ONO MOSFETs." IEEE Electron Device Letters 14, no. 1 (January 1993): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/55.215093.
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Bardhan, Pranab, and Dilip Mookherjee. "Determinants of Redistributive Politics: An Empirical Analysis of Land Reforms in West Bengal, India." American Economic Review 100, no. 4 (September 1, 2010): 1572–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.4.1572.
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We investigate political determinants of land reform implementation in the Indian state of West Bengal. Using a village panel spanning 1974–1998, we do not find evidence supporting the hypothesis that land reforms were positively and monotonically related to control of local governments by a Left Front coalition vis-à-vis the right-centrist Congress party, combined with lack of commitment to policy platforms. Instead, the evidence is consistent with a quasi-Downsian theory stressing the role of opportunism (reelection concerns) and electoral competition.(JEL D72, O13, O17, Q15)
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BENGIO, YOSHUA. "A CONNECTIONIST APPROACH TO SPEECH RECOGNITION." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 07, no. 04 (August 1993): 647–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001493000327.
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The task discussed in this paper is that of learning to map input sequences to output sequences. In particular, problems of phoneme recognition in continuous speech are considered, but most of the discussed techniques could be applied to other tasks, such as the recognition of sequences of handwritten characters. The systems considered in this paper are based on connectionist models, or artificial neural networks, sometimes combined with statistical techniques for recognition of sequences of patterns, stressing the integration of prior knowledge and learning. Different architectures for sequence and speech recognition are reviewed, including recurrent networks as well as hybrid systems involving hidden Markov models.
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Schipper, Karen, Guy A. M. Widdershoven, and Tineke A. Abma. "Citizenship and autonomy in acquired brain injury." Nursing Ethics 18, no. 4 (July 2011): 526–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733011403554.
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In ethical theory, different concepts of autonomy can be distinguished. In this article we explore how these concepts of autonomy are combined in theory in the citizenship paradigm, and how this turns out in the practice of care for people with acquired brain injury. The stories of a professional caregiver and a client with acquired brain injury show that the combination of various concepts of autonomy in practice leads to tensions between caregivers and clients. These dynamics are discussed from a care ethics perspective, stressing the importance of relationships and interdependence, as well as paying attention to various, sometimes conflicting, perspectives in a deliberative dialogue.
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Lin, Jian-Yang, and Bing-Xun Wang. "Room-Temperature Voltage Stressing Effects on Resistive Switching of Conductive-Bridging RAM Cells with Cu-Doped SiO2Films." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/594516.
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SiO2or Cu-doped SiO2(Cu:SiO2) insulating films combined with Cu or W upper electrodes were constructed on the W/Si substrates to form the conductive-bridging RAM (CB-RAM) cells. The CB-RAMs were then subjected to a constant-voltage stressing (CVS) at room temperature. The experimental results show that the room-temperature CVS treatment can effectively affect the current conduction behavior and stabilize the resistive switching of the memory cells. After the CVS, the current conduction mechanisms in the high resistance state during the set process of the Cu/Cu:SiO2/W cell can be changed from Ohm’s law and the space charge limited conduction to Ohm’s law, the Schottky emission, and the space charge limited conduction. Presumably, it is due to the breakage of the conduction filaments during the CVS treatment that the conduction electrons cannot go back to the back electrode smoothly.
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Zhou, Guangchun, Jun Shi, Maohong Yu, Yu Zhang, Xiaochun Li, and Yan Zhao. "Strength without Size Effect and Formula of Strength for Concrete and Natural Marble." Materials 12, no. 17 (August 22, 2019): 2685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172685.
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Throughout the several-hundred-year-long history of the concept of strength, inaccurate material strength as a result of the size effect and the inconsistency of strength theories have been two continuous and challenging issues, and have even been taken to be inherent attributes of material strength. Applying the structural stressing state theory and method, this study experimentally investigates the uniaxial load-bearing process of concrete specimens and reveals their stressing state mutation features at specific load levels. Exploration of this general feature resulted in the discovery of essential strength, which is basically without size effect. Then, biaxial and triaxial experiments with concrete specimens were conducted in order to obtain the results for various combinations of principal stresses on essential strength. Consequently, according to Yu’s unified strength theory, the formula for strength of concrete was determined by fitting the relation between the combined principal stresses and the essential strength, which was verified by experiments carried out using natural marble specimens. Essential strength could promote the accuracy of strength indices, and the formula for strength might replace the existing strength theories for brittle materials. The initial solution of these two classic issues could make a new contribution to Yu’s unified strength theory and its final goal, promoting related research on material strength and leading to a more rational use of material strength in practical engineering.
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Field, R., and R. E. Pitt. "Urban Storm-Induced Discharge Impacts: US Environmental Protection Agency Research Program Review." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1990): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0281.
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Fecal coliform bacteria (and pathogens), high flow rates, sediment, toxic heavy metals and organic pollutants are most commonly associated with urban receiving water problems. Most beneficial uses have been shown to be adversely affected by urban runoff, including shell fish harvesting, fish and aquatic life propagation, drinking water supplies, aesthetics and recreation. Most of the problems occur over long periods of time and are not associated with individual runoff events, making cause and effect relationships difficult to study. The Storm and Combined Sewer Program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has sponsored several long-term research projects to investigate these problems, along with data reviews to identify urban runoff problems from available information. Current research efforts are stressing sources and controls for toxicants in urban runoff.
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Prasad, Lakshman. "Entrepreneurship: A Perspective and Strategic Dimensions." Management and Labour Studies 32, no. 3 (August 2007): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0258042x0703200307.
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This article deals with many pertinent facets of the entrepreneurial community stressing that ‘entrepreneur’ is yet to be fully defined in the emerging outlook of business and non-business sectors combined, together with a common denominator of innovation. How to sow entrepreneurship in the Indian context, inculcate entrepreneurial culture and bridge sub-regional imbalances on this score are the highlights of this article. It revisits entrepreneurship while strategising for managing small businesses through appropriate technology option, resource mobilization, planning initiatives and gearing up with market realities. “The entrepreneurs sustain the world. In their careers, there is little of optimizing calculation, nothing of delicate balance of markets. They overthrow establishments rather than establish equilibria. They are the heroes of economic life”. George Gilder (‘The Spirit of Enterprise’)
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Qin, Huanhuan, Amy Cha-tien Sun, Jie Liu, and Chunmiao Zheng. "System dynamics analysis of water supply and demand in the North China Plain." Water Policy 14, no. 2 (August 24, 2011): 214–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.106.
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Water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) is an important metric for regional sustainable development in China. It is defined as the difference between the total water supply and demand. The North China Plain (NCP) currently faces a serious water shortage if the WRCC is not managed at a sustainable level. This study focuses on applying system dynamics (SD) methodology to evaluate different water use scenarios and their associated WRCC for the NCP. System characteristics of local water resources and demand in the NCP are captured and simulated using VENSIM® software. A SD model of the WRCC is constructed which consists of five sub-systems: agricultural irrigation, population growth, urbanization level, water recycle and industrial output. The impact on the WRCC is tested through three growth scenarios: keeping the status quo, aggressive industrial growth and modest growth combined with wastewater recycle. Based on the simulation results, the WRCC that can most likely sustain economic growth without overly stressing the water supply is the one with modest growth combined with wastewater recycle.
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Tachibana, Christine, Jane Y. Yoo, Jean-Basco Tagne, Nataly Kacherovsky, Tong I. Lee, and Elton T. Young. "Combined Global Localization Analysis and Transcriptome Data Identify Genes That Are Directly Coregulated by Adr1 and Cat8." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 6 (March 15, 2005): 2138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.6.2138-2146.2005.
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ABSTRACT In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glucose depletion causes a profound alteration in metabolism, mediated in part by global transcriptional changes. Many of the transcription factors that regulate these changes act combinatorially. We have analyzed combinatorial regulation by Adr1 and Cat8, two transcription factors that act during glucose depletion, by combining genome-wide expression and genome-wide binding data. We identified 32 genes that are directly activated by Adr1, 28 genes that are directly activated by Cat8, and 14 genes that are directly regulated by both. Our analysis also uncovered promoters that Adr1 binds but does not regulate and promoters that are indirectly regulated by Cat8, stressing the advantage of combining global expression and global localization analysis to find directly regulated targets. At most of the coregulated promoters, the in vivo binding of one factor is independent of the other, but Adr1 is required for optimal Cat8 binding at two promoters with a poor match to the Cat8 binding consensus. In addition, Cat8 is required for Adr1 binding at promoters where Adr1 is not required for transcription. These data provide a comprehensive analysis of the direct, indirect, and combinatorial requirements for these two global transcription factors.
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Li, Xiao Ke, Jian Liu, Zhi Hao Wang, and Peng Fei Han. "Testing and Control for Strands Embedded in Annular Concrete Foundation Beam of Steel Archaize Tower." Applied Mechanics and Materials 238 (November 2012): 643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.238.643.
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Combined with the design and construction of annular pre-stressed concrete foundation beam of Tiantang Site Protection Exhibition Project in Luoyang, China, this paper introduces the test process of frictional lose for annular strands. The calculation method is given to deal with the original data to get the friction coefficient of the strands. The controlling parameters such as control tensioning stress and theoretical elongations of strands are advised. The rational pre-stressing process and key indexes are confirmed by the comparison of test and theoretical circumferential stresses of the foundation beam. It is reasonable to fulfill the design requirements by strict controlling in the fields. It is believed that the process and method in this paper would give some reference for the construction of similar annular pre-stressed concrete structures.
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Biagetti, Stefano, Francesca Merighi, and Savino di Lernia. "DECODING AN EARLY HOLOCENE SAHARAN STRATIFIED SITE. CERAMIC DISPERSION AND SITE FORMATION PROCESSES IN THE TAKARKORI ROCK-SHELTER, ACACUS MOUNTAINS, LIBYA." Journal of African Archaeology 2, no. 1 (October 25, 2004): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/1612-1651-10016.
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The surface pottery from a well-preserved Holocene archaeological site in south-western Libya is analysed. The collection suggests a long and protracted human occupation of the shelter, from Late Acacus (Mesolithic) hunter-gatherers to Late Pastoral (Neolithic) herders. Aim of the work is to decode the dynamic history of the site via the study of its surface elements, both artefacts and ecofacts, and the way they interacted over the millennia. To do this, traditional ceramic analysis is combined with recently developed methods of description imported from sedimentology, stressing the potentialities of surface archaeological material. In this framework, spatial analysis of scattered potsherds, in connection with their quantitative and qualitative features and chronological attribution, appears of main relevance in the analysis of site formation processes and postdepositional events that altered the archaeological deposit, transforming its present surface.
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Baur, Florentin, Sarah L. Nietzer, Meik Kunz, Fabian Saal, Julian Jeromin, Stephanie Matschos, Michael Linnebacher, Heike Walles, Thomas Dandekar, and Gudrun Dandekar. "Connecting Cancer Pathways to Tumor Engines: A Stratification Tool for Colorectal Cancer Combining Human In Vitro Tissue Models with Boolean In Silico Models." Cancers 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12010028.
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To improve and focus preclinical testing, we combine tumor models based on a decellularized tissue matrix with bioinformatics to stratify tumors according to stage-specific mutations that are linked to central cancer pathways. We generated tissue models with BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (HROC24 and HROC87) and compared treatment responses to two-dimensional (2D) cultures and xenografts. As the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib is—in contrast to melanoma—not effective in CRC, we combined it with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib. In general, our 3D models showed higher chemoresistance and in contrast to 2D a more active HGFR after gefitinib and combination-therapy. In xenograft models murine HGF could not activate the human HGFR, stressing the importance of the human microenvironment. In order to stratify patient groups for targeted treatment options in CRC, an in silico topology with different stages including mutations and changes in common signaling pathways was developed. We applied the established topology for in silico simulations to predict new therapeutic options for BRAF-mutated CRC patients in advanced stages. Our in silico tool connects genome information with a deeper understanding of tumor engines in clinically relevant signaling networks which goes beyond the consideration of single drivers to improve CRC patient stratification.
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Liu, Zhen Hua, Tao Wang, Xiao Bei Wang, and Hong Zhu Shan. "Research of Stability of Cylindrical Steel Silos with Lap Joints." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 1212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.1212.
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Steel silos are commonly constructed by welding together a large number of curved steel panels with lap joints.Where the lap runs horizontally around the silo circumference, the lap connection causes a local eccentricity in the line of vertical thrust in the shell wall. This eccentricity induces high local bending stresses, which are detrimental to the stability of the structure. This paper chooses a flat-bottom squat steel silo as the research object to analyze the stability of lap-jointed steel silo by comparing with a butt-jointed steel silo. By stressing loads calculated according to Chinese code for design of grain steel silos, considering two load cases including axial compression only and combined axial compression and internal pressure, this paper performs numerical analysises including linear buckling analysis, geometric nonlinear elastic analysis and geometrically and materially nonlinear analysis to study the effects of material nonlinearity and lap joint on stability.
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Vecchio, F. J., N. Agostino, and B. Angelakos. "Reinforced concrete slabs subjected to thermal loads." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 5 (October 1, 1993): 741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-099.
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Eight large-scale reinforced concrete slab specimens were tested under combined thermal and mechanical load conditions. The specimens varied in the amount and orientation of the in-plane reinforcement provided. A three-phase loading regime was used to investigate thermal gradient effects at service and ultimate load conditions. The slabs experienced significant levels of stressing and cracking as a result of restrained thermal deformations. However, reductions in stiffness due to cracking and thermal creep caused rapid decays in the restraint forces developed. At ultimate load conditions, thermal load effects were minimal. Nonlinear finite element analysis procedures were used to investigate the theoretical response of the test slabs. Fairly accurate simulations of the specimens' behaviour were obtained. Important to achieving accurate results were the consideration of tension stiffening effects and out-of-plane shear behaviour. Key words: analysis, cracking, finite elements, plates, reinforced concrete, slabs, temperature, tests, thermal gradients.
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Smith, Harry, Robert J. Bennett, Carry van Lieshout, and Piero Montebruno. "Entrepreneurship in Scotland, 1851–1911." Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 41, no. 1 (May 2021): 38–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2021.0313.
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This article uses the British Business Census of Entrepreneurs (BBCE) to examine the history of entrepreneurship in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Scotland. The BBCE identifies every business proprietor listed in the 1851–1901 Scottish censuses, correcting for non-response issues. The BBCE, therefore, allows the whole population of Scottish entrepreneurs to be examined for the first time. These data are combined with a reweighted version of the 1911 Scottish Census report to allow the trends in entrepreneurial numbers and rates to be examined as a whole and broken down by sector and gender. The article also shows how entrepreneurship varied by location. This article offers support for previous work on Scottish entrepreneurship, notably stressing the continued importance of small-scale businesses. It also reveals that female entrepreneurship rates were far higher than previously thought. This article lays the groundwork for future studies of Scottish entrepreneurship using the BBCE data.
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Rodríguez-Ardila, A., and M. A. Fonseca-Faria. "Kiloparsec-scale jet-driven feedback in AGN probed by highly ionized gas: A MUSE/VLT perspective." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S359 (March 2020): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921320002215.
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AbstractWe employ optical spectroscopy from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) combined with X-ray and radio data to study the highly-ionized gas (HIG) phase of the feedback in a sample of five local nearby Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). Thanks to the superb field of view and sensitivity of MUSE, we found that the HIG, traced by the coronal line [Fe vii] λ6089, extends to scales not seen before, from 700 pc in Circinus and up to ∼2 kpc in NGC 5728 and NGC 3393. The gas morphology is complex, following closely the radio jet and the X-ray emission. Emission line ratios suggest gas excitation by shocks produced by the passage of the radio jet. This scenario is further supported by the physical conditions derived for the HIG, stressing the importance of the mechanical feedback in AGN with low-power radio jets.
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Paulava, Inessa. "Properties of basalt fiber sulfo-aluminate modified cement binders." E3S Web of Conferences 212 (2020): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021202011.
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The present paper considers the influence of basalt fiber method of addicting in to self-stressing concrete, modified by sulfoaluminate type expansive additive, on main properties of concrete. The use of basalt fiber and expansive additive together allows to obtain a composite with optimal structure and high-quality properties. The combined application allows to achieve several effects such as filling effect, pozzolanic effect and dispersed reinforcement effect (due to chaotic fiber distribution in the concrete composite structure and needle-shaped crystal of ettringite micro reinforcement). Use of even small amount of basalt fiber due to disintegration on a great amount of monofilaments with a great specific surface leads to an increase in concrete composite tensile strength due to spatial dispersed reinforcement effect and changing fracture toughness There is also an effect of simultaneous expansion due to adding an expansive additive and strengthening achieved by binding effect of basalt fiber as a dispersion-reinforcing element. The maximum amount of basalt fiber in the research is limited by 4% to prevent full percolation effect, but at the same time to provide the formation of filament spatial skeleton in the concrete structure. In this study are considered the changes of properties of the concrete composite with different degrees of expansion and self-stressing (varied by energy-activity and amount of sulfo-aluminate expansive additive). In the article the most optimal basalt fiber addicting method in the concrete mix is proposed, preferences and influence degree of this method on strength properties are determined. The integral use of the modifying expansive agent makes it possible to predict an increase in impermeability due to chemical-mechanical reinforcement of the structure, which results in durability of this type of concrete. This predetermines a perspective range of their applications in various kinds of structures including those with high serviceability.
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Rizzo, Chiara, Giulia Grasso, Giulia Maria Destro Castaniti, Francesco Ciccia, and Giuliana Guggino. "Primary Sjogren Syndrome: Focus on Innate Immune Cells and Inflammation." Vaccines 8, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020272.
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Primary Sjogren Syndrome (pSS) is a complex, multifactorial rheumatic disease that mainly targets salivary and lacrimal glands, inducing epithelitis. The cause behind the autoimmunity outbreak in pSS is still elusive; however, it seems related to an aberrant reaction to exogenous triggers such as viruses, combined with individual genetic pre-disposition. For a long time, autoantibodies were considered as the hallmarks of this disease; however, more recently the complex interplay between innate and adaptive immunity as well as the consequent inflammatory process have emerged as the main mechanisms of pSS pathogenesis. The present review will focus on innate cells and on the principal mechanisms of inflammation connected. In the first part, an overview of innate cells involved in pSS pathogenesis is provided, stressing in particular the role of Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs). Subsequently we have highlighted the main inflammatory pathways, including intra- and extra-cellular players. A better knowledge of such processes could determine the detection of new therapeutic targets that are a major need for pSS.
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Manjón, Francisco Javier, Juan Ángel Sans, Placida Rodríguez-Hernández, and Alfonso Muñoz. "Combined Experimental and Theoretical Studies: Lattice-Dynamical Studies at High Pressures with the Help of Ab Initio Calculations." Minerals 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11111283.
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Lattice dynamics studies are important for the proper characterization of materials, since these studies provide information on the structure and chemistry of materials via their vibrational properties. These studies are complementary to structural characterization, usually by means of electron, neutron, or X-ray diffraction measurements. In particular, Raman scattering and infrared absorption measurements are very powerful, and are the most common and easy techniques to obtain information on the vibrational modes at the Brillouin zone center. Unfortunately, many materials, like most minerals, cannot be obtained in a single crystal form, and one cannot play with the different scattering geometries in order to make a complete characterization of the Raman scattering tensor of the material. For this reason, the vibrational properties of many materials, some of them known for millennia, are poorly known even under room conditions. In this paper, we show that, although it seems contradictory, the combination of experimental and theoretical studies, like Raman scattering experiments conducted at high pressure and ab initio calculations, is of great help to obtain information on the vibrational properties of materials at different pressures, including at room pressure. The present paper does not include new experimental or computational results. Its focus is on stressing the importance of combined experimental and computational approaches to understand materials properties. For this purpose, we show examples of materials already studied in different fields, including some hot topic areas such as phase change materials, thermoelectric materials, topological insulators, and new subjects as metavalent bonding.
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Covino, Daniela A., Maria G. Desimio, and Margherita Doria. "Combinations of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Distinct Latency Reversing Agents Variably Affect HIV Reactivation and Susceptibility to NK Cell-Mediated Killing of T Cells That Exit Viral Latency." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 6654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136654.
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The ‘shock-and-kill’ strategy to purge the latent HIV reservoir relies on latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate the provirus and subsequent immune-mediated killing of HIV-expressing cells. Yet, clinical trials employing histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis; Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Panobinostat) as LRAs failed to reduce the HIV reservoir size, stressing the need for more effective latency reversal strategies, such as 2-LRA combinations, and enhancement of the immune responses. Interestingly, several LRAs are employed to treat cancer because they up-modulate ligands for the NKG2D NK-cell activating receptor on tumor cells. Therefore, using in vitro T cell models of HIV latency and NK cells, we investigated the capacity of HDACis, either alone or combined with a distinct LRA, to potentiate the NKG2D/NKG2D ligands axis. While Bortezomib proteasome inhibitor was toxic for both T and NK cells, the GS-9620 TLR-7 agonist antagonized HIV reactivation and NKG2D ligand expression by HDACis. Conversely, co-administration of the Prostratin PKC agonist attenuated HDACi toxicity and, when combined with Romidepsin, stimulated HIV reactivation and further up-modulated NKG2D ligands on HIV+ T cells and NKG2D on NK cells, ultimately boosting NKG2D-mediated viral suppression by NK cells. These findings disclose limitations of LRA candidates and provide evidence that NK cell suppression of reactivated HIV may be modulated by specific 2-LRA combinations.
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Jeong, Yoseok, WooSeok Kim, Viktor Gribniak, and David Hui. "Fatigue Behavior of Concrete Beams Prestressed with Partially Bonded CFRP Bars Subjected to Cyclic Loads." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 3352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203352.
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The lack of ductility is the greatest concern in the applications of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials, when used as pre-stressing reinforcements. To improve the ductility, a partially bonded FRP system which is intentionally unbonded in the middle part of the beam and bonded in both end parts of the beam has been developed and applied to prestressed concrete beams. While, many researchers investigated the instantaneous performance of partially bonded CFRP prestressed concrete beams, this study intended to evaluate the fatigue performance, the static load-carrying capacity after fatigue loading and ductility. Based on the fatigue loading tests followed by static loading tests, over-reinforced and web-confined partially bonded CFRP prestressed concrete beams exhibited satisfactory fatigue performance without cracks and stiffness degradation during fatigue loading. In addition, no degradation of load-carrying capacity was observed in static loading tests after the fatigue tests. The ductility index of concrete beams, prestressed with partially bonded CFRP bars, is combined with over-reinforcements and web-confinements, similar to that of beams prestressed with steel bars.
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GUAHK, KIL HO, IN SUB HAN, and KEE SUNG LEE. "STRENGTH DEGRADATIONS FROM HERTZIAN CONTACT DAMAGES IN NITRIDED PRESSURELESS SINTERED SILICON NITRIDE CERAMICS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 09n11 (April 30, 2008): 1819–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797920804747x.
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Strength degradations in silicon nitride ceramics subject to damage from contact with hard spheres are investigated. Strengths against indentation load, number of cycles in contact, or stress-rate parameter are reported and compared with theoretical models. Silicon nitride ceramics are prepared by nitride pressureless sintering (NPS) process, which process is the continuous process of nitridation reaction of Si metal combined with subsequent pressureless sintering. Microstructure characterizations reveal silicon nitride fabricated by NPS process exhibits a quasi-plastic mode, with continuous strength loss beyond a load above the onset of yield, and falloff at high number of cycles, > 105 at contact load, P = 950 N , using WC sphere r = 1.98 mm . The strength degradation is substantially faster by dynamic fatigue. Failures originated from contact damages, quasi-plastic microcrack zones, with developing radial cracks during strength test. The implication is that quasi-plastic damage of NPS silicon nitride itself can preserve benefits from the inherent higher damage tolerance at lower number of cycles of contacts, but fatigue susceptibility at multicycle contacts and lower stressing rate.
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Walker, Paul David, Nong Zhang, Wenzhang Zhan, and Bo Zhu. "Modelling and simulation of gear synchronisation and shifting in dual-clutch transmission equipped powertrains." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 2 (May 31, 2012): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212449550.
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Dual-clutch transmissions have increased in prevalence through the combination of high efficiency and shift quality. This is achieved through the automation of conventional manual transmission synchronisers for gear selection with automated clutch-to-clutch shift control, minimising loss of traction to the road. This article derives a suitably detailed model of a dual-clutch transmission equipped powertrain for the transient simulation and analysis of combined synchroniser engagement and gear shifts. Models are derived for a powertrain equipped with a wet dual-clutch transmission with particular focus on a detailed synchroniser mechanism model, including speed synchronisation, ring unblocking and indexing stages of engagement. To demonstrate the combination of synchroniser engagement with clutch-to-clutch shifting, several simulations are conducted to study the variation of chamfer alignment, vehicle speed and synchroniser engagement timing on powertrain response. Results indicate that vehicle speed and chamfer alignment have only limited impact on the quality of shifting. Synchroniser timing can have a more significant influence on shift quality, stressing the need for independence of these processes.
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Águas, Ricardo, Marcelo U. Ferreira, and M. Gabriela M. Gomes. "Modeling the Effects of Relapse in the Transmission Dynamics of Malaria Parasites." Journal of Parasitology Research 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/921715.
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Often regarded as “benign,”Plasmodium vivaxinfections lay in the shadows of the much more virulentP. falciparuminfections. However, about 1.98 billion people are at risk of both parasites worldwide, stressing the need to understand the epidemiology ofPlasmodium vivax, particularly under the scope of decreasingP. falciparumprevalence and ecological interactions between both species. Two epidemiological observations put the dynamics of both species into perspective: (1) ACT campaigns have had a greater impact onP. falciparumprevalence. (2) Complete clinical immunity is attained at younger ages forP. vivax, under similar infection rates. We systematically compared two mathematical models of transmission for both Plasmodium species. Simulations suggest that an ACT therapy combined with a hypnozoite killing drug would eliminate both species. However,P. vivaxelimination is predicted to be unstable. Differences in age profiles of clinical malaria can be explained solely byP. vivax's ability to relapse, which accelerates the acquisition of clinical immunity and serves as an immunity boosting mechanism.P. vivaxtransmission can subsist in areas of low mosquito abundance and is robust to drug administration initiatives due to relapse, making it an inconvenient and cumbersome, yet less lethal alternative toP. falciparum.
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Kohlborn, Thomas, Erwin Fielt, and Maximillian Boentgen. "One-Stop Government Portals." International Journal of Electronic Government Research 9, no. 3 (July 2013): 74–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jegr.2013070105.
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E-government is seen as a promising approach for governments to improve their service towards citizens and become more cost-efficient in service delivery. This is often combined with one-stop government, which is a citizen-oriented approach stressing integrated provision of services from multiple departments via a single access point, the one-stop government portal. While the portal concept is gaining prominence in practice, there is little known about its status in academic literature. This hinders academics in building an accumulated body of knowledge around the concept and makes it hard for practitioners to access relevant academic insights on the topic. The objective of this study is to identify and understand the key themes of the one-stop government portal concept in academic, e-government research. A holistic analysis is provided by addressing different viewpoints: social-political, legal, organizational, user, security, service, data and information, and technical. As an overall finding, the authors conclude that there are two different approaches: a more pragmatic approach focuses on quick wins in particular related to usability and navigation and a more ambitious, transformational approach having far reaching social-political, legal, and organizational implications.
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Bernardino, Angelo Fraga, Paulo Roberto Pagliosa, Ronaldo Adriano Christofoletti, Francisco Barros, Sergio A. Netto, Pablo Muniz, and Paulo da Cunha Lana. "Benthic estuarine communities in Brazil: moving forward to long term studies to assess climate change impacts." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 64, spe2 (2016): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-875920160849064sp2.
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Abstract Estuaries are unique coastal ecosystems that sustain and provide essential ecological services for mankind. Estuarine ecosystems include a variety of habitats with their own sediment-fauna dynamics, all of them globally undergoing alteration or threatened by human activities. Mangrove forests, saltmarshes, tidal flats and other confined estuarine systems are under increasing stress due to human activities leading to habitat and species loss. Combined changes in estuarine hydromorphology and in climate pose severe threats to estuarine ecosystems on a global scale. The ReBentos network is the first integrated attempt in Brazil to monitor estuarine changes in the long term to detect and assess the effects of global warming. This paper is an initial effort of ReBentos to review current knowledge on benthic estuarine ecology in Brazil. We herein present and synthesize all published work on Brazilian estuaries that has focused on the description of benthic communities and related ecological processes. We then use current data on Brazilian estuaries and present recommendations for future studies to address climate change effects, suggesting trends for possible future research and stressing the need for long-term datasets and international partnerships.
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Shishkin, E. V. "Efficiency analysis of the early years of the first level trauma center in the Chelyabinsk region." Kazan medical journal 96, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2015-100.
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Aim. To assess the efficiency of first level trauma center on the base of «Chelyabinsk Regional Hospital». Methods. The data were copied out from the medical charts of road accidents victims. The majority of patients who were admitted to the first level trauma center are young people of reproductive and working age, mostly males. In most of the cases, patients suffered from combined injuries involving multiple body regions (T00-T07). Results. Admission in every fourth patient of the trauma center was inappropriate, as patients had isolated injury not accompanied by shock. In 26.8% of the studied group, no surgery was performed, also stressing inappropriate admission. Spinal and brain injuries requiring neurosurgical aid were detected only in 36.8% of cases. The analysis showed miscommunication between trauma centers of levels I and II. Significant violations of road traffic accidents victims’ hospitalization orders, as well as the presence of inappropriate patients, were discovered. Conclusion. The findings highlight problems associated with trauma centers low functioning as a whole system, requiring introduction of real-time monitoring of their activities, as well as management decisions aimed at optimizing the communicative process between trauma centers, as well as with other medical institutions, which include trauma centers.
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SMITH, HANNAH. "ENGLISH ‘FEMINIST’ WRITINGS AND JUDITH DRAKE'S AN ESSAY IN DEFENCE OF THE FEMALE SEX (1696)." Historical Journal 44, no. 3 (September 2001): 727–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x01001819.
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English ‘feminist’ writings of the late seventeenth century frequently united pro-woman arguments with party-political polemics. But although such texts have been discussed in terms of rationalist and contractarian philosophy, or as forerunners of modern feminist concerns, the contemporary issues which underscore them have been ignored. However, an understanding of these debates is vital to comprehending fully the motives of pro-woman writers, many of whom were more concerned with the survival of the Church of England than ameliorating the lot of seventeenth-century women. The underlying importance of party politics is exemplified in one of the greatest works of early modern ‘feminism’, Judith Drake's An essay in defence of the female sex (1696). Although Drake shared political similarities with other tory ‘feminists’, including the more celebrated Mary Astell, Drake's work differed radically from theirs over how an Anglican tory society could be maintained. Instead of stressing the necessity of teaching the tenets of Anglicanism to young women, as had her predecessors, Drake combined tory ideas with Lockean philosophy and concepts of ‘politeness’ to formulate an early Enlightenment vision of sociable, secularized, learning and the role female conversation could play in settling a society fractured by party politics.
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Bottazzi, M. E. "The human hookworm vaccine: recent updates and prospects for success." Journal of Helminthology 89, no. 5 (April 8, 2015): 540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x15000206.
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AbstractApproximately 440 million people globally are afflicted by hookworm disease, one of the 17 WHO-recognized neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The iron-deficiency anaemia attributed to this disease contributes to at least 3.2 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) according to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The current WHO-recommended control strategies rely primarily on mass drug administration or preventive chemotherapy. However, evidence is starting to accumulate confirming that preventive chemotherapy alone will not be sufficient to reduce the reinfection rates of hookworm, especially in areas of heavy transmission. The global health and research community is currently building a consensus stressing the need for the advancement of research and innovation to bridge the gaps and identify new public health interventions for diseases such as hookworm and other NTDs. This paper presents the strategies used by the Sabin Vaccine Institute Product Development Partnership (Sabin PDP) in their ongoing endeavour for the development of a human hookworm vaccine. Recent updates and the current prospects for success of an effective human hookworm vaccine, as a new technology to be linked to or combined with drug interventions, are presented.
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Guevara, L., V. Antolinos, A. Palop, and P. M. Periago. "Impact of Moderate Heat, Carvacrol, and Thymol Treatments on the Viability, Injury, and Stress Response ofListeria monocytogenes." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/548930.
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The microbial safety and stability of minimally processed foods are based on the application of combined preservative factors. Since microorganisms are able to develop adaptive networks to survive under conditions of stress, food safety may be affected, and therefore understanding of stress adaptive mechanisms plays a key role in designing safe food processing conditions. In the present study, the viability and the sublethal injury ofListeria monocytogenesexposed to moderate heat (55°C) and/or essential oil compounds (carvacrol and thymol, 0.3 mM) treatments were studied. Synergistic effects were obtained when combining mild heat (55°C) with one or both essential oil compounds, leading to inactivation kinetics values three to four times lower than when using heat alone. All the treatments applied caused some injury in the population. The injury levels ranged from around 20% of the surviving population under the mildest conditions to more than 99.99% under the most stringent conditions. Protein extracts of cells exposed to these treatments were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results obtained revealed that stressed cells exhibited differential protein expression to control cells. The proteins upregulated under these stressing conditions were implicated, among other functions, in stress response, metabolism, and protein refolding.
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Xing, Zikang, Miaomiao Ma, Yongqiang Wei, Xuejun Zhang, Zhongbo Yu, and Peng Yi. "A new agricultural drought index considering the irrigation water demand and water supply availability." Natural Hazards 104, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 2409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04278-0.
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Abstract Agricultural drought has a tremendous impact on crop yields and economic development under the context of global climate change. As an essential component of water balance in irrigated areas, artificial irrigation, which is not widely incorporated into agricultural drought indices in previous studies. Therefore, an irrigation water deficit index (IWDI) based on the estimation of irrigation water demand and supply is proposed. The performance of the new index was compared with the Soil Moisture Anomaly Percentage Index (SMAPI) over the upstream of the Zi River basin (UZRB). The results indicated the IWDI is highly correlated with precipitation, runoff, and potential evapotranspiration, combined with a more comprehensive moisture condition than the previous agricultural drought index. Due to the consideration of crop growth process and farmland spatial distribution, the proposed index showed a significant advantage in stressing drought conditions of agricultural concentration area and eliminating the impact of invalid soil moisture drought of non-growing seasons. Furthermore, the drought condition identified by the new index presented a good agreement with the historical drought event that occurred in 2013.7–8, which accurately reproduced the soil moisture variation and vegetation growth dynamics.
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Norman, Ludvig. "Rethinking causal explanation in interpretive international studies." European Journal of International Relations 27, no. 3 (April 16, 2021): 936–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13540661211006454.
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This article develops a model for causal explanations amenable to interpretive International Relations (IR) research. A growing field of scholars has turned toward causal inquiry while stressing the importance of shared understandings, identities, and social practices for their explanations. This move has considerable potential to strengthen the contributions of interpretive approaches to IR. However, the article identifies shortcomings in the causal models on which this research is based which work to limit this potential. The article provides a detailed discussion of these limitations and offers an alternative model of causal explanations for interpretive IR. The proposed model builds on a clear differentiation between constitutive and causal analysis and supplies an explicit argument for how they can be combined to generate causal explanations. This paves the way for a more well-defined notion of causal explanation than has commonly been the case in interpretive IR. In doing so, it also offers a more coherent and detailed account of the points at which interpretive explanations intersect with more mainstream approaches and where they differ. Finally, the paper outlines an application of the model through a discussion on an updated form of interpretive process tracing (IPT).
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Zhou, Gang, Mao Xu, and Tao Fan. "Numerical Simulation of Combined Water Injection in Deep Coal Seam and Its Field Application for Dust Suppression and De-stressing: A Case Study at Dongtan Coal Mine, China." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 36, no. 1 (August 9, 2017): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0326-5.
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Rodgers, K. B., J. Lin, and T. L. Frölicher. "Emergence of multiple ocean ecosystem drivers in a large ensemble suite with an Earth system model." Biogeosciences 12, no. 11 (June 3, 2015): 3301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3301-2015.
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Abstract. Marine ecosystems are increasingly stressed by human-induced changes. Marine ecosystem drivers that contribute to stressing ecosystems – including warming, acidification, deoxygenation and perturbations to biological productivity – can co-occur in space and time, but detecting their trends is complicated by the presence of noise associated with natural variability in the climate system. Here we use large initial-condition ensemble simulations with an Earth system model under a historical/RCP8.5 (representative concentration pathway 8.5) scenario over 1950–2100 to consider emergence characteristics for the four individual and combined drivers. Using a 1-standard-deviation (67% confidence) threshold of signal to noise to define emergence with a 30-year trend window, we show that ocean acidification emerges much earlier than other drivers, namely during the 20th century over most of the global ocean. For biological productivity, the anthropogenic signal does not emerge from the noise over most of the global ocean before the end of the 21st century. The early emergence pattern for sea surface temperature in low latitudes is reversed from that of subsurface oxygen inventories, where emergence occurs earlier in the Southern Ocean. For the combined multiple-driver field, 41% of the global ocean exhibits emergence for the 2005–2014 period, and 63% for the 2075–2084 period. The combined multiple-driver field reveals emergence patterns by the end of this century that are relatively high over much of the Southern Ocean, North Pacific, and Atlantic, but relatively low over the tropics and the South Pacific. For the case of two drivers, the tropics including habitats of coral reefs emerges earliest, with this driven by the joint effects of acidification and warming. It is precisely in the regions with pronounced emergence characteristics where marine ecosystems may be expected to be pushed outside of their comfort zone determined by the degree of natural background variability to which they are adapted. The results underscore the importance of sustained multi-decadal observing systems for monitoring multiple ecosystems drivers.
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Vezzaro, Luca, Jonas Wied Pedersen, Laura Holm Larsen, Carsten Thirsing, Lene Bassø Duus, and Peter Steen Mikkelsen. "Evaluating the performance of a simple phenomenological model for online forecasting of ammonium concentrations at WWTP inlets." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.085.
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Abstract A simple model for online forecasting of ammonium (NH4+) concentrations in sewer systems is proposed. The forecast model utilizes a simple representation of daily NH4+ profiles and the dilution approach combined with information from online NH4+ and flow sensors. The method utilizes an ensemble approach based on past observations to create model prediction bounds. The forecast model was tested against observations collected at the inlet of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) over an 11-month period. NH4+ data were collected with ion-selective sensors. The model performance evaluation focused on applications in relation to online control strategies. The results of the monitoring campaigns highlighted a high variability in daily NH4+ profiles, stressing the importance of an uncertainty-based modelling approach. The maintenance of the NH4+ sensors resulted in important variations of the sensor signal, affecting the evaluation of the model structure and its performance. The forecast model succeeded in providing outputs that potentially can be used for integrated control of wastewater systems. This study provides insights on full scale application of online water quality forecasting models in sewer systems. It also highlights several research gaps which – if further investigated – can lead to better forecasts and more effective real-time operations of sewer and WWTP systems.
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López Maestre, María D. "Narrative and ideologies of violence against women: The Legend of the Black Lagoon." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 22, no. 4 (November 2013): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947013497875.
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The complete eradication of violence against women remains a challenge for 21st-century societies. In Spain 606 women were killed by their partners or ex-partners in the period 2003–2011 inclusive. Figures like these make this phenomenon a very serious social problem which requires intervention at a plurality of levels. The language used in narratives about these issues is very important. It can be an additional factor that contributes to the transmission of sexism and the perpetuation of indirect sexist ideologies that naturalize violence against women. This article presents a critical stylistics analysis of one such narrative from a feminist point of view. It is a text displayed at a Visitors’ Centre in Spain to show local culture to children and the tourists who visit the area. Applying a combined methodology based on feminism, stylistics and critical discourse analysis, the analysis carried out shows how the text conveys an underlying sexist ideology that normalizes violence against women and adopts a victim-blaming stance. The article concludes by stressing the need to raise awareness of the consequences of indirect sexism and naturalized ideologies covert in discourse, particularly in the field of writing for children and in the public domain in general.