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Published: 4 June 2021
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1

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment. Clean water infrastructure and wet weather flows legislation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, June 22, 1999. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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2

The Raw Sewage Overflow Community Right-to-Know Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, October 16, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

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3

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform and Oversight. Subcommittee on Civil Service. Combined Federal Campaign: Lawyers and lobbyists vs. people in need? : hearing before the Subcommittee on Civil Service of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, June 7, 1995. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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4

Office, General Accounting. Fiscal management of the Combined Federal Campaign: Report to the Chairman, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1985.

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5

United States. Government Accountability Office. Tax debt: Some Combined Federal Canmpaign charities owe payroll and other federal taxes : report to Subcommittee on Oversight, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2006.

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6

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment. Combined sewer overflows: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment and the Subcommittee [on] Oceanography and Great Lakes of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on H.R. 2953 ... and H.R. 3120 ... June 20, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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7

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Manpower and Housing Subcommittee. Office of Personnel Management administration of the Combined Federal Campaign: Hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session, May 15, 1984. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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8

Office, General Accounting. Intermodal freight transportation: Combined rail-truck service offers public benefits, but challenges remain : report to the Committee on Public Works and Transportation, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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9

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Subcommittee on Federal Workforce, U.S. Postal Service, and the Census. The Combined Federal Campaign: Making every dollar count : hearing before the Subcommittee on Federal Workforce, US Postal Service and the Census of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session, July 10, 2013. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.

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10

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment. Combined sewer overflows: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment and the Subcommittee Oceanography and Great Lakes of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session on H.R. 2953 ... and H.R. 3120 ... June 20, 1990. Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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11

Charities and employment taxes: Are charities in the Combined Federal Campaign meeting their employment tax responsibilities? : hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight of the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, May 25, 2006. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.

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12

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Subcommittee on National Security, Homeland Defense, and Foreign Operations. SIGAR report: Document destruction and millions of dollars unaccounted for at the Department of Defense : hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security, Homeland Defense, and Foreign Operations of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, second session. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.

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13

Dibazar, Pedram, and Judith Naeff, eds. Visualizing the Street. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462984356.

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From user-generated images of streets to professional architectural renderings, and from digital maps and drone footages to representations of invisible digital ecologies, this collection of essays analyses the emergent practices of visualizing the street. Today, advancements in digital technologies of the image have given rise to the production and dissemination of imagery of streets and urban realities in multiple forms. The ubiquitous presence of digital visualizations has in turn created new forms of urban practice and modes of spatial encounter. Everyone who carries a smartphone not only plays an increasingly significant role in the production, editing and circulation of images of the street, but also relies on those images to experience urban worlds and to navigate in them. Such entangled forms of image-making and image-sharing have constructed new imaginaries of the street and have had a significant impact on the ways in which contemporary and future streets are understood, imagined, documented, navigated, mediated and visualized. Visualizing the Street investigates the social and cultural significance of these new developments at the intersection of visual culture and urban space. The interdisciplinary essays provide new concepts, theories and research methods that combine close analyses of street images and imaginaries with the study of the practices of their production and circulation. The book covers a wide range of visible and invisible geographies — From Hong Kong’s streets to Rio’s favelas, from Sydney’s suburbs to London’s street markets, and from Damascus’ war-torn streets to Istanbul’s sidewalks — and engages with multiple ways in which visualizations of the street function to document street protests and urban change, to build imaginaries of urban communities and alternate worlds, and to help navigate streetscapes.
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14

Office, General Accounting. Military operations: Information on U.S. use of land mines in the Persian Gulf War : report to the Honorable Lane Evans, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 2002.

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15

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance. SEC/CFTC jurisdictional issues: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on H.R. 4477, a bill to combine the functions of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the Securities and Exchange Commission ... May 3 and 24, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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16

Shea, Nicholas. Representation in Cognitive Science. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812883.001.0001.

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The representational theory of mind (RTM) has given us the powerful insight that thinking consists of the processing of mental representations. Behaviour is the result of these cognitive processes and makes sense in the light of their contents. There is no widely accepted account of how representations get their content – of the metaphysics of representational content. That question, usually asked about representations at the personal level like beliefs and conscious states, is equally pressing for the subpersonal representations that pervade our best explanatory theories in cognitive science. This book argues that well-understood naturalistic resources can be combined to provide an account of subpersonal representational content. It shows how contents arise in a series of detailed case studies in cognitive science. The account is pluralistic, allowing that content is constituted differently in different cases. Building on insights from previous theories, especially teleosemantics, the accounts combine an appeal to correlational information and structural correspondence with an expanded notion of etiological function, which captures the kinds of stabilizing processes that give rise to content. The accounts support a distinction between descriptive and directive content. They also allow us to see how representational explanation gets its distinctive explanatory purchase.
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17

Roggeman, Chantal, Wim Fias, and Tom Verguts. Basic Number Representation and Beyond. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.68.

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We discuss recent computational network models of elementary number processing. One key issue to emerge from this work is a crucial distinction between symbolic and non-symbolic number representation, and the related distinction between number-selective and number-sensitive coding. Empirical predictions from the models were tested, and are here summarized. Another issue is the relation with task-based decision making mechanisms. In both lab and real-life settings, representations are seldomly accessed in a task-neutral manner, rather subjects are usually presented with a task. A related theme is the functional association between number representations and working memory. In these issues also, both modeling and neuroimaging work is summarized. To conclude, we propose that the combined modeling-neuroimaging approach should be extended to tackle more complex questions about number processing (e.g. fractions, development, dyscalculia).
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18

Shea, Nicholas. Functions for Representation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812883.003.0003.

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What kind of functions are suited for grounding representational content? Do they derive from behaviour that is robust and apparently goal-directed, or from consequence etiology? Rather than choosing between these two elements the account here combines them: ‘robust outcome functions’ combine with ‘stabilized functions’ to form ‘task functions’, which are the functions-for-representation that offer a good basis for fixing content. Task functions allow space for contents on which they are based to have a distinctive kind of explanatory purchase.
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19

Signal and Image Representation in Combined Spaces. Elsevier, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1874-608x(98)x8001-5.

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20

Y, Zeevi Y., and Coifman Ronald R, eds. Signal and image representation in combined spaces. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998.

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21

Pietroski, Paul M. Conjoining Meanings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812722.001.0001.

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Humans naturally acquire languages that connect meanings with pronunciations. These distinctive languages are described here as generative procedures that respect substantive constraints. Children acquire meaningful lexical items that can be combined, in certain ways, to form meaningful complex expressions. This raises questions about what meanings are, how they can be combined, and what kinds of meanings lexical items can have. This book argues that meanings are neither concepts nor extensions, and sentences do not have truth conditions. Rather, meanings are composable instructions for how to access and assemble concepts of a special sort. More specifically, phrasal meanings are instructions for how to build monadic concepts (a.k.a. mental predicates) that are massively conjunctive, while lexical meanings are instructions for how to fetch concepts that are monadic or dyadic. This allows for polysemy, since a lexical item can be linked to an address that is shared by a family of fetchable concepts. But the posited combinatorial operations are limited and limiting. They impose severe restrictions on which concepts can be fetched for purposes of semantic composition. Correspondingly, the argument here is that in lexicalization, available representations are often used to introduce concepts that can be combined via the relevant operations.
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22

Thomassen, Lasse. (Not) Just a Piece of Cloth: Recognition and Representation. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422659.003.0004.

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This chapter looks at the concept and practice of recognition so often associated with identity politics and multiculturalism. The chapter shows how recognition and representation are mutually implied. Representations must be recognised and taken up in order to have force; and recognition is always recognition of particular representations. I develop this through a detailed discussion of Begum, a legal case from the mid-2000s. The case is particularly useful because, while it concerns recognition and the limits of multiculturalism, the parties to the case all subscribe to the importance of recognition and multiculturalism. The chapter combines a close reading of the case and the debate about it with theoretical reflections on the literature on recognition, including the works of Charles Taylor, Elisabetta Galeotti and Patchen Markell.
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23

Kollmann, Nancy. Muscovite Political Culture. Edited by Simon Dixon. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236701.013.007.

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This chapter reveals the deep structures of Muscovite politics by explaining first its theoretical foundations (in which written texts and symbolic representations combined to present a consistent worldview) and then its practical operations (heavily dependent on kinship, marriage and patronage networks). Though it focuses on the period from Ivan III (r. 1462–1505) to the end of the seventeenth century, the chapter ends by considering the impact of Peter I (r. 1682–1725). Change trumped continuity with regard to political culture. Yet, even as they constructed a political rhetoric and elite culture on Western models, Peter and his successors echoed traditional Muscovy in their evocations of Orthodoxy, their patronage and largesse, and their patrimonial claims to power. And they achieved time-honoured Muscovite goals by maintaining stability among factional groups, enriching their elites, expanding the Empire and presiding over dynamic economic growth.
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24

Issiyeva, Adalyat. Representing Russia's Orient. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190051365.001.0001.

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This book examines the musical ramifications of Russia’s nineteenth-century expansion to the east and south and explores the formation and development of Russian musical discourse on Russia’s own Orient. It traces the transition from music ethnography to art songs and discusses how various aspects of (music) ethnographies, folk song collections, music theories, and visual representations of Russia’s ethnic minorities, or inorodtsy, shaped Russian composers’ perception and musical representation of Russia’s oriental “others.” Situated on the periphery, minority peoples not only defined the geographical boundaries of the empire, its culture, and its music but also defined the boundaries of Russianness itself. Extensively illustrated with music examples, archival material, and images from long-forgotten Russian sources, this book investigates the historical, cultural, and musical elements that contributed to the formation and creation of Russia’s imperial identity. It delineates musical elements that have been adopted to characterize Russians’ own national hybridity. Three case studies—well-known leader of the Mighty Five Milii Balakirev, lesser known Alexander Aliab’ev, and the late-nineteenth-century composers affiliated with the Music-Ethnography Committee—demonstrate how and why, despite the overwhelming number of pejorative images and descriptions of inorodtsy, these composers decided to disregard their social and political differences and sometimes confused and combined diverse minorities’ identities with that of the Russian “self.” The analysis of the arrangements of folk songs of Russia’s eastern and southern minorities reveals the trajectory of the ways their music was treated, from denigration and “othering” to embracing peoples from all the provinces of the empire.
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25

Nygaard, Taylor, and Jorie Lagerwey. Horrible White People. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479885459.001.0001.

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At the same time that reactionary conservative political figures like Donald Trump were elected and disastrous socioeconomic policies like Brexit were voted into law, representations of bleakly comic white fragility spread across television screens. Analyzing a cycle of transatlantic television programs that emerged mostly between 2014 and 2016 targeting affluent, liberal, white audiences, Horrible White People examines the complicity of the white Left, obsessed with its own anxiety and suffering, in the rise and maintenance of the Far Right—particularly in the mobilization, representation, and sustenance of structural white supremacy on television. The authors use a combined methodology of media-industry analysis and feminist cultural studies, especially close textual analysis, to interrogate a cycle of US and British programming, like Broad City, Casual, You’re the Worst, Catastrophe, Fleabag, and Transparent, that features the abjection of middle-class, liberal, young white people. Throughout, they put these “horrible white people” in conversation with similar upmarket comedies from creators and casts of color, like Insecure, Atlanta, Dear White People, and Master of None, to highlight the ways those shows negotiate prestige TV’s dominant aesthetics of whiteness to push back against the centering of white suffering in a time of cultural crisis. The authors argue that multiple, concurrent, interrelated crises—recession, the emergent mainstreaming of feminism(s), and the unmasked visibility of racial inequality and violence—have caused upheaval among liberals. These crises are represented in this cycle as a collection of circumstances inextricable from and intertwined with the reactionary conservatism, antifeminism, and racism of the rising Right.
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26

Grush, Rick. Space, Time, and Objects. Edited by John Bickle. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195304787.003.0013.

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This article outlines a unified information processing framework whose goal is to explain how the nervous system represents space, time, and objects. It explains the concept of the emulation theory of representation and describes an extension of the emulation framework for temporal representation. It discusses Alexandre Pouget's basis function model of spatial representation and describes how to combine the basis function model of spatial representation with the trajectory emulation model of temporal representation to yield an information processing framework that genuinely represents behavioral spatiotemporal trajectories of behavioral objects.
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27

Takagi, Kotaro, and Naohisa Mori. Approaches to Testimony. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190230814.003.0007.

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This chapter develops an ecological and social approach to testimony as an everyday memory practice. It first analyzes the nature of this practice through a history of psychological testimony for more than a century. In recent decades, two approaches to testimony have been dominant: the cognitive and the discursive one, each with its own problems. A hint at a new theory exists in Neisser’s classic study of “John Dean’s memory.” Neisser introduced the concept of “repisodic memory,” roughly defining this concept as representatives or common characteristics of a series of events, in contrast to “episodic memory,” which refers to the representation of a single event. The chapter examines the concept and integrates it with Gibson’s ecological perspective of perception and Bartlett’s schema theory in a synthesis that combines the two approaches. The validity of the new theory is demonstrated by referring to practical and experimental studies that have been performed.
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28

Bauböck, Rainer. Democratic Representation in Mobile Societies. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428231.003.0014.

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Multiculturalism and transnationalism have transformed the traditional assimilationist and statist perspectives of immigrant integration studies. Yet these progressive approaches have not fully addressed the new challenges raised by the ‘mobility turn’. In highly mobile societies, the distinction between cultural majority and minorities, which is the starting point for multiculturalism, and the distinction between migrants, receiving and destination societies, which is still maintained in a transnational perspective, become increasingly blurred. Once these categories can no longer be distinguished, the normative case for differentiated multicultural and transnational citizenship becomes weaker too. The second part of the paper applies this line of thought to democratic representation issues. It identifies three challenges of mobility: representing temporary migrants; bridging cleavages between mobile and sedentary populations; and organizing democratic representation in hypermobile societies with sedentary minorities, each of which assume a different degree of societal transformation through mobility. The chapter concludes that it would be wrong to replace the methodological nationalism and statism that has prevailed in the multicultural citizenship literature with an equally biased ‘methodological migrantism’ that privileges a mobility perspective over that of territorially structured democracy. We should instead try to find institutional solutions which combine both perspectives and, where this is impossible, at least try to switch back and forth between them.
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29

Weeks, Liam. Independents in Irish party democracy. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719099601.001.0001.

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While in almost all competitive political systems parties are omnipotent at elections, in Ireland independents (non-party MPs) remain significant players. At the Irish general election in 2016, independents won 23 of the 157 contested seats, proportionally the highest level of elected independent representation in the national parliament of any established democracy since 1950, and more than the combined total in all other industrial democracies. Not only have independents in Ireland persisted, but they have also had a significant political impact. Regularly holding the balance of power as kingmakers in hung parliaments where no party or coalition has an overall majority, independents have been able to use this position to extract policy influence. The purpose of the book is to examine and explain this persistence of the independent phenomenon in a stable party democracy. With Ireland as the primary case, but also using comparative data, it assesses how and why independents can endure in a democracy that is one of the oldest surviving in Europe and has historically had one of the most stable party systems. The central premise is that it is due to the permissiveness of the Irish political system, in terms of a conducive political culture and institutions, electoral record and key relevance, which all combine to facilitate independents’ emergence.
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30

Carlisle, Frederick Howard, Earl of, 1748-1825, ed. Four letters to the Earl of Carlisle, from William Eden, Esq.: On certain perversions of political reasoning, and on the nature, progress, and effect of party-spirit and of parties, on the present circumstances of the war between Great Britain and the combined powers of France and Spain, on the public debts, on the public credit, and on the means of raising supplies, on the representations of Ireland, respecting a free-trade. Edinburgh: And sold for R. and G. Fleming, 1989.

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31

Four letters to the Earl of Carlisle, from William Eden, Esq.: On certain perversions of political reasoning; and on the nature, progress, and effect of party spirit and of parties : on the present circumstances of the war between Great Britain and the combined powers of France and Spain : on the public debts, on the public credit, and on the means of raising supplies : on the representations of Ireland respecting a free-trade. London: Printed for B. White ... and T. Cadell ..., 1985.

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32

King, Daniel. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810513.003.0001.

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This chapter puts forward a new view of pain in the Imperial world. Hitherto, critics have focused on pain perception or a broad (and inherently vague) category of ‘suffering’. This chapter argues for ‘pain experience’, which combines anatomical and physiological explanations of pain perception with its broader social and emotional impact. This focus on pain experience will contribute to contemporary debates about pain in philosophy and cultural anthropology. It will also reveal the complexity of the Imperial world’s engagement with the physical body and its perceptions, its articulation in language and representation, and its place in this society. Finally, it will facilitate a recalibration of the scholarly focus on the Christian interest in ‘suffering’ in the ancient world.
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33

Thomas, Sophie. Word and Image. Edited by David Duff. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660896.013.40.

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This chapter examines the numerous places where words and images combine or collide in Romantic literature and culture, such as in book production and illustration; in poetry, painting, and theories of the two as ‘sister arts’; in ekphrastic literary texts; in prints and annuals; and in exhibitions and galleries. The chapter explores the historical and artistic context for a range of dynamic experiments that raise conceptual questions about visual and verbal representation, and the nature of the connections between them. At the same time, it unsettles the apparently dual nature of a relationship that in fact often includes objects and places, or extends into other media and forms. Writers and artists discussed include Blake, Wordsworth, Beaumont, Gillray, and Turner.
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34

Mesinger, Fedor, Miodrag Rančić, and R. James Purser. Numerical Methods in Atmospheric Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.617.

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The astonishing development of computer technology since the mid-20th century has been accompanied by a corresponding proliferation in the numerical methods that have been developed to improve the simulation of atmospheric flows. This article reviews some of the numerical developments concern the ongoing improvements of weather forecasting and climate simulation models. Early computers were single-processor machines with severely limited memory capacity and computational speed, requiring simplified representations of the atmospheric equations and low resolution. As the hardware evolved and memory and speed increased, it became feasible to accommodate more complete representations of the dynamic and physical atmospheric processes. These more faithful representations of the so-called primitive equations included dynamic modes that are not necessarily of meteorological significance, which in turn led to additional computational challenges. Understanding which problems required attention and how they should be addressed was not a straightforward and unique process, and it resulted in the variety of approaches that are summarized in this article. At about the turn of the century, the most dramatic developments in hardware were the inauguration of the era of massively parallel computers, together with the vast increase in the amount of rapidly accessible memory that the new architectures provided. These advances and opportunities have demanded a thorough reassessment of the numerical methods that are most successfully adapted to this new computational environment. This article combines a survey of the important historical landmarks together with a somewhat speculative review of methods that, at the time of writing, seem to hold out the promise of further advancing the art and science of atmospheric numerical modeling.
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35

Guest, Deryn. Judging Yhwh in the Book of Judges. Edited by Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.14.

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Narrative approaches initiated a sea-change in Judges studies. Narrative approaches, however, require additional tools if they are to challenge the text’s ideology. While several narrative critics combined their expertise with feminist theory, scholars are yet to engage fully with the critical study of masculinities or with queer studies that offer a new, rich vein of research focused on how gender and sexuality is an integral aspect of character. YHWH has largely evaded the kind of attention given to other, more earthly, characters. This chapter discusses YHWH’s alpha-male qualities and how they create gender trouble for the cast of male characters in Judges; how YHWH is caught up with the cultural dictates of honor and shame; how object-relations theory can be fruitful in understanding the relationship dynamics between YHWH and Israel. Attention finally returns to the narrator and his stake in this representation of the deity.
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36

Bruckner, Matilda Tomaryn. Weaving a Tapestry from Biblical Exegesis to Romance Textuality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795148.003.0006.

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This study examines how the particular character of Grail romances follows from the incongruous meeting of courtly and Christian discourses, combined for the first time in LeConte du Graal, Chrétien de Troyes’s last, unfinished romance. The romancer’s unsettling inclusion of religious issues within Arthurian narrative coincides with a new turn toward the Bible’s literal and historical sense observable in both Christian and Jewish biblical exegesis. By investigating features shared by romance and exegesis, we can glimpse how a number of issues involving representation and interpretation disseminate through later Grail stories, as the romancer’s inaugural gestures structure how rewriters negotiate the complexities of their enigmatic model. Divided into three sections, the chapter first treats the littera’s historical aspects and its arrangements (order, sequence, context). The second section examines the shifting relation between literal and allegorical senses, in order to explore the exegetical surprises of Chrétien’s prologue in the third.
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37

Markwica, Robin. Inferring Actors’ Emotions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794349.003.0003.

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The empirical study of phenomena as evanescent and elusive as emotions raises thorny methodological challenges. Chapter 3 proposes a methodological strategy for inferring emotions from their external representations and for gauging their influence on decision-making. Borrowing techniques from linguistics, psychology, and sociology, the chapter combines qualitative sentiment analysis with an interpretive approach to infer actors’ emotions and their intensity from textual sources. It delineates a number of methodological steps for recovering the cultural, strategic, and individual context of emotions. Moreover, the chapter uses process philosophy to develop a process form of explanation as an alternative to conventional causal and constitutive analysis, neither of which is suitable for theorizing the relationship between emotions and decision-making. This process account is not only able to grasp the dynamic nature of emotions; it is also better suited to trace the influence of emotions on choice behavior.
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38

Kyritsis, Dimitrios. Constitutional Review in Representative Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672257.003.0006.

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The legitimacy of constitutional review of legislation depends on a proper appreciation of the contributions of courts and the legislature in the project of governing. This chapter argues that legislatures rightly have the initiative in this project, because the role of legislators is structured so as to enable them to combine the demands of popular support and moral innovation. This, and not political equality, is the value of democratic representation. Giving legislatures the initiative, however, does not mean giving them the last word. In addition, legislative initiative comes with grave risks, which institutional design must try to avert. By virtue of their independence, courts are well-equipped to check those risks. At the same time, judicial supervision is compatible with the legislature’s valuable contribution. Whether under a system of strong or weak constitutional review, courts can remain subsidiary to the legislature.
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39

Levitov, Alex. Normative Legitimacy and the State. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935307.013.131.

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This article offers a critical overview of the major normative theories of political legitimacy from the seventeenth century to the present day, with a special focus on the leading representatives of the social contract tradition: the voluntarist theory, according to which legitimate political authority must derive from the free choices of its subjects; and the natural duty theory, which holds that a state’s legitimacy depends on the extent to which its institutions are just, regardless of whether it has been freely authorized by its subjects. The article then explores the prospects of a hybrid theory that would combine elements of the two and concludes by examining the ways in which the various conceptions of state legitimacy under consideration might be applied or adapted to the case of supranational political institutions.
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40

Wheatley, David. ‘Atrocities against his Sacred Poet’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806516.003.0015.

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In The Midnight Verdict (1993), Seamus Heaney combines extracts from two texts taking the poet into the underworld: Ovid’s description in Metamorphoses of Orpheus’ pursuit of Eurydice and subsequent death, and Brian Merriman’s Cúirt an Mheán-Oídhche (The Midnight Court). As a poet of conflict, Heaney was forced to produce his art amid hostile crossfire. Heaney’s fellow Northern Irish poet Derek Mahon draws heavily on ironized self-sacrifice as a response to conflict in his ‘Rage for Order’ (1979). When Thomas Kinsella attempts to tackle the Northern Irish Troubles by apportioning blame to guilty parties, in Butcher’s Dozen (1972), his response to Bloody Sunday, the results are uneven. In a series of readings centred on themes of gender and the self-representation of the poet, this chapter identifies what redress Heaney, Mahon, and Kinsella find for the ‘the atrocities against his sacred poet’ of which Bacchus complains in The Midnight Verdict.
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Buckley, James Michael. People in Place. Edited by Angela M. Labrador and Neil Asher Silberman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676315.013.6.

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Public heritage practice in American cities has largely focused on the physical landscape of the European-based majority culture. As the nation’s urban areas continue to become more culturally diverse, preservationists have begun to explore new approaches to serve the needs of minority populations through community development planning. Examples include programs in San Francisco that focus less on physical fabric and more on the intangible cultural aspects associated with marginalized groups, and the work of Project Row Houses in Houston, which uses the historic building fabric of an African-American minority community as a canvas for expressing the group’s experience within the majority society. While US public heritage practice still lags behind in its representation of America’s diversity, the ability of preservationists to combine more subjective tools like intangible culture and artistic place-making with community development planning can help prevent the displacement of minority cultures from their traditional locations due to development pressure.
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Zola, Émile. The Kill. Translated by Brian Nelson. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536924.001.0001.

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‘It was the time when the rush for spoils filled a corner of the forest with the yelping of hounds, the cracking of whips, the flaring of torches. The appetites let loose were satisfied at last, shamelessly, amid the sound of crumbling neighbourhoods and fortunes made in six months. The city had become an orgy of gold and women.’ The Kill (La Curée) is the second volume in Zola's great cycle of twenty novels, Les Rougon-Macquart, and the first to establish Paris – the capital of modernity - as the centre of Zola's narrative world. Conceived as a representation of the uncontrollable ‘appetites’ unleashed by the Second Empire (1852–70) and the transformation of the city by Baron Haussmann, the novel combines into a single, powerful vision the twin themes of lust for money and lust for pleasure. The all-pervading promiscuity of the new Paris is reflected in the dissolute and frenetic lives of an unscrupulous property speculator, Saccard, his neurotic wife Renée, and her dandified lover, Saccard's son Maxime.
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Wilkie, Alex. Inventing the Social. Edited by Noortje Marres and Michael Guggenheim. Mattering Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.28938/9780995527768.

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Inventing the Social, edited by Noortje Marres, Michael Guggenheim and Alex Wilkie, showcases recent efforts to develop new ways of knowing society that combine social research with creative practice. With contributions from leading figures in sociology, architecture, geography, design, anthropology, and digital media, the book provides practical and conceptual pointers on how to move beyond the customary distinctions between knowledge and art, and on how to connect the doing, researching and making of social life in potentially new ways. Presenting concrete projects with a creative approach to researching social life as well as reflections on the wider contexts from which these projects emerge, this collection shows how collaboration across social science, digital media and the arts opens up timely alternatives to narrow, instrumentalist proposals that seek to engineer behaviour and to design community from scratch. To invent the social is to recognise that social life is always already creative in itself and to take this as a starting point for developing different ways of combining representation and intervention in social life.
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Stalker, Nancy K., ed. Devouring Japan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190240400.001.0001.

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In recent years, Japan’s cuisine, or washoku, has been eclipsing that of France as the world’s most desirable food. UNESCO recognized washoku as an intangible cultural treasure in 2013, and Tokyo boasts more Michelin-starred restaurants than Paris and New York combined. Together with anime, pop music, fashion, and cute goods, cuisine is part of the “Cool Japan” brand that promotes the country as a new kind of cultural superpower. This book offers insights into many different aspects of Japanese culinary history and practice, from the evolution and characteristics of particular foodstuffs, to their representation in literature and film, to the role of foods in individual, regional, and national identity. It features contributions by both noted Japan specialists and experts in food history. The book poses the question, “What is washoku?” What culinary values are imposed or implied by this term? Which elements of Japanese cuisine are most visible in the global gourmet landscape and why? Chapters from a variety of disciplinary perspectives interrogate how foodways have come to represent aspects of a “unique” Japanese identity and are infused with official and unofficial ideologies. They reveal how Japanese culinary values and choices, past and present, reflect beliefs about gender, class, and race; how they are represented in mass media; and how they are interpreted by state and nonstate actors, at home and abroad. Chapters examine the thoughts, actions, and motives of those who produce, consume, promote, and represent Japanese foods.
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Daw, Sarah. Writing Nature in Cold War American Literature. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474430029.001.0001.

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Writing Nature is the first full-length ecocritical study of Cold War American literature. The book analyses the function and representation of Nature in a wide range of Cold War texts, and reveals the prevalence of portrayals of Nature as an infinite, interdependent ecological system in American literature written between 1945 and 1971. It also highlights the Cold War’s often overlooked role in environmental history, and argues for the repositioning of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962) within what is shown to be a developing trend of ecological presentations of Nature in literature written after 1945. Ecocritical analysis is combined with historicist research to expose the unacknowledged role of a globally diverse range of non-Western and non-Anglocentric philosophies in shaping Cold War writers’ ecological presentations of Nature, including Sufism, Taoism and Zen Buddhism. The book contains chapters on J. D. Salinger, Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, Paul Bowles and Mary McCarthy. It also introduces the regional writer Peggy Pond Church, exploring the synergies between the depictions of Nature in her writings and in those of her neighbour and correspondent, the atomic scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The place and function of Nature in each writer’s work is assessed in relation to the most recent developments in the field of ecocriticism, and each of the book’s six author case studies is investigated through a combination of textual analysis and detailed archival and historicist research.
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Bäck, Thomas. Evolutionary Algorithms in Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195099713.001.0001.

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This book presents a unified view of evolutionary algorithms: the exciting new probabilistic search tools inspired by biological models that have immense potential as practical problem-solvers in a wide variety of settings, academic, commercial, and industrial. In this work, the author compares the three most prominent representatives of evolutionary algorithms: genetic algorithms, evolution strategies, and evolutionary programming. The algorithms are presented within a unified framework, thereby clarifying the similarities and differences of these methods. The author also presents new results regarding the role of mutation and selection in genetic algorithms, showing how mutation seems to be much more important for the performance of genetic algorithms than usually assumed. The interaction of selection and mutation, and the impact of the binary code are further topics of interest. Some of the theoretical results are also confirmed by performing an experiment in meta-evolution on a parallel computer. The meta-algorithm used in this experiment combines components from evolution strategies and genetic algorithms to yield a hybrid capable of handling mixed integer optimization problems. As a detailed description of the algorithms, with practical guidelines for usage and implementation, this work will interest a wide range of researchers in computer science and engineering disciplines, as well as graduate students in these fields.
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Rasula, Jed. Acrobatic Modernism from the Avant-Garde to Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833949.001.0001.

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This is a book about artistic modernism contending with the historical transfigurations of modernity. As a conscientious engagement with modernity’s restructuring of the lifeworld, the modernist avant-garde raised the stakes of this engagement to programmatic explicitness. But even beyond the vanguard, the global phenomenon of jazz combined somatic assault with sensory tutelage. Jazz, like the new technologies of modernity, recalibrated sensory ratios. The criterion of the new as self-making also extended to names: pseudonyms and heteronyms. The protocols of modernism solicited a pragmatic arousal of bodily sensation as artistic resource, validating an acrobatic sensibility ranging from slapstick and laughter to the pathos of bereavement. Expressivity trumped representation. The artwork was a diagram of perception, not a mimetic rendering. For artists, the historical pressures of altered perception provoked new models, and Ezra Pound’s slogan “Make It New” became the generic rallying cry of renovation. The paradigmatic stance of the avant-garde was established by Futurism, but the discovery of prehistoric art added another provocation to artists. Paleolithic caves validated the spirit of all-over composition, unframed and dynamic. Geometric abstraction, Constructivism and Purism, and Surrealism were all in quest of a new mythology. “Making it new” yielded a new pathos in the sensation of radical discrepancy between futurist striving and remotest antiquity. The Paleolithic cave and the USSR emitted comparable siren calls on behalf of the remote past and the desired future. As such, the present was suffused with the pathos of being neither, but subject to both.
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Ivanišová, Eva, Ľubomír Belej, and Adriana Kolesárová, eds. CASEE Online Winter School. Food Environment and Health Risk Assessment in Danube Region (DanubeFEHRA). Book of Abstracts. Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/2021.9788055223322.

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Why have we organized winter school? We believe everyone should be able to understand how important is Food Environment and Health Risk Assessment in Danube Region. The environment plays a crucial role in people’s physical, mental and social well-being. The degradation of the environment, through air pollution, noise, chemicals, poor quality water and loss of natural areas, combined with lifestyle changes, may be contributing to substantial increases of civilisation diseases. The production and consumption of sufficient, affordable and nutritious food, while conserving the natural resources and ecosystems on which food systems depend, is vital. Food systems play a central role in all societies and are fundamental to ensuring sustainable development. Sustainable food systems are critical to resolving issues of food security, poverty alleviation and adequate nutrition, and they play an important role in building resilience in communities responding to a rapidly changing global environment. 13 students from around the world joined our 2- week Winter School Programme in Slovak republic, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences. CASEE Online Winter School was multidisciplinary, encompassing chemistry, environment, microbiology, nutrition, quality assurance, sensory analysis, management, food engineering and manufacturing and also about very actual problematic Covid-19 and its impact on agri-food sector. The Winter School gave our participants an idea of how interesting these topics really are. Online lectures were provided by experts in agri-food sector from Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, professional lecturers from prestige universities all over the world, state authorities, research institutes and SMEs as well as representatives from CASEE universities.
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Chowdhry, Geeta, and L. H. M. Ling. Race(ing) International Relations: A Critical Overview of Postcolonial Feminism in International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.413.

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Postcolonial feminism in international relations (PFIR) is a disciplinary field devoted to the study of world politics as a site of power relations shaped by colonization. PFIR combines postcolonial and feminist insights to explore questions such as how the stratum of elite power intersects with subterranean layers of colonization to produce our contemporary world politics; how these interrelationships between race, gender, sex, and class inform matrices of power in world politics; and how we account for elite and subaltern agency and resistance to the hegemonic sphere of world politics. PFIR is similar to Marxism, constructivism, and postmodernism in that they all posit that the masses underwrite hegemonic rule and, in so doing, ultimately have the means to do away with it. One difference is that PFIR emanates from the position of the subaltern; more specifically, the colonized’s colonized such as women, children, the illiterate, the poor, the landless, and the voiceless. Three major components are involved in PFIR in its analysis of world politics: culture, politics, and material structures. Also, eight common foci emerge in PFIR: intersectionality, representation, and power; materiality; relationality; multiplicity; intersubjectivity; contrapuntality; complicity; and resistance and accountability. PFIR gives rise to two interrelated projects: an empirical inquiry into the construction and exercise of power in daily life, and theory building that reflects this empirical base. A future challenge for PFIR is to elucidate how we can transform, not just alleviate, the hegemonies that persist around the world.
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Grieve, Victoria M. Little Cold Warriors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675684.001.0001.

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American children’s experiences during the Cold War were complex. Both conservative and liberal Baby Boomers have romanticized the 1950s as an age of innocence, but these nostalgic narratives obscure many other histories of postwar childhood, one of which has more in common with the war years and the Sixties, when children were mobilized and politicized by the US government, private corporations, and individual adults to fight the Cold War both at home and abroad. Children battled communism in its various guises on television, in the movies, and in comic books; they practiced safety drills, joined civil preparedness groups, and helped to build and stock bomb shelters in the backyard. Children collected coins for UNICEF, exchanged art with other children around the world, prepared for nuclear war through the Boy and Girl Scouts, raised funds for Radio Free Europe, sent clothing to refugee children, and donated books to restock the diminished library shelves of war-torn Europe. Rather than rationing and saving, American children were encouraged to spend and consume in order to maintain the engine of American prosperity. In these capacities, American children functioned as ambassadors, cultural diplomats, and representatives of the United States. This book is about politicized childhood at the peak of the Cold War and the many ways that children and ideas about childhood were pressed into political service. It combines approaches from childhood studies and diplomatic history to understand the cultural Cold War through the activities and experiences of young Americans.
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