Journal articles: 'Combined Physical and Cognitive Training'

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Ballesteros, Soledad, Jennifer Rieker, josé M. Reales, julia Mayas, María Pilar Jiménez, Antonio Prieto, and Pilar Toril. "IS COMBINED TRAINING MORE EFFECTIVE THAN SINGLE-DOMAIN TRAINING: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL WITH OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2644.

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Abstract Previous research suggests that both cognitive training and physical exercise help to maintain brain health and cognitive functions that decline with age. The main objectives of this four-arms RCT are (1) to investigate the synergetic effects of a group-based multidomain training program that combines cognitive video-game training with physical exercise, in comparison to those produced by cognitive training combined with physical control activity, physical training combined with cognitive control activity, or a combination of both control activities; (2) to investigate in a memory-based task switching task whether event Related Potential (ERP) latencies of the P2 component are shorter, and N2 and P3b components are enhanced after training; and (3) to find out whether possible enhancements persist after a 3-month period without training. One hundred and twenty participants will be randomly assigned to one of the four combinations of cognitive training and physical exercise. The cognitive component will be either video-game training (cognitive intervention, CI) or video games not specifically designed to train cognition (cognitive control, CC). The physical exercise component will either emphasize endurance, strength, and music-movement coordination (exercise intervention, EI) or stretching, toning and relaxation (exercise control, EC). This RCT will investigate the short and long-term effects of combined multi-domain training compared to cognitive training and physical training alone, on executive control and memory functions of healthy older adults, in comparison with the performance of an active control group. This trial is an ongoing project started in 2018. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT03823183; https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/

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Linde, Katja, and Dorothee Alfermann. "Single Versus Combined Cognitive and Physical Activity Effects on Fluid Cognitive Abilities of Healthy Older Adults: A 4-Month Randomized Controlled Trial With Follow-Up." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 22, no. 3 (July 2014): 302–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2012-0149.

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Background:Physical and cognitive activity seems to be an effective strategy by which to promote age-sensitive fluid cognitive abilities in older adults.Method:In this randomized controlled trial, 70 healthy senior citizens (age 60–75) were allocated to a physical, cognitive, combined physical plus cognitive, and waiting control group. The trial assessed information processing speed, short-term memory, spatial relations, concentration, reasoning, and cognitive speed.Results:In contrast to the control group, the physical, cognitive, and combined training groups enhanced their concentration immediately after intervention. Only the physical training group showed improved concentration 3 months later. The combined training group displayed improved cognitive speed both immediately and three months after intervention. The cognitive training group displayed improved cognitive speed 3 months after intervention.Conclusions:Physical, cognitive, and combined physical plus cognitive activity can be seen as cognition-enrichment behaviors in healthy older adults that show different rather than equal intervention effects.

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Chainay, Hanna, Clémence Joubert, and Stéphanie Massol. "Behavioural and ERP Effects of Cognitive and Combined Cognitive and Physical Training on Working Memory and Executive Function in Healthy Older Adults." Advances in Cognitive Psychology 17, no. 1 (March 2021): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/acp-0317-y.

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Cognitive and physical training have been shown to be effective in improving older adults’ cognition. However, it is not yet clear whether combined cognitive and physical training offers an advantage compared to cognitive training alone. Twenty-two older adults performed cognitive or combined cognitive and physical training in order to compare their effects on working memory event-related potentials (ERPs) and on working memory and executive function performance. Before and after eight weeks of training, performance in Plus Minus, Flanker, Updated Span, and Complex Span tasks was measured, and ERPs were registered during performance of an n-back task (0-back, 2-back, and 3-back). Post-training behavioural improvement was observed in Updated Span, Complex Span, and n-back tasks. During the n-back task, the N2/P3 complex was modulated by training, with a decrease in N2 amplitude and an increase in P3 amplitude in the post-training session compared to the pretraining session. These changes in ERP components suggest that both types of training potentially reduce the need for attentional control to perform the tasks correctly and increase working memory capacity. Thus, based on our data, no conclusion can be reached on the direct advantage of combined training, either at behavioural or at neural level. However, the present study might suggest an indirect advantage of such a combined training, because the cognitive benefit was found to be highly similar in both types of training. Using combined cognitive and physical training may produce a potential improvement in general fitness and an increased appeal of training.

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Wu, Ching-Yi. "Effects of Combined Physical With Cognitive Training on Cognition, Physical and Daily Function in Older Adults With Cognitive Declines." International Journal of Psychophysiology 168 (October 2021): S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.101.

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Amorós-Aguilar, Laura, Erica Rodríguez-Quiroga, Sara Sánchez-Santolaya, and Margalida Coll-Andreu. "Effects of Combined Interventions with Aerobic Physical Exercise and Cognitive Training on Cognitive Function in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review." Brain Sciences 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040473.

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(1) Background: Stroke is a major cause of permanent disability in multiple functions, including the cognitive domain. Since both cognitive training and aerobic physical exercise may exert positive effects on cognition after stroke, one may expect synergistic benefits when combining both interventions. (2) Methods: We carried out a systematic search of studies testing, in adult stroke patients, whether structured aerobic exercise combined with cognitive training led to higher cognitive benefits than either of these interventions when applied singly, or than interventions not including aerobic exercise or cognitive training. (3) Results: Five fair-quality randomized controlled trials fulfilled the search criteria. Exercise intensity was moderate-vigorous and cognitive training was mainly computer-based. The studies were heterogeneous regarding the cognitive tests used, and for this reason, a meta-analysis was not performed. Only three studies included follow-up assessment. The combined intervention was associated with pre-post improvement in at least one cognitive test in all the studies, and with higher positive effects compared to other conditions (although statistical significance was not always reached) in four studies. (4) Conclusions: Further trials including a long-term follow-up and comprehensive neuropsychological testing should be undertaken to determine whether combined aerobic exercise and cognitive training leads to additive cognitive benefits after stroke.

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van Kruysbergen, Rulanda. "Rehabilitation in cancer: Training and talking? Effects of physical training versus physical training combined with cognitive-behavioural therapy." TBV – Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs- en Verzekeringsgeneeskunde 16, no. 7 (July 2008): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03078046.

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Bo, Wang, Mao Lei, Shen Tao, Liu Tuan Jie, Li Qian, Fang Qi Lin, and Wang Xiao Ping. "Effects of combined intervention of physical exercise and cognitive training on cognitive function in stroke survivors with vascular cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial." Clinical Rehabilitation 33, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215518791007.

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Objective: This study evaluated the possible effect of the combined intervention of physical exercise and cognitive training on cognitive function in stroke survivals with vascular cognitive impairment. Design: A single-blind (investigator-blinded but not subject-blinded) randomized controlled trial. Setting: Medical Rehabilitation Center of Shanghai General Hospital, China. Subjects: A total of 225 patients (mean age 64.59 years, SD = 4.27) who exhibited vascular cognitive impairment were included in this study. Interventions: Patients were randomly allocated into one of the four groups: (1) physical exercise ( n = 56; 50-minute session), (2) cognitive training ( n = 57; 60-minute session), (3) combined intervention of physical exercise and cognitive training ( n = 55; 50-minute session + 60-minute session), or (4) control groups ( n = 57; 45-minute session). All participants received training for 36 sessions, three days per week, for 12 weeks. Primary measures: Measures were recorded at baseline, after the intervention and at a six-month follow-up. Primary measurements included the Trail Making Part B, Stroop, forward digit span, and mental rotation tests. Results: A total of 179 participants (79.56% response rate) completed the study. Cognitive performances on all four tasks in the combined training group improved significantly after the intervention ( P < 0.01). Changes in cognitive performance were greater in the combined intervention group than those in the physical exercise group (e.g. forward digit span, 13.61% vs. 2.18%, P = 0.003), the cognitive training group (e.g. mental rotation, 17.36% vs. 0.87%, P = 0.002), and the control group (e.g. Stroop, −4.11% vs. −0.72%, P = 0.026). Conclusion: The combined intervention produced greater benefits on cognitive function compared to either training alone in stroke survivors with vascular cognitive impairment.

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Joubert, Clémence, and Hanna Chainay. "Aging brain: the effect of combined cognitive and physical training on cognition as compared to cognitive and physical training alone – a systematic review." Clinical Interventions in Aging Volume 13 (July 2018): 1267–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/cia.s165399.

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Joubert, Clemence, and Hanna Chainay. "Effects of Cognitive and Aerobic training on Working Memory and Executive Function in Aging, a Pseudo-Randomized Trial: Pilot Study." Journal of Aging Research and Healthcare 2, no. 3 (January 17, 2019): 46–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2474-7785.jarh-18-2458.

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Introduction Cognitive and physical (especially aerobic) training have been reported to enhance cognition in the elderly. The goal of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two types of training, namely combined cognitive-and-physical training and cognitive training alone, for cognition and in particular for executive function and working memory. Material and Method Healthy older adults (aged 65–86 years) were included in cognitive-and-physical - CAP (n=16) - or cognitive - COG (n=16) - training groups or in a passive control group – CONT (n=16). The training took place in 60-minute sessions conducted twice a week for 8 weeks. Cognitive functions were assessed before and immediately after the interventions and at a 1-month follow-up. Results In the short-term, the CAP and COG groups showed a transfer on updating, unlike the CONT group. In the long-term, although the gains achieved by both CAP and COG persisted, the benefit observed in the COG group was greater than that in the CAP group. Conclusion Our data suggest that there may be a complementarity between cognitive and physical training effects at the level of short-term transfer, given that physical training was able to boost cognitive training. Moreover, regarding transfer, physical training may help improve performance on untrained tasks. However, as far as the long-term persistence of the benefits of training is concerned, the results tend to indicate the superiority of cognitive training.

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Heisz, Jennifer J., Ilana B. Clark, Katija Bonin, Emily M. Paolucci, Bernadeta Michalski, Suzanna Becker, and Margaret Fahnestock. "The Effects of Physical Exercise and Cognitive Training on Memory and Neurotrophic Factors." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, no. 11 (November 2017): 1895–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01164.

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This study examined the combined effect of physical exercise and cognitive training on memory and neurotrophic factors in healthy, young adults. Ninety-five participants completed 6 weeks of exercise training, combined exercise and cognitive training, or no training (control). Both the exercise and combined training groups improved performance on a high-interference memory task, whereas the control group did not. In contrast, neither training group improved on general recognition performance, suggesting that exercise training selectively increases high-interference memory that may be linked to hippocampal function. Individuals who experienced greater fitness improvements from the exercise training (i.e., high responders to exercise) also had greater increases in the serum neurotrophic factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1. These high responders to exercise also had better high-interference memory performance as a result of the combined exercise and cognitive training compared with exercise alone, suggesting that potential synergistic effects might depend on the availability of neurotrophic factors. These findings are especially important, as memory benefits accrued from a relatively short intervention in high-functioning young adults.

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Kardys, Claudia, Kristina Küper, Stephan Getzmann, Michael Falkenstein, and Claudia Voelcker-Rehage. "A Comparison of the Effects of Short-Term Physical and Combined Multi-Modal Training on Cognitive Functions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (June 19, 2022): 7506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127506.

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Physical training has beneficial effects not only on physical fitness, but also on cognitive functions. The most effective way to improve cognitive functions via physical training as well as the degree to which training effects transfer to untrained cognitive functions is still unclear, however. Here, we investigated the effects of adaptive and multi-modal short-term training interventions on cognitive training gains and transfer effects. Over a period of 12 weeks, 102 employees of a car manufacturing company (age range 20 to 61 years) received trainer-guided exercises, consisting of either two adaptive training interventions, physical (strength) training and multi-modal (motor–cognitive) training, or non-adaptive strength training (active control group). For the multi-modal intervention, the “Agility Board” was employed, a novel, multi-modal training device. Pre- and post-training, psychometric tests were conducted to measure cognitive abilities, such as perceptual speed, attention, short-term memory, working memory, inhibition, and mental rotation. In addition, motor–cognitive performance was assessed. Compared with the active control group, both training groups showed enhanced performance at posttest. While multi-modal training yielded performance improvements only in trained tasks, physical training was associated with improvements in untrained working memory updating and immediate recall tasks, suggesting transfer effects to short-term and working memory functioning. In summary, the results demonstrate the importance of adaptive difficulty settings for short-term physical training interventions, at least for the enhancement of working memory.

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van Weert, Ellen, Anne M. May, Irene Korstjens, Wendy J. Post, Cees P. van der Schans, Bart van den Borne, Ilse Mesters, Wynand J. G. Ros, and Josette E. H. M. Hoekstra-Weebers. "Cancer-Related Fatigue and Rehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial Comparing Physical Training Combined With Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy With Physical Training Only and With No Intervention." Physical Therapy 90, no. 10 (October 1, 2010): 1413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090212.

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Background Research suggests that cancer rehabilitation reduces fatigue in survivors of cancer. To date, it is unclear what type of rehabilitation is most beneficial. Objective This randomized controlled trial compared the effect on cancer-related fatigue of physical training combined with cognitive behavioral therapy with physical training alone and with no intervention. Design In this multicenter randomized controlled trial, 147 survivors of cancer were randomly assigned to a group that received physical training combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy (PT+CBT group, n=76) or to a group that received physical training alone (PT group, n=71). In addition, a nonintervention control group (WLC group) consisting of 62 survivors of cancer who were on the waiting lists of rehabilitation centers elsewhere was included. Setting The study was conducted at 4 rehabilitation centers in the Netherlands. Patients All patients were survivors of cancer. Intervention Physical training consisting of 2 hours of individual training and group sports took place twice weekly, and cognitive-behavioral therapy took place once weekly for 2 hours. Measurements Fatigue was assessed with the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory before and immediately after intervention (12 weeks after enrollment). The WLC group completed questionnaires at the same time points. Results Baseline fatigue did not differ significantly among the 3 groups. Over time, levels of fatigue significantly decreased in all domains in all groups, except in mental fatigue in the WLC group. Analyses of variance of postintervention fatigue showed statistically significant group effects on general fatigue, on physical and mental fatigue, and on reduced activation but not on reduced motivation. Compared with the WLC group, the PT group reported significantly greater decline in 4 domains of fatigue, whereas the PT+CBT group reported significantly greater decline in physical fatigue only. No significant differences in decline in fatigue were found between the PT+CBT and PT groups. Conclusions Physical training combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy and physical training alone had significant and beneficial effects on fatigue compared with no intervention. Physical training was equally effective as or more effective than physical training combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing cancer-related fatigue, suggesting that cognitive-behavioral therapy did not have additional beneficial effects beyond the benefits of physical training.

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Lipardo, Donald S., and William WN Tsang. "Effects of combined physical and cognitive training on fall prevention and risk reduction in older persons with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled study." Clinical Rehabilitation 34, no. 6 (May 7, 2020): 773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215520918352.

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Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of combined physical and cognitive training on fall rate and risks of falling in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Design: The design of this study was an assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Setting: The setting for this study is the community from Manila, Philippines. Subjects: In total, 92 community-dwelling older persons with mild cognitive impairment (aged 60–83) were randomly allocated to three intervention groups and one waitlist control group. Interventions: The physical training, cognitive training, and combined physical and cognitive training intervention programs were delivered for 60 to 90 minutes, one to three times per week for 12 weeks with six-month follow-up. Main measures: Participants were assessed at baseline, 12 weeks after baseline, and 36 weeks after baseline for fall incidence, overall fall risk, dynamic balance, walking speed, and lower limb strength. Results: No significant difference was observed across time and groups on fall incidence rate at 12 weeks ( P = 0.152) and at 36 weeks ( P = 0.954). The groups did not statistically differ in other measures except for a significant improvement in dynamic balance based on Timed Up and Go Test in the combined physical and cognitive training group (9.0 seconds with P = 0.001) and in the cognitive training alone group (8.6 seconds with P = 0.012) compared to waitlist group (11.1 seconds) at 36 weeks. Conclusion: There was no significant difference among groups on fall rate and risks of falling post-intervention. Dynamic balance was improved with combined physical and cognitive training and cognitive training alone. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to establish whether or not the interventions are effective.

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Keawtep, Puntarik, Wanachaporn Wichayanrat, Sirinun Boripuntakul, Siriporn C. Chattipakorn, and Somporn Sungkarat. "Cognitive Benefits of Physical Exercise, Physical–Cognitive Training, and Technology-Based Intervention in Obese Individuals with and without Postmenopausal Condition: A Narrative Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 16, 2022): 13364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013364.

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Obesity and estrogen deprivation have been identified as significant risk factors for cognitive impairment. Thus, postmenopausal conditions when paired with obesity may amplify the risks of developing dementia. Physical exercise has been recommended as a primary treatment for preventing obesity-related comorbidities and alleviating menopausal symptoms. This narrative review aimed to summarize the effects of exercise on cognition in obese individuals with and without menopausal condition, along with potential physiological mechanisms linking these interventions to cognitive improvement. Research evidence has demonstrated that exercise benefits not only physical but also cognitive and brain health. Among various types of exercise, recent studies have suggested that combined physical–cognitive exercise may exert larger gains in cognitive benefits than physical or cognitive exercise alone. Despite the scarcity of studies investigating the effects of physical and combined physical–cognitive exercise in obese individuals, especially those with menopausal condition, existing evidence has shown promising findings. Applying these exercises through technology-based interventions may be a viable approach to increase accessibility and adherence to the intervention. More evidence from randomized clinical trials with large samples and rigorous methodology is required. Further, investigations of biochemical and physiological outcomes along with behavioral changes will provide insight into underlying mechanisms linking these interventions to cognitive improvement.

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Sun, Qianqian, Shurui Xu, Shuai Guo, Yue You, Rui Xia, and Jiao Liu. "Effects of Combined Physical Activity and Cognitive Training on Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (April 29, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8882961.

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Background. Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is recognized as the earliest prodromal stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Emerging studies explored the effects of combined physical activity and cognitive training interventions on cognitive ability, psychological well-being, and emotion of older adults with SCD, but the results are now still controversial. Objective. This study systematically evaluated the enhancement effects of the combined physical-cognitive interventions on memory self-efficacy, objective cognitive function, psychological well-being, and emotion of older adults with SCD. Methods. Data sources PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang degree and conference papers database, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical (VIP) databases from their inception to 28 February 2020, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane Library, 2020, Issue 3), and the reference lists of all retrieved articles were searched. Data analysis and bias risk evaluation were conducted in 2020. Two reviewers (SG and YY) independently evaluated the risk of bias of the included studies using the RoB 2 tool. Results. Eleven RCTs involving 1713 participants with SCD (age 68.0 ± 6.1) were included for review and meta-analysis. The interventions in the included studies were physical activity combined with cognitive training. Multiple-modality exercise with mind-motor training, supervised strategy-based memory training sequentially after stationary cycling, Dejian Mind-Body intervention, and physical activity and cognitive stimulation were also practiced. Conclusions. Compared to the active or nonactive control groups, the combined interventions are effective in improving objective cognitive function in SCD which may show the potential value of combined physical-cognitive interventions in improving objective cognitive ability and preventing the conversion of SCD to MCI or AD and no adverse effects. However, owing to the limitations of the included studies, these findings should be interpreted cautiously.

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Woost, L., T. A. Klein, E. Roggenhofer, P. L. Bazin, M. Taubert, V. Rjosk, A. Garthe, et al. "P 64 Effects of a combined physical and cognitive training on cognition and neurotrophic levels." Clinical Neurophysiology 128, no. 10 (October 2017): e359-e360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.140.

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Bherer, L., M. Lussier, L. Desjardins, S. Fraser, K. Z. Li, N. Berryman, L. Bosquet, and T. Vu. "EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE, COGNITIVE TRAINING, AND COMBINED INTERVENTION ON EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS." Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (June 30, 2017): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.5023.

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Tseng, Chien-Ning. "THE EFFECT OF COGNITIVE TRAINING AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROGRAM IN COGNITIVE FUNCTION OF ELDERLY FACILITY RESIDENTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3135.

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Abstract This study evaluated the effectiveness of a combined cognitive training (CT) and physical activity (PA) intervention in improving cognitive function for institutionalized older residents with cognitive impairment. An experimental design with pre/post-test evaluations in a double-blind assessments at three points (baseline, T0; post-treatment, T1; 8-weeks-follow-up, T2), conducted an 8-week-CTPA intervention. Participants (N=134) were recruited from 12 institutions. Centers were randomly assigned into wait-list control, treatment I or treatment II groups. Treatment I group (low frequency) underwent combined 30-minutes sessions of individual-non-computer-based multi-domain CT (twice a week) with 30-minutes-group-chair-based PA (3 times a week). Treatment II group underwent the same protocol as Treatment I group, but with high frequency, 5 days per week for both CT and PA. The primary outcome, Cognitive Assessment Screening Instrument(CASI) total scores showed significant improvement in the treatment I and treatment II groups at T1-T0 and T2-T0, compared to the wait-list control group(10.55±9.60, 12.75±11.64, -8.01±6.61, p=0.000; 8.32±7.81, 11.75±10.19, -7.11±5.78, p=0.000), however there were no significant differences between two treatment groups. In CASI’s nine sub-domains, all the mean difference between groups were also significant at T1-T0 and T2-T0 (all p<0.05). The two treatment groups only significantly differ on CASI-ORIENT domain at T2-T0 (p=0.02). The findings revealed that a combined CT-and-PA intervention have positive immediate (T1-T0) and delayed (T2-T0) effects in cognitive function for older institutional residents with cognition-impairment. The two treatment groups did not show dose-response relationship. Even more, the low frequency intervention was more effective on several domains than high frequency intervention did.

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Styliadis, Charis, Panagiotis Kartsidis, Evangelos Paraskevopoulos, Andreas A. Ioannides, and Panagiotis D. Bamidis. "Neuroplastic Effects of Combined Computerized Physical and Cognitive Training in Elderly Individuals at Risk for Dementia: An eLORETA Controlled Study on Resting States." Neural Plasticity 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/172192.

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The present study investigates whether a combined cognitive and physical training may induce changes in the cortical activity as measured via electroencephalogram (EEG) and whether this change may index a deceleration of pathological processes of brain aging. Seventy seniors meeting the clinical criteria of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were equally divided into 5 groups: 3 experimental groups engaged in eight-week cognitive and/or physical training and 2 control groups: active and passive. A 5-minute long resting state EEG was measured before and after the intervention. Cortical EEG sources were modelled by exact low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA). Cognitive function was assessed before and after intervention using a battery of neuropsychological tests including the minimental state examination (MMSE). A significant training effect was identified only after the combined training scheme: a decrease in the post- compared to pre-training activity of precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex in delta, theta, and beta bands. This effect was correlated to improvements in cognitive capacity as evaluated by MMSE scores. Our results indicate that combined physical and cognitive training shows indices of a positive neuroplastic effect in MCI patients and that EEG may serve as a potential index of gains versus cognitive declines and neurodegeneration. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov IdentifierNCT02313935.

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Jones, Mackenzie T., and Philip D. Harvey. "Neurocognition and social cognition training as treatments for violence and aggression in people with severe mental illness." CNS Spectrums 25, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852919001214.

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Aggressive and violent behavior, including both verbal and physical aggression, have considerable adverse consequences for people with schizophrenia. There are several potential causes of violent behavior on the part of people with severe mental illness, which include intellectual impairments, cognitive and social-cognitive deficits, skills deficits, substance abuse, antisocial features, and specific psychotic features. This review explores the interventions that have been tested to this date. Computerized Cognitive Training (CCT) or Computerized Social-Cognitive Training (CSCT) have been associated with reductions in violence. Combined CCT and CSCT have been found to improve social cognition and neurocognition, as well as everyday functioning when combined with rehabilitation interventions. These interventions have been shown to reduce violence in schizophrenia patients across multiple environments, including forensic settings. The reductions in violence and aggression have manifested in various ways, including reduced violent thinking and behavior, reduced physical and violent assaults, and reduced disruptive and aggressive behaviors. Effects of cognitive training may be associated with improvements in problem-solving and the increased ability to deploy alternative strategies. The effect of social cognition training on violence reduction appears to be direct, with improvements in violence related to the extent of improvement in social cognition. There are still remaining issues to be addressed in the use of CCT and CSCT, and the benefits should not be overstated; however, the results of these interventions are very promising.

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Guo, Wei, Ming Zang, Sebastian Klich, Adam Kawczyński, Małgorzata Smoter, and Biye Wang. "Effect of Combined Physical and Cognitive Interventions on Executive Functions in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Outcomes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 6166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176166.

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Background: Both physical exercise and cognitive training can effectively improve executive functions in older adults. However, whether physical activity combined with cognitive training is more effective than a single intervention remains controversial. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of combined physical and cognitive interventions on executive functions in older adults aged 65–80 years old. Methods: Randomized controlled trials of combined physical and cognitive interventions on executive functions in older adults were searched using the Web of Science, Elsevier Science, PubMed, EBSCO, Springer-Link, and NATURE databases. Data extraction and quality evaluation were done by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, V3. Results: A total of 21 studies were included. The results showed that the combined physical and cognitive interventions produced significantly larger gains in executive functions, compared to the control group (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.14, 0.39], p < 0.01). Furthermore, the effects of the combined physical and cognitive interventions were moderated by the study quality, intervention length, and intervention frequency. No significant differences were found between the combined interventions and the physical intervention alone (SMD = 0.13, 95% CI [−0.07, 0.33], p > 0.05) or the cognitive intervention alone (SMD = 0.13, 95% CI [−0.05, 0.30], p > 0.05). Conclusions: The combined physical and cognitive interventions effectively delayed the decrease of executive functions in older adults and this effect was influenced by the length and frequency of the intervention as well as the research quality. However, the effect of the combined physical and cognitive interventions was not significantly better than that of each intervention alone.

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Henskens, Marinda, Ilse M. Nauta, Marieke C. A. van Eekeren, and Erik J. A. Scherder. "Effects of Physical Activity in Nursing Home Residents with Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 46, no. 1-2 (2018): 60–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000491818.

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Background/Aims: There is no consensus regarding the optimal nonpharmacological intervention to slow down dementia-related decline. We examined whether physical stimulation interventions were effective in reducing cognitive, physical, mood, and behavioral decline in nursing home residents with dementia. Methods: Eighty-seven nursing home residents with dementia were randomly assigned to 3 physical activity interventions: activities of daily living (ADL) training, multicomponent exercise training, or combined multicomponent exercise and ADL training. Outcomes were measured at baseline, and after 3 and 6 months. Results: A 6-month ADL training benefitted executive functions, physical endurance, and depression among men. Exercise training benefitted only grip strength of participants with mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment. A combined training benefitted functional mobility compared to ADL training, depressive symptoms and agitation compared to exercise training, and physical endurance compared to no physical stimulation. Conclusions: ADL training appears to be effective for nursing home residents with moderately severe dementia. It remains unclear whether exercise training is an effective type of stimulation.

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McGibbon, Chris, Pam Jarrett, Grant Handrigan, Danielle Bouchard, Carole C. Tranchant, Andrew M. Sexton, Linda Yetman, et al. "Protocol for SYNchronising Exercises, Remedies in GaIt and Cognition at Home (SYNERGIC@Home): feasibility of a home-based double-blind randomised controlled trial to improve gait and cognition in individuals at risk for dementia." BMJ Open 12, no. 3 (March 2022): e059988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059988.

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Introduction Physical exercise and cognitive training have the potential to enhance cognitive function and mobility in older adults at risk of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia (ADRD), but little is known about the feasibility of delivering multidomain interventions in home settings of older adults at risk of ADRD. This study aims to assess the feasibility of home-based delivery of exercise and cognitive interventions, and to evaluate the relationship between participants’ intervention preferences and their subsequent adherence. Secondary objectives include the effect of the interventions on ADRD risk factors, including frailty, mobility, sleep, diet and psychological health. Methods and analysis The SYNchronising Exercises, Remedies in GaIt and Cognition at Home (SYNERGIC@Home) feasibility trial is a randomised control trial that follows a 2×2 factorial design, with a 16-week home-based intervention programme (3 sessions per week) of physical exercises and cognitive training. Participants will be randomised in blocks of four to one of the following four arms: (1) combined exercise (aerobic and resistance)+cognitive training (NEUROPEAK); (2) combined exercise+control cognitive training (web searching); (3) control exercise (balance and toning)+cognitive training; and (4) control exercise+control cognitive training. SYNERGIC@Home will be implemented through video conferencing. Baseline and post-intervention assessments at 4-month and 10-month follow-up will include measures of cognition, frailty, mobility, sleep, diet and psychological health. Primary feasibility outcome is adherence to the interventions. Primary analytic outcome is the relationship between pre-allocation preference for a given intervention and subsequent adherence to the allocated intervention. A series of secondary analytic outcomes examining the potential effect of the individual and combined interventions on cognitive, mobility and general well-being will be measured at baseline and follow-up. Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval was granted by the relevant research ethics boards. Findings of the study will be presented to stakeholders and published in peer-reviewed journals and at provincial, national and international conferences. Trial registration number NCT04997681, Pre-results.

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Bherer, L. "COGNITIVE TRAINING, PHYSICAL EXERCISE, AND COMBINED INTERVENTION TO IMPROVE GAIT IN OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (June 30, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.079.

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Oreská, Ľudmila, Lucia Slobodova, Matej Vajda, Adriana Kaplánová, Veronika Tirpáková, Ján Cvečka, Gabriel Buzgó, Jozef Ukropec, Barbara Ukropcová, and Milan Sedliak. "The effectiveness of two different multimodal training modes on physical performance in elderly." European Journal of Translational Myology 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2019.8820.

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The study compared the effect of 12-week multimodal training programme performed twice a week at the regular exercise facility (REF) with the 12-week multimodal training programme performed three times per week as a part of the research programme (EX). Additionally, the study analysed how the experimental training programme affect the physical performance of cognitive healthy and mild cognitive impaired elderly (MCI). The REF training group included 19 elderly (65.00±3.62 years). The experimental training programme combined cognitively healthy (EXH: n=16; 66.3±6.42 years) and age-matched individuals with MCI (EXMCI: n=14; 66.00±4.79 years). 10m maximal walking speed (10mMWS), Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSS), maximal and relative voluntary contraction (MVC and rel. MVC) were analysed. The REF group improved in 10mMWS (t=2.431, p=.026), the MVC (t=-3.528, p=.002) and relative MVC (t=3.553, p=.002). The EXH group improved in FTSS (t=5.210, P=.000), MVC (t=2.771, p=.018) and relative MVC (t=-3.793, p=.004). EXMCI improved in FTSS (t=2.936, p=.012) and MVC (t=-2.276, p=.040). According to results, both training programmes sufficiently improved walking speed and muscle strength in cognitively healthy elderly. Moreover, the experimental training programme improved muscle strength in MCI elderly.

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Zheng, Zhiwei, Xinyi Zhu, Shufei Yin, Baoxi Wang, Yanan Niu, Xin Huang, Rui Li, and Juan Li. "Combined Cognitive-Psychological-Physical Intervention Induces Reorganization of Intrinsic Functional Brain Architecture in Older Adults." Neural Plasticity 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/713104.

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Mounting evidence suggests that enriched mental, physical, and socially stimulating activities are beneficial for counteracting age-related decreases in brain function and cognition in older adults. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to demonstrate the functional plasticity of brain activity in response to a combined cognitive-psychological-physical intervention and investigated the contribution of the intervention-related brain changes to individual performance in healthy older adults. The intervention was composed of a 6-week program of combined activities including cognitive training, Tai Chi exercise, and group counseling. The results showed improved cognitive performance and reorganized regional homogeneity of spontaneous fluctuations in the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals in the superior and middle temporal gyri, and the posterior lobe of the cerebellum, in the participants who attended the intervention. Intriguingly, the intervention-induced changes in the coherence of local spontaneous activity correlated with the improvements in individual cognitive performance. Taken together with our previous findings of enhanced resting-state functional connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe regions following a combined intervention program in older adults, we conclude that the functional plasticity of the aging brain is a rather complex process, and an effective cognitive-psychological-physical intervention is helpful for maintaining a healthy brain and comprehensive cognition during old age.

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Brouziyne, M., and C. Molinaro. "Mental Imagery Combined with Physical Practice of Approach Shots for Golf Beginners." Perceptual and Motor Skills 101, no. 1 (August 2005): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.1.203-211.

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Recent research on motor skills of golf have pointed to the usefulness of mental imagery. In golf, such training is rarely used as a teaching technique for beginners on the grounds that only top professionals stand to gain from mental imagery. This study tested whether mental imagery combined with physical practice can improve golf performance for the approach shot. 23 volunteer beginners, 8 women and 15 men, M age 23.4 yr. ( SD = 3.7), enrolled in the University Physical and Sporting Activities Department, were divided into three groups, using a combination of physical practice of the approach shot plus mental imagery, physical practice only, and a third group engaging in various sporting activities instead of either mental or physical practice of the chip shot. Analysis showed that the beginners' approach shot performance improved most in the group combining physical practice and mental imagery when compared with the group just physically practising the approach shot. It seems mental training can be used effectively to improve performance even with beginners.

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Kiper, Pawel, Michelle Richard, Françoise Stefanutti, Romain Pierson-Poinsignon, Luisa Cacciante, Cecilia Perin, Miryam Mazzucchelli, Barbara Viganò, and Roberto Meroni. "Combined Motor and Cognitive Rehabilitation: The Impact on Motor Performance in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12020276.

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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a neurodegenerative disease leading to Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, is often associated with physical complaints. Combined physical and cognitive training (PCT) has been investigated to see the effects on cognitive function, but its impact on motor functions and activities of daily living has not been explored yet. The combination of physical and cognitive training may be a valuable non-pharmacological intervention that could preserve motor function and quality of life (QoL). We aimed, therefore, to analyze if combined PCT is effective at improving motor performance in patients with an MCI. A systematic electronic literature search and a meta-analysis were conducted. The following criteria were compulsory for inclusion in the study: (1) randomized controlled trial design; (2) combined PCT compared to motor training alone or no intervention; (3) motor outcomes as a study’s end point. Nine articles met the inclusion criteria. Results showed that PCT significantly enhances balance compared to motor training alone (SMD 0.56; 95% CI 0.07 to 1.06; I2 = 59%; 160 participants), whereas a significant improvement was found for mobility in the PCT group when compared to no intervention (MD −1.80; 95% CI −2.70 to −0.90; I2 = 0%; 81 participants). However, there is no evidence that people with MCI experience an increase in gait speed and QoL at the end of their practice sessions. Further investigation with larger samples and a longer period of monitoring after intervention should be undertaken.

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Moro, Valentina, Michela Corbella, Silvio Ionta, Federico Ferrari, and Michele Scandola. "Cognitive Training Improves Disconnected Limbs’ Mental Representation and Peripersonal Space after Spinal Cord Injury." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 12, 2021): 9589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189589.

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Paraplegia following spinal cord injury (SCI) affects the mental representation and peripersonal space of the paralysed body parts (i.e., lower limbs). Physical rehabilitation programs can improve these aspects, but the benefits are mostly partial and short-lasting. These limits could be due to the absence of trainings focused on SCI-induced cognitive deficits combined with traditional physical rehabilitation. To test this hypothesis, we assessed in 15 SCI-individuals the effects of adding cognitive recovery protocols (motor imagery–MI) to standard physical rehabilitation programs (Motor + MI training) on mental body representations and space representations, with respect to physical rehabilitation alone (control training). Each training comprised at least eight sessions administered over two weeks. The status of participants’ mental body representation and peripersonal space was assessed at three time points: before the training (T0), after the training (T1), and in a follow-up assessment one month later (T2). The Motor + MI training induced short-term recovery of peripersonal space that however did not persist at T2. Body representation showed a slower neuroplastic recovery at T2, without differences between Motor and the Motor + MI. These results show that body and space representations are plastic after lesions, and open new rehabilitation perspectives.

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Untari, Ida, Achmad Arman Subijanto, Dyah Kurnia Mirawati, Ari Natalia Probandari, and Rossi Sanusi. "A combination of cognitive training and physical exercise for elderly with the mild cognitive impairment." Journal of Health Research 33, no. 6 (November 11, 2019): 504–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhr-11-2018-0135.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conduct systematic reviews on Indonesian papers, to examine the most recent evidence of the efficacy of the combination of cognitive training and physical exercise, and to make recommendations in order to improve prevention, care and treatment services in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Design/methodology/approach The databases of Cochrane, Medline, NIH (US National Library Medicine), ProQuest, EbscoHost, Clinical Key, EMBASE, Medical Librarian (TWE) in Ovid, Science Direct, Scopus, The Lancet Global Health, PubMed, Emerald, Indonesian National Library, Google Scholar, Google Indonesia, and Garuda Portal were systematically searched using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to obtain empirical papers published between June 1976 and January 2018. Findings Out of the 3,293 articles collected, 10 were included in this analysis. The result of this combined meta-analysis compares the combination therapy group (cognitive therapy and physical exercise) with a control group. It shows that the control group was likely to experience MCI 1.65 times more often than the combination therapy group. According to the result acquired from the synthesized meta-analysis, the control group experienced MCI 1.65 times higher than the combination therapy. The finding is proven to be statistically significant (95% CI= 1.42–1.93). Research limitations/implications The research considers only English and Indonesian articles. Practical implications It is important to explore the most effective training characteristics in a special combined intervention differentiated by the duration, frequency, intervention, type and combination mode. There is a need for further investigation that focuses on the physiological mechanisms underlying the positive effects, by inserting a more comprehensive neuro-imaging measurement to assess specifically the domain that benefits in terms of cognitive functions and molecular markers. Finally, exploratory studies are definitely required, which will specifically examine maintenance and treatment effects as well as derive theoretical explanations related to the interventions and predictors. Social implications A combination of cognitive training and physical exercise intervention may improve the global health or cognitive functions. Originality/value A combination of cognitive training and physical exercise has been found to improve prevention, care and treatment services in elderly patients with MCI. There is an increase in value in comparison to the study of Karssemeijer, which considered five Indonesian articles.

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Zerbo, Dorjana. "The benefits of physical activity and exercise on physical, cognitive and daily life activities in aging adults." Annales Kinesiologiae 10, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35469/ak.2019.182.

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Due to increased longevity, degenerative diseases and disabilities have become one of the largest health-care problems. The state of well-being with a low risk of premature health problems is important for successful aging. Even if the impact of physical activity and exercise on performance of daily life activities is still poorly understood, it seems that regular training has important benefits on physical and cognitive functioning in healthy elderly population. Combined training, including strength, balance, flexibility exercises and activities that improve cardiorespiratory fitness, are important to ensure the independency of elderly people.

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Bruce, H., L. Lai, and K. Z. Li. "THE IMPACT OF COMBINED PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE TRAINING ON MOBILITY OUTCOMES—DOES FORMAT MATTER?" Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (June 30, 2017): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.1203.

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Laatar, Rabeb, Hiba Kachouri, Rihab Borji, Haithem Rebai, and Sonia Sahli. "Combined physical-cognitive training enhances postural performances during daily life tasks in older adults." Experimental Gerontology 107 (July 2018): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2017.09.004.

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Phirom, Kochaphan, Teerawat Kamnardsiri, and Somporn Sungkarat. "Beneficial Effects of Interactive Physical-Cognitive Game-Based Training on Fall Risk and Cognitive Performance of Older Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 6079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176079.

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Physical and cognitive declines are significant risk factors for falls. Promising evidence suggests that combined physical-cognitive training would be an effective fall risk reduction and cognitive improvement intervention. However, a limited number of studies have been conducted and findings have been inconclusive. This study investigated the effects of interactive physical-cognitive game-based training on the fall risk and cognitive performance of older adults. Forty participants were randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups. Participants in the intervention group performed a 1 h session, 3 times a week for 12 weeks of the interactive physical-cognitive game-based training program. Fall risk (Physiological Profile Assessment, PPA; and Timed Up and Go, TUG) and cognitive outcome (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA) were assessed at pre- and post-intervention. Thirty-nine participants (mean age = 69.81 ± 3.78 years) completed the study (97.5%). At the end of the trial, participants in the intervention group demonstrated significant improvement in the PPA fall risk score (p = 0.015), postural sway (p = 0.005), MoCA score (p = 0.001), and TUG-dual task (p = 0.045) compared to controls. In conclusion, the interactive physical-cognitive, game-based training was effective in reducing physiological fall risk and improving cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults.

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Magnon, Valentin, Frederic Dutheil, Igor Tauveron, Jordan Mille, Julien S. Baker, Valentin Brusseau, Laetitia Silvert, Marie Izaute, and Guillaume T. Vallet. "Does an increase in physiological indexes predict better cognitive performance: the PhyCog randomised cross-over protocol in type 2 diabetes." BMJ Open 12, no. 7 (July 2022): e060057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060057.

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IntroductionThere has been a growing interest towards cognitive-training programmes to improve cognition and prevent cognitive impairment despite discrepant findings. Physical activity has been recognised in maintaining or improving cognitive ability. Based on a psychoneurophysiological approach, physiological indexes should partly determine neuronal dynamics and influence cognition as any effects of cognitive training. This study’s primary aim was to examine if improved physiological indexes predict improved cognitive variables in the context of a clinical intervention programme for type 2 diabetes (T2D).Method and analysisPhyCog will be a 22-week randomised controlled trial comparing cognitive performance between three arms: (1) physical activity (1 month), a 15-day wash-out, then cognitive training (1 month), (2) cognitive training (1 month), a 15-day wash-out and physical activity (1 month), and (3) an active breathing condition (psychoeducation and resonance frequency breathing for 1 month), then a 15-day wash-out, and combined physical activity and cognitive training (1 month), allowing to determine the most effective intervention to prevent cognitive impairment associated with T2D. All participants will be observed for 3 months following the intervention. The study will include a total of 81 patients with T2D.Cognitive performance and physiological variables will be assessed at baseline (week 0—W0), during the washout (W5, 72–96 hours after week 4), at the end of the intervention (W10), and at the end of the follow-up (W22). The main variables of interest will be executive function, memory and attention. Physiological testing will involve allostatic load such as heart rate variability, microcirculation, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels. Sociodemographic and body composition will also be a consideration. Assessors will all be blinded to outcomes. To test the primary hypothesis, the relationship between improvement in physiological variables and improvement in cognitive variables (executive, memory and attention) will be collected.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol was approved by the Est III French Ethics Committee (2020-A03228-31). Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT04915339.

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Yu, Ruby, Grace Leung, and Jean Woo. "Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effects of a Combined Intervention of Computerized Cognitive Training Preceded by Physical Exercise for Improving Frailty Status and Cognitive Function in Older Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041396.

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(1) Objective: This study examined the effects of a combined intervention of Brainastic computerized cognitive training (CCT) preceded by physical exercise (PE) for improving frailty status and cognitive function in older adults. (2) Methods: Older adults aged 50 years or older attending elderly centers, without frailty/history of cognitive impairment, were randomly allocated into either a 12-week (i) multi-domain CCT + PE (n = 117), (ii) two-domain CCT + PE (n = 116) or (iii) video watching + PE (i.e., control, n = 114). Brainastic is an online application for cognitive training through video games. The multi-domain CCT targeted memory, attention, executive function, flexibility and visuospatial ability while the two-domain CCT targeted memory and attention. PE included both aerobic and resistance exercises. Outcomes were changes in frailty levels as measured with a simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL), global cognition as measured with the Rapid Cognitive Screen (RCS), total learning and verbal memory abilities as measured with the Hong Kong List Learning Test (HKLLT), and executive functions as measured with the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) over 12 weeks. (3) Results: Participants in the intervention groups (multi-/two-domain CCT + PE) showed greater improvements in frailty status, total learning ability and verbal memory ability than control participants (all p < 0.05). The multi-domain CCT did not outperform the two-domain CCT in improving frailty status or cognitive function. The training effects were independent of the baseline cognition of the participants. (4) Conclusions: A combined intervention of multi-/two-domain CCT preceded by PE seemed to convey benefit over video watching preceded by PE in improving frailty status and cognitive function among older adults attending elderly centers.

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Maselli, Martina, Laura Fiorini, Francesca Cecchi, Emanuela Castro, Raffaele Esposito, Filippo Cavallo, Gianmaria Mancioppi, et al. "Can physical and cognitive training based on episodic memory be combined in a new protocol for daily training?" Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 31, no. 11 (December 19, 2018): 1615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40520-018-1107-6.

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Harris, W. C., P. A. Hancock, and C. A. Morgan. "Cognitive Change in Special Forces Personnel following Stressful Survival Training." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 19 (September 2005): 1776–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901905.

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Understanding the deterioration in cognitive functioning produced by stress continues to gain in importance due to the increasing demands imposed by technologically sophisticated systems. Although the general deleterious effects of stress are well established, the relative sensitivity of different cognitive functions to stress and the pattern of cognitive recovery with rest have not been fully distinguished. In this paper, we examined the cognitive performance of Special Forces soldiers immediately prior to and immediately following one week of Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) School training at Ft. Bragg, NC. Post-stress cognitive performance was characterized by significantly increased response time with minimal change in response accuracy. While response time increased for all tasks, memory appears to be most sensitive to stress. Performance returned to pre-stress levels the next morning following one night of sleep. The tasks affected most in the current study differed from changes which follow primarily upon physical stress, implying that the effects of combined psychological and physical stress on cognitive performance differ substantively from the effects of physical demand alone.

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Trecroci, Athos, Luca Cavaggioni, Alessio Rossi, Andrea Moriondo, Giampiero Merati, Hadi Nobari, Luca Paolo Ardigò, and Damiano Formenti. "Effects of speed, agility and quickness training programme on cognitive and physical performance in preadolescent soccer players." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): e0277683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277683.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a short-term (4 weeks) non-soccer-specific training programme based on speed, agility and quickness (SAQ) and a soccer-specific training programme based on small-sided games (SSG) on cognitive and physical performance in preadolescent soccer players. Twenty-one participants were randomly assigned to SAQ group (n = 11) or SSG group (n = 10). They were tested pre and post interventions on physical (5 m sprint, 20 m sprint and sprint with turns of 90°) and cognitive (inhibitory control by means of the Flanker task and perceptual speed by means of the visual search task) performances. Although no significant time x group interactions were observed, the main effect of time was significant for cognitive performance and 5 m and 20 m sprint, showing improvements after both SAQ and SSG. These findings highlight that 4 weeks of SAQ training programme induced comparable improvements in cognitive and physical performance with respect to a soccer-specific training programme based on SSG in preadolescent soccer players. Non-sport-specific activities targeting speed, agility and quickness combined with cognitive engagement (i.e., SAQ) should be useful strategies as soccer-specific activities to be included within a soccer training programme for promoting both physical and cognitive domain in preadolescent individuals.

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Liu, Ze-Min, Chuang-Qi Chen, Xian-Li Fan, Chen-Chen Lin, and Xin-Dong Ye. "Usability and Effects of a Combined Physical and Cognitive Intervention Based on Active Video Games for Preschool Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 7420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127420.

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Executive functions (EFs) are essential for early childhood development, and effective programs to improve EFs in preschool education are becoming increasingly crucial. There is rising evidence that combined physical–cognitive intervention training utilizing active video games (exergames) could be a viable strategy to improve EFs. However, there is a shortage of empirical evidence on the application of this approach in preschool education. The effectiveness of exergame intervention training in preschools must be evaluated. This study conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of exergames intervention training on preschool children’s EFs. A total of 48 participants aged 4–5 years were enrolled; 24 were randomly allocated to receive exergames physical activity training, and the remaining 24 received conventional physical activity training. After a four-week intervention, the children who received the exergames intervention training exhibited considerably greater gains in all three EFs tasks than children who received the conventional physical activity program. Follow-up interviews revealed that the children accepted the exergames well. The results demonstrate the viability of incorporating exergames into preschool education to improve children’s EFs, supporting prior findings and offering more empirical evidence from early childhood research.

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Decroix, Lieselot, Maria Francesca Piacentini, Gerard Rietjens, and Romain Meeusen. "Monitoring Physical and Cognitive Overload During a Training Camp in Professional Female Cyclists." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 7 (October 2016): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0570.

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Purpose:High training loads combined with other stressors can lead to performance decrements. The time needed to recover determines the diagnosis of (non)-functional overreaching or the overtraining syndrome. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of an 8-day (intensified) training camp of professional female cyclists on physical and cognitive performance.Methods:Nine subjects performed a 30-min time trial (TT), cognitive test, and Profile of Mood States questionnaire before, during, and after a training camp (49% increased training volume). On data collection, cyclists were classified as “overreached” (OR) or “adapted” (A) based on TT performance. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to detect changes in physical and cognitive parameters.Results: Five cyclists were described as OR based on decreased mean power output (MPO) (–7.03%) on day 8. Four cyclists were classified as A (increased MPO: +1.72%). MPO and maximal heart rate were significantly different between A and OR groups. A significant slower reaction time (RT) (+3.35%) was found in OR subjects, whereas RT decreased (–4.59%) in A subjects. The change in MPO was negatively correlated with change in RT in the cognitive test (R2 = .52).Conclusions:This study showed that the use of objective, inexpensive, and easy-to-interpret physical and cognitive tests can facilitate the monitoring of training adaptations in professional female athletes.

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Santos, Wellington Martins, Amanda Sardeli, Victor Gadelha, Daisa Moraes, Claudia Cavaglieri, and Mara Chacon-Mikahill. "Both Combined And Aerobic Training Improve Cognitive Function In Hypertensive Elderly." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50, no. 5S (May 2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000535379.78024.34.

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Peterson, Brent M., Cynthia Johnson, Kaylene Case, Daniel Y. K. Shackelford, Jessica M. Brown, Trent L. Lalonde, and Reid Hayward. "Effects of a Combined Aerobic and Cognitive Training Intervention on Cognitive Function in Cancer Survivors." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000517431.48845.e8.

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Pellegrini-Laplagne, Manon, Olivier Dupuy, Philippe Sosner, and Laurent Bosquet. "Acute Effect of a Simultaneous Exercise and Cognitive Task on Executive Functions and Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation in Healthy Older Adults." Brain Sciences 12, no. 4 (March 28, 2022): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12040455.

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The rapid increase in population aging and associated age-related cognitive decline requires identifying innovative and effective methods to prevent it. To manage this socio-economic challenge, physical, cognitive, and combined stimulations are proposed. The superiority of simultaneous training compared to passive control and physical training alone seems to be an efficient method, but very few studies assess the acute effect on executive function. This study aimed to investigate the acute effect of simultaneous physical and cognitive exercise on executive functions in healthy older adults, in comparison with either training alone. Seventeen healthy older adults performed three experimental conditions in randomized order: physical exercise, cognitive exercise, and simultaneous physical and cognitive exercise. The protocol involved a 30 min exercise duration at 60% of theoretical maximal heart rate or 30 min of cognitive exercise or both. Executive functions measured by the Stroop task and pre-frontal cortex oxygenation were assessed before and after the intervention. We found a main effect of time on executive function and all experimental condition seems to improve inhibition and flexibility scores (<0.05). We also found a decrease in cerebral oxygenation (Δ[HbO2]) in both hemispheres after each intervention in all cognitive performance assessed (p < 0.05). Simultaneous physical and cognitive exercise is as effective a method as either physical or cognitive exercise alone for improving executive function. The results of this study may have important clinical repercussions by allowing to optimize the interventions designed to maintain the cognitive health of older adults since simultaneous provide a time-efficient strategy to improve cognitive performance in older adults.

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Yang, Chenchen, Ami Moore, Elias Mpofu, Diana Dorstyn, Qiwei Li, and Cheng Yin. "Effectiveness of Combined Cognitive and Physical Interventions to Enhance Functioning in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials." Gerontologist 60, no. 8 (November 7, 2019): e633-e642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz149.

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Abstract Background and Objectives Cognitive training delivered in conjunction with physical activity, may help to optimize aging and delay or prevent dementia in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, their efficacy is less well studied compared to pharmaceutical treatments. This systematic review synthesizes the emerging evidence on combined cognitive-physical interventions for enhancing functioning in older adults with MCI, with implications for practice and research. Research Design and Methods We searched the PubMed, PsycINFO, Ageline, Medline, Web of Science and ProQuest databases, and hand-searched articles published between July 2013 and November 2018. Only randomized controlled trials which incorporated cognitive and physical components targeted to individuals with MCI over the age of 50 were eligible. Our search yielded 10 eligible, independent articles. Results Intervention participants with MCI self-reported, or demonstrated, improved functioning across a range of cognitive (global cognitive function, executive function, processing speed, memory, attention, mood, emotion, motivation, brain cortex, orientation), and physical (gait, balance, mobility) outcomes. Interventions which combined cognitive-physical training were comparable to those which isolated these same elements, in terms of their effects on executive function, processing speed, attention, mood, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Discussion and Implications There is preliminary evidence to support the positive effects of multicomponent interventions to improve cognitive-motor abilities in older adults at risk of developing dementia. The strength of this research evidence is, however, limited. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these effects are maintained over time. The optimal intervention intensity and length also need to be established.

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Lin, Yu-Fang, Megan F. Liu, Mu-Hsing Ho, Yen-Kuang Lin, Yu-Ling Hsiao, Ming-Hsu Wang, Chia-Chi Chang, and Jed Montayre. "A Pilot Study of Interactive-Video Games in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 3536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063536.

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Early preventive strategies for improving cognitive function are crucial for people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cognitive training exercises may improve cognitive functioning. However, there was limited evidence from training programs that combined cognitive-specific and physical activities, particularly in using interactive video games as interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and effects of the interactive-video games on cognitive function, physical function, mood status and quality of life in community-dwelling people with MCI. A quasi-experimental study was undertaken. Participants in the intervention group received 60 min group-based training program once per week for 12 weeks. A generalised estimating equation (GEE) was used to examine the main effect, interactions and changes in outcomes over time. Sixteen participants completed the trial with eight in the intervention group and eight in the comparison group. The tolerable acceptance rate, perfect attendance rate, high satisfaction with the training content, and no injuries or falls demonstrated the feasibility of this program. The scores of cognitive function increased in both groups and the interaction between time and groups were significant over 12 weeks of training (p < 0.05). As the result, we determined that interactive-video games can be a safe, feasible, enjoyable intervention and user-friendly among people with MCI in community settings.

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Desjardins-Crepeau, Laurence, Nicolas Berryman, Sarah Fraser, Thien Tuong Minh Vu, Marie-Jeanne Kergoat, Karen Li, Laurent Bosquet, and Louis Bherer. "Effects of combined physical and cognitive training on fitness and neuropsychological outcomes in healthy older adults." Clinical Interventions in Aging Volume 11 (September 2016): 1287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/cia.s115711.

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Ploughman, Michelle, Gail A. Eskes, Liam P. Kelly, Megan C. Kirkland, Augustine J. Devasahayam, Elizabeth M. Wallack, Beraki Abraha, et al. "Synergistic Benefits of Combined Aerobic and Cognitive Training on Fluid Intelligence and the Role of IGF-1 in Chronic Stroke." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 33, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968319832605.

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Background. Paired exercise and cognitive training have the potential to enhance cognition by “priming” the brain and upregulating neurotrophins. Methods. Two-site randomized controlled trial. Fifty-two patients >6 months poststroke with concerns about cognitive impairment trained 50 to 70 minutes, 3× week for 10 weeks with 12-week follow-up. Participants were randomized to 1 of 2 physical interventions: Aerobic (>60% VO2peak using <10% body weight–supported treadmill) or Activity (range of movement and functional tasks). Exercise was paired with 1 of 2 cognitive interventions (computerized dual working memory training [COG] or control computer games [Games]). The primary outcome for the 4 groups (Aerobic + COG, Aerobic + Games, Activity + COG, and Activity + Games) was fluid intelligence measured using Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test administered at baseline, posttraining, and 3-month follow-up. Serum neurotrophins collected at one site (N = 30) included brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at rest (BDNFresting) and after a graded exercise test (BDNFresponse) and insulin-like growth factor–1 at the same timepoints (IGF-1rest, IGF-1response). Results. At follow-up, fluid intelligence scores significantly improved compared to baseline in the Aerobic + COG and Activity + COG groups; however, only the Aerobic + COG group was significantly different (+47.8%) from control (Activity + Games −8.5%). Greater IGF-1response at baseline predicted 40% of the variance in cognitive improvement. There was no effect of the interventions on BDNFresting or BDNFresponse; nor was BDNF predictive of the outcome. Conclusions. Aerobic exercise combined with cognitive training improved fluid intelligence by almost 50% in patients >6 months poststroke. Participants with more robust improvements in cognition were able to upregulate higher levels of serum IGF-1 suggesting that this neurotrophin may be involved in behaviorally induced plasticity.

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May, Anne M., Irene Korstjens, Ellen van Weert, Bart van den Borne, Josette E. H. M. Hoekstra-Weebers, Cees P. van der Schans, Ilse Mesters, Jan Passchier, Diederick E. Grobbee, and Wynand J. G. Ros. "Long-term effects on cancer survivors’ quality of life of physical training versus physical training combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy: results from a randomized trial." Supportive Care in Cancer 17, no. 6 (October 25, 2008): 653–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-008-0519-9.

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Tsolaki, Anthoula C., Magda Tsolaki, Niki Pandria, Eftychia Lazarou, Olymbia Gkatzima, Vasiliki Zilidou, Maria Karagianni, Zafiroula Iakovidou-Kritsi, Vasilios K. Kimiskidis, and Panagiotis D. Bamidis. "Web-Based Intervention Effects on Mild Cognitive Impairment Based on Apolipoprotein E Genotype: Quasi-Experimental Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): e14617. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14617.

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Background Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Computer-based training programs can improve cognitive performance in elderly populations. However, the effects of computer-based interventions on MCI APOE ε4 carriers have never been studied before. Objective The effects of different web-based interventions and the APOE isoform-specific differences in training outcomes are investigated. Methods Using a quasi-experimental study design, 202 participants with MCI aged 60 years and older took part in three different intervention programs (physical and cognitive [Long-Lasting Memories, or LLM], cognitive [Active Control, or AC], or physical intervention [Physical Training Control, or PTC]) via an innovative information and communication technologies exergaming platform. Participants in each interventional group were subdivided into APOE ε4 carriers and non–APOE ε4 carriers. All participants underwent an extensive neuropsychological evaluation before and after the training, blood tests, and brain imaging. Results All interventions resulted in multiple statistically significant cognitive benefits after the intervention. Verbal learning (California Verbal Learning Test: immediate recall test score—LLM: P=.04; AC: P<.001), working memory (digit span forward and backward test scores—AC: P=.03; PTC: P=.02 and P=.006, respectively), and long-term memory (California Verbal Learning Test: delayed recall test score—LLM: P=.02; AC: P=.002; and PTC: P=.02) were improved. There was no statistically significant difference among the intervention effects. APOE ε4 presence moderates intervention effects as the LLM intervention improved only their task-switching processing speed (Trail Making Test, Part B: P=.03) and the PTC intervention improved only the working memory (digit span backward: P=.03). No significant performance alteration was noted for the APOE ε4+ cognitive AC training group. Conclusions None of the applied interventions could be identified as the optimal one; it is suggested, however, that combined cognitive and physical training and physical training via exergaming may be more effective for the high-risk MCI ΑPOE ε4+ subgroup.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Combined Physical and Cognitive Training'

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