Academic literature on the topic 'Combined eqns'
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Journal articles on the topic "Combined eqns"
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Kalinitchev, Anatoliy I. "Сoncentration waves behaviour and the chromatographic displacement development in the sorbentsnanocomposites during the multicomponent mass transfer and visualisation of the sorption kinetics process." Сорбционные и хроматографические процессы 19, no. 5 (October 30, 2019): 512–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/sorpchrom.2019.19/1166.
Full textAbstract:
There is considered the Multi-(6th)-component Mass Transfer (MMT) inside the planar matrices ofthe sorbent-NanoComposite (NC) by the computerized modelling. During the MMT kinetics in the NC planar-membrane the chromatographic Displacement Development (DD) for the propagating modes of the twoconcentration Xm(1,2)(L,T)-principal waves is modeled for the two principal m1,2-sorbate components (m=1,2)of the Multi(6)-components NC MMT combined “Diffusion, and sorption” system.The computerized modelling mentioned here is based on the mathematical solution of the MMTmulti 6-components Eqns. partial differential including as the basis the author’s bi-functional NC MMTModels. The main advantage of the NC Models considered concludes in the introduction of the two sorbatediffusing principal Pi(3.4)-components into the consideration. The similarity and the differences between themulticomponent Xn(L,T)-concentration waves propagation for the MMT processes in the modern NC matrixand in the chromatographic column are discussed.The visualization of the kinetics of the MMT процесс is realized by the creation of the Sci. computerizedAnimations: “SCA.avi” video-files which demonstrate visually (after the program start) the propagationof the multi(n)-component Xn(1-6)(L,T)-concentration waves through the NC matrixe. Here the “SCA.avianimations display the DD chromatographic effect during oral presentation with the mentioned DDdisplacementof the X2-concentration waves by the X1-waves of the 1-component (displacer).
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Birch, H., P. S. Mikkelsen, J. K. Jensen, and H. C. Holten Lützhøft. "Micropollutants in stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflow in the Copenhagen area, Denmark." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.687.
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Stormwater runoff contains a broad range of micropollutants. In Europe a number of these substances are regulated through the Water Framework Directive, which establishes Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for surface waters. Knowledge about discharge of these substances through stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) is essential to ensure compliance with the EQSs. Results from a screening campaign including more than 50 substances at four stormwater discharge locations and one CSO in Copenhagen are reported here. Heavy metal concentrations were detected at levels similar to earlier findings, e.g., with copper found at concentrations up to 13 times greater than the Danish standard for surface waters. The concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exceeded the EQSs by factors up to 500 times for stormwater and 2,000 times for the CSO. Glyphosate was found in all samples whilst diuron, isoproturon, terbutylazine and MCPA were found only in some of the samples. Diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) was also found at all five locations in concentrations exceeding the EQS. The results give a valuable background for designing further monitoring programmes focusing on the chemical status of surface waters in urban areas.
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Ceylan, Huseyin. "Optimal Design of Signal Controlled Road Networks Using Differential Evolution Optimization Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/696374.
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This study proposes a traffic congestion minimization model in which the traffic signal setting optimization is performed through a combined simulation-optimization model. In this model, the TRANSYT traffic simulation software is combined with Differential Evolution (DE) optimization algorithm, which is based on the natural selection paradigm. In this context, the EQuilibrium Network Design (EQND) problem is formulated as a bilevel programming problem in which the upper level is the minimization of the total network performance index. In the lower level, the traffic assignment problem, which represents the route choice behavior of the road users, is solved using the Path Flow Estimator (PFE) as a stochastic user equilibrium assessment. The solution of the bilevel EQND problem is carried out by the proposed Differential Evolution and TRANSYT with PFE, the so-called DETRANSPFE model, on a well-known signal controlled test network. Performance of the proposed model is compared to that of two previous works where the EQND problem has been solved by Genetic-Algorithms- (GAs-) and Harmony-Search- (HS-) based models. Results show that the DETRANSPFE model outperforms the GA- and HS-based models in terms of the network performance index and the computational time required.
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Gabriel, O., and M. Zessner. "Discussion of an environment quality standard based assessment procedure for permitting discharge." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.832.
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The ‘combined approach’ as a requirement of the EC Water Framework Directive pools an emission-based approach with an approach based on environmental quality standards (EQS) to improve European water quality. The implementation of the EQS-based approach poses problems of defining a reference water discharge, defining a distance, where the EQS are obligatory and thus have to be controlled after point discharge, considering incomplete mixing. To elaborate a simple assessment procedure including the aspects mentioned above is the point of discussion in this paper. On the basis of easily available data and references from several European countries, recommendations for an Austrian assessment procedure are presented.
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Stransky, D., I. Kabelkova, and V. Bares. "Stochastic approach to the derivation of emission limits for wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 12 (June 1, 2009): 2305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.276.
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Stochastic approach to the derivation of WWTP emission limits meeting probabilistically defined environmental quality standards (EQS) is presented. The stochastic model is based on the mixing equation with input data defined by probability density distributions and solved by Monte Carlo simulations. The approach was tested on a study catchment for total phosphorus (Ptot). The model assumes input variables independency which was proved for the dry-weather situation. Discharges and Ptot concentrations both in the study creek and WWTP effluent follow log-normal probability distribution. Variation coefficients of Ptot concentrations differ considerably along the stream (cv=0.415–0.884). The selected value of the variation coefficient (cv=0.420) affects the derived mean value (Cmean=0.13 mg/l) of the Ptot EQS (C90=0.2 mg/l). Even after supposed improvement of water quality upstream of the WWTP to the level of the Ptot EQS, the WWTP emission limits calculated would be lower than the values of the best available technology (BAT). Thus, minimum dilution ratios for the meaningful application of the combined approach to the derivation of Ptot emission limits for Czech streams are discussed.
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Gabriel, Oliver, Katerina Ruzicka, and Norbert Kreuzinger. "Upgrading Vienna's wastewater treatment plant – linking point source emissions to Environmental Quality Standards." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 7 (April 1, 2012): 1290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.010.
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The new water quality protection approach of the EU combines the control of emissions with instream Environmental Quality Standards (=EQS). Since 1 April 2006 and actually relevant in the version of 2010 in Austria, priority substances from list A of the EUROPEAN DIERECTIVE 76/464 and further EQS of relevant chemical substances (list B), identified by a national risk assessment, have to be reached to achieve a good ecological state in the surface water (Edict for Water Quality Standards, 2006; changes to the Edict for Water Quality Standards 2010). The practical assessment of these substances after point source emissions is prescribed in the Edict, but rarely carried out. In this paper, two substances, namely: (1) ammonium (list B); and (2) nonylphenol, an endocrine disrupting compound (list A) are presented to discuss: (i) the improvement of treatment efficiency due to the upgrade of a large Waste Water Treatment Plant (=WWTP); (ii) the relevance of mixing processes and modelling as a method to control EQS after point source emissions; and (iii) the improvement of water quality in the ambient surface waters. It is shown that the improved treatment in the case of nonylphenol leads to emission values which fall below the EQS, making an assessment unnecessary. In the case of ammonium emission, values are significantly reduced and violation of EQS is avoided, while mixing modelling is shown to be a suitable instrument to address the resulting instream concentrations at different border conditions.
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Vercauteren, Toon, Marina Näsman, Fredrica Nyqvist, Dorien Brosens, Rodrigo Serrat, and Dury Sarah. "MULTIDIMENSIONAL CIVIC ENGAGEMENT OF OLDER PEOPLE: A LATENT CLASS ANALYSIS." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 509–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1673.
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Abstract Civic engagement of older people remains an understudied topic in gerontological research, focusing for the biggest part on formal activities, such as volunteering and political engagement. This research proposes a more inclusive definition referring to multidimensional civic engagement which includes associational engagement, formal and informal volunteering, digital engagement, and formal and informal political engagement. Additionally, research fails to address whether older people combine different civic activities or are only engaged in one. Using EQLS data (2016) collected in 33 European countries, this research examined the multidimensional civic engagement of older people and whether they combine civic activities. Descriptive analysis was used to map the multidimensional civic engagement of those over 65 years (n = 9,031). Latent class analysis was conducted to create profiles among those who are civically engaged to study whether activities are combined and to explore the socio-structural and social capital resources of each profile (n = 6,142). The results indicate that over two-thirds of older Europeans are engaged in minimally one civic activity. Five profiles can be differentiated, ranging from low diversity profiles to a high diversity profile regarding the chance of engaging in a multitude of civic activities in later life. The results clearly show that having more resources enables diverse civic engagement in later life. This study appropriately appreciates the multidimensional civic engagement of older people and identifies the resources that must be considered when promoting multidimensional civic engagement.
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Chantarangkul, Veena, Bruno Cesana, Pier Mannuccio Mannucci, and Armando Tripodi. "Calibration of Local Systems with Lyophilized Calibrant Plasmas Improves the Interlaboratory Variability of the INR in the Italian External Quality Assessment Scheme." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 82, no. 12 (1999): 1621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1614889.
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SummaryCalibration with lyophilized calibrant plasmas certified in terms of PT with International Reference Preparations for thromboplastin has been proposed to minimize the effect of coagulometers on the INR. Aim of this study was to test the ability of local calibration with lyophilized calibrant plasmas, combined with a modified statistical approach, to improve the interlaboratory variability of the INR measured on two test plasmas (one coumarin and one artificially-depleted) by participants in the External Quality Assessment Scheme (EQAS). Sets of lyophilized calibrant and test plasmas were sent to the participants in the EQAS, who were asked to determine PT with their own reagent/ instrument combination (local system). Results were returned as PT together with information on the type of local system, the stated International Sensitivity Index (ISI) and the geometric mean of PTs determined by testing with the local system fresh plasmas from 20 healthy subjects. Ninety-two participants using 9 and 11 brands of reagents and instruments returned results. The CV of the INR determined with the stated ISI for the coumarin (Mean INR = 4.39) and artificially-depleted (Mean INR = 4.23) test plasmas were 11.2% and 10.3% and were reduced on the average by 34% and 54%, respectively, when the INR was calculated with the local ISI.In conclusions, results from this field study involving laboratories and testing systems representative of the real situation in oral anticoagulant monitoring in our country, indicate that local calibration by artificially-depleted plasmas, combined with the proposed statistical approach, is suitable to improve the interlaboratory agreement on the INR.
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Klinkenberg, Lieke JJ, Eef GWM Lentjes, and Arjen-Kars Boer. "Clinical interpretation of prostate-specific antigen values: Type of applied cut-off value exceeds methods bias as the major source of variation." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 56, no. 2 (February 24, 2019): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563218822665.
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Background Prostate-specific antigen is the biochemical gold standard for the (early) detection and monitoring of prostate cancer. Interpretation of prostate-specific antigen is both dependent on the method and cut-off. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of method-specific differences and cut-off values in a national external quality assessment scheme (EQAS). Methods The Dutch EQAS for prostate-specific antigen comprised an annual distribution of 12 control materials. The results of two distributions were combined with the corresponding cut-off value. Differences between methods were quantified by simple linear regression based on the all laboratory trimmed mean. To assess the clinical consequence of method-specific differences and cut-off values, a clinical data-set of 1040 patients with an initial prostate-specific antigen measurement and concomitant conclusive prostate biopsy was retrospectively collected. Sensitivity and specificity for prostate cancer were calculated for all EQAS participants individually. Results In the Netherlands, seven different prostate-specific antigen methods are used. Interestingly, 67% of these laboratories apply age-specific cut-off values. Methods showed a maximal relative difference of 26%, which were not reflected in the cut-off values. The largest differences were caused by the type of cut-off, for example in the Roche group the cut-off value differed maximal 217%. Clinically, a fixed prostate-specific antigen cut-off has a higher sensitivity than an age-specific cut-off (mean 89% range 86–93% versus 79% range 63–95%, respectively). Conclusions This study shows that the differences in cut-off values exceed the method-specific differences. These results emphasize the need for (inter)national harmonization/standardization programmes including cut-off values to allow for laboratory-independent clinical decision-making.
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Dewi, Cinantya Nirmala, Febty Febriani, Titi Anggono, Syuhada Syuhada, Mohamad Ramdhan, Mohammad Hasib, Aditya Dwi Prasetio, et al. "ASSESSMENT OF ULTRA-LOW FREQUENCY (ULF) GEOMAGNETIC PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH EARTHQUAKES IN THE WESTERN PART OF JAVA ISLAND, INDONESIA DURING 2020." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 39, no. 1 (2024): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2024.1.6.
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Ultra-low frequency (ULF) geomagnetic analysis is a robust method for earthquake (EQ) forecasting. We conducted a simultaneous study of EQ precursors around the western part of Java Island in 2020 using wavelet transform (WT) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) methods. ULF geomagnetic data (March to December 2020, 16:00–21:00 UTC or 23.00–04.00 LT) from Lampung Selatan (LPS) geomagnetic station were used to assess the precursors. We analyzed four EQs with an epicenter distance (R) of around 100 km from LPS station and a magnitude (M) greater than 5 Mw. We analyzed changes in the SZ/SG values and α values from the WT and DFA analyses against the threshold (µ±2σ) to identify anomalies related to the EQs. The result showed that SZ/SG anomalies occurred simultaneously with a decrease in α values several weeks prior to probable source EQ when there was a very low geomagnetic activity (Dst ≤ -30 nT). The Mw5.4 (07/07/2020) EQ might be the main source that led to the appearance of the precursor since it had the highest magnitude and KLS values compared to others. The combined WT and DFA results showed anomalies 1.5–13 weeks before the Mw5.4 (07/07/2020) EQ. The results suggest that WT and DFA are suitable methods for detecting EQ precursors but more work is needed to link the precursors to specific EQs.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Combined eqns"
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Mitra, Indranil. "Study of some non-linear partial differential equations from field theory." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2018. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/3653.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Combined eqns"
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Gastmans, R., and Tai Tsun Wu. "Polarization." In The Ubiquitous Photon, 537–47. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198520436.003.0011.
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Abstract Beam polarization gives information on the electron’s inclination to behave with aberration. In the preceding chapters, we expounded a convenient way to calculate helicity amplitudes for various processes at high energies. In this chapter, we show how those helicity amplitudes must be combined for the description of processes in which arbitrary spin polarizations occur. We first treat the case of fermion polarization in detail and then analyse the polarization effects for photons and gluons. Throughout this chapter, we again neglect the finite mass effects for simplicity. The positive helicity states for fermions, introduced in Chapter 3 [eqns (3.1)], describe particles with spin polarization along the direction of motion, where as negative helicity states have their spin polarization opposite to the direction of motion. This can be seen as follows.
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Duke, Philip John. "Behaviour of the electron beam in a synchrotron radiation storage ring. Energy oscillations." In Synchrotron Radiation Production and Properties, 186–205. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198517580.003.0012.
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Abstract Just as deviations form the ideal orbit lead to betatron oscillations, so also deviations from the ideal energy lead to energy oscillations which are sometimes called synchrotron oscillations. These oscillations contribute to the size of the electron beam in the horizontal plane because energy deviations lead to deviations in position and direction of the electrons through the dispersion function fsee eqn ( 11.9)]. Because the dispersion function depends on the value of the s-coordinate around the ring, the contribution of the energy oscillations to beam size also depends on D(s). Furthermore, because the dispersion function tends to follow the contour of the beta function [see eqn ( I 1.11)], the effects of the betatron and synchrotron oscillations tend to combine to increase the beam size instead of cancelling each other out. If the energy distribution of the electrons follows a Gaussian function with standard deviation σ(E), then from eqn (11.9) the contribution of the energy oscillations to the total beam width is (σ (E)/ Eo) × D(s). In any practical storage ring, Q is a long way from resonance so we can assume that the two types of oscillations are uncorrelated and add the contributions from the betatron [eqn ( 10.29)] and synchrotron oscillation in quadrature.