Journal articles: 'Combinations rules'

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Bradley, Ian, and Jonathan Bright. "International Tax Planning: The Stop-Loss Rules and Corporate Reorganizations—Interpretive Challenges." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 67, no. 2 (2019): 383–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2019.67.2.itp.

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Tax rules often present interpretive challenges. One such challenge involves the stop-loss rules, which can suspend the recognition of a loss realized on a transfer of shares between affiliated persons. Continuity rules prevent a suspended loss from being released as a result of certain corporate reorganizations. One continuity rule applies to mergers and combinations, while others apply to certain types of windups. The Canada Revenue Agency recently issued a broad interpretation of the former rule, arguing that in this context a "merger or combination" can include a winding up—even if the woundup corporation has multiple shareholders. In this article, the principles of statutory interpretation are applied to the relevant provisions, to determine their true meaning. This analysis indicates that the continuity rule for mergers and combinations does not apply to windups.

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Bacardit, Jaume, and Natalio Krasnogor. "Performance and Efficiency of Memetic Pittsburgh Learning Classifier Systems." Evolutionary Computation 17, no. 3 (September 2009): 307–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco.2009.17.3.307.

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In this paper we empirically evaluate several local search (LS) mechanisms that heuristically edit classification rules and rule sets to improve their performance. Two kinds of operators are studied, (1) rule-wise operators, which edit individual rules, and (2) a rule set-wise operator, which takes the rules from N parents (N ≥ 2) to generate a new offspring, selecting the minimum subset of candidate rules that obtains maximum training accuracy. Moreover, various ways of integrating these operators within the evolutionary cycle of learning classifier systems are studied. The combinations of LS operators and policies are integrated in a Pittsburgh approach framework that we call MPLCS for memetic Pittsburgh learning classifier system. MPLCS is systematically evaluated using various metrics. Several datasets were employed with the objective of identifying which combination of operators and policies scale well, are robust to noise, generate compact solutions, and use the least amount of computational resources to solve the problems.

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Hsieh, Po-Chun, Chu-Fang Cheng, Chih-Wei Wu, I.-Shiang Tzeng, Chan-Yen Kuo, Pei-Shan Hsu, Chang-Ti Lee, Min-Chien Yu, and Chou-Chin Lan. "Combination of Acupoints in Treating Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Apriori Algorithm-Based Association Rule Analysis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (May 20, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8165296.

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is highly prevalent and a major burden on the healthcare system worldwide. It has a severe impact on patients due to poor health-related quality of life (HRQL), dyspnea, and exertional intolerance. Our previous meta-analysis revealed that body acupuncture therapy had adjuvant benefits of improving HRQL in COPD patients undergoing optimal medical treatment. Previous studies indicated that treatment with combinations of acupoints was more effective than single acupoint treatment. The association rule analysis has been widely used to explore relationships in acupoint combination. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential core acupoint combination in COPD treatment by mining the association rules from the retrieved randomized control trials (RCTs) of the previous meta-analyses. This study was conducted based on Apriori algorithm-based association rule analysis, which is a popular data mining method available in software R. We extracted acupoints as binary data from the 12 included RCTs for analysis. There were 27 acupoints extracted from 12 RCTs. The top 10 frequently selected acupoints were BL12, BL13, BL20, BL23, BL43, CV17, EXB1, LU5, LU7, and ST36. We investigated 2444 association rules, and the results showed that {ST36, BL12} ≥ {CV17}, {ST36, BL12} ≥ {EXB1}, {CV17, BL12} ≥ {ST36}, and {EXB1, BL12} ≥ {ST36} were the most associated rules in the retrieved RCTs. The acupoint combinations of ST36, BL12, and CV17 and ST36, BL12, and EXB1 could be considered as the core of acupoint combination for further acupuncture treatment of COPD.

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Roh, Eul Hee. "Analysis of multiple chronic disease characteristics in South Koreans by age groups using association rules analysis." Health Informatics Journal 28, no. 1 (January 2022): 146045822110702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14604582211070208.

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The prevalence of MCD (multiple chronic disease) is increasing due to increased life expectancies and aging populations. Individual and socioeconomic burdens of MCD are also increasing. To reduce these burdens, it is necessary to establish policies to prevent MCD; therefore, it is important to understand the characteristics of MCD in the current population. In this study, the combinations of MCD that affect hypertension, which has the highest prevalence, were examined according to different age groups. The combinations of diseases were identified utilizing association rules analysis, using the Community Health Survey as the raw data. Two association rules were determined in young adult group, 18 in the middle-aged group, and 30 in the senior group, showing that the number of rules increases with age. Association rules of this study mean that combined chronic diseases are highly associated with hypertension. Then logistic regression analysis was performed on the MCD combinations with highest lift value in each age group to identify relationships between health behavior and MCD combinations. Especially, alcohol consumption was found to be a common factor affecting MCD prevalence in three combinations. On the contrary, sleep habit did not have a statistically significant influence on any combination.

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Seeger, Alberto. "Calculus rules for combinations of ellipsoids and applications." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 47, no. 1 (February 1993): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972700012211.

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We derive formulas for the Minkowski sum, the convex hull, the intersection, and the inverse sum of a finite family of ellipsoids. We show how these formulas can be used to obtain inner and outer ellipsoidal approximations of a convex polytope.

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Grant, Andrew, and David Johnstone. "Finding profitable forecast combinations using probability scoring rules." International Journal of Forecasting 26, no. 3 (July 2010): 498–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2010.01.002.

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Mammadova, Masuma, Nuru Bayramov, and Zarifa Jabrayilova. "Development of the principles of fuzzy rule-based system for hepatocelular carcinoma staging." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 3 (May 27, 2021): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2021.001829.

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The article proposes the principles for the development of a fuzzy rule-based physician decision support system n to determine the stages of the most common hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among malignant tumors of liver. The stages of HCC, i.e., critical situations, are expressed by different combinations of clinical signs of input data and emerging clinical conditions. These combinations shape the multiplicity of possible situations (critical situations) by forming linguistic rules that are in fuzzy relations with one another. The article presents the task of developing a fuzzy rules-based system for HCC staging by classifying the set of possible situations into given classes. In order to solve the problem, fuzzy rules of clinical situations and critical situations deviated from them are developed according to the possible clinical signs of input data. The rules in accordance with the decision-making process are developed in two phases. In the first phase, three input data are developed: nine rules are developed to determine possible clinical conditions based on the number, size, and vascular invasion of tumor. In the second phase, seven rules are developed based on possible combinations of input data on the presence of lymph nodes and metastases in these nine clinical conditions. At this stage, the rules representing the fuzzification of results obtained are also described. The latter provide an interpretation of results and a decision on related stage of HCC. It also proposes a functional scheme of fuzzy rules-based system for HCC staging, and presents the working principle of structural blocks. The fuzzy rule-based system for HCC staging can be used to support physicians to make diagnostic and treatment decisions

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Ishibuchi, Hisao, Tadahiko Murata, and Tomoharu Nakashima. "Linguistic Rule Extraction from Numerical Data for High-dimensional Classification Problems." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 3, no. 5 (October 20, 1999): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.1999.p0386.

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We discuss the linguistic rule extraction from numerical data for high-dimensional classification problems. Difficulties in the handling of high-dimensional problems stem from the curse of dimensionality: the number of combinations of antecedent linguistic values exponentially increases as the number of attributes increases. Our goal is to extract a small number of simple linguistic rules with high classification ability. In this paper, the rule extraction is to find a set of linguistic rules using three criteria: its classification ability, its compactness, and the simplicity of each rule. Our approach consists of two phases: candidate rule generation and rule selection. We first propose a pre-screening method for generating a tractable number of promising candidate rules for high-dimensional classification problems where it is impossible to examine all combinations of antecedent linguistic values. Next we show how genetic algorithms can be applied to the rule selection. Then we combine a heuristic rule elimination procedure with genetic algorithms for improving their search ability. Finally, the performance of our approach is examined by computer simulations on commonly used data sets.

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Xiong, Hao, and Huili Yan. "General Method of Building a Real-Time Optimization Policy for Dynamic Vehicle Routing Problem." Journal of Systems Science and Information 7, no. 6 (December 18, 2019): 584–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2019-584-15.

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Abstract Currently, most of the policies for the dynamic demand vehicle routing problem are based on the traditional method for static problems as there is no general method for constructing a real-time optimization policy for the case of dynamic demand. Here, a new approach based on a combination of the rules from the static sub-problem to building real-time optimization policy is proposed. Real-time optimization policy is dividing the dynamic problem into a series of static sub-problems along the time axis and then solving the static ones. The static sub-problems’ transformation and solution rules include: Division rule, batch rule, objective rule, action rule and algorithm rule, and so on. Different combinations of these rules may constitute a variety of real-time optimization policy. According to this general method, two new policies called flexible G/G/m and flexible D/G/m were developed. The competitive analysis and the simulation results of these two policies proved that both are improvements upon the best existing policy.

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Pan, Haifeng, and Dingsheng Zhang. "Coordination Effects and Optimal Policy Choices of Macroprudential Policy and Monetary Policy." Complexity 2020 (December 14, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9798063.

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Considering three monetary policy rules, together with two endogenous macroprudential policies that are credit constraints (loan to value, LTV) for households and counter-cyclical capital (capital requirement ratio, CRR) for bankers, this paper establishes a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. Based on the welfare analysis of different combinations of macroprudential rules and monetary policy rules, this paper identifies the optimal policy combinations and analyzes the coordination effects between macroprudential policies and monetary policies. The results show that no matter what kind of monetary policy rules is implemented, the introduction of macroprudential rules has improved the level of total social welfare. In the optimal “two pillars” framework of monetary policies and macroprudential rules, the main objective of monetary policy is to stabilize price inflation, and the macroprudential policy to be implemented is the CRR macroprudential policy. This combination can effectively promote the stability of the real estate market, financial market, and macroeconomy, while maximizing the improvement of total social welfare.

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Dickinson, Victoria, Daniel D. Wangerin, and John J. Wild. "Accounting Rules and Post-Acquisition Profitability in Business Combinations." Accounting Horizons 30, no. 4 (June 1, 2016): 427–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch-51504.

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SYNOPSIS: Prior studies report a decline or no change in acquirers' profitability after a merger or business acquisition. Those studies, however, do not consider the downward impact on profitability that stems from use of the “purchase accounting” (and in later periods, “acquisition”) method for business combinations. Drawing on financial statement data from both targets and acquirers, we estimate the effects of the application of purchase/acquisition method accounting rules on post-acquisition profitability. We find that recognition rules for acquired inventories, deferred revenues, in-process research and development (IPR&D), and depreciation and amortization expense resulting from writing acquired assets up to fair value vis-á-vis purchase/acquisition accounting methods are all important sources of downward pressure in post-acquisition profitability. We find that investors and analysts appear to recognize the effects of IPR&D in assessing post-acquisition profitability of the combined entity. The findings also suggest that investors and analysts do not appear to fully incorporate the accounting effects related to inventories, deferred revenues, and depreciation and amortization expense for post-acquisition profitability. Data Availability: All data are publicly available from sources identified.

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Muñoz-Merino, Pedro, Carlos Kloos, Mario Muñoz-Organero, and Abelardo Pardo. "A software engineering model for the development of adaptation rules and its application in a hinting adaptive e-learning system." Computer Science and Information Systems 12, no. 1 (2015): 203–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis140103084m.

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The number of information systems using adaptation rules is increasing quickly. These systems are usually focused on implement nice and complex functionality for adaptation of contents, links or presentation, so software engineering methodologies for the description of rules are required. In addition, the distributed service oriented Internet philosophy presents the challenge of combining different rules from independent Internet sources. Moreover, easy authoring, rule reuse and collaborative design should be enabled. This paper presents the AR (Adaptation Rules) model, a new software engineering model for the description of rules for adaptation. These rules can be composed as a set of smaller atomic, reusable, parametric, interchangeable and interoperable rules, with clear restrictions in their combinations. Our model enables the distribution of rules as well as rule reuse and collaboration among rule creators. We illustrate our approach with the application of this model to a hinting adaptive e-learning system that generates exercises with hints, which can be adapted based on defined rules. Advantages of the AR model are confirmed with an evaluation that has been done with teachers and learning analytics experts for adaptive e-learning.

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Nizaela F, Al Fiyan, Teguh Susyanto, and Retno Tri Vulandari. "Implementasi Algoritma Apriori pada Tata Letak Kategori Buku di Perpustakaan." Jurnal Ilmiah SINUS 20, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30646/sinus.v20i1.566.

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The library is a collection place of various kinds of books. Arrangement of books by category called book shelving makes easier for customers to choose and find books. However, the location and arrangement of book categories becomes a problem in a library. Based on the book borrowing data, data mining was carried out to find out a book borrowed simultaneously by library visitor in one transaction. This can be solved by using the association rule technique and a priori algorithm. Possible combinations of borrowed books were based on certain rules and then tested whether the combination of items meets the minimum support requirements to create eligible rules. The results of this study were in the form of information about a combination of borrowed books for libraries to arrange the location of books according to categories that are often borrowed together.

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Pečarič, Mirko. "Principles or Rules-based Regulation in the Face of Uncertainty – Does it Really Matter?" Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 15, no. 3 (June 28, 2017): 459–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/15.3.459-478(2017).

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The public administrations prepare draft laws. New things always emerge that cannot be in advance framed in laws. One solution could be the principle-based approach on the local and national level that gives the most relevant principles-rules combinations in the face of complexity. The paper presents the ability to measure principles and rules: it establishes the “1:47 rule” or ratio between the principles and rules, and gives a model that embraces the principles-rules evaluation elements and their weights. By this method, decision-makers and norms' addresses could achieve decisions without the need for more and more detailed, but ineffective regulations.

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Boone, Derrick S. "Determination of the Number of Clusters in a Data Set." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 2, no. 4 (October 2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsds.2011100101.

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The accuracy of “stopping rules” for determining the number of clusters in a data set is examined as a function of the underlying clustering algorithm being used. Using a Monte Carlo study, various stopping rules, used in conjunction with six clustering algorithms, are compared to determine which rule/algorithm combinations best recover the true number of clusters. The rules and algorithms are tested using disparately sized, artificially generated data sets that contained multiple numbers and levels of clusters, variables, noise, outliers, and elongated and unequally sized clusters. The results indicate that stopping rule accuracy depends on the underlying clustering algorithm being used. The cubic clustering criterion (CCC), when used in conjunction with mixture models or Ward’s method, recovers the true number of clusters more accurately than other rules and algorithms. However, the CCC was more likely than other stopping rules to report more clusters than are actually present. Implications are discussed.

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Stals, Patrick J. M., Müge Artar, Pim Vendrig, Anja R. A. Palmans, and E. W. Meijer. "Consequences of Subtle Chiral Effects: From ‘Majority-Rules’ to ‘Minority-Rules’." Australian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 4 (2015): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14596.

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Mixing experiments were conducted on dilute solutions of asymmetrically substituted benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides (BTAs) with stereogenic methyl groups ranging from the α- to the δ-position with respect to the amide in one of the three side groups. While normally the majority compound determines the helical sense preference of the formed supramolecular polymers, we find here that several combinations show a helical preference governed by the minority compound. BTAs with the methyl substituent at the α- and γ-position overrule the helical preference of BTAs with the methyl substituent at the β- and δ-position. This new effect is referred to as a ‘minority-rules’ system.

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Lu, Ping-Hsun, Jui-Lin Keng, Ko-Li Kuo, Yu-Fang Wang, Yu-Chih Tai, and Chan-Yen Kuo. "An Apriori Algorithm-Based Association Rule Analysis to Identify Herb Combinations for Treating Uremic Pruritus Using Chinese Herbal Bath Therapy." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (November 23, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8854772.

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Uremic pruritus (UP) is prevalent among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which causes severe itching and affects their quality of life. Additionally, patients experience fatigue and depression, and an increased risk of mortality has also been reported. A meta-analysis of 17 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has indicated that Chinese herbal bath therapy (CHBT) had adjuvant benefits in improving UP in ESRD patients, and previous studies have reported that herb combinations were more useful than treatment with a single herb. Association rule analysis has been used to evaluate potential correlations between herb combinations, and Apriori algorithms are one of the most powerful machine-learning algorithms available for identifying associations within databases. Therefore, we used the Apriori algorithm to analyze association rules of potential core herb combinations for use in CHBT for UP treatment using data from a meta-analysis of 17 RCTs that used CHBT for UP treatment. Data on 43 CHBT herbs were extracted from 17 RCTs included for analysis and we found 19 association rules. The results indicated that the following herb combinations {Chuanxiong, Baijili} ≥ {Dahuang} and {Dahuang, Baijili} ≥ {Chuanxiong} were most strongly associated, implying that these herb combinations represent potential CHBT treatments for UP.

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Afshartous, David, and Jan de Leeuw. "Prediction in Multilevel Models." Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 30, no. 2 (June 2005): 109–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986030002109.

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Multilevel modeling is an increasingly popular technique for analyzing hierarchical data. This article addresses the problem of predicting a future observable y*j in thej th group of a hierarchical data set. Three prediction rules are considered and several analytical results on the relative performance of these prediction rules are demonstrated. In addition, the prediction rules are assessed by means of a Monte Carlo study that extensively covers both the sample size and parameter space. Specifically, the sample size space concerns the various combinations of Level 1 (individual) and Level 2 (group) sample sizes, while the parameter space concerns different intraclass correlation values. The three prediction rules employ OLS, prior, and multilevel estimators for the Level 1 coefficientsβj The multilevel prediction rule performs the best across all design conditions, and the prior prediction rule degrades as the number of groups, J, increases. Finally, this article investigates the robustness of the multilevel prediction rule to misspecifications of the Level 2 model.

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Otto, Thomas U., Brice Dassy, and Pascal Mamassian. "Principles of multisensory behavior." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646271.

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The combined use of multisensory signals is often beneficial. Based on single cell recordings in the superior colliculius of cats, three basic rules were formulated to describe the effectiveness of multisensory integration: The enhancement of neuronal responses in multi- compared to uni-sensory conditions is largest when signals are presented at the same time (‘temporal rule’), occur at the same location (‘spatial rule’), and when signals are rather weak (‘principle of inverse effectiveness’). These rules are also considered to describe multisensory benefits as observed with behavioral measures, but do they capture these benefits best? To uncover the principles that rule multisensory behavior, we investigated the classical redundant signals effect, i.e., the speed-up of response times in multi- as compared to uni-sensory conditions. In a detection task, we presented both auditory and visual signals at three levels of signal strength and determined the speed-up for all nine combinations of signals. Based on a systematic analysis of empirical response time distributions as well as simulations using probability summation, we propose that two alternative rules apply. First, the ‘principle of equal effectiveness’ states that the benefit with multisensory signals (here the speed-up of reaction times) is largest when performance in the two uni-sensory conditions is similar. Second, the ‘variability rule’ states that the benefit is largest when performance in the uni-sensory conditions is variable. The generality of these rules is discussed with respect to experiments on accuracy and when maximum likelihood estimation instead of probability summation is considered as combination rule.

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Türkakın, Osman Hürol, David Arditi, and Ekrem Manisalı. "Comparison of Heuristic Priority Rules in the Solution of the Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (September 5, 2021): 9956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179956.

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Resource-constrained project scheduling (RCPS) aims to minimize project duration under limited resource availabilities. The heuristic methods that are often used to solve the RCPS problem make use of different priority rules. The comparative merits of different priority rules have not been discussed in the literature in sufficient detail. This study is a response to this research gap. It compares 17 heuristic priority rules and seeks the best performing heuristic priority rule. This is the first study ever that compares heuristic priority rules by considering combinations of variations in (1) resource allocation procedures, (2) number of activities, (3) number of resource constraints, and (4) resource supply levels. The objective is to understand the relative merits of heuristic rules used in solving the RCPS problem. The findings indicate that the “minimum late finish time” rule generates the shortest predicted project duration when used in parallel resource allocation, whereas the “minimum late start time”, “minimum late finish time”, and the “highest rank of positional weight 2” rules perform best in serial resource allocation. It was also found that parallel resource allocation is slightly superior to serial resource allocation in most instances.

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Siregar, Muhammad Noor Hasan. "Analisis Kombinasi itemset pada Bisnis Online dengan Teknik Asosiasi Data mining." Jurasik (Jurnal Riset Sistem Informasi dan Teknik Informatika) 6, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30645/jurasik.v6i1.268.

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Online business is one of the industries that thrives on social media. With business competition starting to grow a lot these days, businesses are setting up online businesses to boost sales. One suggestion is to reduce the price on combination of items that are commonly purchased at the same time. Using the transaction data obtained through purchase, an association rule may be used to discover the rules for combinations of items. The association process uses an a priori algorithm to access sales transaction data. The positive results of this study can be used to produce the strategies in the development of online businesses.

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Long, Steven H., Lesley B. Olswang, Julianne Brian, and Philip S. Dale. "Productivity of Emerging Word Combinations in Toddlers With Specific Expressive Language Impairment." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 6, no. 4 (November 1997): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0604.34.

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This study investigated whether young children with specific expressive language impairment (SELI) learn to combine words according to general positional rules or specific, grammatic relation rules. The language of 20 children with SELI (4 females, 16 males, mean age of 33 months, mean MLU of 1.34) was sampled weekly for 9 weeks. Sixteen of these children also received treatment for two-word combinations (agent+action or possessor+possession). Two different metrics were used to determine the productivity of combinatorial utterances. One metric assessed productivity based on positional consistency alone; another assessed productivity based on positional and semantic consistency. Data were analyzed session-by-session as well as cumulatively. The results suggest that these children learned to combine words according to grammatic relation rules. Results of the session-by-session analysis were less informative than those of the cumulative analysis. For children with SELI ready to make the transition to multiword utterances, these findings support a cumulative method of data collection and a treatment approach that targets specific grammatic relation rules rather than general word combinations.

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Tresbarats, Chantal. "Tone in Abidji morphology." Studies in African Linguistics 21, no. 1 (April 15, 1990): 107–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v21i1.107440.

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This article is a description of the morphology of the regular verbs in Abidji. It shows how segmental and tonal rules interact to produce the realization of 14 tense-aspect combinations in 2 different classes of verbs. Each tense or aspect is represented by a specific tone pattern on the verb root and causes the occurrence of a certain tone on the prefix. I start with the description of the verbal structure and the presentation of the various tense-aspect combinations and of the 3 classes of verbs. Then I describe the tonal realization of each tense-aspect combination on the stems of Class 1 and Class 2 verbs Oeaving out the third class of irregular verbs). Finally, I describe the phonological rules that create the tone-pattern found on the prefix.

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Jo, Hee-Geun, and Donghun Lee. "Oral Administration of East Asian Herbal Medicine for Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Association Rule Analysis to Identify Core Herb Combinations." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 11 (November 22, 2021): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14111202.

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This review aimed to comprehensively assess the efficacy and safety of oral East Asian herbal medicine (EAHM) for overall peripheral neuropathy (PN). In addition, an Apriori algorithm-based association rule analysis was performed to identify the core herb combination, thereby further generating useful hypotheses for subsequent drug discovery. A total of 10 databases were searched electronically from inception to July 2021. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing EAHM with conventional analgesic medication or usual care for managing PN were included. The RCT quality was appraised using RoB 2.0, and the random effects model was used to calculate the effect sizes of the included RCTs. The overall quality of evidence was evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. By analyzing the constituent herb data, the potential association rules of core herb combinations were explored. A total of 67 RCTs involving 5753 patients were included in this systematic review. In a meta-analysis, EAHM monotherapy and combined EAHM and western medicine therapy demonstrated substantially improved sensory nerve conduction velocity, motor nerve conduction velocity, and response rate. Moreover, EAHM significantly improved the incidence rate, pain intensity, Toronto clinical scoring system, and Michigan diabetic neuropathy score. The evidence grade was moderate to low due to the substantial heterogeneity among the studies. Nine association rules were identified by performing the association rule analysis on the extraction data of 156 EAHM herbs. Therefore, the constituents of the herb combinations with consistent association rules were Astragali Radix, Cinnamomi Ramulus, and Spatholobi Calulis. This meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that EAHM monotherapy and combined therapy may be beneficial for PN patients, and follow-up research should be conducted to confirm the precise action target of the core herb.

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Brennan, P. C., N. McCandless, and J. Masterson. "Modern day film-screen combinations do not obey conventional exposure rules." Radiography 3, no. 4 (November 1997): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1078-8174(97)90006-7.

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Hoverman, Jason T., and Rick A. Relyea. "The rules of engagement: how to defend against combinations of predators." Oecologia 154, no. 3 (September 9, 2007): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0847-3.

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Gordon, Michael J. C. "Programming Combinations of Deduction and BDD-based Symbolic Calculation." LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics 5 (2002): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s1461157000000693.

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AbstractA generalisation of Milner's ‘LCF approach’ is described. This allows algorithms based on binary decision diagrams (BDDs) to be programmed as derived proof rules in a calculus of representation judgements. The derivation of representation judgements becomes an LCF-style proof by defining an abstract type for judgements analogous to the LCF type of theorems. The primitive inference rules for representation judgements correspond to the operations provided by an efficient BDD package coded in C (BuDDy). Proof can combine traditional inference with steps inferring representation judgements. The resulting system provides a platform to support a tight and principled integration of theorem proving and model checking. The methods are illustrated by using them to solve all instances of a generalised Missionaries and Cannibals problem.

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Yuliarnis, Sri Kurnia, Yeka Hendriyani, Denny Kurniadi, and M. Giatman. "APPLICATION OF DATA MINING FOR ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER PURCHASE DATA ON SALES TRANSACTION DATA AT HALAL MART HNI HPAI DHARMASRAYA." JURNAL PENDIDIKAN TEKNOLOGI KEJURUAN 3, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jptk.v3i1.6923.

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The sales strategy determines the continuity of the business being run. The problems that occur are the sales archive data has not been analyzed in-depth, the information system has not been integrated with applications for sales data analysis, online media promotion has not been maximized, inadequate stock of goods, the layout of goods is not optimal, and the combination of the number of products is not optimal. This study aims to extract hidden information in the sales database using Data Mining. From the information generated, sales strategy recommendations are developed relating to promotions, inventory, catalogue design, item layout, and the combination of product quantities. The method used is the association rule with Apriori algorithm to find consumer purchase patterns through the resulting association. The importance of association can be identified by two benchmarks, namely support and confidence. The sales strategy analyzed includes product promotion, catalogue design, product layout, stock predictions, and product combinations for sale. Based on the research produced 7 strong rules which are the highest association rules which are then developed into a sales strategy recommendation.

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Lu, Ping-Hsun, Yu-Yang Chen, Fu-Ming Tsai, Yuan-Ling Liao, Hui-Fen Huang, Wei-Hsuan Yu, and Chan-Yen Kuo. "Combined Acupoints for the Treatment of Patients with Obesity: An Association Rule Analysis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (March 17, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7252213.

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Obesity is a prevalent metabolic disease that increases the risk of other diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. A meta-analysis of 11 randomized sham-controlled trials indicates that acupuncture had adjuvant benefits in improving simple obesity, and previous studies have reported that acupoint combinations were more useful than single-acupoint therapy. The Apriori algorithm, a data mining-based analysis that finds potential correlations in datasets, is broadly applied in medicine and business. This study, based on the Apriori algorithm-based association rule analysis, found the association rules of acupoints among 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). There were 23 acupoints extracted from 11 RCTs. We used Python to calculate the association between acupoints and disease. We found the top 10 frequency acupoints were Extra12, TF4, LI4, LI11, ST25, ST36, ST44, CO4, CO18, and CO1. We investigated the 1118 association rule and found that {LI4, ST36} ≥ {ST44}, {LI4, ST44} ≥ {ST36}, and {ST36, ST44} ≥ {LI4} were the most associated rules in the data. Acupoints, including LI4, ST36, and ST44, are the core acupoint combinations in the treatment of simple obesity.

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Sanborn, Robert H. "The Regulatory History Of Business Combinations." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 3, no. 2 (October 31, 2011): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v3i2.6538.

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This paper examines the legal and accounting history of business combinations. The economic development of guidelines governing current combinations is traced through legislation, court precedents, political events, recording methods, and accounting pronouncements. This examination indicates that the consistently applied accounting principles have been the only unchanged environmental factor during the current round of business combinations. Although the accuracy of the accounting principles in describing economic events cannot be claimed as a harbinger of merger activity, the consistency of those rules would seem, at least, to be a stimulant to merger activity.

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Sedláček, Jaroslav, Zuzana Křížová, and Eva Hýblová. "Comparison of accounting methods for business combinations." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 2 (2012): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260020315.

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The revised accounting rules applicable to business combinations in force on July1st 2009, are the result of several years efforts the convergence of U.S. and International Committee of the Financial Accounting Standards. Following the harmonization of global accounting procedures are revised and implemented also Czech accounting regulations. In our research we wanted to see how changes can affect the strategy and timing of business combinations. Comparative analysis is mainly focused on the differences between U.S. and international accounting policies and Czech accounting regulations. Key areas of analysis and synthesis are the identification of business combination, accounting methods for business combinations and goodwill recognition. The result is to assess the impact of the identified differences in the reported financial position and profit or loss of company.

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Baroody, Arthur J. "Mastery of Basic Number Combinations: Internalization of Relationships or Facts?" Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 16, no. 2 (March 1985): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.16.2.0083.

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The thesis is advanced that children do not learn and store basic number combinations as so many separate entities or bonds (as hundreds of specific numerical associations) but as a system of rules, procedures, and principles as well as arbitrary associations. In this view, “mastering the basic facts” largely involves discovering, labeling, and internalizing relationships--processes encouraged by teaching thinking strategies. Moreover, internalized rules, procedures, and principles may become routinized and may help to account for the efficient production of number combinations in adults. Given an infinitely large arithmetic system, the use of such automatic reconstructive processes would make sense--would be cognitively economical. Accessibility, which has been advanced to account for anomalous retrieval time results, could be affected by input from semantic and procedural knowledge.

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Tidstam, Anna, Johan Malmqvist, Alexey Voronov, Knut Åkesson, and Martin Fabian. "Formulating constraint satisfaction problems for the inspection of configuration rules." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 30, no. 3 (September 2, 2015): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060415000487.

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AbstractProduct configurationis when an artifact from a product family is assembled from a set of predefined components that can only be combined in certain ways. These ways are defined by configuration rules. The product developers inspect the configuration rules when they develop new configuration rules or modify the configuration rules set. The inspection of configuration rules is thereby an important activity to avoid errors in the configuration rules set. Several formulations of constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) are proposed that facilitate the inspection of configuration rules in propositional logic (IF-THEN, AND, NOT, OR, etc.). Many of the configuration rules are so calledproduction rules; that is, a configuration rule is an IF-THEN expression that fires when the IF condition is met. Several configuration rules build chains that fire during the product configuration. It is therefore important not only to inspect single configuration rules but also to analyze the effect of multiple configuration rules. Formulating the tasks as variations of the CSP can support the inspection activity. More specifically, we address the reformulation of configuration rules, testing of feature variant combinations, and counting of item quantities from an item set. The suggested CSPs are tested on industrial vehicle configuration rules for computational performance. The results show that the time for achieving results from the solving of the CSP is within seconds. Our future work will be to implement the various CSPs into a demonstrator that could be tested by product developers.

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Gong, K., and X. Z. Chen. "Estimating extremes of combined two Gaussian and non-Gaussian response processes." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 14, no. 03 (February 16, 2014): 1350076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455413500764.

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Assessment of structural performance under stochastic dynamic loadings requires estimation of the extremes of stochastic response components and the resultant responses as their linear and nonlinear combinations. This paper addresses the evaluations and combination rules for the extremes of scalar and vectorial resultant responses from two response components that may show non-Gaussian characteristics. The non-Gaussian response process is modeled as a translation process from an underlying Gaussian process. The mean crossing rates and extreme value distributions of resultant responses are calculated following the theory for vector-valued Gaussian processes. An extensive parameter study is conducted concerning the influence of statistical moments of non-Gaussian response components on the extremes of resultant responses. It is revealed that the existing combination rules developed for Gaussian processes are not applicable to the case of non-Gaussian process. New combination rules are suggested that permit predictions of the extremes of resultant responses directly from the extremes of response components.

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Briggs, Farren B. S., and Corriene Sept. "Mining Complex Genetic Patterns Conferring Multiple Sclerosis Risk." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052518.

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(1) Background: Complex genetic relationships, including gene-gene (G × G; epistasis), gene(n), and gene-environment (G × E) interactions, explain a substantial portion of the heritability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Machine learning and data mining methods are promising approaches for uncovering higher order genetic relationships, but their use in MS have been limited. (2) Methods: Association rule mining (ARM), a combinatorial rule-based machine learning algorithm, was applied to genetic data for non-Latinx MS cases (n = 207) and controls (n = 179). The objective was to identify patterns (rules) amongst the known MS risk variants, including HLA-DRB1*15:01 presence, HLA-A*02:01 absence, and 194 of the 200 common autosomal variants. Probabilistic measures (confidence and support) were used to mine rules. (3) Results: 114 rules met minimum requirements of 80% confidence and 5% support. The top ranking rule by confidence consisted of HLA-DRB1*15:01, SLC30A7-rs56678847 and AC093277.1-rs6880809; carriers of these variants had a significantly greater risk for MS (odds ratio = 20.2, 95% CI: 8.5, 37.5; p = 4 × 10−9). Several variants were shared across rules, the most common was INTS8-rs78727559, which was in 32.5% of rules. (4) Conclusions: In summary, we demonstrate evidence that specific combinations of MS risk variants disproportionately confer elevated risk by applying a robust analytical framework to a modestly sized study population.

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HAEMMERLÉ, RÉMY. "Diagrammatic confluence for Constraint Handling Rules." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 12, no. 4-5 (July 2012): 737–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068412000270.

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AbstractConfluence is a fundamental property of Constraint Handling Rules (CHR) since, as in other rewriting formalisms, it guarantees that the computations are not dependent on rule application order, and also because it implies the logical consistency of the program declarative view. In this paper we are concerned with proving the confluence of non-terminating CHR programs. For this purpose, we derive from van Oostrom's decreasing diagrams method a novel criterion on CHR critical pairs that generalizes all preexisting criteria. We subsequently improve on a result on the modularity of CHR confluence, which permits modular combinations of possibly non-terminating confluent programs, without loss of confluence.

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Ripps, David L. "Using Economy of Means to Evolve Transition Rules within 2D Cellular Automata." Artificial Life 16, no. 2 (April 2010): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2010.16.2.16201.

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Running a cellular automaton (CA) on a rectangular lattice is a time-honored method for studying artificial life on a digital computer. Commonly, the researcher wishes to investigate some specific or general mode of behavior, say, the ability of a coherent pattern of points to glide within the lattice, or to generate copies of itself. This technique has a problem: how to design the transitions table—the set of distinct rules that specify the next content of a cell from its current content and that of its near neighbors. Often the table is painstakingly designed manually, rule by rule. The problem is exacerbated by the potentially vast number of individual rules that need be specified to cover all combinations of center and neighbors when there are several symbols in the alphabet of the CA. In this article a method is presented to have the set of rules evolve automatically while running the CA. The transition table is initially empty, with rules being added as the need arises. A novel principle drives the evolution: maximum economy of means—maximizing the reuse of rules introduced on previous cycles. This method may not be a panacea applicable to all CA studies. Nevertheless, it is sufficiently potent to evolve sets of rules and associated patterns of points that glide (periodically regenerate themselves at another location) and to generate gliding “children” that then “mate” by collision.

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Awin, Faroq, Noor Salout, and Esam Abdel-Raheem. "Combined Fusion Rules in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Different Threshold Strategies." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 25, 2019): 5080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235080.

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Compromising the performance and overhead is a crucial factor in designing cognitive radio networks (CRNs). One way to achieve this goal is to combine different fusion rules for a CRN with multiple clusters of cognitive radios (CRs). This paper proposes a new adaptive combination algorithm to balance between detection performance of a CRN and its reporting overhead through combining different fusion rules over the CRN. Initially, the paper describes how to combine hard decision, i.e., one-bit, and soften-hard decision, i.e., two-bit, fusion rules over a CRN with multiple clusters of CRs using different strategies. Simple combination and modified combination strategies, to consider a trade off between performance improvement and incurred reporting overhead, are considered. The paper adopts different threshold strategies to implement the proposed combinations. Moreover, the proposed algorithms are examined under the Rayleigh fading channel model and simulated to investigate their detection performance and to compare their detection performance with existing works. The simulation results show that the adaptive threshold strategy outperforms the two proposed fixed threshold strategies and conventional fusion schemes.

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Divoky, James J., and Richard W. Taylor. "Detecting process drift with combinations of trend and zonal supplementary runs rules." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 12, no. 2 (March 1995): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02656719510080622.

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Hart, K. J., P. T. Palmer, D. L. Diedrich, and C. G. Enke. "Generation of substructure identification rules using feature-combinations from tandem mass spectra." Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 3, no. 2 (February 1992): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-0305(92)87049-5.

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Nishtala, Prasad S., and Te‐yuan Chyou. "Identifying drug combinations associated with acute kidney injury using association rules method." Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 29, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.4960.

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Lin, Chih-Hung, Ya-Hsuan Lin, I.-Shiang Tzeng, and Chan-Yen Kuo. "An Association Rule Analysis of the Acupressure Effect on Sleep Quality." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (September 29, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1399258.

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Background. Sleep is recognized as an all-important physiological process, which also contributes to maintaining several bodily functions and systems. According to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), also known as the most widely used tool in the field of subjective assessment of self-perceived sleep quality, a combination of acupoints could be more effective than single acupoint treatment in improving sleep quality. Methods. The present study was based on the extracted eligible studies rooted in a previous meta-analysis that worked on the basis of association rule mining and examined the potential kernel acupoint combinations for improving sleep quality. Results. Depending on the Apriori algorithm, we summarized 26 acupoints as binary data from the 32 eligible studies based on a previous meta-analysis and analyzed them. The top 10 most frequently selected acupoints were HT7, SP6, PC6, KI1, GV20, EM5, EX-HN3, EX-HN16, KI3, and MA-TF1. Furthermore, as deduced from 21 association rules, the primary relevant rules in the combination of acupoints are (EX-HN3, EX-HN16)=>(GV20) and (HT7, KI1)=>(PC6). Conclusions. In order to use acupuncture to improve sleep quality, integrating (EX-HN3, EX-HN16, GV20) with (HT7, KI1, PC6) acupoints could be deemed as the kernel acupoint combination.

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SyahruRomadhon, Muhammad, and Achmad Kodar. "IMPLEMENTASI METODE MARKET BASKET ANALYSIS (MBA) MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA APRIORI DALAM TRANSAKSI PENJUALAN (STUDI KASUS: KAFE RUANG TEMU)." Jurnal SAINTEKOM 10, no. 2 (August 19, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.33020/saintekom.v10i2.137.

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Jakarta is one of the culinary attractions, many tourist attractions every year become creative in business. One of them is a cafe. Cafe Ruang Temu has sales transaction data but is not used to see associations between one product and another. In this case there needs to be a system for finding menu combinations by processing sales transactions. One of the data mining techniques is association rule or Market Basket Analysis (MBA) with apriori algorithm. Apriori algorithm aims to produce association rules to form menu combinations. The sales dataset for January 2019 to July 2019 is determined by the minimum support and minimum confidence values that have been set.

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Bi, Siling, Liang Xu, Shouqiang Chen, Shuai Bu, and Yunsheng Xu. "Detection of Herbal Combinations and Pharmacological Mechanisms of Clinical Prescriptions for Coronary Heart Disease Using Data Mining and Network Pharmacology." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (October 23, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9234984.

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Though widely used in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD), the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is still unclear because of its complex prescription rules. This study prospectively collected 715 prescriptions of TCM for the treatment of CHD. The characteristics of TCM in prescriptions were described and analyzed, and the rules of prescriptions were analyzed by using association rules. Frequency statistics showed that the high-frequency herbs with a frequency of more than 60% were Gan-cao, Huang-qi, Dang-gui, Chuan-xiong, Yan-hu-suo, and San-qi. The high-frequency herb combinations were summarized by using association rules. By using the method of the “Top N groups” to excavate the empirical prescriptions, the basic prescriptions for treating CHD were summarized. We named the intersection herbs of the basic prescriptions and the high frequency herbs as the core herbal prescription. To explore the possible mechanisms underlying the anti-CHD effect of the core herbal prescription, the bioactive components of core herbal prescription and their targets were screened out by using network pharmacology. Molecular docking was performed between the bioactive components and core targets. A total of 28 potential active ingredients and 5 core targets were identified for the treatment of CHD with core herbal prescription. The enrichment analysis results indicated that the mechanism of action mainly involved neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and calcium signaling pathway. The commonly used herbal pairs for CHD with qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome were Huang-qi and Dang-gui. The mechanism of action of common herbal pairs was also studied by network pharmacology. This study summarized the prescription rule of TCM in the treatment of CHD and may provide a new idea for the treatment of CHD.

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BROWN, ANDREW R. "An aesthetic comparison of rule-based and genetic algorithms for generating melodies." Organised Sound 9, no. 2 (August 2004): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771804000275.

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Various algorithmic techniques are available for generating music, many of which come from the field of artificial intelligence, which is rich with potential in this regard. However, the musical appropriateness of these techniques is less clearly understood. In this paper, I will report on a study that aimed to describe the characteristics of two of these techniques, rule-based and genetic algorithms, as they apply to melody generation. The appropriateness of these characteristics in contributing to well-formed melodies was judged by aesthetic criteria. The results indicate that most combinations of rules, mutations and evolutionary selection result in poor or average melodies, but that careful combination of these techniques can generate melodies that are not simply well-formed but in many cases display some elegance and novelty.

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Kawakami, Hiroshi, Osamu Katai, and Tadataka Konishi. "A Reinforcement Learning Scheme of Fuzzy Rules with Reduced Conditions." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 4, no. 2 (March 20, 2000): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2000.p0146.

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This paper proposes a new method of Q-learning for the case where the states (conditions) and actions of systems are assumed to be continuous. The components of Q-tables are interpolated by fuzzy inference. The initial set of fuzzy rules is made of all combinations of conditions and actions relevant to the problem. Each rule is then associated with a value by which the Q-values of condition/action pairs are estimated. The values are revised by the Q-learning algorithm so as to make the fuzzy rule system effective. Although this framework may require a huge number of the initial fuzzy rules, we will show that considerable reduction of the number can be done by adopting what we call Condition Reduced Fuzzy Rules (CRFR). The antecedent part of CRFR consists of all actions and the selected conditions, and its consequent is set to be its Q-value. Finally, experimental results show that controllers with CRFRs perform equally well to the system with the most detailed fuzzy control rules, while the total number of parameters that have to be revised through the whole learning process is considerably reduced, and the number of the revised parameters at each step of learning increased.

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Karshenboim, Savely G. "Sum rules for an atomic hyperfine structure in a magnetic field." Canadian Journal of Physics 84, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 801–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p06-077.

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The sum rules for the energy levels of a hyperfine multiplet in a constant uniform magnetic field are presented. It is found that for any value of the electron angular moment and the nuclear spin there are certain linear combinations of energy levels that do not depend on the magnetic field and can be used to determine the unperturbed hyperfine-structure separation in the presence of a perturbing magnetic field. It is also demonstrated that there are other linear combinations that are linear with the external magnetic field and hence can be used to determine bound values of the electron and nuclear magnetic moments. The accuracy of the approximation within which the result is valid is also discussed.PACS Nos.: 32.10.Fn, 32.60.+i1

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Hakim, Ahmad Fauzan, Wirarama Wedhaswara, and Ahmad Zafrullah Mardiansyah. "Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penerangan Ruangan Berbasis IoT Menggunakan Protokol MQTT dan Fuzzy Tsukamoto." Jurnal Teknologi Informasi, Komputer, dan Aplikasinya (JTIKA ) 2, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jtika.v2i2.99.

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Inappropriate use of a light bulb in light conditions in the room causes electricity to go to waste. To conserve electricity and keep the lights from breaking quickly, it needs to be done to measure the condition of the light around the lamp. For that it requires a decision-making system of the lighting room based on the Internet of things and using MQTT protocol and fuzzy tsukamoto logic methods. The MQTT protocol used is CloudMQTT to store data or be called a broker. CloudMQTT has 4 important instance info, that is server, user, password, and port. 4. That instance info is used to connect the application program with the broker in order for the system to subscribe and publish from broker to application. For fuzzy tsukamoto combination of rules built up from the three functions of membership, that is the intensity of light, time, and the condition of the light. A combination of rules from two variables is light intensity and time generates 20 combinations of rules. Deffuzification on fuzzy tsukamoto earned by taking a centralized average.

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Bishop, J., and A. B. Nix. "Comparison of quality-control rules used in clinical chemistry laboratories." Clinical Chemistry 39, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 1638–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/39.8.1638.

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Abstract Numerous papers have been written to show which combinations of Shewhart-type quality-control charts are optimal for detecting systematic shifts in the mean response of a process, increases in the random error of a process, and linear drift effects in the mean response across the assay batch. One paper by Westgard et al. (Clin Chem 1977;23:1857-67) especially seems to have attracted the attention of users. Here we derive detailed results that enable the characteristics of the various Shewhart-type control schemes, including the multirule scheme (Clin Chem 1981;27:493-501), to be calculated and show that a fundamental formula proposed by Westgard et al. in the earlier paper is in error, although their derived results are not seriously wrong. We also show that, from a practical point of view, a suitably chosen Cusum scheme is near optimal for all the types and combinations of errors discussed, thereby removing the selection problem for the user.

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Baroody, Arthur J. "Kindergartners' Mental Addition with Single-Digit Combinations." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 20, no. 2 (March 1989): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.20.2.0159.

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A study involving 17 kindergartners tested association- and schema-based views of simple mental addition. Six children appeared to use mechanical rules: Two each stated one of the addends, added one to an addend, and constructed a teen answer from one of the addends. Five other children appeared to use more genuine estimation strategies. Eight weeks of computational practice affected the errors of unpracticed combinations on a retest. Moreover, 7 of 10 children mastered previously unknown combinations involving zero. This resulted from learning a relationship (adding with zero leaves a number unchanged) rather than from the practice and memorization of individual facts. The results indicate that mental-arithmetic errors, changes in error patterns, and mastering some simple facts cannot be explained entirely as a function of practice.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Combinations rules'

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