Journal articles on the topic 'Combinability of words in Russian'
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Grishchenko, Alexander I. "Rusʹ—Rossiia, and russkie—rossiiane, and russkii—rossiiskii in the Catalogue of the Kievan Metropolitans by St. Demetrius of Rostov." Slovene 3, no. 1 (2014): 102–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2014.3.1.4.
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This article deals with the usage and combinability of words from the synonymic rows Rusʹ/Rossiia/Russiia, russkii/rossiiskii/rosskii, and russkie/rossiiane/rossy, on the basis of the Catalogue of the Kievan Metropolitans, from the early 18th c.—a little-known work on the history of the Russian Church. In the Catalogue, there are about the same number of place names using either rus- or ros- and the adjectives derived from them (a total of 32 and 37, respectively); however, there is an identifiable relationship between each adjective and a specific noun, apparently reflecting fairly stable collocations. Also, the author notes the predominance of ethnonyms with ros- and a general trend towards editing rus- to ros- in the later copies of the Catalogue and in its sole publication in 1776.
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Bilousova, Tetiana. "The problem of foreign language borrowings in the scientific heritage of Ivan Ohiienko." IVAN OHIIENKO AND CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE AND EDUCATION SCHOLARLY PAPERS PHILOLOGY, no. 17 (December 1, 2020): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-7086.2020-17-2.5-14.
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The article «Borrowings in Ivan Ohіienko’s scientifi c heritage» by Teiana Bilousova analyses the ways and reasons for borrowing linguistic units from other languages, their adaptation in the recipient language, and approaches to their selec-tion and fi xation in dictionaries. Being one of the natural ways of enrichment of all the languages, borrowings become an object of study of diff erent native and foreign researches, among which Ivan Ohіienko’s works are of great interest. Highly estimating the Ukrainian language as a rich, fl exible and developed one, caring about the establishment of its unifi ed literary standard, the scientist didn’t reject the presence of diff erent borrowings and accepted both, those which came from ancient times (Latin, Greek, and Slavic etc.), and those ones penetrating into the lan-guage at the present time. The most numerous in the Ukrainian language he consid-ered Russian and Polish borrowings. He always urged to their objective evaluation and denied their senseless exclusion from the language by the linguistic purism.Still he resisted the penetration into the language of barbarisms, clichés, foreign word combinations and phraseological units. At the same time he advocated historical and ter-minological dictionaries supporting the language uniqueness. Using historical and chrono-logical analyses he developed the methodological criteria for defi ning the sources of bor-rowings and their adaptational characteristics in the recipient language. He also found out the factors and reasons of borrowing, and the most frequently borrowed elements. The theoretical ideas of Ivan Ohіienko found its practical realization. The article provides the analysis of his «Dictionary of substandard words», illustrating on the numerous examples the author’s approaches to the order, commentaries, graphic and accentual representation of borrowings, and their combinability with other words at the level of phrases and word combinations. The conclusion gives the linguist’s remarks and propositions as for the further linguistic studies in this fi eld.
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Фролова, Вера Александровна. "FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES OF POSTPOSITIONS IN MODERN GERMAN." Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I Y Yakovlev, no. 2(107) (July 30, 2020): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37972/chgpu.2020.107.2.012.
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В данной статье рассматриваются лексико-семантические особенности послелогов современного немецкого языка и проблема их функционирования в языке. Исходя из того, что послелоги представляют особую группу служебных слов, необходимых для создания и выражения синтаксической связи в словосочетании или предложении, в статье дается детальная характеристика позиционных особенностей немецких послелогов, изучаются их сочетаемость и функциональная нагруженность, анализируются конкретные значения в тексте. В современном чувашском языке (для многих обучающихся в условиях билингвизма национальной республики он является родным), где удельный вес послелогов значительно больше, чем в немецком (иностранном) языке, послелоги играют важнейшую роль: в отсутствии согласования между определяемыми и зависимыми словами послелоги в чувашском языке являются основными элементами создания синтаксической связи в словосочетаниях. Особое место в статье занимает вопрос позиционного сходства послелогов в таких разноструктурных языках, как немецкий и чувашский, так как преподавание этого иностранного языка в Чувашской Республике часто происходит в условиях билингвизма учащихся. Лингвистическая интерференция, которая чаще всего оказывает негативное влияние на овладение новым материалом, в условиях чувашского и русского билингвизма при правильной формулировке задач может вызвать положительный эффект в обучении. This article discusses the lexical and semantic features of postpositions in modern German and the problem of their functioning in the language. Since postpositions represent a special group of function words which are necessary for creating and expressing a syntactic connection between words in a phrase or sentence, the article gives a detailed description of the positional features of German postpositions, considers their combinability and functional capabilities, analyzes specific meanings in the text. In modern Chuvash (for many students studying under the condition of the bilingualism of the national republic, it is their mother tongue), in which the importance of postpositions is higher than in German (foreign) language, postpositions play a significant role, since there is no agreement between defined and dependent words, postpositions in the Chuvash language are the essential elements for creating a syntactic connection between words in phrases. The article pays special attention to the positional similarity of postpositions in such diverse languages as German and Chuvash, since in the Chuvash Republic this foreign language is often taught under the condition of students’ bilingualism. Linguistic interference, which in most of the cases has a negative impact on learning of new material, can cause a positive effect under the condition of Chuvash-Russian bilingualism and correctly formulated aims.
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Šeškauskienė, Inesa, Virginija Masiulionytė, and Birutė Ryvitytė. "Humour and the creative powers of language, or when sentiments turn into centiments." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 8 (January 16, 2017): 213–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2016.17512.
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Humour is part of human communication and can serve as an effective means for making contact, finding a way out of an embarrassing situation, or mitigating different political and social tensions. However, not all humans are born capable of generating and processing humour and it remains an open question whether it is possible to learn and develop this ability. Therefore, a sense of humour, but not an *ability of humour, would be a frequent collocation in many languages. Cognitive linguists claim that collocations are not accidental as combinability patterns point to certain conceptualisation processes in the expression of meaning. The cognitive linguistic viewpoint that humour is based on a mismatch, or incongruity, between ideas, otherwise referred to as frame shifting, is adopted as a prerequisite for producing humour in this paper.The focus of this paper is the expression of verbal humour dealing with the introduction of the euro in Lithuania in 2015. Verbal humour is created by employing different linguistic resources: sounds, spelling, word building models, homonymy and polysemy, word combinations and other syntactic structures and larger chunks of texts or discourse. The investigation is based on the main theories of humour: the Semantic Script Theory and the Superiority Theory developed by Attardo (1994) and Raskin (1985). The empirical material consists of 89 cases of verbal humour found in posts and comments in personal profiles and pages on Facebook and in reader comments following different articles in popular news portals written from September 2014 to February 2015. The paper attempts to describe linguistic means contributing to the construction of humour as well as to identify the shifts between frames involved in generating the humorous effect. The results of the investigation suggest that most humorous comments bear content-related political implications, shifting between the frames of the loss of national currency perceived either as the loss of stability or as the loss of national identity and the frame of positive expectations due to the greater integration into the EU. The techniques used to construct humour include wordplay based on sound combinations, similar spelling, non-standard spelling, and code-switching involving English and Russian. An especially productive technique was the construction of existing or non-existing words by code-mixing and the use of metaphor and metonymy. Larger chunks of text also employ intertextuality, parody, switching between registers and different types of echoing.
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Ван, Хуа, and Иннеса Игоревна Бабенко. "NOMINATIONS OF THE SIDES OF THE WORLD IN CHINESE AND RUSSIAN LINGUOCULTURES." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 3(215) (May 24, 2021): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2021-3-49-57.
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Введение. Номинации сторон света являются важными элементами категории пространства национальной языковой картины мира. Лингвисты давно изучают локативные лексические единицы, рассматривая их этимологию, семантику, прагматику и идиоматику, метафорические трансформации и лингвокультурологическую специфику в диахронном и синхронном аспектах. Однако номинации сторон света редко оказываются в фокусе внимания. Цель – изучение и описание лингвокультурологической специфики лексем восток, запад, север, юг в китайском и русском языках. Материал и методы. Комплексная методика исследования обусловлена его лингвокультурологическим характером и предполагает использование методов наблюдения, лексикографического, контекстуального и сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа эмпирического материала, включающего данные отечественных и китайских лексикографических и литературных источников. Результаты и обсуждение. В лингвокультурологическом аспекте рассмотрены семантика, прагматика, идиоматика и особенности метафоризации номинаций сторон света. Установлено, что номинации направления имеют в русском и китайском языках как универсальные архетипические, так и вариативные этнокультурные особенности. Сопоставительный анализ этимологии и сочетаемости данных единиц показал, что они образуют пятикомпонентную смысловую структуру, включающую, помимо номинаций восток, запад, юг, север, номинацию центр как точку отсчета для говорящего. Номинации сторон света в обоих языках представлены в парадигме других значимых и оценочно противопоставленных оппозиций (например, свет – тьма) и занимают важное место в топонимике. Установлено, что сложные слова, указывающие на промежуточные направления в китайском языке, начинаются с номинаций восток и запад (например, 东北 востоко-север), в русском – с номинаций юг и север (например, северо-запад). Данные лексемы в прямом и переносном значении входят в состав китайских идиом и часто метафоризируются в национальной литературе. В русской идиоматике они представлены единично, в литературе метафоризируются редко. Заключение. Для китайского языкового сознания, по сравнению с русским, символика сторон света значительно более актуальна. Представления о сторонах света в китайской мифологии, литературе и культуре в целом занимают центральное положение. В китайском языке они связаны с представлениями о гендерной и социальной структуре общества, влияют на формы этикета, содержание церемоний, на национальную топонимику, фразеологический фонд и др. В русском языке они обладают меньшим оценочным и коннотативным потенциалом, редко метафоризируются в фольклоре и идиоматике, в литературе и разговорной речи используются как географические ориентиры в системе пространственных координат или указатели направления движения. Introduction. Nominations of the sides of the world are important elements of the category of space in the national language picture of the world. Linguists have long studied locative lexical units, examining their etymology, semantics, pragmatics and idiomatics, metaphorical transformations and linguocultural specificity in diachronic and synchronic aspects. However, the nominations of the sides of the world are rarely in the focus of attention. The aim of this article is to study and describe linguocultural specificity of the lexemes east, west, north, south in Chinese and Russian. Material and methods. The research was carried out due to its linguocultural character. It is based on the methods of observation, lexicographical, contextual and comparative analysis of the material, including Russian and Chinese lexicographical and literary resources. Results and discussion. Semantics, pragmatics, idiomatics and peculiarities of direction nominations metaphorization were studied in the linguocultural aspect. It was found out that in Russian and Chinese languages direction nominations have both universal archetypical and variable ethno-cultural features. A comparative analysis of the etymology and combinability of these units showed that they form a five-component semantic structure, including in addition to nominations of the east, west, south, north the nomination of the center as a point of reference for the speaker. Nominations of the sides of the world in both languages are represented in the paradigm of other meaningful and evaluatively opposed oppositions (for example, light - darkness) and occupy an important place in toponymy. It was found that complex words indicating intermediate directions in Chinese begin with the nominations east and west (for example, 东北 east-north), in Russian - with the nominations south and north (for example, north-west). These lexemes in direct and figurative meanings are part of the Chinese idioms and are often metaphorized in the national literature. In Russian idiomatics, they are present sporadically, and in literature they are not often metaphorized. Conclusion. Compared to the Russian language consciousness, the symbolism of the sides of the world is much more topical for the Chinese language consciousness. In Chinese mythology, literature and culture as a whole, the concept of the sides of the world is central. In the Chinese language they are connected with ideas about the gender and social structure of society, influence the forms of etiquette, the content of ceremonies, the national toponymy, the phraseological fund, etc. In Russian they have less evaluative and connotative potential, they are rarely metaphorized in folklore and idiomatics, in literature and in spoken language they are used as geographical landmarks in the system of spatial coordinates or directional markers.
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Рацибурская, Л. В., and М. В. Сандакова. "Интенсификаторы в русском языке XXI века: словообразование, семантика, синтагматика и динамика оценки**." Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 65, no. 1 (December 8, 2021): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/060.2020.00010.
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Исследование выполнено в русле актуального антропоцентрического направления в лингвистике и связано с изучением активных процессов в современном русском языке, отражающих динамику русского национального менталитета и русской языковой картины мира. В статье рассматривается такое глубинное свойство русской речи, как эмоциональность, которая проявляется в языковых ка-тегориях оценочности и интенсивности.Цель исследования – установление связи между категориями оценочности и интенсивности на материале словообразовательных и лексико-семантических единиц из лексикографических источ-ников и медийных текстов.В результате исследования охарактеризованы словообразовательные и лексико-семантические интенсификаторы в функционально-прагматическом аспекте. К словообразовательным интенси-фикаторам относятся словообразовательные аффиксы, аффиксоиды (в основном размерно-оценоч-ной семантики) и отдельные способы словообразования (в частности некоторые разновидности способа сложения). К лексическим интенсификаторам относятся отдельные виды лексем: оценочно универсальные интенсификаторы; интенсификаторы, тяготеющие к выражению положительной или отрицательной оценки (в определенном контексте); интенсификаторы, выражающие (по сво-ей семантике) положительную или отрицательную оценку. В статье показано такое расширение функционального диапазона интенсификаторов, как оценочная амбивалентность размерно-оце-ночных аффиксов, оксюморонность и амбивалентность лексических интенсификаторов.Одним из векторов развития лексических интенсификаторов является синтагматическое рас-ширение, в результате которого в речи возникают и закрепляются всё новые словосочетания, не соответствующие традиции употребления и нарушающие сложившиеся правила лексической со-четаемости, закрепленные в словарях. Расширение сочетаемости служит условием семантических и оценочных трансформаций интенсификатора. Употребление интенсификатора в оценочно дис-сонирующем окружении выполняет в тексте определенные прагматические и стилистические цели (повышение экспрессивности текста, создание эффекта оксюморона, иронии или шутки). При этом обилие таких употреблений в медийных, художественных тестах и в разговорной речи, а также по-вторяемость моделей синтагматического смещения говорит о динамике развития оценки в классе лексических интенсификаторов в русском языке новейшего периода. Оценочное расширение, когда «положительно ориентированные» интенсификаторы вторгаются в зону негативных явлений, и на-оборот, негативные характеристики – в зону явлений позитивных, рассматривается как тенденция к снятию оценочных ограничений и к универсализации оценки.Явления, описанные в статье, в целом показывают развитие семантической категории интенсив-ности в русском языке XXI века, находящее выражение в динамике таких ее составляющих, как способы словообразования, словообразовательные единицы, лексические единицы.The research is based on the current anthropocentric trend in linguistics and is related to the study of active processes in the modern Russian language reflecting the dynamics of the Russian national mentality and the Russian linguistic image of the world. The paper considers such a deep property of Russian speech as emotionality, which is manifested in the language categories of evaluation and intensity.The purpose of the research is to establish the relationship between the categories of evaluation and intensity based on the material of word-building and lexical-semantic units from lexicographic sources and media texts.As a result of the research, word-building and lexical-semantic intensifiers are characterized in the functional-pragmatic aspect. Word-building intensifiers include word-formative affixes, affixoids (mainly of dimensional-evaluative semantics), and various means of word-building (in particular, some varieties of composition). Lexical intensifiers include certain types of lexemes: evaluative universal intensifiers; intensifiers that tend to express positive or negative evaluation (in a certain context); intensifiers that express (by their semantics) positive or negative evaluation. The paper shows such an extension of the functional range of intensifiers as the estimated ambivalence of dimensional-evaluative affixes, oxymoron quality, and the ambivalence of lexical intensifiers.One of the vectors of the development of lexical intensifiers is syntagmatic expansion, which results in emerging in speech and fixing new word combinations that do not correspond to the tradition of usage and violate the established rules of lexical compatibility fixed in dictionaries. The combinability extension serves as a condition for semantic and evaluative transformations of the intensifier. The use of an intensifier in an evaluative dissonant environment fulfils certain pragmatic and stylistic goals in the text (increasing the expressiveness of the text, creating the effect of an oxymoron, irony, or joke). The abundance of such instances of use in media texts, literary works, and spoken language as well as the repeatability of syntagmatic bias models indicates the dynamics of evaluation in the class of lexical intensifiers in the Russian language of the modern period. Evaluation expansion, when “positively oriented” intensifiers invade the zone of negative phenomena, and vice versa, negative characteristics in the zone of positive phenomena, is considered as a tendency to remove evaluation restrictions and to universalize evaluation.The phenomena described in the paper generally show the development of the semantic category of intensity in the Russian language of the 21st century, which is expressed in the dynamics of its components, such as word-building means, word-building units, and lexical units.
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Dzhonova, Marina, Svetlozara Leseva, and Elena Ivanova. "State Predicates and Phase Derivation: Bulgarian-Russian Parallels." Chuzhdoezikovo Obuchenie-Foreign Language Teaching 49, no. 4 (August 20, 2022): 327–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/for22.401pred.
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The paper presents a contrastive analysis of the possibilities of forming inchoative verbs from state predicates in Bulgarian and Russian. The derivational patterns under consideration are much more productive in Bulgarian, but the aspectual properties of predicates impose significant constraints on their combinability with inchoative prefixes in both languages. The possibility of forming an inchoative verb can serve as a reliable diagnostic of a predicate’s membership to a particular ontological category within the semantic typology of predicates.
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Borshchevskyi, Serhii. "Evolution of Concept Space of Headlines of Ukrainian and Polish Media Texts on the Topic of COVID-19." Scientific notes of the Institute of Journalism, no. 2(81) (2022): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-1272.2022.81.6.
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The article focuses on the study of linguistic (lexico-semantic and grammatical) means of providing the objective information in collective risk situations for Ukraine as well as its immediate neighbors, namely Poland, on two front lines at a time: on the COVID-19 front line, which has been held back for two and a half years, and the Russian-Ukrainian one, which entered its hottest phase on 24 February 2022. The objective of the study is to identify the evolutionary changes of the COVID-19 concept field during three days (23.02.2022 – 25.02.2022) based on the titles of Ukrainian and Polish news media texts in their axiological variability. The analysis of concept space is founded both on the principles of frequency of use of lexemes and word combinations, which reflect the course of events related to the coronavirus pandemic, and on the evaluative division of headlines which have neutral, positive or negative connotations. Methodology. The main methods used in the study are contextual, syntagmatic and component analyses. Contextual analysis has allowed us to determine how and by which linguistic means the concept COVID-19 and its concept field are presented. It has also made it possible to show the linguistic means representing the journalists’ desire to convey information to the audience and enabled us to demonstrate the relationship between the nature of linguistic interpretation and the variants of the texts’ axiological paradigm. Syntagmatic analysis, i.e. the analysis of left and right word combinability in the media text, has revealed the subject-object relations in presentation of the concept and the degree of saturation of the concept field with metaphorical models based on the axiological principles. Component analysis has unveiled the specific fea-tures of the meaning structure of individual lexical-semantic variants of words. Results. The main results of the study of 111 headlines of Ukrainian (56) and Polish (55) media messages are development of the COVID-19 concept field based on representation of the medical term as a nuclear concept in the subject-object relations within the headline complex and identification of evolutionary (quantitative and qualitative) changes during the above mentioned three-day period. The most important changes are a significant decrease in the number of COVID publications under the influence of extra-lingual factors (the start of active hostilities in Ukraine on 24 February 2022) as well as situational convergence, i.e. contextually induced overlapping of subnuclear zone verbalisers of several concepts in the headlines of the positive segment in both Ukrainian (COVID-19 – ВІЙНА – ДОПОМОГА – АРМІЯ – ЖИТТЯ) and Polish (COVID-19 – WOJNA – POMOC) media space. Conclusions. It has been established that the linguistic means of different evaluative segments of the field have common and distinctive features. The commonality consists in informing the citizens about the course of events, while the difference lies in the ways the evaluative compo-nent of information is conveyed. The lexical and grammatical means are more actively used to actualize their semantic and stylistic potential in the headlines with negative and positive con-tent. The problem of presenting the objective information seems to be multifaceted. In particu-lar, it applies to coverage of the events during a period of active addressing both virtual (ab-stract) and real (concrete) threats. Solving this problem presupposes going beyond linguistics into the realm of psychology, neurolinguistic programming, geopolitical studies, social commu-nication, and other related disciplines.
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Bolshakova, E. I., and A. P. Kotlyarov. "A method for words combinability estimation based on internet texts." Moscow University Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics 32, no. 4 (December 2008): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0278641908040079.
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Sharapova, Ekaterina V. "Intensifiers in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Individual Style: Semantics of Irregular Lexical Combinations." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 12, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 454–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2021-12-2-454-471.
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The paper is dedicated to the analysis of irregular intensifying constructions in Fyodor Dostoevskys individual style, more specifically of irregular lexical combinations including an intensifier and a main word. The meaning of intensifies is completely focused on expressing the intensity of an attribute, action or state denominated by the main word. Fyodor Dostoevskys writing style tends to form certain types of irregular lexical combinations including intensifiers. Through a case study of intensifiers ochen , goryachii / goryacho , izo vsekh sil , etc. the article describes several main types of irregular combinations with the view to find out semantic effects of irregular combinability. The analysis has covered the complete corpus of Fyodor Doestoevskys texts (fiction, journalism, private correspondence, business correspondence and documents). The first discriminant mark of irregular combinations is the semantic contradiction between the terms, the violation of idiomatic compatibility rules is the second feature taken into account. Whereas collocational rules in modern Russian differ a lot from the language norms of the 19th century, the subcorpus of 19th century texts of the National Russian Corpus serves to test the irregular idiomatic combinability. The article shows how the irregular combinability causes context meaning shifts profiling peripheral semantic features of the main word or imposing on it an untypical and contradictory semantics. In irregular lexical combinations, the language representation changes due to the original authors reinterpretation of the referential situation. The irregular lexical combinations with intensifiers are thereafter a distinctive feature of Fyodor Dostoevskys individual writing style that reveals his original conceptualization of the world.
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D., Sunjidmaa. "Үгийн нийлэмж үүсгэх чадамжийг толь зүйн хүрээнд судлах нь (ОЦМХ-ний “авах” үйл үгийн жишээгээр)." Mongolian Journal of Foreign Languages and Culture 24, no. 528 (February 14, 2023): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/mjflc.v24i528.1954.
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The semantic study of a particular action verb allows us to identify the nature of the meaning and their diverse capacity of collocating on the whole. The present article is concerned withbasic analytic notions in evaluating the meanings of words on examples of the verb “avah” and its combinability in Mongolian.
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Daudaravičius, Vidas, and Rūta Petrauskaitė. "Gravity Counts for the boundaries of collocations." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 9, no. 2 (November 30, 2004): 321–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.9.2.08dau.
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This paper compares several methods (MI,T-score, Dice) for the extraction of collocations and presents a new method called Gravity Counts. The respective methods are evaluated and compared, measuring the combinability and collocability for each pair of words within the moving span of three words in the corpus of “The Times” newspaper for the year 1995. The collocability of words is the basis for detection of the collocational chains, i.e. frequent recurrent uninterrupted strings of word-forms, with clear-cut boundaries, found in the corpus. Collocational chains obtained with the help of different methods are compared and their lexical, grammatical and semantic features discussed.
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Tynalieva, V. "DEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE WORD, THE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT AND THE «FREE» WORD-COMBINATION." Vestnik Bishkek state university af. K. Karasaev 1, no. 59 (April 28, 2022): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35254/bhu/2022.59.58.
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The article under consideration dwells on the interrelationship between the word, its idiomatic equivalent and the word-combination. In actual speech words always come up in word-combinations. The lexical meaning of relatively ‘free’ word-combinations is the combined meaning of the component parts. But they are ‘free’ only in inverted commas because of the rules of lexical-phraseological combinability of words of this or that language. Substitutability of lexical components is the distinguishing feature of ‘free’ word-combinations in contrast to phraseological units. The latter, although consist of several words, semantically whole and convey a global meaning. Phraseological units are reproduced in speech.
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Kupina, Natalia A. "Humanitarian Values of the Current Time." Izvestia Ural Federal University Journal Series 1. Issues in Education, Science and Culture 28, no. 3 (2022): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv1.2022.28.3.048.
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The article presents the results of a linguoaxiological analysis of newspapers and TV materials covering the situation in Ukraine (dated from 24.02.2022 to 30.04.2022). The author finds out that Russian axiological reality is reflected by the lexical combinability of the adjective “humanitarian”. There are also interpretations offered of other concepts - “help”, “support”, that add to the constant of the historically established national culture , as well as groups of communicative values and counteraxiologemes such as “fake” and “Russophobia”.
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Romanova, I., and Yu Ferapontova. "Combinability and Contradiction of Communicative Systems of English and Russian Languages in the Fire and Technical Communication." Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies 9, no. 4 (August 3, 2020): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9103-2020-35-39.
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To exchange information in some joint activities the communication is necessary which can be both verbal and non-verbal. The authors compare possible links between Russian and English elements of in the field of fire safety communication which will help to receive, process and transmit information from one subject to another both in Russian and English. The problem of understanding cultural codes performing certain functions in a particular language communication system (Russian and English) is discussed. The principles of communication systems combinability of Russian and English languages enables interaction are considered. The article presents the basic functions of the word as a unit of foreign language professional communication. Special attention is paid to monologue and dialogue speech which is important for mutual understanding. Clichéd speech patterns used in professional speech of fire-fighting services in Russia and Great Britain are presented. It is described non-verbal means of communication play an important role in transmitting certain information in the professional activity of fire safety specialists on the example of two countries.
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Prokhorova, Olga N., Igor V. Chekulai, Olga D. Vishnyakova, Vladislav A. Kuchmistiy, and Nikolay A. Prokhorov. "Corpus analysis in the study of the genitive constructions formed with hydronyms as the target component in English and Russian." XLinguae 16, no. 1 (January 2023): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2023.16.01.17.
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The aim of the paper is to study the mechanism of forming nominal constructions consisting of two components, one of which denotes hydronym and the second one is an abstract noun, denoting emotional or mental state. The study is focused on identifying the list of the target lexemes, their frequency, combinability, and factors determining the formation of the construction under study. To analyze the studied linguistic phenomenon, linguistic and extralinguistic data are used, as well as the corpus analysis approach in combination with componential analysis.
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Bičan, Aleš. "The phonotactics of syllabic liquids in Czech words of foreign origin." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 65, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 163–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2020-0010.
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SummaryThe paper describes and analyzes the occurrence and combinability of Czech syllabic liquids in words of foreign origin in order to find out whether and how they differ from native Czech words. The comparison relies on the material taken from the Phonological Corpus of Czech. The phonotactics of the native words is treated as the primary system that has been enriched by phonological properties of the loanwords. It is shown that the loanwords have extended the range of the occurrence of the syllabic liquids as well as the range of combinations of a consonant plus a syllabic liquid. Most of the newly imported combinations are instantiations of latently possible phonotactic patterns, but there are some genuine innovations with a potential to reshape the native phonotactics. Special attention is paid to English loanwords because they contain most of the phonotactic peculiarities.
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S. Bulgakov, Stanislav, Tatiana A. Belousova, Vita A. Kuzmicheva, Vladimir S. Pugach, and Yulia N. Yatsenko. "LEXICAL COMBINABILITY OF ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS EXPRESSING ELEMENTS OF APPRAISAL." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 6 (December 23, 2019): 978–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.76145.
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Purposes: The present article aims to examine and analyze the nature of lexical combinability in the English language, namely collocates expressing elements of appraisal found in authentic online news articles.
Methodology: The article is based on the analysis of dozens of online news articles as they contain a plethora of adjective + noun collocates denoting elements of the appraisal.
Results: The phenomenon under study is attracting considerable interest due to its relevance in modern linguistics and practical day-to-day use. Despite this interest, many hypotheses regarding lexical combinability appear to be disputable and, in a way, ill-defined which makes further research well-founded.
Implications/Applications: As a matter of fact, combinatory linguistics has always paid special attention to adjectives expressing elements of appraisal as appraisal itself belongs to, on the one hand, much-discussed, but on the other hand, quite an intricate subject matter. The appraisal is indeed bound to be a multi-purpose linguistic category that has been scrutinized by numerous scholars in the field of philosophy, axiology, aesthetics, etc.
Novelty/Originality: It should be noted, that there are various viewpoints regarding the structure and means of representing attitudinal meaning and their tendency to combine with certain words the novelty of current work is paying to adjectives and nouns.
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Gritsenko, Elena S. "New trends in the linguistic study of gender, its conceptualization and representation in modern English." Journal of Psycholinguistic, no. 3 (October 1, 2021): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30982/2077-5911-2021-49-3-60-73.
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The article examines recent shifts in the English-based research on language and gender. It addresses the denial of gender binary structure, recognition of gender identity fluidity, which may transcend the established ideas about masculinity and femininity or constitute a complete rejection of gender. In the discursive practices of everyday life, these tendencies manifest themselves in the creation of new words and affixes, a change in the reference and combinability of the words that make up the core of the gender concept, as well as the emergence of new communicative norms and practices that legitimize individuals’ right to gender self-identification, non-heteronormative language and degenderization of communication. Research sample includes 250 text fragments from the English-language media, academic and specialized portals, lexicographic online resources, and everyday communication.
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Cooper, Brian. "RUSSIAN WORDS FOR ELM." Transactions of the Philological Society 87, no. 2 (November 1989): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968x.1989.tb00627.x.
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Beliaevskaya, E. G. "COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS IN SECOND LANGUAGE AQUISITION." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(32) (October 28, 2013): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-5-32-76-83.
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The paper sets out to prove that the influence of the learner’s first/second language on the acquisition and use of other languages may be minimized, and ultimately eliminated, if the process of language teaching and language learning centers on the conceptual structures underlying the semantics of language units. Such conceptual structures (the conceptual inner form) shaping the peculiarities of the mode of expression characteristic of the given language community determine the choice of words in the process of communication and word combinability; if applied in second language teaching and learning they help avoid subconscious translation from the learner’s first language into a second/third, thus bringing down the interfering effects.
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Shmelev, Alexei. "Russian Words for ‘freedom’ Revisited." Russian Journal of Linguistics 22, no. 3 (2018): 675–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9182-2018-22-3-675-700.
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Ogawa, Taeko, Hirofumi Saito, and Yoshinobu Yanase. "The combinability of 2965 kanji characters of Japanese Industrial Standard on formation of two-kanji compound words." Japanese journal of psychology 76, no. 3 (2005): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.76.269.
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Syomina, Olga Yu. "COMBINABILITY OF LEXEMES DENOTING EMOTIONS WITH INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES (BASED ON THE DATA OF ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGE CORPORA)." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics 6, no. 2 (2020): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2020_6_2_142_148.
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Senkiv, S. S. "PECULIARITIES OF PHONEME COMBINABILITY WITH THE INITIAL FRIKATIVE IN THREE-PHONEME WORDS OF THE MODERN UKRAINIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE." Language. Literature. Folklore, no. 1 (2022): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/2414-9594-2022-1-8.
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손현익. "A Study on Russian Unit Words." Korean Journal of Slavic Studies 28, no. 2 (June 2012): 77–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17840/irsprs.2012.28.2.003.
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Paperno, Slava, and Richard L. Leed. "Vocabulary Words in Elementary Russian Textbooks." Slavic and East European Journal 32, no. 2 (1988): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/308894.
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Merkulova, Inna A., and Ekaterina A. Protsenko. "Recoded words in Russian media space." Russian Language Studies 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 284–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2022-20-3-284-297.
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The relevance of the study is determined by the active use of foreign words in the media space, this fact contributes to widespread occurrence of anglicisms and their penetration into the Russian language. The research aims to define peculiarities of using foreign words in modern Russian newspapers and specific features of their assimilation in the Russian language. The novelty is characterized both by the analyzed language material and the research approach which focuses attention not on the result but mainly on the process of borrowing foreign words, defines stages of their assimilation in the receiving language. The research is carried out on the basis of newspaper subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language since 2000. All the examples of recoded lexical items were analyzed according to their graphics, semantics, morphology, syntax and stylistics. The methods of comparative, contextual and distributive analysis as well as statistic methods were used during the research. The proposed theory of step-by-step acquisition of foreign words at different language levels has theoretical relevance. A particular group of foreign words recoded from foreign languages but not yet adopted by the Russian language system has been examined. The practical relevance consists in revealing some peculiarities of recoded words assimilation in written texts. The author shows that foreign words receive some morphological features, display particular word-building activity and have syntagmatic associations typical for the host language just before they enter the receiving language system. The research may be useful for further studies and finding solutions to the problems of the penetration of lexical items with foreign origin and their assimilation in the receiving language.
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Abdushukurov, Bakhtiyor, and Lobar Aralova. "Turkish assimilation words in Russian language." Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research 10, no. 8 (2021): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2278-4853.2021.00619.4.
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Petrov, S. Y. "“DIVINE” ORIGIN OF SOME RUSSIAN WORDS." KAZAN LINGUISTIC JOURNAL 3, no. 3 (2020): 171–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2658-3321.2020.3.3.171-196.
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Kazanina, Nina. "Decomposition of prefixed words in Russian." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 37, no. 6 (2011): 1371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024335.
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Gong, Lei. "RUSSIAN BORROWED WORDS IN CHINESE LANGUAGE." Vestnik Bashkirskogo universiteta 7, no. 1 (2018): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/bulletin-bsu-2018.1.39.
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Cooper, Brian. "Russian words for types of plum." Russian Linguistics 19, no. 3 (November 1995): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01080605.
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Voinov, Vitaly. "Rhyming reduplication in Russian paired words." Russian Linguistics 36, no. 2 (April 28, 2012): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11185-012-9091-5.
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Speranskaya, Alevtina N., and Anastasia D. Baranchikova. "Dynamics of the attribute connections of the noun klyatva ‘an oath’ to the National Corpus of the Russian Language." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 3 (2022): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/80/18.
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The paper investigates the dynamics of the attributive relationships of the word klyatva ‘an oath’ in the Russian texts of the 18th - 21st centuries collected in the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The authors performed statistical and semantic analyses of adjective lexemes with the word klyatva. The results include the description of the dominating adjective distributors of the word under study as substantive and the semantic fields associated with it. The number of adjective combinations in the texts of the 19th century is threefold higher compared to the texts of the 18th century. In the 20th century, the combinability concerning klyatva tended to increase, with contexts containing 57 different lexemes. The contexts of this word under study at the beginning of the 21st century contain about 40 lexemes, with more than a half being new. However, it is too early to sum up the final results on the quantitative compatibility of the 21st century texts. Every period of Russian language development is characterized by the introduction of new adjectives combined with klyatva as substantive. In the texts of the 19th - 21st centuries, the semantics of klyatva expanded as new options for compatibility appeared. Attributive compatibility shows that in the semantic scenario of klyatva, the adjectives used, first of all, emphasize the speech genre itself. Adjectives enhance the following elements of the scenario: the pronunciation of klyatva, its addressee and content, the place, the term, and the number of participants.
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Marian, Viorica, and Margarita Kaushanskaya. "Words, feelings, and bilingualism." Emotion words in the monolingual and bilingual lexicon 3, no. 1 (April 7, 2008): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.3.1.06mar.
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Cross-linguistic differences in emotionality of autobiographical memories were examined by eliciting memories of immigration from bilingual speakers. Forty-seven Russian-English bilinguals were asked to recount their immigration experiences in either Russian or English. Bilinguals used more emotion words when describing their immigration experiences in the second language (English) than in the first language (Russian). Bilinguals’ immigration narratives contained more negative emotion words than positive emotion words. In addition, language preference (but not language proficiency) influenced results, with emotional expression amplified when speaking in the preferred language. These findings carry implications for organization of the bilingual lexicon and the special status of emotion words within it. We suggest that bilinguals’ expression of emotion may vary across languages and that the linguistic and affective systems are interconnected in the bilingual cognitive architecture.
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Sen'ko, Elena Victorovna. "CHINESE WORDS IN MODERN RUSSIAN: SEMANTIC ASPECT." Philological Class, no. 3 (2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26170/fk19-03-08.
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Власова, Ольга Борисовна. "WORDS «TOZHE» AND «TAKZHE» IN MODERN RUSSIAN." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Филология, no. 3(74) (September 29, 2022): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtfilol/2022.3.095.
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Статья посвящена дискуссионным проблемам современной грамматики и их отражению в школьной программе. В центре внимания автора слова тоже и также, морфологический статус которых в современной научной, учебной и методической литературе, а также в словарях оценивается по-разному при сходстве иллюстративного материала. Исследование проводится на материале современного русского языка. The article is devoted to the widely discussed problems of modern grammar and their reflection in the school curriculum. The focus of the author is on the words «tozhe» and «takzhe» (both translated as also and too ), whose morphological status in modern scientific, educational and methodological literature, as well as in dictionaries, is evaluated differently with the similarity of illustrative material. The study is carried out on the material of the modern Russian language.
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Simush, Petr. "Russian Eventfulness – 1917: Artful Weaving of Words." Philosophical Anthropology 3, no. 1 (2017): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2414-3715-2017-3-1-80-99.
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KALAYCI, Ünal. "Russian Words In Tsalka (Parmaksız) Urums Dialect." Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 4 Issue 3, no. 4 (2009): 1253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.726.
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COOPER, BRIAN. "WORDS FOR RYE AND WHEAT IN RUSSIAN." Transactions of the Philological Society 92, no. 1 (May 1994): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968x.1994.tb00425.x.
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Koreneva, Iuliia. "Composition of the word family with the root * svęt- in historical dictionaries of the Russian language." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 21002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021021002.
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The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of the word family with the root -свят/свящ- based on historical dictionaries of the Russian language, the purpose of the study is to conduct a preliminary analysis of the presentation of the words of this family in different dictionaries of the Russian language, namely, historical and modern. The statistical approach to lexical data demonstrates that the data obtained from five historical dictionaries contain a large number of words that no longer function in the modern Russian language, compared to certain dictionaries of modern Russian. I.I. Sreznevsky's Dictionary includes 105 words; Dictionary of Old Russian Language (11th–14th centuries) has 73 words; Russian Dictionary XI-XVII Centuries involves 210 words; Dictionary of the Russian Academy includes 61 words; Dictionary of the Church Slavonic language of 1847 has 150 words; Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Vladimir Dahl involves 124 words. When comparing quantitative data in all the historical dictionaries, the largest group comprises lexemes with the secondary root -свящ-. Moreover, all the words of this word family are not only etymologically related, but have the same root, since they maintain unity in their seme content that allows to analyze the semantic density of the root. In addition, a homogeneous stylistic marking of words of the word family also confirms their affinity, as all the words of this word family are genetically related to Church Slavonic and belong to the religious sphere. Graphs of the use of the words святой, святость (saint, sanctity) and свящeнный (holy) based on the Russian National Corpus demonstrate a decrease in the frequency of these words since the middle of the 19th century, and a comparison of the list of words of this word family from each historical dictionary with the modern linguistic consciousness directly indicates a drastic reduction in quantitative content of this word family, that occurred due to extralinguistic (historical and ideological) reasons.
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Keller, Howard H., Richard L. Leed, and Slava Paperno. "5000 Russian Words with All Their Inflected Forms: A Russian-English Dictionary." Slavic and East European Journal 32, no. 3 (1988): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/309207.
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Zhang, Yabing. "A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF TIME-PREPOSITIONS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 18, no. 28 (July 2019): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2019-28-17.
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This article is devoted to the problem of using Russian time-prepositions by foreigners, especially by the Chinese. An analysis of modern literature allows the author to identify the main areas of the work aimed at foreign students’ development of the skills and abilities to correctly build the prepositional combinations and continuously improve the communication skills by means of the Russian language. In this paper, the time-prepositions in the Russian language have been analyzed in detail; some examples of polysemantic use of prepositions, their semantic and stylistic shades alongside with possible errors made by foreign students are presented. The results of the study are to help in developing a system of teaching Russian time-prepositions to a foreign language audience, taking into account their native language, on the basis of the systemic and functional, communicative and activity-centred basis. The role of Russian time-prepositions in constructing word combinations has been identified; the need for foreign students’ close attention to this secondary part of speech has been specified. It has been stated that prepositions are the most dynamic and open type of secondary language units within the quantitative and qualitative composition of which regular changes take place. The research substantiates the need that students should be aware of the function of time-preposition in speech; they are to get acquainted with the main time-prepositions and their meanings, to distinguish prepositions and other homonymous parts of speech as well as to learn stylistic shades of time-prepositions. Some recommendations related to the means of mastering time-prepositions have been given: to target speakers to assimilate modern literary norms and, therefore, to teach them how to choose and use them correctly by means of linguistic keys that are intended to fill the word with true meaning, to give it an organic structure, an inherent form and an easy combinability in the texts and oral speech.
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Kobeleva, Irina A. "Phraseological dictionary of Russian dialects of the Tyumen region A book review: Bagirova E. P., Belyakova S. M. Frazeologicheskiy slovar’ russkikh govorov Tyumenskoy oblasti [Phraseological dictionary of Russian dialects of the Tyumen region]. Tyumen, 2020, 356 p." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 3 (2022): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/80/26.
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Phraseological Dictionary of Russian dialects of the Tyumen region was prepared by E. P. Bagirova and S. M. Belyakova and published in 2020 by Tyumen State University. The dictionary covers the phraseological spectrum of dialects of all districts of the Tyumen region, including almost 2,400 phrases recorded in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries. The material collected reflects a broad understanding of phraseology, with phraseological units, ritual terminology, proverbs, riddles, omens, and well-wishes presented in the dictionary. This paper considers the phraseological material of the dictionary from the point of view of its lexicographic development, with the main attention paid to the micro-structure of the dictionary. Each of the nine parameters proposed by the authors to describe the Tyumen phraseology is commented on. It is worth noting that most of these parameters are presented quite systematically and correspond to the principles declared. However, some critical remarks and suggestions have been made concerning the lexicographical presentation of some facts, which may be useful for a possible reissue of the dictionary. These comments focus on determining the initial form of idioms, distinguishing variant and synonymy, stating combinability, accuracy of definitions, and the selection of illustrative material. It should be pointed out that the dictionary under review significantly enriches modern Russian dialect phraseography and can undoubtedly be useful to scientists, teachers, local historians, and all those concerned with the fate of the folk word and traditional culture of the region.
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Nikolenkova, Natalia. "Russian Language Diminutives in the History of the Russian Literary Language: on the History of Russian Science Language formation." Stephanos Peer reviewed multilanguage scientific journal 56, no. 6 (November 30, 2022): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24249/2309-9917-2022-56-6-45-50.
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The article considers the use of diminutives in the language of Russian science in the second half of the 18th – early 19th cs. At that time, the use of diminutives as scientific terms was quite a natural phenomenon, words with diminutive suffixes were used in various fields of science, most of them fell into the language of emerging biology. In the language of modern science, many of these terms, which are diminutives in origin, continue to be used, despite the fact that in the language of modern science there is a ban on the use of expressive words, including those with diminutive suffixes. However, this prohibition does not apply to terms that arose in the early period of the formation of the language of Russian science.
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Mikheev, Andrei, and Liubov Liubushkina. "Russian morphology: An engineering approach." Natural Language Engineering 1, no. 3 (September 1995): 235–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135132490000019x.
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AbstractMorphological analysis, which is at the heart of the processing of natural language requires computationally effective morphological processors. In this paper an approach to the organization of an inflectional morphological model and its application for the Russian language are described. The main objective of our morphological processor is not the classification of word constituents, but rather an efficient computational recognition of morpho-syntactic features of words and the generation of words according to requested morpho-syntactic features. Another major concern that the processor aims to address is the ease of extending the lexicon. The templated word-paradigm model used in the system has an engineering flavour: paradigm formation rules are of a bottom-up (word specific) nature rather than general observations about the language, and word formation units are segments of words rather than proper morphemes. This approach allows us to handle uniformly both general cases and exceptions, and requires extremely simple data structures and control mechanisms which can be easily implemented as a finite-state automata. The morphological processor described in this paper is fully implemented for a substantial subset of Russian (more then 1,500,000 word-tokens – 95,000 word paradigms) and provides an extensive list of morpho-syntactic features together with stress positions for words utilized in its lexicon. Special dictionary management tools were built for browsing, debugging and extension of the lexicon. The actual implementation was done in C and C++, and the system is available for the MS-DOS, MS-Windows and UNIX platforms.
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Inčiuraitė, Lina. "On the Question of Neoclassical Compounds in Lithuanian." Verbum 4 (February 6, 2013): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.2013.4.4982.
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In Lithuanian, word formation processes have been given detailed consideration with regard to their morphological properties. However, neoclassical compounds have received exiguous attention. They are described as formations consisting of Greek and Latin bound stems. This article aims at examining the structure of neoclassical compounds in Lithuanian. It is neither simple nor straightforward to determine the morphological status of the constituent items of neoclassical compounds and to differentiate them from prefixes, initial combining forms, final combining forms, constituents or affixoids. Due to their heterogeneous nature, linguists treat them differently as no strict criteria have been applied for their delimitation. When words with neoclassical elements appear in the Lithuanian language, they usually adapt to this language’s phonological and morphological system. The analysis of neoclassical compounds in Lithuanian shows that not all neoclassical elements have the same positional constraints. Some of them can appear both in initial or final position, some only in initial position, while others only in final position. Furthermore, neoclassical compounds in Lithuanian consist of two or more bound stems which give rise to new neoclassical compounds. As far as the combinability properties of neoclassical elements are concerned, they appear in combinations with one another, with words of English origin as well as with Lithuanian native forms. Neoclassical formations can also contain international or Lithuanian suffixes. Such formations constitute endocentric structures in particular.
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Wajszczuk, Jadwiga. "Functional class (so called “part of speech”) assignment as a kind of meaning-bound word syntactic information." Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, no. 10 (November 24, 2015): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2010.001.
Full textAbstract:
Functional class (so called “part of speech”) assignment as a kind of meaning-bound word syntactic informationThe traditional division of the lexicon into parts of speech which seems to satisfy the requirements of a syntactic description, on the one hand, and a word formation description, on the other hand, cannot be looked upon as a result of a strict classification covering the totality of the lexicon and being based on a coherent set of criteria. Making the criteria more precise or correcting them is an issue of extreme importance and urgency in the work on the theory of language. Such achievements can help solve many other problems, in particular, syntactic ones. The article presents a scheme of several preliminary steps of an amelioration program (a scheme which has been improved compared to the author’s earlier attempts going in the same direction). The program is based on combinability characteristics of words, i.e. on those properties that are responsible for the tasks to be accomplished by a given class of expressions in making up a higher order unit, i.e. a syntagm (the author emphasizes this point: it is syntagm rather than sentence which is the category the recommended approach is focusing on), and that, importantly, determine the limits of syntactic rules, i.e. the ins and outs of the rules (the limits concerning the overall stock of words).
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Zakharova, Yu G. "Loan Words in the Russian Language of the Second Half of the 19th Century (On the Material of N. S. Leskov᾽s Letters)." Philology 17, no. 9 (2018): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-9-81-89.
Full textAbstract:
Neology of the Russian language of the 19th century is a promising field of historical lexicology. Russian neologisms of that era are among the main objects of attention for the compilers of the Dictionary of the Russian language of 19th century. Letters of Russian writers represent an important source for the study of neologisms, since in their correspondence with friends, colleagues, relatives, acquaintances, writers responded to changes in the sociopolitical, economic, and cultural life of Russia in the second half of the 19th century, and this was reflected in the language of the letters. We used the letters of N. S. Leskov as our source, in which one can observe different types of foreign language units. Borrowed words are often reflected in dictionaries with great delay. Leskov’s letters offer interesting material for the observation the initial stages of the use of foreign words in the Russian language. In addition, letters allow us to analyze the peculiarities of functioning of borrowed words in the Russian language. The purpose of the study is to identify loan words in Leskov's letters and to analyze their peculiarities in the aspect of the overall dynamics of Russian lexical-semantic system. The article gives the definition of the term «borrowing», and specifies criteria of the emergence of foreign language units in the lexical system of the Russian language. Material of Leskov’s letters proves that they are a valuable linguistic source for exact dating of the emergence of foreign words in the Russian language, and thus they can be used to adjust data dictionaries; and to trace the processes of adaptation of loan words in the 19th century Russian language (the processes of expansion and narrowing of the semantic structure of words, determinologization, metaphorization values).