Academic literature on the topic 'Combinability of words in Russian'

This article deals with the usage and combinability of words from the synonymic rows Rusʹ/Rossiia/Russiia, russkii/rossiiskii/rosskii, and russkie/rossiiane/rossy, on the basis of the Catalogue of the Kievan Metropolitans, from the early 18th c.—a little-known work on the history of the Russian Church. In the Catalogue, there are about the same number of place names using either rus- or ros- and the adjectives derived from them (a total of 32 and 37, respectively); however, there is an identifiable relationship between each adjective and a specific noun, apparently reflecting fairly stable collocations. Also, the author notes the predominance of ethnonyms with ros- and a general trend towards editing rus- to ros- in the later copies of the Catalogue and in its sole publication in 1776.

The article «Borrowings in Ivan Ohіienko’s scientifi c heritage» by Teiana Bilousova analyses the ways and reasons for borrowing linguistic units from other languages, their adaptation in the recipient language, and approaches to their selec-tion and fi xation in dictionaries. Being one of the natural ways of enrichment of all the languages, borrowings become an object of study of diff erent native and foreign researches, among which Ivan Ohіienko’s works are of great interest. Highly estimating the Ukrainian language as a rich, fl exible and developed one, caring about the establishment of its unifi ed literary standard, the scientist didn’t reject the presence of diff erent borrowings and accepted both, those which came from ancient times (Latin, Greek, and Slavic etc.), and those ones penetrating into the lan-guage at the present time. The most numerous in the Ukrainian language he consid-ered Russian and Polish borrowings. He always urged to their objective evaluation and denied their senseless exclusion from the language by the linguistic purism.Still he resisted the penetration into the language of barbarisms, clichés, foreign word combinations and phraseological units. At the same time he advocated historical and ter-minological dictionaries supporting the language uniqueness. Using historical and chrono-logical analyses he developed the methodological criteria for defi ning the sources of bor-rowings and their adaptational characteristics in the recipient language. He also found out the factors and reasons of borrowing, and the most frequently borrowed elements. The theoretical ideas of Ivan Ohіienko found its practical realization. The article provides the analysis of his «Dictionary of substandard words», illustrating on the numerous examples the author’s approaches to the order, commentaries, graphic and accentual representation of borrowings, and their combinability with other words at the level of phrases and word combinations. The conclusion gives the linguist’s remarks and propositions as for the further linguistic studies in this fi eld.

В данной статье рассматриваются лексико-семантические особенности послелогов современного немецкого языка и проблема их функционирования в языке. Исходя из того, что послелоги представляют особую группу служебных слов, необходимых для создания и выражения синтаксической связи в словосочетании или предложении, в статье дается детальная характеристика позиционных особенностей немецких послелогов, изучаются их сочетаемость и функциональная нагруженность, анализируются конкретные значения в тексте. В современном чувашском языке (для многих обучающихся в условиях билингвизма национальной республики он является родным), где удельный вес послелогов значительно больше, чем в немецком (иностранном) языке, послелоги играют важнейшую роль: в отсутствии согласования между определяемыми и зависимыми словами послелоги в чувашском языке являются основными элементами создания синтаксической связи в словосочетаниях. Особое место в статье занимает вопрос позиционного сходства послелогов в таких разноструктурных языках, как немецкий и чувашский, так как преподавание этого иностранного языка в Чувашской Республике часто происходит в условиях билингвизма учащихся. Лингвистическая интерференция, которая чаще всего оказывает негативное влияние на овладение новым материалом, в условиях чувашского и русского билингвизма при правильной формулировке задач может вызвать положительный эффект в обучении. This article discusses the lexical and semantic features of postpositions in modern German and the problem of their functioning in the language. Since postpositions represent a special group of function words which are necessary for creating and expressing a syntactic connection between words in a phrase or sentence, the article gives a detailed description of the positional features of German postpositions, considers their combinability and functional capabilities, analyzes specific meanings in the text. In modern Chuvash (for many students studying under the condition of the bilingualism of the national republic, it is their mother tongue), in which the importance of postpositions is higher than in German (foreign) language, postpositions play a significant role, since there is no agreement between defined and dependent words, postpositions in the Chuvash language are the essential elements for creating a syntactic connection between words in phrases. The article pays special attention to the positional similarity of postpositions in such diverse languages as German and Chuvash, since in the Chuvash Republic this foreign language is often taught under the condition of students’ bilingualism. Linguistic interference, which in most of the cases has a negative impact on learning of new material, can cause a positive effect under the condition of Chuvash-Russian bilingualism and correctly formulated aims.

Humour is part of human communication and can serve as an effective means for making contact, finding a way out of an embarrassing situation, or mitigating different political and social tensions. However, not all humans are born capable of generating and processing humour and it remains an open question whether it is possible to learn and develop this ability. Therefore, a sense of humour, but not an *ability of humour, would be a frequent collocation in many languages. Cognitive linguists claim that collocations are not accidental as combinability patterns point to certain conceptualisation processes in the expression of meaning. The cognitive linguistic viewpoint that humour is based on a mismatch, or incongruity, between ideas, otherwise referred to as frame shifting, is adopted as a prerequisite for producing humour in this paper.The focus of this paper is the expression of verbal humour dealing with the introduction of the euro in Lithuania in 2015. Verbal humour is created by employing different linguistic resources: sounds, spelling, word building models, homonymy and polysemy, word combinations and other syntactic structures and larger chunks of texts or discourse. The investigation is based on the main theories of humour: the Semantic Script Theory and the Superiority Theory developed by Attardo (1994) and Raskin (1985). The empirical material consists of 89 cases of verbal humour found in posts and comments in personal profiles and pages on Facebook and in reader comments following different articles in popular news portals written from September 2014 to February 2015. The paper attempts to describe linguistic means contributing to the construction of humour as well as to identify the shifts between frames involved in generating the humorous effect. The results of the investigation suggest that most humorous comments bear content-related political implications, shifting between the frames of the loss of national currency perceived either as the loss of stability or as the loss of national identity and the frame of positive expectations due to the greater integration into the EU. The techniques used to construct humour include wordplay based on sound combinations, similar spelling, non-standard spelling, and code-switching involving English and Russian. An especially productive technique was the construction of existing or non-existing words by code-mixing and the use of metaphor and metonymy. Larger chunks of text also employ intertextuality, parody, switching between registers and different types of echoing.

Введение. Номинации сторон света являются важными элементами категории пространства национальной языковой картины мира. Лингвисты давно изучают локативные лексические единицы, рассматривая их этимологию, семантику, прагматику и идиоматику, метафорические трансформации и лингвокультурологическую специфику в диахронном и синхронном аспектах. Однако номинации сторон света редко оказываются в фокусе внимания. Цель – изучение и описание лингвокультурологической специфики лексем восток, запад, север, юг в китайском и русском языках. Материал и методы. Комплексная методика исследования обусловлена его лингвокультурологическим характером и предполагает использование методов наблюдения, лексикографического, контекстуального и сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа эмпирического материала, включающего данные отечественных и китайских лексикографических и литературных источников. Результаты и обсуждение. В лингвокультурологическом аспекте рассмотрены семантика, прагматика, идиоматика и особенности метафоризации номинаций сторон света. Установлено, что номинации направления имеют в русском и китайском языках как универсальные архетипические, так и вариативные этнокультурные особенности. Сопоставительный анализ этимологии и сочетаемости данных единиц показал, что они образуют пятикомпонентную смысловую структуру, включающую, помимо номинаций восток, запад, юг, север, номинацию центр как точку отсчета для говорящего. Номинации сторон света в обоих языках представлены в парадигме других значимых и оценочно противопоставленных оппозиций (например, свет – тьма) и занимают важное место в топонимике. Установлено, что сложные слова, указывающие на промежуточные направления в китайском языке, начинаются с номинаций восток и запад (например, 东北 востоко-север), в русском – с номинаций юг и север (например, северо-запад). Данные лексемы в прямом и переносном значении входят в состав китайских идиом и часто метафоризируются в национальной литературе. В русской идиоматике они представлены единично, в литературе метафоризируются редко. Заключение. Для китайского языкового сознания, по сравнению с русским, символика сторон света значительно более актуальна. Представления о сторонах света в китайской мифологии, литературе и культуре в целом занимают центральное положение. В китайском языке они связаны с представлениями о гендерной и социальной структуре общества, влияют на формы этикета, содержание церемоний, на национальную топонимику, фразеологический фонд и др. В русском языке они обладают меньшим оценочным и коннотативным потенциалом, редко метафоризируются в фольклоре и идиоматике, в литературе и разговорной речи используются как географические ориентиры в системе пространственных координат или указатели направления движения. Introduction. Nominations of the sides of the world are important elements of the category of space in the national language picture of the world. Linguists have long studied locative lexical units, examining their etymology, semantics, pragmatics and idiomatics, metaphorical transformations and linguocultural specificity in diachronic and synchronic aspects. However, the nominations of the sides of the world are rarely in the focus of attention. The aim of this article is to study and describe linguocultural specificity of the lexemes east, west, north, south in Chinese and Russian. Material and methods. The research was carried out due to its linguocultural character. It is based on the methods of observation, lexicographical, contextual and comparative analysis of the material, including Russian and Chinese lexicographical and literary resources. Results and discussion. Semantics, pragmatics, idiomatics and peculiarities of direction nominations metaphorization were studied in the linguocultural aspect. It was found out that in Russian and Chinese languages direction nominations have both universal archetypical and variable ethno-cultural features. A comparative analysis of the etymology and combinability of these units showed that they form a five-component semantic structure, including in addition to nominations of the east, west, south, north the nomination of the center as a point of reference for the speaker. Nominations of the sides of the world in both languages are represented in the paradigm of other meaningful and evaluatively opposed oppositions (for example, light - darkness) and occupy an important place in toponymy. It was found that complex words indicating intermediate directions in Chinese begin with the nominations east and west (for example, 东北 east-north), in Russian - with the nominations south and north (for example, north-west). These lexemes in direct and figurative meanings are part of the Chinese idioms and are often metaphorized in the national literature. In Russian idiomatics, they are present sporadically, and in literature they are not often metaphorized. Conclusion. Compared to the Russian language consciousness, the symbolism of the sides of the world is much more topical for the Chinese language consciousness. In Chinese mythology, literature and culture as a whole, the concept of the sides of the world is central. In the Chinese language they are connected with ideas about the gender and social structure of society, influence the forms of etiquette, the content of ceremonies, the national toponymy, the phraseological fund, etc. In Russian they have less evaluative and connotative potential, they are rarely metaphorized in folklore and idiomatics, in literature and in spoken language they are used as geographical landmarks in the system of spatial coordinates or directional markers.

Исследование выполнено в русле актуального антропоцентрического направления в лингвистике и связано с изучением активных процессов в современном русском языке, отражающих динамику русского национального менталитета и русской языковой картины мира. В статье рассматривается такое глубинное свойство русской речи, как эмоциональность, которая проявляется в языковых ка-тегориях оценочности и интенсивности.Цель исследования – установление связи между категориями оценочности и интенсивности на материале словообразовательных и лексико-семантических единиц из лексикографических источ-ников и медийных текстов.В результате исследования охарактеризованы словообразовательные и лексико-семантические интенсификаторы в функционально-прагматическом аспекте. К словообразовательным интенси-фикаторам относятся словообразовательные аффиксы, аффиксоиды (в основном размерно-оценоч-ной семантики) и отдельные способы словообразования (в частности некоторые разновидности способа сложения). К лексическим интенсификаторам относятся отдельные виды лексем: оценочно универсальные интенсификаторы; интенсификаторы, тяготеющие к выражению положительной или отрицательной оценки (в определенном контексте); интенсификаторы, выражающие (по сво-ей семантике) положительную или отрицательную оценку. В статье показано такое расширение функционального диапазона интенсификаторов, как оценочная амбивалентность размерно-оце-ночных аффиксов, оксюморонность и амбивалентность лексических интенсификаторов.Одним из векторов развития лексических интенсификаторов является синтагматическое рас-ширение, в результате которого в речи возникают и закрепляются всё новые словосочетания, не соответствующие традиции употребления и нарушающие сложившиеся правила лексической со-четаемости, закрепленные в словарях. Расширение сочетаемости служит условием семантических и оценочных трансформаций интенсификатора. Употребление интенсификатора в оценочно дис-сонирующем окружении выполняет в тексте определенные прагматические и стилистические цели (повышение экспрессивности текста, создание эффекта оксюморона, иронии или шутки). При этом обилие таких употреблений в медийных, художественных тестах и в разговорной речи, а также по-вторяемость моделей синтагматического смещения говорит о динамике развития оценки в классе лексических интенсификаторов в русском языке новейшего периода. Оценочное расширение, когда «положительно ориентированные» интенсификаторы вторгаются в зону негативных явлений, и на-оборот, негативные характеристики – в зону явлений позитивных, рассматривается как тенденция к снятию оценочных ограничений и к универсализации оценки.Явления, описанные в статье, в целом показывают развитие семантической категории интенсив-ности в русском языке XXI века, находящее выражение в динамике таких ее составляющих, как способы словообразования, словообразовательные единицы, лексические единицы.The research is based on the current anthropocentric trend in linguistics and is related to the study of active processes in the modern Russian language reflecting the dynamics of the Russian national mentality and the Russian linguistic image of the world. The paper considers such a deep property of Russian speech as emotionality, which is manifested in the language categories of evaluation and intensity.The purpose of the research is to establish the relationship between the categories of evaluation and intensity based on the material of word-building and lexical-semantic units from lexicographic sources and media texts.As a result of the research, word-building and lexical-semantic intensifiers are characterized in the functional-pragmatic aspect. Word-building intensifiers include word-formative affixes, affixoids (mainly of dimensional-evaluative semantics), and various means of word-building (in particular, some varieties of composition). Lexical intensifiers include certain types of lexemes: evaluative universal intensifiers; intensifiers that tend to express positive or negative evaluation (in a certain context); intensifiers that express (by their semantics) positive or negative evaluation. The paper shows such an extension of the functional range of intensifiers as the estimated ambivalence of dimensional-evaluative affixes, oxymoron quality, and the ambivalence of lexical intensifiers.One of the vectors of the development of lexical intensifiers is syntagmatic expansion, which results in emerging in speech and fixing new word combinations that do not correspond to the tradition of usage and violate the established rules of lexical compatibility fixed in dictionaries. The combinability extension serves as a condition for semantic and evaluative transformations of the intensifier. The use of an intensifier in an evaluative dissonant environment fulfils certain pragmatic and stylistic goals in the text (increasing the expressiveness of the text, creating the effect of an oxymoron, irony, or joke). The abundance of such instances of use in media texts, literary works, and spoken language as well as the repeatability of syntagmatic bias models indicates the dynamics of evaluation in the class of lexical intensifiers in the Russian language of the modern period. Evaluation expansion, when “positively oriented” intensifiers invade the zone of negative phenomena, and vice versa, negative characteristics in the zone of positive phenomena, is considered as a tendency to remove evaluation restrictions and to universalize evaluation.The phenomena described in the paper generally show the development of the semantic category of intensity in the Russian language of the 21st century, which is expressed in the dynamics of its components, such as word-building means, word-building units, and lexical units.

The paper presents a contrastive analysis of the possibilities of forming inchoative verbs from state predicates in Bulgarian and Russian. The derivational patterns under consideration are much more productive in Bulgarian, but the aspectual properties of predicates impose significant constraints on their combinability with inchoative prefixes in both languages. The possibility of forming an inchoative verb can serve as a reliable diagnostic of a predicate’s membership to a particular ontological category within the semantic typology of predicates.

The article focuses on the study of linguistic (lexico-semantic and grammatical) means of providing the objective information in collective risk situations for Ukraine as well as its immediate neighbors, namely Poland, on two front lines at a time: on the COVID-19 front line, which has been held back for two and a half years, and the Russian-Ukrainian one, which entered its hottest phase on 24 February 2022. The objective of the study is to identify the evolutionary changes of the COVID-19 concept field during three days (23.02.2022 – 25.02.2022) based on the titles of Ukrainian and Polish news media texts in their axiological variability. The analysis of concept space is founded both on the principles of frequency of use of lexemes and word combinations, which reflect the course of events related to the coronavirus pandemic, and on the evaluative division of headlines which have neutral, positive or negative connotations. Methodology. The main methods used in the study are contextual, syntagmatic and component analyses. Contextual analysis has allowed us to determine how and by which linguistic means the concept COVID-19 and its concept field are presented. It has also made it possible to show the linguistic means representing the journalists’ desire to convey information to the audience and enabled us to demonstrate the relationship between the nature of linguistic interpretation and the variants of the texts’ axiological paradigm. Syntagmatic analysis, i.e. the analysis of left and right word combinability in the media text, has revealed the subject-object relations in presentation of the concept and the degree of saturation of the concept field with metaphorical models based on the axiological principles. Component analysis has unveiled the specific fea-tures of the meaning structure of individual lexical-semantic variants of words. Results. The main results of the study of 111 headlines of Ukrainian (56) and Polish (55) media messages are development of the COVID-19 concept field based on representation of the medical term as a nuclear concept in the subject-object relations within the headline complex and identification of evolutionary (quantitative and qualitative) changes during the above mentioned three-day period. The most important changes are a significant decrease in the number of COVID publications under the influence of extra-lingual factors (the start of active hostilities in Ukraine on 24 February 2022) as well as situational convergence, i.e. contextually induced overlapping of subnuclear zone verbalisers of several concepts in the headlines of the positive segment in both Ukrainian (COVID-19 – ВІЙНА – ДОПОМОГА – АРМІЯ – ЖИТТЯ) and Polish (COVID-19 – WOJNA – POMOC) media space. Conclusions. It has been established that the linguistic means of different evaluative segments of the field have common and distinctive features. The commonality consists in informing the citizens about the course of events, while the difference lies in the ways the evaluative compo-nent of information is conveyed. The lexical and grammatical means are more actively used to actualize their semantic and stylistic potential in the headlines with negative and positive con-tent. The problem of presenting the objective information seems to be multifaceted. In particu-lar, it applies to coverage of the events during a period of active addressing both virtual (ab-stract) and real (concrete) threats. Solving this problem presupposes going beyond linguistics into the realm of psychology, neurolinguistic programming, geopolitical studies, social commu-nication, and other related disciplines.

The paper is dedicated to the analysis of irregular intensifying constructions in Fyodor Dostoevskys individual style, more specifically of irregular lexical combinations including an intensifier and a main word. The meaning of intensifies is completely focused on expressing the intensity of an attribute, action or state denominated by the main word. Fyodor Dostoevskys writing style tends to form certain types of irregular lexical combinations including intensifiers. Through a case study of intensifiers ochen , goryachii / goryacho , izo vsekh sil , etc. the article describes several main types of irregular combinations with the view to find out semantic effects of irregular combinability. The analysis has covered the complete corpus of Fyodor Doestoevskys texts (fiction, journalism, private correspondence, business correspondence and documents). The first discriminant mark of irregular combinations is the semantic contradiction between the terms, the violation of idiomatic compatibility rules is the second feature taken into account. Whereas collocational rules in modern Russian differ a lot from the language norms of the 19th century, the subcorpus of 19th century texts of the National Russian Corpus serves to test the irregular idiomatic combinability. The article shows how the irregular combinability causes context meaning shifts profiling peripheral semantic features of the main word or imposing on it an untypical and contradictory semantics. In irregular lexical combinations, the language representation changes due to the original authors reinterpretation of the referential situation. The irregular lexical combinations with intensifiers are thereafter a distinctive feature of Fyodor Dostoevskys individual writing style that reveals his original conceptualization of the world.

The main purpose of the PhD studies was to analyse the problem of the “not free combinability” between the words of the Russian language, in comparison with the Italian language, paying particular attention to the fixed structures connected with the semantic field of feeling and emotions. The choice to study the “not free combinability” between lexemes, (i.e. to analyse the regular fixed uses between two or more words, usually one next to the other, so that choosing the word “A” to express something, the choice of the word “B” to be combined with “A” is lexically fixed), was due to the interest in studying the rules of Russian language, which influence the fixed combination of words. Moreover, the interest in creating a structured teaching process to present such materials to Italian native speakers played an important role too. The need to analyse the matter not only from a linguistic point of view, but also considering the problem connected to the teaching of languages, was due to the importance of a correct use of such structures, as it guarantees a correct written and oral production and more precision in the translation process. Studying the fixed combinations, first, we tried to define their syntactic and semantic nature and, secondly, to conduct a depth analysis of real linguistic material in order to classify it, searching the common principles, on which base some types of substantives and some types of verbs join permanently to each other. Considering the above explanation, in the first chapter of the dissertation we analysed different linguistic theories that, according to many specialists, allow better to understand the characteristics of those syntactic-lexical structures that cannot be considered idioms, but not even free combinations of words. From this point of view, it was very important studying the works of various linguists such as A.A. Potebnja, F.F. Fortunatov, A.A. Šakhmatov, Ch. Bally, V.V. Vinogradov, N.M. Šanskij e A.I. Molotkov, just to list some names. This analysis enabled us to understand how the material we are interested in has been studied in the history of the Russian linguistic, and it gave us also the possibility to identify why the analysed structures are included in the linguistic science and, more precisely, in phraseology. Particularly important was the study of V.V. Vinogradov’s work. Moving from the Bally’s idea, who considered the structures we are interested in as fixed verbal combinations, used as periphrasis of verbs (prinimat’ rešenije – rešit’ / to make a decision – to decide), he outlined three possible meanings in the connections between the words of a language (prjamoj nominativnoe značenije, frazeologičeski svjazannoe značenije e sintaksičeski obuslovennoe značenije – nominal direct meaning, meaning connected to the phraseology and syntactically bound meaning). Then, on this base, he classified the phraseological structures (frazeologičeskije sraščenija, frazeologičeskije jedinstva e frazeologičeskije sočetanija – phraseological links, phraseological units and phraseological combinations), including the combinations that we are studying in the frazeologičeskije sočetanija (phraseological combinations). Moreover, in the doctoral work we analysed the link between semantic and syntax, on which the phraseological combinations are based. From this point of view, some principles of the G.A. Zolotova’s communicative grammar were very important. Particularly significant was the classification of Russian verbs provided in her study. The G.A. Zolotova’s analysis allowed better to understand the nature of the verb as semantic and structural unit of fixed combinations: in the frazeologičeskije sočetanija (phraseological combinations) to the noun binds almost always a particular type of verbs called, in the communicative grammar, kompensatory (compensators). These verbs, usually binding to an abstract substantive (for example čuvstvovat’ bespokojstvo – to feel concern), increase the semantic meaning of the fixed combination expressed by this substantive and allow to determine the syntactic links, through which the same fixed combination takes place in the entire phrase. The collected linguistic material has been analyzed, firstly, from semantic and structural points of view, and, secondly, it was studied focusing its stylistic characteristics. In fact we underlined how, very often, the choice of the fixed combinations that must be used depends also from the linguistic style of the produced text. Considering the above reflections, the decision to analyze the phraseological combinations related to the sphere of feelings and emotions was not accidental: our study has shown that such structures can be found in different types of languages (literary, journalistic, official, of everyday life etc.) and for this reason it was possible to extend the work taking into account different linguistic styles. For this purpose, we created a linguistic corpus containing a high number of examples of phraseological combinations referred to the semantic field of feeling and emotions. The linguistic material collected in the corpus was divided, firstly, on the basis of the “expressed feeling” (anxiety, hope, happiness, gratitude, curiosity etc.) and, secondly, considering its linguistic style (everyday language, literary language, public language, language of economy and business, journalistic language). In this way, starting from the basis of communicative linguistic, it was possible to conduct the present analysis on real linguistic material, studied inside its context of use. The created linguistic corpus was used as basis for the work carried out in the second chapter, i.e. for the construction of a classification model for the phraseological combinations, object of the dissertation. As underlined, these structures have been studied not only according to the different linguistic styles, but also considering the syntactic and linguistic connections between the words, that compose the phraseological combinations and also between such combinations and the rest of the text in which they are included. We identified four possible syntactic-lexical relations on which basis the substantives that express feelings and emotions join with different verbs. Within these four reports, we studied the types of verbs that join with the various substantives considering the syntactic-lexical relations expressed by the sentence. Thanks to this study it was possible to show that, although there are some exceptions, according to the syntactic-lexical relation that must be expressed, there are some verbs that in a big percentage join in fixed combinations with the most of the substantives of the same semantic field, or with most of those which have similar semantic characteristics. Stylistically and syntactically, we studied how, taking into account the style of the text that we have to produce, it is possible to use the upper mentioned forms, or to substitute them with different structures, which, however, maintain the same semantic value. This part of the analysis showed that the fixed phraseological combinations are stylistically marked structures used, usually, in the literature, in official documents, in journalism. In everyday colloquial language, on the opposite, personal forms, passive participial forms and impersonal predicative forms of the verbs replace such structures. For example, in colloquial language, instead of fixed phraseological combinations as “emu okhvatylo bespokojstvo” (the concern assailed him), prevail forms as “on bespokoitsja” (he is worried), “emu strašno” (he is scared) etc.. For some substantives, then, the choice to substitute the fixed phraseological combination with the correspondent verbal form, or, in some cases, with the passive participial form, depends by the meaning that must be transmitted. For example, the form “on čuvstvuet ljubov’” (he feels love), can be replaced by the expression “on ljubit” (he loves) and by “on vljublen” (he falled in love), but considering that, from a semantic point of view, the forms “on ljubit” (he loves) and “on vljublen” (he falled in love) have different meanings. In the final part of the second chapter, after the linguistic analysis of the collected material, we proposed the hypothesis that these structures can be studied also considering the theory of the so called “kartina mira” (i.e. how the speaker’s conception of the surrounding reality is reflected in the linguistic expressions of a certain people). This hypothesis is based on the idea that in the studied constructions the substantives receive a metaphoric meaning that allow them to join with a specific verb. Both works (the lexical-syntactic analysis and the analysis of the collected expressions from the metaphorical point of view) have been conducted in a contrastive perspective with Italian language. The aim of such decision was constantly to underline the links and the differences between the two languages with reference to the construction and to the use of fixed phraseological combinations. As already mentioned, the linguistic analysis was complemented by a proposal of practical use of phraseological combinations in the teaching of Russian language to the Italian native speakers. This part of analysis was treated in the third chapter of the dissertation. This proposal has taken into account the fundamental principles of foreign language teaching and considered the big literature that describes the particularity in teaching of phraseology, of lexicology and of syntax. After the analysis of existing materials about the teaching of fixed phraseological combinations in Russian as foreign language, and after studying the approaches to the matter in the most common manuals, we defined the linguistic activities related to the choice of material. We considered the meaning of the fixed phraseological combinations, the syntactic possibilities to replace them with other linguistic structures on the base of the used linguistic register, the frequency with which the various fixed structures are used in the different type of texts, the presence, or the absence, of similar structures in Italian language. After choosing the linguistic material, considering the above listed principles, we defined the teaching methodological bases, i.e. how to present the material and how to fix the time for exercises and for control of the skills. As explained, these choices were made considering the teaching of Russian language not to foreigners in general, but in particular to Italian native speakers. The result of the analysis carried out in the third chapter was a concrete proposal of didactic materials, organized for a course of ten lessons, in order to teach the main and most frequent fixed phraseological combinations that must be not only recognized, but also active used in the autonomous production. The material for these ten lessons has been completely organized within the temporal limits of an academic lecture and is followed by other material that presents also the less frequent combinations. The two blocks of teaching material have been distinguished, in order to choose when use only one of them and when use both, depending by the available time for the course. In this way, in the presented work we linked the linguistic theory, the linguistic analysis applied to the created corpus and the fundamental didactic principles, in order to provide the theoretic base for the study of frazeologičeskije sočetanija (phraseological combinations), and also to formulate an hypothesis for practical study of the analyzed structures in a course of Russian language.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the patterns of language alternation in the Polish community in Lithuania, which can be described as an indigenous ethnic group that has been living on the territory of modern-day Lithuania since the fourteenth century (Potašenko 2007). Following two language ideologies, Russification during Soviet times and Lithuanisation post-independence, the Lithuanian Poles developed complex linguistic repertoires, consisting of the regional and standard variety of Polish, Russian and Lithuanian. One of the most significant consequences of the prolonged language contact has been the emergence of frequent and regular language alternation between the regional variety of Polish and Russian, which constitutes the focal point of the present study. As the existing research suggests, the linguistic phenomena arising as a result of language contact can be situated along a continuum, which starts with code-switching, then gradually moves towards code-mixing and finally evolves into a conventionalised fused lect (Auer 1999). 'Classic' code-switching is characterised by the locally meaningful juxtaposition of the two languages, code-mixing can be described as a type of interaction where the switched mode of speaking becomes the norm while a fused lect is an even further development of bilingual speech, which presupposes loss of variation and an increase of linguistic structure. The data for the present study come from a corpus of spontaneous conversations involving members of the Polish community. The recordings were collected in the city of Vilnius and feature 25 respondents in their twenties. The data analysis reveals that all three types of language alternation feature in the present corpus; however, code-mixing is clearly the preferred type. It immediately manifests itself in the frequent insertion of Russian single switches and larger constituents into the Polish base. As a result of its wide spread and frequency, language alternation has lost its immediate local meaning and the pattern of frequent Polish-Russian mixing has become the accepted mode of speaking within the Polish speech community.

Notre sujet de recherche est l'étude du phénomène citationnel dans les titres d'articles de la presse russe contemporaine. Les citations présentes dans les titres renvoient à différentes références culturelles textuelles : des citations d'oeuvres littéraires, d'écrits politiques, de textes de chansons, de titres ou de répliques de films, etc. La présente étude est réalisée sur 25 journaux et magazines des années 2002-2004 touchant un lectorat très large, du fait de leur tirage allant de 50000 à 3 millions d'exemplaires. Nous démontrons dans notre étude que ces citations appartiennent au phénomène appelé dans la langue russe "krylatye slova" (paroles ailées) qui désigne le phénomène des citations courantes. Ce phénomène, qui existe dans d'autres langues, n'a jamais été jusqu'à présent l'objet d'étude en tant que phénomène linguistique et culturel en France. L'utilisation de ces citations courantes, connues d'un large public à une époque donnée, dans un pays donné, est un marqueur d'identification nationale pour les locuteurs, qui n'ont pu avoir accès à la majorité de ces références que par l'exposition à une éducation commune et à une vie dans un champ culturel commun. Notre étude de l'utilisation de ces citations dans les titres d'article de la presse russe contemporaine donne donc un aperçu sur les références qui constituent le fonds culturel commun des Russes d'aujourd'hui. Notre étude propose également un instrument accessible à tous permettant de découvrir et recenser ces références, actualisées à une époque donnée
The subject of our research work is the study of the quotations phenomena that appear in the articles titles of the contemporary russian press. These quotations refer to source texts belonging to different categories of the culture : literary works, political works, songs, movies,... Our research work is based on the analysis of articles published in 25 russian newspapers and magazines, mainly on the period 2002-2004. These newspapers and magazines address a wide public, with prints up to 3 millions. We demonstrate in our work that the quotations that may be found in the article titles are "krylatye slova" (winged words, that is to say usual quotations). This phenomena exist as such in russian and german linguistics but has not been studied until now as a specific phenomena in french linguistics. The usage of winged words, quotations widely known by the general public at a given period of time in a specific country, is a sign of national identification for the speakers, as these quotations refer to cultural knowledge they could acquire only through a common education and exposure to life in the same country. Our work gives an overview of the common cultural references of the contemporary russian people, and proposes a tool, accessible to everybody, to discover these references, actualized at a specific period of time

碩士
中國文化大學
俄國語文學系
98
Title of thesis : The study of Russian derived words in Taiwan Key word : 1.Derived words 2. Prefixes 3. Suffixes Name of Institute : Graduate Institute of Russian Language and Literature, Chinese Culture University Graduate date : 29 July 2010 Degree conferred : Master Name of student : Weng Fang-Yi Advisor : Laskaleva E. R. Abstract: The purpose of the thesis is to discuss the study of Russian derived words in Taiwan. In linguistics, the problem of Russian derived words is a part of important subject. When foreigners are learning Russian, one of the key points is to understand the Russian prefixes and suffixes. Word formation - a section of the science of language, which studies the structure of words and methods of forming words. Under the derived words is often understood, that the formation of words only with the help of affixes - prefixes and suffixes. 1. Research objects The objects are Russian derivative composition. At first, we show all Russian affixes - prefixes and suffixes. Then, we analyzed and discussed the words in book of lexical minimum for an elementary level knowledge of Russian as a foreign language. 2. Research results The followings results are obtained: 1） The most difficult for Taiwanese students was the selection of suffixes (the result - less than 10%). 2） The analysis of lexical minimum for an elementary level knowledge of Russian as a foreign language we selected derived words in number of 342 units. 3） We have identified and described four subgroups: I. Derived words, formed with suffixes: 197 units. II. Derived words, formed with prefixes: 53 units. III. Derivatives, formed by compounding: 47 units. IV. The complex derivative: 45 units. 4） Studying Russian derivative words is desirable to conduct a phased manner, taking into account the logical-semantic relations between producing and derivatives of words. 5） Describing each of the identified subgroups of derivative words, determining the ratios of derivatives between related words, and some nests of words. 3. Research materials We used dictionary «Словообразовательный словарь русского языка» by Тихонов А.Н and book «Лексический минимум по русскому языку как иностранному. Элементарный уровень» by Т.В.Козлова.

Languages differ in how vowel length is applied, which can affect the acquisition of a second language. In Czech, the length is phonological. There are practically no restrictions on its occurrence. It is also completely independent of word stress. In Russian, the length of vocals does not have a phonological status but can be an accompanying characteristic in the implementation of a word stress. The subject of the experiment is the perceptual analysis of vocal quantity in Czech as L2 in Russian speakers (8 subjects). The material consists of recordings of a set of trisyllabic words (48 lexemes, 256 items), in which the structure of quantity (8 different patterns) is checked.

This article is devoted to the study of the translation of onomatopoeia in English-language comics into the Russian language. Onomatopoeic words cause difficulties in their translation, which creates the need to study onomatopoeia from the point of view of their special characteristics, such as their optional role. The need for creative rethinking, full consideration of the context as well as getting into the situation are especially highlighted.

The article analyzes transformation of word-forms during spontaneous creation in live television broadcasting. Particular attention is paid to adjectives adverbs. The specific properties of adverbs makes it easier to trace general trends in their transformations, because adverbs are not burdened with many different forms and their variations, that occur in the process of word change of some other class of words at the same time adverbiatives allow to analyze in more detail the semantical and grammatical structure of speech. The main method we use is to observe the speech of live TV journalist, we used during the study methods of comparative analysis of comparison of theoretical positions from the work of individual linguists and journalists. Our objective is to trace these transformations and develop a certain attitude towards them in our researches of the language of the media and practicing journalists to support positive trends in the development of the broadcasting on TV and give recommendations for overcoming certain negative trends. All studies of the problems of transformation of grammatical forms in different ways relate to translation studies, mostly investigate the grammatical transformations, that the translator resorted to, when reproducing the original by means of another language. At first glance, it would be logical, if the live speech of television journalists was dominated by transformations? Associated with the translation from internal to foreign broadcasting in cases where natural for this TV journalists is Russian-speaking internal broadcasting and he reproducing the text from internal Russian-speaking. The transformation of grammatical forms however this cannot be seen in the live use of adverbiatives. An interesting trend can also be seen in the transformation of different types of gramma­tical forms. In particular, negative interference is mostly characteristic of the forms of corporate adverbs. Forms of the same word with the same grammatical meaning is such overlapping of two forms of the same grammatical meaning is practically impossible outside of adjectives adverbial and adjectives themselves. Only a small number of transformations are associated with the forms of superlatives.

The article is devoted to substandard elements which are considered as one of the components in the system of urban forms of communication. The Object of our research is substandard vocabulary, the Subject is structural characteristics of the modern city language, the Purpose of the study is to define the main types of substandard vocabulary and their role in the system of urban communication. The theoretical base of our research includes the scientific works of native and foreign linguists, which are devoted to urban linguistics (B. Larin, M. Makovskyi, V. Labov, T. Yerofeieva, L. Pederson, R. McDavid, O. Horbach, L. Stavytska, Y. Stepanov, S. Martos). Different lexical and phraseological units, taken from the Ukrainian, Russian and American Dictionaries of slang and jargon, serve as the material of our research. The main components of the city language include literary language, territorial dialects, different intermediate transitional types, which are used in the colloquial everyday communication but do not have territorial limited character, and social dialects. The structural characteristics, proposed in the article, demonstrate the variety and correlation of different subsystems of the city language. Today peripheral elements play the main role in the city communication. They are also called substandard, non-codified, marginal, non-literary elements or the jargon styles of communication. Among substandard elements of the city language the most important are social dialects, which include such subsystems as argot, jargon and slang. The origin, functioning and characteristics of each subsystem are studied on the material of linguistic literature of different countries. It is also ascertained that argot is the oldest form of sociolects, jargon divides into corporative and professional ones, in the structure of slangy words there are common and special slang. Besides, we can speak about sociolectosentrism of the native linguistics and linguemosentrism of the English tradition of slang nomination. Except social dialects, the important structural elements of the city language are also intermediate transitional types, which include koine, colloquialisms, interdialect, surzhyk, pidgin and creole. Surzhyk can be attributed to the same type of language formations as pidgin and creole because these types of oral speech were created mostly by means of the units mixing of the obtruded language of the parent state with the elements of the native languages.

The article examines modern media texts in the field of political journalism; the role of information narratives and emotional markers in media doctrine is clarified; verbal expression of rational meanings in the articles of famous Ukrainian analysts is shown. Popular theories of emotions in the process of cognition are considered, their relationship with the author’s personality, reader psychology and gonzo journalism is shown. Since the media text, in contrast to the text, is a product of social communication, the main narrative is information with the intention of influencing public opinion. Media text implies the presence of the author as a creator of meanings. In addition, media texts have universal features: word, sound, visuality (stills, photos, videos). They are traditionally divided into radio, TV, newspaper and Internet texts. The concepts of multimedia and hypertext are related to online texts. Web combinations, especially in political journalism, have intensified the interactive branching of nonlinear texts that cannot be published in traditional media. The Internet as a medium has created the conditions for the exchange of ideas in the most emotional way. Hence Gonzo’s interest in journalism, which expresses impressions of certain events in words and epithets, regardless of their stylistic affiliation. There are many such examples on social media in connection with the events surrounding the Wagnerians, the Poroshenko case, Russia’s new aggression against Ukraine, and others. Thus, the study of new features of media text in the context of modern political narratives and emotional markers is important in media research. The article focuses review of etymology, origin and features of using lexemes “cмисл (meaning)” and “сенс (sense)” in linguistic practice of Ukrainians results in the development of meanings and functional stylistic coloring in the usage of these units. Lexemes “cмисл (meaning)” and “сенс (sense)” are used as synonyms, but there are specific fields of meanings where they cannot be interchanged: lexeme “сенс (sense)” should be used when it comes to reasonable grounds for something, lexeme “cмисл (meaning)” should be used when it comes to notion, concept, understanding. Modern political texts are most prominent in genres such as interviews with politicians, political commentaries, analytical articles by media experts and journalists, political reviews, political portraits, political talk shows, and conversations about recent events, accompanied by effective emotional narratives. Etymologically, the concept of “narrative” is associated with the Latin adjective “gnarus” – expert. Speakers, philosophers, and literary critics considered narrative an “example of the human mind.” In modern media texts it is not only “story”, “explanation”, “message techniques”, “chronological reproduction of events”, but first of all the semantic load and what subjective meanings the author voices; it is a process of logical presentation of arguments (narration). The highly professional narrator uses narration as a “method of organizing discourse” around facts and impressions, impresses with his political erudition, extraordinary intelligence and creativity. Some of the above theses are reflected in the following illustrations from the Ukrainian media: “Culture outside politics” – a pro-Russian narrative…” (MP Gabibullayeva); “The next will be Russia – in the post-Soviet space is the Arab Spring…” (journalist Vitaly Portnikov); “In Russia, only the collapse of Ukraine will be perceived as success” (Pavel Klimkin); “Our army is fighting, hiding from the leadership” (Yuri Butusov).