Relevant bibliographies by topics / Column injection

Academic literature on the topic 'Column injection'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Column injection"

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Kehr, Ján, and Mikuláš Chavko. "Protection, efficiency, and some practical aspects of use of CGC columns in high performance liquid chromatography." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 51, no. 10 (1986): 2091–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19862091.

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Some practical adaptations of compact glass cartridge (CGC) columns and design of related components of the high-performance liquid chromatographic system are suggested; included are the design of a Teflon guard column and its filling procedure, an intra-column sample injector for on-column sample delivery or for injection into the precolumn, replacement of a contaminated packing or replenishment of packing at the top of the CGC column, a procedure for shortening the column to a desired length, and the possibility of thermostatting the column by means of a water jacket. These adaptations make it possible to increase the lifetime of the CGC column as much as five times without loss of efficiency, and to use partly damaged or imperfectly packed columns.
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Wylie, Philip, and Katsura Uchiyama. "Improved Gas Chromatographic Analysisof Organophosphorus Pesticides with Pulsed Splitless Injectiony." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 2 (March 1, 1996): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.2.571.

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Abstract Gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of 6 organo-phosphorus pesticides (methamidophos, acephate, omethoate, diazinon, dimethoate, and chlorpyrifos) was performed with cool on-column, splitless, and pulsed splitless injections and with nitrogen–phos phorus or mass-selective detection. The pulsed splitless technique uses a high column flow rate during injection to sweep the sample out of the inlet rapidly, reducing analyte loss due to adsorption or thermal decomposition. After injection, the column flow rate is automatically reduced to normal values for chromatographic analysis. Pesticide recoveries for splitless and pulsed splitless injections were determined by comparison of GC peak areas with those obtained with cool on-column injection. With conventional splitless injection at a column flow rate of 5 mL/min, recoveries of acephate, omethoate, and methamidophos were only 57, 63, and 71 %, respectively. Pulsed splitless methods with very fast injection flow rates dramatically improved recoveries, with all 6 pesticides falling in the 97–102% range. Because column flow rates are much less for GC with mass spectral detection (GC/MS), recoveries with splitless injection were lower and improvements with pulsed splitless injection were less dramatic for GC/MS. When splitless injection was used, recoveries of the 6 pesticides spiked into a green bean matrix were better than those of pesticides dissolved in pure solvent, presumably because matrix compounds compete with pesticides for active sites in the inlet. By using pulsed splitless injection of solvent standards with very fast initial column flow rates, systematic analyte losses in the inlet were eliminated, making recoveries of pesticides from solvent and green bean matrix very similar.
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Hopper, Marvin L. "Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues Using Simultaneous Injection of Two Capillary Columns with Electron Capture and Electrolytic Conductivity Detectors." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 6 (November 1, 1991): 974–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.6.974.

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Abstract A system has been developed that will allow low level screening of 31 organochlorine pesticide residues using simultaneous injection on 2 dissimilar capillary columns. An electron capture detector was attached to a DB-1701 column, and an electrolytic conductivity detector in the halogen mode was attached to a DB-5 column. Chlorinated pesticide amounts ranging from 0.05 ng for γ-BHC to 1.5 ng for decamethrin can easily be quantitated and confirmed. The system can be used in either the column programmed mode or the isothermal column mode. Good reproducibility was obtained for injections in both modes. This system can easily be retrofitted to any gas chromatograph using on column or split/splitless injectors.
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Watanabe, Chuichi, and Keiji Hashimoto. "Direct injection of large sample volumes into capillary columns with packed column injector." Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 13, no. 9 (September 1990): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240130905.

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Hagman, Gunnar, and Johan Roeraade. "Automated at-column injection into narrow bore capillary GC columns." Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14, no. 10 (October 1991): 686–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240141010.

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Ma, R., and Yan Xiao. "Seismic Retrofit and Repair of Circular Bridge Columns with Advanced Composite Materials." Earthquake Spectra 15, no. 4 (November 1999): 747–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586070.

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Experimental studies on seismic retrofit and repair of typical circular bridge columns with poor lap splice details utilizing prefabricated glass fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite jackets and epoxy are presented in this paper. A total of seven tests on three 1/2-scale model columns were conducted. One column was tested under “as-built” condition and the other two columns were retrofitted with prefabricated composite individual and continuous jackets respectively. The jackets were applied in the potential plastic hinge region of the column to increase its lateral confinement. Brittle failure was observed in the “as-built” model column due to the bond deterioration of lap spliced longitudinal reinforcement. This brittle failure was prevented in the retrofitted columns. The repairing of failed “as-built” column by injecting epoxy into damaged plastic region resulted in significant stiffening of the portion and increase of capacity and ductility. The second repair of the specimen using both epoxy injection and prefabricated composite jacketing effectively improved its behavior further. The results of this study indicated that dramatic improvement in ductility and energy absorption capacity of columns can be achieved using these retrofit and repair methods.
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Parfitt, Charles H. "Wide-Bore Capillary Gas Chromatographic Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Foods: Interlaboratory Trial." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.1.92.

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Abstract Wide-Bore capillary columns are often used as alternatives to traditionally packed columns for gas chromatographic (GC) determination of pesticide residues in foods. Fused silica columns with cross-linked, bonded stationary phases are reproducible, rugged, and easy to use and are substantially more inert than their packed column equivalents. An interlaboratory trial was conducted in 5 U.S. Food and Drug Administration laboratories to determine the practicability of using isothermal wide-bore capillary GC as an alternative to the packed column GC systems used in AOAC Official Methods for determining pesticide residues in foods. Two wide-bore capillary columns with flame photometric detection were evaluated with respect to the following: linearity of detector response; repeatability of response for equal and unequal injection volumes of standard solutions; accuracy of quantitating pesticides in food extracts when the injection volumes or analyte concentrations of the standard solution and the food extract are different; recoveries of 23 pesticides from 5 fortified food extracts, calculated from both duplicate and single injections; and relative retention times. Before shipment, food extracts supplied to participants were fortified with pesticides after preparation and extraction of the foods by Official Method 985.22. The performance of wide-bore capillary columns with cross-linked bonded methyl silicone and methyl phenyl silicone stationary phases was equal or superior to that of the packed columns specified in the Official Method.
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Dadonova, Anna, Ivan Yakoviv, and Valerii Kozlovskiy. "Method of protection of database management systems against sql-identifier injection attacks." Science-based technologies 52, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/2310-5461.52.16385.

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The article reviews SQL injection and SQL identifier injection attacks in database management systems, identifies their nature, the threats they pose, and the types of these attacks. A new method of protecting database management systems from SQL identifier injection attacks is also covered. Proposed solution are functions that can be added to the prepared API statements: setColumnName: uses the column name and its index as arguments and setTableName: uses the table name and its index as arguments. This method allows you to prepare operators to fill placeholders with table and column names, prevents SQL-IDIA, does not skip schema information, has no restrictions on input-based sanitation approaches. These two features help prevent database management systems from leaking confidential database information by performing a default operation when the input column or table name does not exist in the database. For example, if a column name is used in a particular function and the column name is invalid, the database management system will sort the results by the first column of the table. Only the table and column names in our advanced API were examined, as GitHub analysis showed that 96% of concatenated IDs were table and column names. In all experiments, the new setColumnName feature surpassed the implementation of dynamic whitelisting. In two experiments, the implementation of a static whitelist slightly exceeded the name function of the new set of columns. Although this special approach has little performance advantage, whitelisting approaches can add non-trivial complexity to program code and lead to erroneous results. The new setColumnName feature has successfully prevented all these attacks. Filling placeholders with column names is practical and effective compared to existing special approaches, does not create additional costs compared to the existing functions of the trained operator, and is effective against SQL identifier injection attack.
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Penton, Z. "Gas-chromatographic determination of ethanol in blood with 0.53-mm fused-silica open tubular columns." Clinical Chemistry 33, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 2094–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.11.2094.

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Abstract Several 0.53 mm (i.d.) fused-silica open tubular columns were evaluated for the gas-chromatographic determination of ethanol and other volatiles in blood by both headspace and liquid injection. These columns offer the advantages of fused-silica technology without requiring expensive modification of the instrument for capillary. Methyl silicone columns of various lengths and film thicknesses were examined and also a polyethylene glycol column. The merits of each column are discussed and relative retention times are given.
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Alkhateeb, Fadi L., Taylor C. Hayward, and Kevin B. Thurbide. "A novel ultrashort capillary gas chromatography method using on-column injection and detection." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 94, no. 4 (April 2016): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2015-0068.

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A novel method for ultrashort capillary column gas chromatography (GC) analysis is introduced, which employs on-column injection and detection and rapid temperature programming. Using 10–20 cm long capillary columns, results showed that the method provides efficient and very rapid separations for relatively simple mixtures. Moreover, the on-column aspect of the method used here is demonstrated to avoid the extra column analyte degradation that can occur in traditional approaches to such separations. As a result, the developed method allows for the first time the GC analysis of some very large and (or) highly thermally labile analytes, such as polypeptides and drug molecules that are normally prone to decomposition. As an application, this method is further used to monitor pharmaceutical degradant formation as a function of temperature and was found to provide similar results to those obtained from conventional high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Overall, the findings indicate that this ultrashort GC column approach could be useful in these areas and potentially others, where relatively simple GC analysis and universal flame ionization detection is desirable.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Column injection"

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Ramirez, Coterio Viviana A. "Optimization of Air-injection Spargers for Column Flotation Applications." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71425.

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Column flotation cells have become the most popular machine designed for industrial applications that require the separation and concentration of wanted or unwanted minerals from the rest material associated in a pulp. To achieve this process separation an air sparging device, which is required to produce bubbles in the flotation cell is required. In column flotation operations, Sparger sparging devices are employed in column flotation operations to generate small bubbles into the cell with the aim to carry the the desired mineral to the surface for later be recovered and proceeded. However, field studies suggest that air injector sparging systems are not always optimized. Two of the reasonsReasons that contributinge to the lack of optimization areis unfavorable state are: (i) ineffective internal design of the sparging system, and (ii) poor operation techniques employed inby the industrial processing industrial plants. The present project intends to better understand sparging performance into the column cell and how to optimize sparging systems more effectively. To achieve this end, With this in mind, data of for gas-water injection rate, froth addition, and inlet-pressure have been collected and analyzed. The This data not only will facilitate an insight of to better operational practices that plant operators can employ to improve column performance, but it also will make it possible to correct flaws in the design of the sparging systems currently used in column flotation operations.
Master of Science
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Actkinson, John Ira. "Minesweeping for pressure actuated mines by air injection into a water column." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5493.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
The U.S. Navy historically has not had an adequate means to remotely pressure-sweep for mines at reasonable speeds and cost, and this is still the case. The Navy has addressed such threats, but countermeasures are time consuming and considered to be very resource intensive. During this thesis two sets of data were collected in tow tank experiments using two different sizes of Bubble Squid apparatus. This thesis is a continuation of work already completed by Lieutenant Jeffery Murawski from December 2009. This continuation was able to extend the proof-of-concept with larger scale tow-tank testing at NPS. Further testing with the much larger three-meter Bubble Squid apparatus culminated in experiments conducted in March 2010 at the David Taylor Research Basin in Carderock, MD. The data that was collected and analyzed in this thesis will show that the Bubble Squid apparatus is a viable concept for solving the pressure influence minesweeping capability gap.
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Bonariol, Francesco. "Sizing of a packed stripping tower for seawater injection process and H2S abatement on an FPSO." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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The purpose of this working thesis is to study and analyze in depth the sea water injection unit found upon an FPSO. In particular, attention is focused on the vacuum deaeration column used for the degasification of the seawater stream in two stages: the first, with a lower vacuum degree and the second with a higher vacuum degree. Moreover, this thesis studies the mass transfer operation, carrying out a profound dissertation of the mass transport phenomena, introducing the mass transfer equations and coefficients. This study has been developed because it is desired to size another stripping column inside a new process, which takes greater advantage of the mass transfer to remove oxygen from seawater. In the end, since there are chemical processes which produce H2S, this flue gas can’t be sent to the atmosphere so they are demolished and burnt inside an incinerator where SO2 is produced and then treated in a plant to arrive at pure S. The idea is to put in contact seawater and H2S in order to produce sulphate which are then treated in a specific plant for the abatement of sulphates. This would be an enormous economic advantage and it would simplify the process significantly.
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MacFarlane, John K., and Philip M. Gschwend. "Field analysis of groundwater for volatile organic contaminants using on-column aqueous injection capillary gas chromatography." MIT Energy Lab, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/18198.

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Northeast Utilities Service Company, Southern California Edison Company, Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation, American Power Service Company, Standard Oil Company and New England Power Service Company under the MIT Energy Laboratory Utilites Program
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Schneider, Mark S. "Analysis of Organic Pollutants by Micro Scale Liquid-Liquid Extraction and On-column Large Volume Injection Gas Chromatography." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46329.

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The analysis of organic pollutants in water is traditionally done following EPA procedures which commonly use liquid-liquid extraction. One liter of water is extracted three times with 60 mL of an organic solvent. The extract is concentrated and analyzed by gas chromatography. This procedure is time consuming and can cause losses of semi-volatile components, in addition to requiring a relatively large amount of organic solvent (180 mL). By performing the extraction directly in a GC autosampler vial using one milliliter of contaminated water and one milliliter of organic solvent, then injecting a large volume (~150 mL) of the organic layer taken directly from the vial by an autosampler, the same analysis can be done simpler, quicker, and with much less organic solvent (1 mL).
Master of Science
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HASEGAWA, Takuya, Tomonari UMEMURA, Akira KOIDE, Koichi CHIBA, Yuji UEKI, Kin-ichi TSUNODA, and Hiroki HARAGUCHI. "Evaluation of an ODS Column Modified with Zwitterionic/Nonionic Mixed Surfactants and Its Application to Direct Injection Determination of Inorganic Anions." 日本分析化学会, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8754.

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Yenco, Aileen C. "Decision Tree for Ground Improvement in Transportation Applications." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1384435786.

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Urio, Ricardo De Prá. "Desenvolvimento e avaliação de métodos de extração e separação cromatográfica em colunas monolíticas e superficialmente porosas para determinação de herbicidas triazínicos em solos e águas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-05042016-103159/.

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O uso de pesticidas levou ao aumento da produtividade e qualidade dos produtos agrícolas, porém o seu uso acarreta na intoxicação dos seres vivos pela ingestão gradativa de seus resíduos que contaminam o solo, a água e os alimentos. Dessa forma, há a necessidade do monitoramento constante de suas concentrações nos compartimentos ambientais. Para isto, busca-se o desenvolvimento de métodos de extração e enriquecimento de forma rápida, com baixo custo, gerando um baixo volume de resíduos, contribuindo com a química verde. Dentre estes métodos destacam-se a extração por banho de ultrassom e a extração por ponto nuvem. Após o procedimento de extração, o extrato obtido pode ser analisado por técnicas de Cromatografia a Líquido de Alta Eficiência (HPLC) e a Cromatografia por Injeção Sequencial (SIC), empregando fases estacionárias modernas, tais como as monolíticas e as partículas superficialmente porosas. O emprego de SIC com coluna monolítica (C18, 50 x 4,6 mm) e empacotada com partículas superficialmente porosas (C18, 30 x 4,6 mm, tamanho de partícula 2,7 µm) foi estudado para separação de simazina (SIM) e atrazina (ATR), e seus metabólitos, desetilatrazina (DEA), desisopropilatrazina (DIA) e hidroxiatrazina (HAT). A separação foi obtida por eluição passo-a-passo, com fases móveis compostas de acetonitrila (ACN) e tampão Acetato de Amônio/Ácido acético (NH4Ac/HAc) 2,5 mM pH 4,2. A separação na coluna monolítica foi realizada com duas fases móveis: MP1= 15:85 (v v-1) ACN:NH4Ac/HAc e MP2= 35:65 (v v-1) ACN:NH4Ac/HAc a uma vazão de 35 µL s-1. A separação na coluna com partículas superficialmente porosas foi efetivada com as fases móveis MP1= 13:87 (v v-1) ACN: NH4Ac/HAc e MP2= 35:65 (v v-1) ACN:NH4Ac/HAc à vazão de 8 µL s-1. A extração por banho de ultrassom em solo fortificado com os herbicidas (100 e 1000 µg kg-1) resultou em recuperações entre 42 e 160%. A separação de DEA, DIA, HAT, SIM e ATR empregando HPLC foi obtida por um gradiente linear de 13 a 35% para a coluna monolítica e de 10 a 35% ACN na coluna com partículas superficialmente porosas, sendo a fase aquosa constituída por tampão NH4Ac/HAc 2,5 mM pH 4,2. Em ambas as colunas a vazão foi de 1,5 mL min-1 e o tempo de análise 15 min. A extração por banho de ultrassom das amostras de solo com presença de ATR, fortificadas com concentrações de 250 a 1000 µg kg-1, proporcionou recuperações entre 40 e 86%. A presença de ATR foi confirmada por espectrometria de massas. Foram realizados estudos de fortificação com ATR e SIM em amostras de água empregando a extração por ponto nuvem com o surfactante Triton-X114. A separação empregando HPLC foi obtida por um gradiente linear de 13 a 90% de ACN para a coluna monolítica e de 10 a 90% de ACN para a coluna empacotada, sempre em tampão NH4Ac/HAc 2,5 mM pH 4,2. Em ambas as colunas a vazão foi de 1,5 mL min-1 e o tempo de análise 16 min. Fortificações entre 1 e 50 µg L-1 resultaram em recuperações entre 65 e 132%.
The use of pesticides has led to increased productivity and quality of agricultural products, but its use brings the intoxication of living beings by the gradual intake of their residues that contaminate soil, water and food. Thus, there is the need for constant monitoring of their concentrations in environmental compartments. For this, there is a quest for development of fast extraction and enrichment methods, at low cost, generating a low volume of waste, contributing to green chemistry. These methods include the extraction assisted by ultrasound bath and the cloud point extraction. After the extraction, the extract obtained can be analyzed by techniques such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Sequential Injection Chromatography (SIC) employing modern stationary phases, such as monolithic and superficially porous particles. The use of SIC with either monolithic column (C18, 50 x 4.6 mm) or column packed with superficially porous particles (C18, 30 x 4.6 mm, 2.7 µM particle size) was studied for separating simazine (SIM) and atrazine (ATR), and metabolites, deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and hydroxyatrazine (HAT). Separation was obtained by stepwise elution, with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile (ACN) and 2.5 mM ammonium acetate / acetic acid (NH4Ac / HAc) pH 4.2 buffer. The separation was performed with two mobile phases: MP1 = 15:85 (v v -1) ACN: NH4Ac / HAc and MP2 = 35:65 (v v-1) ACN: NH4Ac / HAc at a flow rate of 35 µL s-1. The separation in the column with superficially porous particles was carried out with the mobile phases MP1 = 13:87 (v v-1) ACN: NH4Ac / HAc and MP2 = 35:65 (v v-1) ACN: NH4Ac / HAc at 8 µL s-1. The ultrasound bath extraction from a soil fortified with herbicides (100 and 1000 µg kg-1) resulted in recoveries between 42 and 160 %. Separation of DEA, DIA, HAT SIM and ATR was obtained by HPLC employing a linear gradient from 13 to 35% for the monolithic column and from 10 to 35% ACN in the column packed with superficially porous particles, with the aqueous phases consisting of 2.5 mM NH4Ac / HAc buffer pH 4.2. In both columns the flow rate was 1.5 mL min-1 and the analysis time was15 min. Ultrasonic extraction from a soil sample containing ATR, fortified with concentrations from 250 to 1000 µg kg-1, provided recoveries between 40 and 86%. The presence of ATR was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Fortification studies with ATR and SIM were carried out in water samples employing cloud point extraction using Triton-X114 surfactant. The separation was accomplished by HPLC using a linear gradient from 13 to 90 % of ACN for the monolithic column and from 10 to 90 % ACN for the packed column, always in 2.5 mM NH4Ac / HAc pH 4.2 buffer. In both columns the flow rate was 1.5 mL min -1 and the analysis time 16 min. Fortifications between 1 and 50 µg L-1 resulted in recoveries between 65 and 132%.
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Manivannan, Sivaprasath. "Measuring permeability vs depth in the unlined section of a wellbore using the descent of a fluid column made of two distinct fluids : inversion workflow, laboratory & in-situ tests." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX086/document.

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Dans les puits de production d’eau, de pétrole, de gaz et de chaleur géothermique, ou dans les puits d’accès à un stockage d’hydrocarbures, il est précieux de connaître la perméabilité de la formation ou de sa couverture en fonction de la profondeur, soit pour améliorer le modèle de réservoir, soit pour choisir les zones dans lesquelles procéder à des opérations spéciales.On propose une technique qui consiste à balayer la hauteur du découvert par une interface entre deux liquides de viscosités très contrastées. Le débit total qui pénètre la formation à chaque instant est ainsi une fonction de la position de l’interface et de l’historique des pressions dans le puits. On doit alors résoudre un problème inverse : rechercher la perméabilité fonction de la profondeur à partir de l’historique des débits dans le temps. Dans la pratique, le puits est équipé d’un tube central. Le balayage est effectué par injection d’un liquide à pression d’entrée constante dans le tube central et soutirage d’un autre liquide par l’espace annulaire. On mesure les débits d’injection et de soutirage dont la différence est le débit qui entre dans la formation.Pour valider et améliorer cette technique, on a d’abord utilisé une maquette simulant un découvert multi-couches disponible au LMS. On a exploité aussi des essais en place réalisés dans la couverture peu perméable d’un stockage souterrain de gaz. Dans ces essais, un liquide visqueux placé dans le découvert était déplacé par un liquide moins visqueux (méthode dite « opening »). Les couches plus perméables étaient correctement identifiées (Manivannan et al. 2017), mais une estimation quantitative était un défi en raison des phénomènes transitoires qui affectent le voisinage immédiat des puits. De plus, le rayon investigué dans le massif était petit.La thèse a relevé ces défis en proposant un essai légèrement différent et une nouvelle technique d’interprétation. Les essais avec une maquette modifiée ont montré la supériorité d’une méthode « closing » dans laquelle le puits est d’abord rempli du liquide le moins visqueux. On ménage une période de stabilisation avant l’injection du liquide visqueux pour réduire les effets transitoires ; elle permet aussi d’estimer la perméabilité moyenne et l’influence de la zone endommagée à la paroi (le « skin »).Puis on conduit l’essai proprement dit. L’historique des débits mesurés en tête de puits constitue le profil d’injection dont on déduit le profil de perméabilité.. Cette estimation suppose un écoulement monophasique dans chaque couche et la même « skin » pour toute la formation. Les incertitudes principales portent sur les pressions de formation et les variations possibles du « skin ». Elles sont estimées au moyen d’un calcul analytique. On a vérifié sur la maquette que les profils de perméabilité estimés présentent une bonne concordance avec les perméabilités mesurées avant les essais.On a réalisé un essai sur un sondage de 1750 m de long atteignant une couche de sel dont on a correctement estimé la perméabilité moyenne pendant la période de stabilisation. Toutefois elle était si faible (4.0E-21 m²) que l’utilisation de deux fluides n’a pas permis de faire une différence entre les diverses parties du puits
In wells producing water, oil, gas or geothermal energy, or in access wells to hydrocarbon storage, it is critical to evaluate the permeability of the formation as a function of depth, to improve the reservoir model, and also to identify the zones where additional investigation or special completions are especially useful.A new technique is proposed, consisting of scanning the open hole (uncased section of the wellbore) with an interface between two fluids with a large viscosity contrast. The injection rate into the formation depends on interface location and well pressure history. An inverse problem should be solved: estimate permeability as a function of depth from the evolution of flow rates with time. The wells are usually equipped with a central tube. The scanning is done by injecting a liquid in the central tube at constant wellhead pressure. Injection and withdrawal rates are measured at the wellhead; the difference between these two rates is the formation injection rate.To validate and improve this technique, we used a laboratory model mimicking a multi-layer formation, already available at LMS. We also made use of in-situ tests performed on an ultra-low permeable cap rock above an underground gas storage reservoir. In these tests, a viscous fluid contained in the open hole was displaced by a less-viscous fluid (a method called opening WTLog). The more permeable layers were correctly identified (Manivannan et al. 2017), but a quantitative estimation was challenging due to transient phenomena in the vicinity of the wellbore (near-wellbore zone). In addition, the investigation radius was small.These challenges are addressed by proposing a slightly modified test procedure and a new interpretation workflow. Laboratory tests with a modified test setup showed the advantages of the ‘closing’ method in which the well is filled with a less-viscous fluid at the start of the test. We also added a stabilization period before the injection of viscous fluid to minimize the transient effects; this period is also used to estimate the average permeability of the open hole and the effect of near-wellbore damage (skin).Then the test proper is performed (closing WTLog). The injection profile of the less-viscous fluid is computed from the wellhead flow rate history. A permeability profile is estimated from the injection profile. The permeability estimation considers a monophasic flow in each layer and the same skin value for all the formation layers. Major uncertainties in the permeability estimates are caused by formation pressures and heterogeneities in skin values; they are estimated using an analytical formula. We have verified on the laboratory setup that the estimated permeability profiles are well correlated to the permeabilities measured before the tests.An attempt was made to perform a WTLog in a 1750-m long wellbore opening in a salt formation. The first phase was successful and the average permeability was correctly assessed. However, this permeability was so small (4.0E-21 m² or 4 nD) that the gauges and the flowmeters were not accurate enough to allow a clear distinction between the permeabilities of the various parts of the open hole
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CARDOSO, VALBERT N. "Estudos farmacocineticos do sup131I-steviosideo e seus metabolitos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1993. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10342.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Books on the topic "Column injection"

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Grob, Konrad. On-column injection in capillary gas chromatography: Basic technique, retention gaps, solvent effects. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: Hüthig, 1991.

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Grob, Konrad. On-column injection in capillary gas chromatography: Basic technique, retention gaps, solvent effects. Heidelberg: Hüthig, 1987.

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Shilyaev, Mihail, Elena Hromova, Aleksandr Bogomolov, A. Pavlenko, and V. Butov. Modeling of hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer in dispersed media. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1865376.

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The monograph presents methods for calculating the dehydration of wet granular materials in industrial centrifuges, filter presses and vacuum filters under the influence of gravitational forces, as well as by purging the granular layer with dry air with elevated temperature; physical and mathematical models of gas absorption and the theory of capturing submicron dust by condensation in foam, centrifugal bubbling apparatus and hollow nozzle scrubbers, packing columns and tubular absorbers; physical and mathematical models of dry adsorption of gases in packing columns and flues by injecting a dispersed adsorbent into the flow are presented, a method for determining the phase equilibrium constants of sorption processes based on the developed models is proposed; physical and mathematical modeling and analysis of the combustion process of dispersed solid ash fuel in a four-stage cyclone gorenje is carried out. the furnace. It can be useful in the educational process for a number of specialties, in particular thermal power engineering, chemical-technological, metallurgical profiles, environmentalists, as well as for researchers and graduate students and in engineering practice.
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Grob, Konrad. On-Column Injection in Capillary Gas Chromatography: Basic Technique, Retention Gaps, Solvent Effects, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 1998.

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Gofeld, Michael. Lumbar Transforaminal and Nerve Root Injections: Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0017.

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Ultrasound (US) guidance has gained recognition in the field of regional anesthesia mainly because of its definite advantage of visually localizing the desired target and also due to perceived benefits of safety, accuracy, and efficiency when peripheral nerve blocks are performed. On the contrary, ultrasonography of the spinal structures may be challenging because of depth, bony acoustic shadowing, and complex three-dimensional anatomy. Nevertheless, US allows satisfactory imaging of the posterior elements of spine column and paraspinal soft tissues. This makes US applicable and practical in the outpatient clinical setting, and thus ultrasonography has been increasingly penetrating into chronic spinal pain management. Perhaps the major advantage of ultrasound-guided spine interventions is the lack of radiation exposure. Lumbar transforaminal injections are frequently performed for managing acute and chronic radicular pain, and US guidance may reduce overall radioactive contamination.
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van Eerd, Maarten, Arno Lataster, and Maarten van Kleef. Cervical Facet Nerve Block and Radio Frequency Ablation: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0007.

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In the cervical spinal column local anesthetic can be injected intra-articularly or adjacent to the ramus medialis (medial branch) of the ramus dorsalis of the segmental nerve. Nerve blocks of the ramus medialis are preferred to an intra-articular block, because it is sometimes technically difficult to position a needle into the facet joint. These procedures are typically performed under fluoroscopy, but there are increasing numbers of studies that describe these procedures with the help of ultrasound. Reports regarding the effects of intra-articular (steroid) injections are limited. There are no comparative studies between intra-articular steroid injections and radiofrequency (RF) therapy. Based on literature about the efficacy of RF treatment and a long track record of safety of RF treatment, many pain practitioners abandon intra-articular injections in favor of RF treatment.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0022.

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The term functional has almost replaced psychogenic in the neuromuscular literature for two reasons. It implies a disturbance of function, not structural damage; therefore, it defies laboratory testing such as MRIS, electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction study (NCS). It is convenient to draw a parallel to the patients between migraine and brain tumors, as both cause headache, but brain MRI is negative in the former without minimizing the suffering of the patient. It is a “software” and not a “hardware” problem. It avoids irritating the patient by misunderstanding the word psychogenic which to many means “madness.”The cause of this functional impairment may fall into one of the following categories:• Conversion reaction: conversion of psychological stress to physical symptoms. This may include paralysis, hemisensory or distal sensory loss, or conversion spasms. It affects younger age groups.• Somatization: chronic multiple physical and cognitive symptoms due to chronic stress. It affects older age groups.• Factions disorder: induced real physical symptoms due to the need to be cared for, such as injecting oneself with insulin to produce hypoglycemia.• Hypochondriasis: overconcern about body functions such as suspicion of ALS due to the presence of rare fasciclutations that are normal during stress and after ingestion of a large amount of coffee. Medical students in particular are targets for this disorder.The following points are to be made on this topic. FNMD should be diagnosed by neuromuscular specialists who are trained to recognize actual syndrome whether typical or atypical. Presentations that fall out of the recognition pattern of a neuromuscular specialist, after the investigations are negative, they should be considered as FNMDs. Sometimes serial examinations are useful to confirm this suspicion. Psychatrists or psychologists are to be consulted to formulate a plan to discover the underlying stress and to treat any associated psychiatric disorder or psychological aberration. Most patients think that they are stressed due to the illness and they fail to connect the neuromuscular manifestations and the underlying stress. They offer shop around due to lack of satisfaction, especially those with somatization disorders. Some patients learn how to imitate certain conditions well, and they can deceive health care professionals. EMG and NCS are invaluable in revealing FNMD. A normal needle EMG of a weak muscles mostly indicates a central etiology (organic or functional). Normal sensory responses of a severely numb limb mean that a lesion is preganglionic (like roots avulsion, CISP, etc.) or the cause is central (a doral column lesion or functional). Management of FNMD is difficult, and many patients end up being chronic cases that wander into clinics and hospitals seeking solutions and exhausting the health care system with unnecessary expenses.It is time for these disorders to be studied in detail and be classified and have criteria set for their diagnosis so that they will not remain diagnosed only by exclusion. This chapter will describe some examples of these disorders. A video clip can tell the story better than many pages of writing. Improvement of digital cameras and electronic media has improved the diagnosis of these conditions, and it is advisable that patients record some of their symptoms when they happen. It is not uncommon for some Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), such as myasthenia gravis (MG), small fiber neuropathy, and CISP, to be diagnosed as functional due to the lack of solid physical findings during the time of the examination. Therefore, a neuromuscular evaluation is important before these disorders are labeled as such. Some patients have genuine NMDs, but the majority of their symptoms are related to what Joseph Marsden called “sickness behavior.” A patient with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may unconsciously develop numbness of the entire side of the body because he thinks that he may have a stroke.
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Book chapters on the topic "Column injection"

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Wang, Fangjun. "Online Sample Injection and Multidimensional Chromatography Separation by Using Strong-Cation Exchange Monolithic Column." In Springer Theses, 7–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-42008-5_2.

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Mattiasson, Bo, and M. P. Nandakumar. "Binding assays in heterogeneous media using a flow injection system with an expanded micro-bed adsorption column." In Expanded Bed Chromatography, 237–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1519-5_26.

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Facciorusso, Antonio, and Nicola Muscatiello. "Submucosal Injection Solutions for Colon Polypectomy." In Colon Polypectomy, 89–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59457-6_7.

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Nilson, Robert H., Stewart K. Griffiths, and Anup K. Singh. "Injection of Sample Bands from open Channels Into Packed Separation Columns." In Micro Total Analysis Systems 2002, 97–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0295-0_32.

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Gupta, Sunil. "Find Column Names." In SQL Injection Attacks. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6505-5_10.

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Indrayanto, Gunawan, and Mochammad Yuwono. "On-Column Injection for GC." In Encyclopedia of Chromatography, Third Edition (Print Version). CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe1420084597.ch314.

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Yuwono, Mochammad, and Gunawan Indrayanto. "On-Column Injection for GC." In Encyclopedia of Chromatography, 1135–39. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe0824727857-241.

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Indrayanto, Gunawan, and Mochammad Yuwono. "On-Column Injection for GC." In Encyclopedia of Chromatography, Second Edition, 1135–39. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe0824727857.ch241.

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Huang, Haibo, Hao Su, and Changhai Ru. "Design and Evaluation of a Piezo-Driven Ultrasonic Cell Injector." In Prototyping of Robotic Systems, 327–55. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0176-5.ch011.

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In this chapter, a novel piezo-driven cell injection system for automatic batch injection of suspended cells is presented; it has simplified operational procedure and better performance than the previous ones. Specifically, this new piezo-driven cell injector design has three aspects of merits: 1) by centralizing the piezo oscillation energy on the injector pipette, it eliminates the vibration amplitude of other parts of the micromanipulator; 2) meanwhile, a small piezo stack is sufficient to perform the cell injection process; and 3) detrimental lateral tip oscillations of the injector pipette are attenuated to satisfactory amount even without mercury column. The removal of mercury enables wide applications of this advanced cell injection technology in a number of cell manipulation scenarios. Furthermore, ultrasonic vibration micro-dissection (UVM) theory is utilized to analyze the piezo-driven cell injection process, and lateral oscillation of injector pipettes is investigated. Experiments on cell injection of a large amount of zebrafish embryos (n=300) indicate that the injector pipette is capable of piercing through cell membranes with low injection speed and almost no deformation of the cell wall, but with a high success rate.
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Satoh, I. "Flow–injection calorimetry using a column packed with carboxypeptidase A immobilized beads." In Advanced Materials '93, 425–28. Elsevier, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4832-8380-7.50104-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Column injection"

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Lobanov, P. D., O. N. Kashinsky, A. S. Kurdyumov, and N. A. Pribaturin. "Dynamic Processes During Pulsed Gas Injection Into Liquid Column." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60615.

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An experimental study of dynamic processes during pulsed gas injection into quiescent liquids was performed. Both water and low melting temperature metal alloy were used as test liquids. Air and argon were used as gas phase. The test sections were vertical cylindrical columns 25 and 68 mm inner diameter. Measurements of flow parameters during gas injection were performed. Water – air experiments were performed at room temperature, the temperature of liquid metal alloy was 135 deg C. Time records of pressure in the liquid and in gas phase above the liquid were obtained. Measurements of liquid temperature and level of liquid surface were performed. It was shown that at pulse gas injection into liquid metal high amplitude pressure fluctuation may arise. Also the fluctuation variation of the free surface of the liquid may appear which are connected with the oscillations of the gas volume. Experimental data obtained may be used for verification & validation of modern CFD codes.
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Ishii, Eiji, Motoyuki Abe, Hideharu Ehara, and Tohru Ishikawa. "Short Spray-Penetration for Direct Injection Gasoline-Engines With Numerical Simulation." In ASME 2013 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2013-19026.

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Direct injection gasoline-engines have both better engine power and fuel efficiency than port injection gasoline-engines. However, direct injection gasoline-engines also emit more particulate matter (PM) than port injection gasoline-engines do. To decrease PM, fuel injectors with short spray-penetration are required. More effective fuel injectors can be preliminarily designed by numerically simulating fuel spray. We previously developed a fuel-spray simulation. Both the fuel flow within the flow paths of an injector and the liquid column at the injector outlet were simulated by using a grid method. The liquid-column breakup was simulated by using a particle method. The motion of droplets within the air/fuel mixture (secondary-drop-breakup) region was calculated by using a discrete droplet model (DDM). In this study, we applied our fuel-spray simulation to sprays for the direct injection gasoline-engines. Simulated spray penetrations agreed relatively well with measured spray penetrations. Velocity distributions at the outlet of three kinds of nozzles were plotted by using a histogram, and the relationship between the velocity distributions and spray penetrations was studied. We found that shrinking the high-speed region and making the velocity-distribution uniform were required for short spray penetration.
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Kwon, T. S., B. J. Yun, C. H. Song, K. Y. Choi, and H. K. Cho. "Effect of ECC Injection Angle on the Flow Distribution in a Downcomer Annulus During LBLOCA Reflood Phase in the Air-Water Test." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22388.

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The comparison tests for the direct ECC bypass fraction were experimentally performed with a typical DVI nozzle and an ECC column nozzle having injection angle to the gravity axis. The ECC column nozzle is newly introduced to make an ECC water column in the downcomer region. The injection angle of the ECC water relative to the gravity axis is varied from 0 to ±90 degrees stepped by 45 degrees. The tests are performed in the air-water separate effect test facility (DIVA), which is 1/7.07 linearly scaled-down of the APR1400 nuclear reactor. The test results show that the direct ECC bypass fraction is affected by the ECC injection angle when the ECC water is injected using an ECC column nozzle as a single water column. The injection angle of an ECC water column relative to the circumferential air jet in the DVI system affects the direct ECC bypass fraction during the reflood phase of a LBLOCA.
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Das, Mayukh, Devendra Singh Dhami, Yang Yu, Gautam Kunapuli, and Sriraam Natarajan. "Human-Guided Learning of Column Networks: Knowledge Injection for Relational Deep Learning." In CODS COMAD 2021: 8th ACM IKDD CODS and 26th COMAD. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3430984.3431018.

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Bhattacharyya, Manjusha, Ritu Kanadri, and Ashwnikumar. "An Enhanced zero-bias column buffer -direct-injection circuit using 180nm Cmos Technology." In 2019 4th International Conference on Internet of Things: Smart Innovation and Usages (IoT-SIU). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iot-siu.2019.8777613.

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Ishii, Eiji, Yoshihito Yasukawa, Kazuki Yoshimura, and Kiyotaka Ogura. "Simulation of Coarse Droplet and Liquid Column Formed Around Nozzle Outlets due to Valve Wobble of a GDI Injector." In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3509.

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The generation of particulate matter (PM) is one problem with gasoline direct-injection engines. PM is generated in high-density regions of fuel that are formed by non-uniform air/fuel mixtures, coarse droplets generated during end-of-injection, and fuel adhering to the nozzle body surface and piston surface. Uniform air/fuel mixtures and short fuel-spray durations with multiple injections are effective in enabling the valves of fuel injectors to not wobble and dribble. We previously studied what effects the opening and closing of valves had on fuel spray behavior and found that valve motions in the opening and closing directions affected spray behavior and generated coarse droplets during the end-of-injection. We focused on the effects of valve wobbling on fuel spray behavior in this study, especially on the behavior during the end-of-injection. The effects of wobbling on fuel spray with full valve strokes were first studied, and we found that simulated spray behaviors agreed well with the measured ones. We also studied the effects on fuel dribble during end-of-injection. When a valve wobbled from left to right, the fuel dribble decreased in comparison with a case without wobbling. When a valve wobbled from the front to the rear, however, fuel dribble increased. Surface tension significantly affected fuel dribble, especially in forming low-speed liquid columns and coarse droplets. Fuel dribble was simulated while changing the wetting angle on walls from 60 to 5 degrees. We found that the appearance of coarse droplets in sprays decreased during the end-of-injection by changing the wetting angles from 60 to 5 degrees.
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Rezaei, Yosef, and Mehran Tadjfar. "Experiments on the Injection of Elliptical Liquid Jets Into a Low Speed Airflow." In ASME 2018 5th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2018-83157.

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An experimental investigation was performed to study the physics of liquid jets injected into a low subsonic crossflow. The jets are issued from elliptical and circular injectors with equivalent exit area. The liquid jet was visualized using shadowgraph technique and a high speed camera was used to record the instantaneous status of the jet. The liquid / air momentum flux ratio and air Weber number were varied to examine their effects on different parameters of the flow like liquid jet column trajectory, breakup point and breakup regimes. The major axis of the elliptical nozzle was aligned parallel and perpendicular to the air crossflow direction. Two different breakup modes were observed, column breakup and bag breakup. Based on the obtained results some characteristics of injected liquid jets into the air crossflow such as penetration depth and the trajectory of liquid jet were affected by changing the nozzle exit shape.
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Araki, Hideo, Kazushi Sadasue, and Eisuke Sakamoto. "Seismic performance of circular columns from an existing RC building constructed in 1969." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.1257.

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<p>Experimental work was performed using two circular columns taken from a reinforced concrete (RC) building constructed in 1969. The diameter of each column was 550 mm, and the average concrete strength obtained from the material tests was 11.3N/mm2. The columns were subjected to reversal loading with displacement control under constant axial load to evaluate the validity of the equations currently used for seismic evaluation. The damaged columns were repaired with epoxy resin injection to investigate the effect of repairs after earthquake events. The final collapse mechanism was the shear failure mode after flexural yielding. The maximum strength of the retrofitted columns was approximately 1.1 times that of the original columns. Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis was conducted using ‘‘FINAL’’. The minimum principal stress of the circular columns with low-strength concrete was also examined.</p>
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Zhu, Ying, Yong Huang, Fang Wang, and Xiong-hui Wang. "Experiment on Breakup Processes and Surface Waves of Round Liquid Jets in Crossflows." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23150.

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An experiment was conducted to investigate the surface wave development and the breakup processes of round water jets in cross airflows at room temperature and pressure by high-speed photography. The jets were injected normal to the crossflow direction opposing gravitation forces from a plain orifice nozzle with the diameter of 0.3 mm and length-to-diameter ratio of 40. Successive images were recorded by a megapixel high-speed video camera with maximum frame rate frequency of 10000 Hz. The jet injection velocity varied from 3.8 m/s to 7.8 m/s. The crossflow velocity varied from 25.6 m/s to 35.1 m/s which resulted in the liquid-to-air momentum flux ratio varied from 10.2 to 80. The experimental results indicate that the surface of the liquid jet is smooth at first and then the initial surface wave appears a distance downstream along the jet column. The structure of the liquid jet would be successively deformed to a spiral wave in the cross airflow. When the amplitude grows large enough the liquid column is pinched into segments from the locations of wave troughs due to surface tension. With the increasing of the cross airflow velocity the aerodynamic forces, instead of the surface tension, begin to play an important role in the column breakup process. The liquid column is disintegrated by the cutting of the aerodynamic forces. The smooth length defined as the distance from where initial surface wave appears to the nozzle exit is correlated with the test operation parameters. The smooth length will be increased with the increasing of the jet injection velocity and decreased with the increasing of airflow velocity. The liquid jet column will bend and fluctuate in the crossflow and the normalized fluctuation displacement of the liquid column is correlated with the test operation parameters. The results depict that the increasing of jet injection velocity will diminish the jet column fluctuation whereas the increasing of airflow velocity will enhance it. The liquid column breakup points also fluctuate in the cross airflow. The coordinates of the time-averaged breakup locations are correlated with the liquid-to-air momentum ratio. The equation of the near-field liquid column trajectory curve before the column breakup point is concluded. The curves based on the equation agree well with the tested results.
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Wilson, J. Jeffrey, Douglas W. Lee, Brett M. Yeske, and Fred Kuipers. "Testing of In Situ and Ex Situ Bioremediation Approaches for an Oil-Contaminated Peat Bog Following a Pipeline Break." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-146.

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A biotreatability test was performed on oil-contaminated sphagnum peat moss from a 1985 pipeline spill of light Pembina Cardium crude oil at a bog near Violet Grove in central Alberta. Four tests were designed to simulate several field treatment approaches and to collect critical data on toxicity and leachability of this material. These tests included a bioslurry test, a soil microcosm test, an aerated water saturated peat column test, and a standard toxicity characteristic leachate potential (TCLP) test. In the saturated peat column tests, two nutrient amendment rates and a surfactant were tested to quantify biostimulation effects from an in-situ treatment design. An innovative aeration technology called the GLR (Gas-Liquid Reactor) was used to create a constant supply of hyperoxygenated water prior to column injection. The GLR continuously produces air bubbles of less than 50 microns in diameter, thereby maximizing air surface area and thereby increasing gas transfer rates. Crude oil biodegradation was quantified by the reduction in both extractable hydrocarbons and toxicity of the peat solids. The results confirmed that bioremediation of the residual crude oil to non-toxic levels in the peat bog at Violet Grove will be successful. All three tests — bioslurry, soil microcosm, and soil columns — gave similar results of at least 74% biodegradation of the residual crude oil on the peat solids. In situ bioremediation using the GLR aerated water injection system or an ex situ landfarming or biopile approach should achieve the 1000 mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbon criteria. Neither fertilizer nor surfactant amendments were necessary to enhance oil biodegradation in the in situ column tests. The TCLP test indicated that ex situ treatment would require an impermeable liner for leachate collection. The time required to achieve the final remediation goals will depend on climatic variable such as temperature and rainfall during active summer season bioremediation. It is anticipated that an in situ approach using recirculated aerated water would achieve the cleanup up criteria within one full field treatment season.
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Reports on the topic "Column injection"

1

Wills, R. A., and P. Coles. Evaluation of a subsurface oxygenation technique using colloidal gas aphron injections into packed column reactors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10137545.

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2

Wills, R. A., and P. Coles. Evaluation of a subsurface oxygenation technique using colloidal gas aphron injections into packed column reactors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6697757.

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3

Bartram, Phillip W., Michael J. Lochner, Dennis K. Rohrbaugh, and Michael W. Ellzy. Decomposition of GD on CeO2/Alumina Adsorbents in a Gas Chromatograph On-Column Injector Tube Reactor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada457384.

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