Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Colson (Firm)'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Colson (Firm).
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Colson (Firm).'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Kishysh, Kadhum Othman. "Finite element analysis of fire-exposed reinforced concrete column." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280522.
Full text
2
Al-Jabri, Khalifa Saif. "The behaviour of steel and composite beam-to-column connections in fire." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2997/.
Full textAbstract:
Recent fire tests on the Cardington full-scale test frame and observations from real fires have demonstrated the significance of connections in fire, when they can have beneficial effects on the survival time of the structure. The lack of experimental data on the behaviour of steel and composite connections in fire means that this is insufficiently addressed in current design codes and also limits the effective use of numerical models. However, recent experimental tests on small-scale specimens have shown that it is possible to derive accurately the moment-rotation relationships at elevated temperature and have established the principles by which this could be achieved. In order to extend the scope to include further parameters, five series of tests have been carried out in a portable connection furnace at the Building Research Establishment. The test series includes flush and flexible end-plate bare-steel connections, and flexible end-plate composite connections. The testing procedure and the resulting behaviour are described. The fire test temperature profiles across the connections are detailed and the connection failure mechanisms are discussed. From the test results, moment-rotation- temperature curves for different connection types are derived. The degradation of connection characteristics is compared with that of structural steel. The experimental behaviour is also compared with the results obtained from an existing finite element analysis developed to model connection response in fire conditions. The experimentally derived connection characteristics have been incorporated within a parametric study of a typical sub-frame, to study the effect of connection type, end-plate thickness, concrete strength, load ratio, and connection temperature. Analysis is extended to a three-dimensional sub-frame. The patterns of behaviour observed in the connection tests is compared with that of the connections in the large-scale fire tests on the composite building at BRE's Cardington laboratory. Based on knowledge about the behaviour of connections at elevated temperature, a component-based model is developed for the elevated temperature response for flexible end-plate connections, both as bare-steel and composite. This is based on the response of constitutive parts of connection. The model is easy to use, and capable of modelling the entire non-linear range of connection behaviour. The predicted response is compared with that recorded experimentally.
3
Ransall, Michael James. "The effects of axial restraint on the behaviour of steel columns in fire." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299058.
Full text
4
Sjölund, Jonna. "Colin Nutleys filmskapande utifrån svenska filmkritiker : en receptionsstudie." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för film och litteratur (IFL), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-101200.
Full textAbstract:
Detta är en receptionsstudie om mottagandet av ett urval av Colin Nutleys filmer och serier, om hur dessa filmer togs emot av svenska kritiker. Genom en närläsning av recensioner vill denna studie forska kring hur det offentliga samtalet ser ut, samt att ta reda på om man kan koppla kritiken till auteurteorin. Studien undersöker vilka återkommande stildrag och metoder Nutley använder sig av i sitt filmskapande, samt hur kritikerna kommenterar detta i sina recensioner. Slutsatsen i denna studie besvarade hur det offentliga samtalet ser ut samt hur det går att koppla till ett auteurperspektiv.
5
Garcia, Daniel. "An investigation of the relationship between percentage area coverage and ink film trapping /." Online version of thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11897.
Full text
6
Quan, Guan. "A component-based approach to modelling beam-end buckling adjacent to beam-column connections in fire." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15908/.
Full textAbstract:
The investigation of the collapse of “7 World Trade” as part of the events of 11 September 2001 in New York City (Gann, 2008) indicated that connections were among the most vulnerable elements of steel-framed or composite buildings, and their characteristics can determine whether such buildings survive in extreme scenarios such as fire. In this case total collapse of the building was triggered by the fracture of beam-to-column connections caused largely by thermal expansion of long-span beams. This emphasized the importance of investigating the complex mechanisms through which forces are transferred from the adjacent parts of a structure to the connections under fire conditions. The Cardington fire tests in 1995-96 (Newman, 2000) provided ample evidence that both shear buckling of beam webs and beam bottom-flange buckling, near to the ends of steel beams, are very prevalent under fire conditions. Both of these phenomena could affect the force distribution at the adjacent column-face connection bolt rows, and therefore the sequence of fracture of components. However, there is a distinct lack of practical research investigating the post-buckling behaviour of beams of Classes 1 and 2 sections adjacent to connections at elevated temperatures. In this PhD thesis, the development of analytical models of pure beam-web shear buckling and a combination of both beam-web shear buckling and bottom-flange buckling of beams of Classes 1 and 2 sections are reported. The analytical models are able to predict the post-buckling behaviour of the beam-end buckling panels in the vicinity of beam-column connections at elevated temperatures. A transition criterion, to distinguish between cases in which pure beam-web shear buckling occurs and those in which the instability is a combination of shear buckling and bottom-flange buckling, has been proposed, including a calculation procedure to detect the transition length between these two buckling modes. A component-based buckling element has been created and implemented in the three-dimensional structural fire analysis software Vulcan. The influence of the buckling elements on the bolt row force redistribution of the adjacent connections has been investigated in isolated beams and a simple two-span two-floor frame. It is expected that the buckling element will be involved in more complex performance-based frame analysis for design, and that it will be used with an explicit dynamic procedure to simulate local and progressive collapse of whole buildings.
7
Vernacotola, Mark J. "Characterization of digital film scanner systems for use with digital scene algorithms /." Online version of thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11967.
Full text
8
Emberley, Richard Lawrence. "A Study into the Behavior of Reinforced-Concrete Columns under Fire Exposures using a Spreadsheet-Based Numerical Model." Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1168.
Full textAbstract:
Fire is a significant threat to the structural integrity of buildings. Depending on the architecture of the structure and the intensity and duration of the fire event, structural members may lose strength and stiffness eventually leading to collapse whether by flexural buckling or crushing. The focus of this research is on the behavior and fire performance of reinforced-concrete columns under fire conditions. In order to effectively study column performance with differing loading, aggregate and dimensional characteristics under varying time-temperature curves and fire exposures, a numerical model was constructed in Microsoft Excel. The spreadsheet model allowed for complete transparency of the calculations and provided a means to visualize the data in flexible ways. ANSYS and several published column furnace tests were used to benchmark the heat transfer and structural analysis portions of the model. One, three and four-sided fire exposures along with the ASTM E119 fire curve and a natural fire curve were used to study latent heating effects, increasing and decreasing eccentricities, moment magnification, and failure modes. Assessments of column structural capacity were performed in accordance with the provisions of ACI 318. The completed model served as an effective tool for the thesis and is available to help aid students and engineers investigate the design of reinforced concrete columns under fire conditions through integration the heat transfer analyses and the structural evaluations.
9
Hollayová, Nela. "Optimalizace logistického a obchodního procesu firmy Bookretail s.r.o." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194715.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of the thesis is the optimization of one the key processes in a book company, namely warehouse logistics. This problem consist of two parts; first part focuses on route optimization of completion of customers' orders on daily basis, second part focuses on assigning of storage subsystems and their interconnection. The proposed solution uses a traveller salesman problem implemented into intranet application. Second problem was designed as quadratic assignment problem with use of ex post data analysis. On the basis of achieved results, we presented effective procedures for solving both of aforementioned problems and suggested their implementation into the company's enterprise resource planning system. Keywords:
10
Bondesson, Jonathan. "Hör Färger och Se Ljud : Vad händer när jag kombinerar flamencogitarr och film i ett live-framträdande?" Thesis, Kungl. Musikhögskolan, Institutionen för folkmusik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kmh:diva-2838.
Full textAbstract:
Hear Color and See Sound - What happens when I combine flamenco guitar and film in a live performance? This master thesis explores the combination of two art forms. The purpose is to use live projections to enhance my guitar composition with movie. My research question is: what happens when I combine flamenco guitar and film in a live performance? I explore if visual qualities add a deeper meaning to my instrumental music by experimenting with color science and video telling/editing techniques. I’ve tested through surveys and live performances if the audience perceive my music differently, by showing contrasting footage or footage that synchronize with my musical compositions. Resulting in an exam concert where I control the prerecorded video compositions with a touch screen interface through the video-jockey software Resolume, while also performing the music (which have been timed for the videos) live together with a flamenco singer and dancer.
11
Eggeling, Erik Axel. "Goniochromatic Gradients : Dichroic Color, Thin-Film Optics and Artificial Light." Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-229933.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is about the multicolored gradients seen when using certain dichroic color lters with artificial light. As of now, this phenomenon lacks a unambiguous descriptor, and “Goniochromatic Gradient” is proposed. With help of optical physics, the science of color vision and information about dichroic products, principles for the relationship between goniochromatic gradients and dichroic filters are formulated for anyone interested in exploring this visual phenomenon.
12
SOLTANI, GHULAM H. "BUCKLING AND POST-BUCKLING RESPOSNE OF SINGLE CURVATUE BEAM-COLUMNS UNDER THERMAL (FIRE) LOADS." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2147.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this research was to study the buckling and post-buckling response of axially restrained beam-columns under thermal loading. Also the effects of slenderness ratios on pre-buckling and post-buckling behavior which is neglected in AISC specification was examined. The results of this study indicate that: a) Both the deflection and end moment amplification factors are significantly smaller for the restrained beam-columns subjected to temperature increase than the corresponding unrestrained beam-columns subjected to (mechanical) axial loads. b) The deflection amplification factors tend to decrease with decreasing ratio of end moments. However, reverse seems to occur for the moment amplification factors and as the moment amplification factors tend to increase with decreasing moment ratio particularly in the pre-buckling and the initial post-buckling range (0.1 < T/Tcr < 1.5). c) The thermal amplification factors tend to be smaller than the AISC values even in the pre-buckling range with those for the slender beam-columns significantly smaller than those for the shorter beam-columns.
13
Shi, Ruoxi. "A simplified steel beam-to-column connection modelling approach and influence of connection ductility on frame behaviour in fire." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16483/.
Full textAbstract:
Steel beam-to-column connections are vulnerable structural elements when a fire strikes a building, as observed in fire incidents and full-scale fire tests. Existing techniques allow researchers to model the behaviour of different types of connections in fire but are difficult to use when conducting simulations on full-scale frames with multiple connections due to time and computation requirements. Therefore a need for a simplified connection modelling approach that can significantly reduce the computational time required without compromising on the accuracy of the simulation results so that large-scale simulations of structures with multiple connections in fire can be performed. A simplified spring connection modelling approach for steel flush endplate beam-to-column connections in fire has been developed in this research project so that the realistic behaviour of connections can be incorporated into full-scale frame analyses at elevated temperature. The proposed modelling approach divides the connection into two or three (depending on the connection size) T-stubs and employs ABAQUS as a pre-processor to generate the force-displacement characteristics for each T-stub by detailed finite element modelling. These characteristics are then input into specialised software (VULCAN) to simulate the behaviour of structure in fire including realistic representation of the steel beam-to-column connections. As a result of its simplicity and reliability, the proposed approach permits full-scale frame analysis in fire to be conducted efficiently. The proposed simplified spring connection modelling approach has been used to investigate the influence of connection ductility (both axial and rotational) on frame behaviour in fire. 2D steel and 3D composite frames across a range of spans were modelled to aid the understanding of the differences in frame response in fire when the beam-to-column connections have different axial and rotational ductility assumptions. The research study highlights that adopting the conventional rigid or pinned connection assumptions does not permit the axial forces acting on the connections to be predicted accurately, since the axial ductility of the connection is completely neglected when the rotational ductility is either fully restrained or free. By including realistic axial and rotational ductility of the beam-to-column connections, the frame response in fire can be predicted more accurately, which is advantageous in performance-based structural fire engineering design.
14
Muniz, Alexa S. "Our Sound Our Silence: Self Care in Student of Color Activism." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/783.
Full textAbstract:
Our Sound Our Silence is a performative documentary about student of color activists at Scripps College. This video project attempts to highlight the fatigue, emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion these students experience from having to work within the institution to advocate for their survival. This video project also attempts to speak to the importance of self-care for students of color and especially for those involved in activism and organizing on campus. I wanted to use the creation of this video as a means of self-care and process of healing for myself, my collaborators, and my community.
15
Vitasari, Denny. "Adsorption and transport of surfactant/protein onto a foam lamella within a foam fractionation column with reflux." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/adsorption-and-transport-of-surfactantprotein-onto-a-foam-lamella-within-a-foam-fractionation-column-with-reflux(8258925c-455b-4df4-8aa7-d8cff0e3b4e0).html.
Full textAbstract:
Foam fractionation is an economical and environmentally friendly separation method for surface active material using a rising column of foam. The system of foam fractionation column with reflux is selected since such a system can improve the enrichment of the product collected from the top of the column. Due to the reflux, it is assumed that there is more surface active material (surfactant and/or protein) in the Plateau border than that in the foam lamella, so that the Plateau border acts as a surfactant/protein reservoir. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the adsorption and transport of surface active material such as surfactant and/or protein onto the surface of a lamella in a foam fractionation column with reflux using mathematical simulation. There are two steps involved in adsorption of surface active material onto a bubble surface within foam, which are diffusion from the bulk solution into the subsurface, a layer next to the interface, followed by adsorption of that material from the subsurface onto the interface. The diffusion follows the Fick's second law, while the adsorption may follow the Henry, Langmuir or Frumkin isotherms, depending on the properties of the surface active material. The adsorption of mixed protein-surfactant follows the Frumkin isotherm. When there is a competition between protein and surfactant, the protein arrives onto the interface at a later time due to a slower diffusion rate and it displaces the surfactant molecules already on the surface since protein has a higher affinity for that surface than surfactant. The surfactant transport from a Plateau border onto a foam lamella is determined by the interaction of forces applied on the lamella surface, such as film drainage, due to the pressure gradient between the lamella and the Plateau border, the Marangoni effect, due to the gradient of surface tension, and surface viscosity, as a reaction to surface motion. In this thesis, there are two different models of film drainage. One approach uses assumption of a film with a mobile interface and the other model assumes a film with a rigid interface. In the absence of surface viscosity, the Marangoni effect dominates the film drainage resulting in accumulation of surfactant on the surface of the foam lamella in the case of a lamella with a rigid interface. In the case of a film with a mobile interface, the film drainage dominates the Marangoni effect and surfactant is washed away from the surface of the lamella. When the drainage is very fast, such as that which is achieved by a film with a mobile interface, the film could be predicted to attain the thickness of a common black film, well within the residence time in a foam fractionation column, at which point the film stops draining and surfactant starts to accumulate on the lamella surface. The desirable condition in operation of a foam fractionation column however is when the Marangoni effect dominates the film drainage and surfactant accumulates on the surface of a foam lamella such as the one achieved by a film with a rigid interface. In the presence of surface viscosity and the absence of film drainage, the surface viscous forces oppose the Marangoni effect and reduce the amount of surfactant transport onto the foam lamella. A larger surface viscosity results in less surfactant transport onto the foam lamella. In addition, the characteristic time scale required for surfactant transport is shorter with a shorter film length.
16
Jönsson, Fredrik. "Sanctuary of the Man-made." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-223410.
Full textAbstract:
They seek to embrace and understand the complexity of the man-made. They live alongside one another in a cluster - reflecting, synthesizing, producing and celebrating. They created their spaces and hierarchies through the basic principles of the wall and the column. The Sanctuary of the Man-made is an exploration of elements through a narrative that aims for a deeper understanding of human built complexity.
17
Chen, Lu. "Robustness in fire of steel framed structures with realistic connections." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/robustness-in-fire-of-steel-framed-structures-with-realistic-connections(fcf4d94b-56f4-42bc-b20a-e2e497d4c14a).html.
Full textAbstract:
Joints are the most critical elements in a steel framed structure. In most design guides or codes, the joints are assumed to a have higher fire resistance than the connected structural members because of the lower temperatures in the joints. However, in severe fire conditions, a connected beam's temperature may be higher than its limiting temperature and the beam may develop catenary action when the beam’s axial shortening from large deflections becomes greater than the beam’s thermal expansion. This beam catenary action force could fracture the joints, increasing the risk of progressive collapse. This research focuses on the interaction between joints and the connected steel beams and columns in steel framed structures in fire, including how the behaviour of a joint-beam assembly may be efficiently analyzed and how the joints may be constructed to achieve high degrees of catenary action. Three methods of simulating the joint behaviour in fire have been developed and implemented in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS. In the first modelling method, all structural members, including the connections, were simulated using detailed solid elements to enable detailed behaviour of the structure to be faithfully represented. In the second method, the columns were represented by conventional line (beam) elements, the joints were represented using springs (Connector Elements) based on the component based method, and the beam was modelled using solid elements. In the third method, the joints were modelled using springs as in the second method and the beam and columns were simulated using line (beam) elements. As expected, the detailed simulation method was extremely time-consuming, but was able to produce detailed and accurate results. The simulation results from the second and third methods contained some inaccuracies, but depending on the simulation objective, their simulation results may be acceptable. In particular, the third simulation method was very efficient, suitable for simulating complete frame structures under very large deflections in fire. The first method (detailed finite element method) was then used to investigate how to change the joint details to increase the survivability of restrained steel beams and beam-column assemblies at high temperatures since it enables detailed behaviour of the structure to be faithfully represented. It is found that by improving joint deformation capacity, in particular, using extended endplate connection with fire resistant bolts, very high temperatures can be resisted. The frame robustness in fire was investigated using the third simulation method to save computation time. The simulation structure was three-bay by three-floor and different scenarios of fire location, fire spread and initial structural damage were considered. The simulation results show that once failure of a column occurs, progressive collapse of the structure could be easily triggered and it would be rather futile to only enhance the joint capacity. Therefore, in addition to the measures of improving joint capacities (both rotation and strength), design of the affected columns should include consideration of the additional catenary forces from the connected beams and the increased effective lengths. Furthermore, the lateral bracing system should be ensured to provide the structure with lateral restraint.
18
He, Yiyang. "A Physically Based Pipeline for Real-Time Simulation and Rendering of Realistic Fire and Smoke." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Numerisk analys och datalogi (NADA), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-160401.
Full textAbstract:
With the rapidly growing computational power of modern computers, physically based rendering has found its way into real world applications. Real-time simulations and renderings of fire and smoke had become one major research interest in modern video game industry, and will continue being one important research direction in computer graphics. To visually recreate realistic dynamic fire and smoke is a complicated problem. Furthermore, to solve the problem requires knowledge from various areas, ranged from computer graphics and image processing to computational physics and chemistry. Even though most of the areas are well-studied separately, when combined, new challenges will emerge. This thesis focuses on three aspects of the problem, dynamic, real-time and realism, to propose a solution in form of a GPGPU pipeline, along with its implementation. Three main areas with application in the problem are discussed in detail: fluid simulation, volumetric radiance estimation and volumetric rendering. The weights are laid upon the first two areas. The results are evaluated around the three aspects, with graphical demonstrations and performance measurements. Uniform grids are used with Finite Difference (FD) discretization scheme to simplify the computation. FD schemes are easy to implement in parallel, especially with ComputeShader, which is well supported in Unity engine. The whole implementation can easily be integrated into any real-world applications in Unity or other game engines that support DirectX 11 or higher.
19
Mihai, Iulia. "Nouveau regard vers l'influrence de l'eau sur la structure et les propriétés de la polyaniline." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00487988.
Full textAbstract:
Dans ce travail nous montrons pour la première fois que l'eau représente un élément crucial dans l'organisation des chaînes de la PANI. La formation de petites cristallites primaires de la PANI lors de la polymérisation est favorisée par l'intercalation des molécules d'eau entre les chaînes grâce à la forte hydratation des azotes amines. Une telle hydratation est également responsable de la croissance anisotrope des eristallites primaires sur un support solide lors de l'évaporation de l'eau. L'axe de croissance par la jonction des azotes amines grâce à des liaisons hydrogènes permettant l'intercalation des molécules d'eau dans le réseau cristallin de la PANI représente l'axe de la plus forte énergie de cohésion (la longueur des fibres). Cela favorise non seulement la formation des fibres perpendiculaires à la surface du support mais aussi la « transmission » de l'orientation des a-n interactions à une échelle macroscopique (jusqu'au 300 µn1, ce qui correspond à l'épaisseur des films) et finalement le transport des charges favorisé le long des fibres. Le transport des charges entre des atomes reliés par les liaisons hydrogènes à des distances plus courtes que celles assurées par les interactions n-g devrait ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives dans la création de l'électronique à base de semi-conducteurs organiques. L'introduction des anions «destructeurs» dans l'eau (tels que HCOO") est une condition indispensable pour l'hydratation des azotes amines des chaînes de la PANI. La présence des chlorures en forte concentration assure une neutralisation des charges positives (des azotes imines protonés). Une deuxième conséquence de l'augmentation de la force ionique du milieu aqueux consiste en la diminution des angles de torsion le long de la chaîne (résultats confirmés par les simulations). Les deux phénomènes favorisent la formation des cristaux de la PANI lors de la polymérisation. Il faut souligner que la formation des films auto-orientés et hautement cristallins (taux de cristallinité plus que 80%) a partir d'un système hétérogène (suspension aqueuse) par un simple séchage sur un support solide est un phénomène sans précédent dans le domaine de la cristallisation des polymères. Les anions « destructeurs » de l'eau favorisent la pénétration de l'eau dans les films de PANI semi-cristallins et même hautement cristallins. Nous montrons que le transport des SO42- dans une membrane à base de poly(vinyle chlorure) devient beaucoup plus important après un dépôt de la PANI sur sa surface, tandis que la présence de cette couche de PANI n'influence pas le transport les chlorures. Cela représente une nouvelle perspective pour la détection des anions fortement hydratés. Notre présentons un nouveau regard sur l'origine de la couleur de la PANI et des relations entre sa couleur et la conductivité. En utilisant les films de PANI hautement cristallins et ceux formés par une mono-couche de particules de diamètre de 30nm (obtenus par la technique de Langmuir-Blodgett, LB) en tant que « films models » nous montrons pour la première fois que la couleur de la PANI est le résultat non seulement du degré de protonation et/ou d'oxydation, mais aussi de la taille des éléments interagissant avec la lumière. Si cette taille est comprise entre 400 et 800 nm, la diffusion de la lumière contribue dans la couleur de la PANI. A son tour, la taille des éléments interagissant avec la lumière dépends de l'hydratation de la PANI déterminant la capacité de former les agrégats. Puis que les deux types de films de PANI sont constitués par les éléments d'une taille inférieure à 400 min, ils sont violets (une couleur attribuée à la forme pernigraniline : l'isolant), mais en même temps conducteurs. Les films hautement cristallins n'absorbent pas d'eau dans la solution aqueuse de EICI et par conséquent ne changent pas leur couleur, tandis que dans la solution d'acide formique ils absorbent 14% d'eau et deviennent bleus, mais jamais verts et sont à nouveau violets après le séchage. Plus perméables à l'eau, les films LB de PANI sont verts après immersion dans un milieu acide indépendamment du type d'acide utilisé et sont à nouveau violets après le séchage.
20
Schulz, Colin Verfasser], Frank T. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Piller, and Sebastian [Akademischer Betreuer] Kortmann. "Transitioning towards smart products : an empirical analysis of capabilities and processes needed in manufacturing firms / Colin Schulz ; Frank Thomas Piller, Sebastian Kortmann." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238523919/34.
Full text
21
Ericsson, Calina. "Från svartvit till färg : en studie av färg i Michelangelo Antonionis film Den röda öknen." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Estetisk-filosofiska fakulteten, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-27017.
Full textAbstract:
Michelangelo Antonioni (1912-2007) belonged to a generation of filmmakers that breathed new life into cinematic expression in the annals of modern-day European film history. By employing his background as a documentary filmmaker, Antonioni used these skills to help establish his own particular style. There was a distinct evolution of style which progressed during his triology L´Avventura, La Notte and L´Eclisse, 1959-1962. This theises presents a comperative study between his earlier films in black and white and his first color film - Il deserto roso, from 1964. By observing color in relation to narrative, dialouge, acting and elements of mise-en-scène, I suggest different answers than those previously discussed among critics concerning this interrelationship. I also discuss how camera technique has presented new possibilities in this area. Concerning references from the texts and books by influential critics, I add my own visions and interpretations concerning this subject. Moreover, I have looked at other filmmakers and their productions´use of colors. One of the crucial themes of this text is how these two formats - black and white and color - bring different modes of meaning and affect their specific films´narratives.
22
Blazevic, Sasha, and Carl Johan Kesten. "Editing within The Thriller Genre." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för teknik och estetik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-21915.
Full textAbstract:
Thriller är en favoritgenre för många och har funnits längre än de flesta tror. Ursprungligen som en litteraturgenre har den utvecklats till en av de mest eftertraktade genrerna inom film. Tidiga anmärkningsvärda verk som Alfred Hitchcocks filmer i mitten av 1900-talet har banat vägen för genren och utformat dess redigering och cinematografi till vad vi har idag. Trots sin ödmjuka början i mitten av 1900-talet lyckas teknikerna, även om dem är aningen repetitiva, fortfarande vara relevanta idag och har bara utvecklats med åren. I den här artikeln studerar vi grunderna inom thrillergenren, redigerings- och filmtekniker som används; kameraarbete, klippning, PoV och färgsättning. I denna studie är vårt huvudsakliga fokus att förstå varför dessa tekniker används. Utöver kommer vi också gå djupare in i thrillergenren i helhet och trots genrens repetitivitet, försöka förstå oss på varför den lyckas vara relevant idag och hur redigering och cinematografi spelar en stor roll för att förstärka känslorna i thrillers där dessa tendenser härrör från.Thriller is a favourite genre to many and has been around for longer than most think. Originally starting as a genre of literature, it has evolved into one of the most sought after genres within film. Early notable works such as Alfred Hitchcock's films in the mid 1900s have paved the way for the genre and solidified it’s editing and cinematography into what we have today. Despite its humbling beginnings in the mid 1900s the techniques, although somewhat repetitive, still manage to stay relevant today and have only gotten more advanced with time. In this article, we study the fundamentals within the thriller genre, the editing and cinematography techniques that are utilized; camera framing, cutting, PoV and color. In this study our main focus we intend to work towards is understanding why these techniques are used and the tendencies in which they are facilitated. Although we also intend to go in depth into the thriller genre as a whole and despite the repetitiveness of the genre, why it manages to stay relevant today and how editing and cinematography plays a big part in amplifying the emotions and feelings associated within thrillers in which these tendencies stem from.
23
Westling, Jonas. "HDR and the Colorist : How new technology affects professionals in the motion picture industry." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Ljud- och musikproduktion, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-30398.
Full textAbstract:
By utilizing a Research through Design approach this master thesis studies how technological changes might affect professionals working in the motion picture industry, specifically; how the advent of HDR (High Dynamic Range) affects the colorist. The research questions formulated are the following; (1) How can color grading in HDR be approached? (2) What effect can HDR have on visual modality? (3) What specific affordances can HDR offer the colorist? (4) How can HDR affect the creative space of the colorist? Three of the research questions are derived from the theoretical framework applied in this master thesis; starting with the social semiotic implementation of the term modality (models of reality), the Gibsonian term affordance (possibilities for action and meaning making) and its use in communications research, and lastly; the concept of creative space in motion picture production. Analytic autoethnography was used to generate primary data by documenting the process of color grading a 13-minute short film, and also performing semistructured interviews with four colorists. Amongst other findings, this study found that HDR offers a wider range of modality expression than SDR (Standard Dynamic Range); regarding several visual modality markers. Four HDR-specific affordances were formulated; (1) color expandability, (2) highlight differentiability, (3) tonal rangeability, (4) brightness disturbability. Relating to the concept of creative space; the colorists expressed a concern that they will have to create multiple versions when delivering HDR, but not get a bigger budget for it, therefore having less time to spend on other aspects of color grading.
24
Santesson, Li. "Betongpelare och brand : En utvärdering av 500 °C isotermmetoden." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-25428.
Full textAbstract:
At the beginning of 2011, Sweden started using the European rules for structural design, the Eurocodes, instead of the previous national rules. In both the previous rules and the Eurocodes, it is possible to dimension concrete columns using tabled values. However, the required cross section measurements have increased considerably. Moreover, it is possible to dimension concrete columns using calculations, however, this is unusual. The development of a fire in a fire cell can be divided into the growth stage, the fully developed fire and the cooling phase. The duration of each phase, as well as the temperature, is dependent on a number of factors, e.g. the fire load, the size of openings and the geometry of the fire cell. In the Eurocodes there are standardized temperature-time curves that can be used in the dimensioning of a structural design, one of which is the standard temperature-time curve. The tabled values are based on this time-heat regime. When exposed to fire the strength of both concrete and reinforcements decreases. Regarding the reinforcement steel, the decrease is well documented. Concrete, however, is not a homogeneous material which makes the strength at elevated temperatures complex to determine. The dimensioning of concrete columns can be executed using tabled values. However, the objective of this report is a method called the 500 °C isotherm method. Using this method, concrete at temperatures above 500 °C is assumed not to contribute to the load bearing capacity. The residual cross-section retains its initial value of strength and modulus of elasticity. This results in a reduced cross-section. Subsequently, a reduced load bearing capacity is determined for the reinforcement steel due to the temperature. Thereafter, conventional calculation methods are used. The process of describing how the isotherm method should be implicated has been obstructed by the lack of explicit information in the Eurocodes. Furthermore, few people have knowledge about how the method should be used in practice. This has resulted in some assumptions based on logical arguments. A concrete column was evaluated for 60 and 90 minutes standard fire exposure to enable a comparison with the tabled values. The result showed that concrete columns can meet the requirements with a considerably smaller cross section. The calculated cross section measurements resulted in a value between the tabled values in the Eurocodes and those in the previous rules. Although the 500 °C isotherm method is the most simple of the simplified calculation methods, and the model in this report is limited to a circular, centrically loaded column, the method is complicated and time-consuming. It is therefore likely that it only will be used in special cases when the tabled values are inapplicable.Vid årsskiftet 2010-2011 övergick Sverige från nationell standard till de europeiska standarderna för konstruktion, Eurokoderna. I den europeiska standarden, precis som i den gamla, kan betongpelare förenklat branddimensioneras med hjälp av tabellvärden. Kraven på minsta tvärsnitt har dock blivit avsevärt större. Detta har varit blivit svårt att förena med önskemål från arkitekter. Det är även möjligt att branddimensionera betongpelare med beräkningar. Detta är dock ovanligt. Brandförloppet i en brandcell kan förenklat delas in i uppvärmning, fullt utvecklad brand och avsvalning. Tiden för de olika faserna, liksom temperaturen, påverkas av en mängd faktorer. Några av dessa är mängden brännbart material, hur stora öppningar som finns och brandcellens geometri. I Eurokoderna finns standardiserade brandförlopp som kan användas vid dimensionering. En av dessa kallas standardbrandkurvan. Tabellvärdena är baserade på standardbrandpåverkan. Vid branddimensionering används en annan lastkombination än vid normaltemperaturdimensionering. Denna lastkombination ger en lägre last än vid brottgränsdimensionering. Både betong och armeringsstål förlorar bärförmåga vid förhöjda temperaturer. För armeringsstål är denna reducering väl dokumenterad. För betong, som inte är ett homogent material, är hållfastheten svårare att beräkna. Betongpelare kan dimensioneras enligt tre metoder: Vedertagna och beprövade detaljlösningar (Tabellerade värden) Förenklade beräkningsmetoder Avancerade beräkningsmetoder Fokus i denna rapport ligger på en av de förenklade beräkningsmetoderna, 500 °C isotermmetoden. Den utgår från att betong som har en temperatur över 500 °C försummas, emedan betong med en temperatur under 500 °C antas ha sin fulla bärförmåga. Därefter beräknas en reducerad hållfasthet för armeringsstängerna utifrån den temperatur de uppnår. Dimensionering sker sedan enligt traditionella metoder. Arbetet med att beskriva hur isotermmetoden ska användas har försvårats av bristande information i Eurokoderna. Dessutom finns det få personer som känner till hur metoden ska användas i praktiken. Detta har resulterat i vissa antaganden som underbyggts av logiska resonemang. För att kunna jämföra isotermmetoden med tabellerade värden kontrollerades en pelare för 60 och 90 minuters standardbrandpåverkan (se Bilaga A). Resultatet visade att pelare kan klara kraven med mindre tvärsnitt än i tabellen. Vid dimensioneringen erhölls ett tvärsnitt som låg mellan de nya och de gamla kraven. 500 °C isotermmetoden är den enklaste av de förenklade beräkningsmetoderna för betongpelare. Detta innebär dock inte att den är enkel. Trots att modellen i denna rapport har avgränsats till centriskt belastade, cirkulära pelare är metoden tidskrävande. Troligt är därför att den bara kommer att användas vid speciella fall då tabellmetoden inte är tillämpbar.
25
Holtmeier, Matthew. "Earthly Hues: Color in the Cinematic Fixations of Reichardt’s Pacific Northwest Films." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7820.
Full text
26
Carvalho, Rodrigo Amorim Motta. "Uso de filmes obtido pela polimerização por plasma de tetraetilortossilicato na fabricação de dispositivos miniaturizados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3140/tde-29062009-183313/.
Full textAbstract:
Os antigos e já bem desenvolvidos dispositivos para tratamentos e/ou análise de amostras têm sido grandemente estudados para novas adaptações, devido à importância de se construir sistemas miniaturizados. A obtenção destes sistemas miniaturizados baseia-se não apenas na construção ou metodologia, mas pode depender de modificação superficial para melhoria de desempenho ou diferenciação de aplicações. A modificação de superfície com filmes finos obtidos por plasma é bem conhecida na Microeletrônica. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a possibilidade do uso da modificação superficial pela produção de filmes finos a partir da polimerização por plasma de Tetraetilortossilicato, TEOS - para fabricação de estruturas miniaturizadas, principalmente para retenção e/ou pré-concentração, em pré-tratamento de amostras ou mesmo para proteção de sistemas de detecção. A metodologia utilizada correspondeu a testes destes filmes em canais ou membranas seletivas. Quanto aos canais utilizou-se geometria planar e/ou tridimensional; as membranas foram testadas em geometria planar. Microcanais tridimensionais, usados tanto em fase gasosa como líquida, foram testados para determinação de retenção/pré-concentração de compostos orgânicos voláteis. Para testes de retenção de compostos inorgânicos em fase líquida (água como solvente) utilizaram-se não só microcanais, tridimensionais ou planares, como também membranas. Proteção de sistemas de detecção exigiu o uso de geometria plana. Quanto ao filme a base de TEOS, este foi testado imediatamente após a deposição, após envelhecimento por no mínimo seis meses ou após exposição a condições adversas como a que levam à hidrólise de radicais orgânicos presentes no filme, ou mesmo após hidrofobização da superfície, por exposição à Hexametildissilazana, HMDS. A construção de dispositivos, com canal planar ou tridimensional, permitiu o desenvolvimento de diferentes sistemas de tratamento, e respectivos métodos de análise, para separação, retenção e pré-concentração de amostras. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que um dispositivo com canal tridimensional, tratado pela deposição a base de TEOS e posterior hidrólise do filme, permite a retenção de íons e formação de clusters de cobre, em fase líquida. Do mesmo modo, permite a separação de compostos orgânicos em pequena concentração e retenção de compostos polares, em fase gasosa. Para dispositivo planar foi observada a separação de íons através de estrutura plana, similar às utilizadas em eletrocromatografia. Os estudos processados permitiram propor pequenos dispositivos, de baixo custo e fabricação simples, que podem ser facilmente implantados na área de análises. Assim, o canal tridimensional testado tem comportamento semelhante ao de uma pré-coluna. Como é de simples construção e sua entrada e saída possui similaridades com uma pré-coluna comercial, a instalação desta pré-coluna em um cromatógrafo miniaturizado requererá poucas etapas. Essa nova pré-coluna também apresentaria grandes vantagens se fosse adicionada imediatamente antes de detectores não específicos, tais como os usados no nariz eletrônico. Pela diminuição de compostos presentes na mistura, as dificuldades de análise dos resultados igualmente decresce, pela maior facilidade de criação de padrões.The long-established and well-known devices for sample pretreatment and/or analysis have been widely studied to new adaptations due to the miniaturization trend. The production of these miniaturized systems requires not only new approach on manufacturing and methodology but also depends on surface modification for performance improvement or new applications development. Surface modification using plasma-produced thin films is well established in Microelectronics. Therefore, the aim was to evaluate the use of Plasma polymerized Tetraethylorthosilicate surface modification on manufacturing of miniaturized structures. The main use of such a modification is on devices for sample pretreatment - retention, pre-concentration, or even for protecting detection system surface. The methodology carried out tested these thin films in channels and selective membranes. Whereas channels used three-dimensional and planar geometries, membranes were tested only with planar geometries. Three-dimensional microchannels, used in gaseous or liquid phase, were tested for retention/preconcentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Retention of inorganic compounds in aqueous liquid phase was tested using not only three-dimensional and planar microchannels but also membranes. Protection of detection systems required planar geometry. TEOS thin film was tested after: deposition, ageing for several months; exposition to severe environmental conditions that leads to hydrolysis of organic radicals present in the film; surface hydrophobization due to hexamethyldisilazane, HMDS, exposure. Manufacturing of miniaturized three-dimensional and planar devices leads to some solutions on sample pretreatment and respective analysis methodology. These devices can be used for separation, retention and pre-concentration. The results pointed out that a threedimensional microchannel with plasma deposited TEOS film previously hydrolyzed allows ion retention and clusters formation in a copper aqueous solution. Furthermore, in gaseous phase, VOCs in small concentration can be separated whereas polar compounds can be retained. Planar device allows separation of inorganic ions in a structure similar to the ones used in electrochromatography. Small and low-cost devices are thus here provided, which can easily be machined and are very useful in the chemical analysis field. The three-dimensional microchannel presented behavior similar to the one of a chromatographic pre-column. This microchannel can also be easily adapted to a miniaturized chromatograph. Other possible use is in sample pretreatment, coupled ahead of non-specific detectors, such as electronic noise arrays, since it can decrease the numbers of compounds to be detected and, consequently, reduce drawbacks concerning results analysis.
27
Čonka, Ladislav. "Studium chování betonů při působení vysokých teplot." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-295656.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is focused on the current issues of concrete resistance to high temperatures. The theoretical part has been processed the changes taking place in the individual components of concrete and changes affecting the physical - mechanical properties of concrete and color-changing effects manifesting high. In the experimental part of the load was, carried concrete test samples to a temperature of 400 ° C, 600 ° C and 800 ° C. After the thermal load, has been on test samples tested changes in physico - mechanical properties, especially concrete compressive strength, water absorption but also a visual assessment of the concrete surface
28
Larsson, Caroline. "Idealiseringen av svensk identitet i film : En näranalys av ”Mitt liv som hund” och ”Änglagård”." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Humanities (HUM), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-3868.
Full textAbstract:
Uppsatsen har som utgångspunkt att studera hur vår identitet som svensk idealiseras i film och då främst genom Lars Hallströms Mitt liv som hund (1985) och Colin Nutleys Änglagård (1992).
Teorin som valts för analysen är identifikationsframställning genom Frankfurterskolans ideologikritik, Foucaults läror om diskurs, kunskap och makt samt identitetsbegreppet i sig och idenitetsframställning. Genom tillämpandet av teorin ges möjligheten att kritiskt granska och omläsa de ovan nämnda filmerna i en omfattande analys. Metoder för uppsatsens analys är en fördjupad närläsning och genomgående omläsning utav de två filmerna.
Uppsatsen utgår även från två frågeställningar som blir besvarade i ett analysresultat och sammanfattning. Genom en näranalys av filmerna ges en möjlighet att se hur propaganda uppstår och verkar, då filmernas idealiserande framställning kan misstas och brukas som sanning. I analysernas reslutat framgår det även att svenskhet vilar på en grund av föreställd gemenskap där man genom att tillämpa Peter Norman Waages teorier ser att idenitetsframtällningen som nation grundas på det så kallade ”omvända kylskåpet”.Identitet sammanför på samma gång som det söndrar då det verkar med värme inåt och kyla utåt, likt ett omvänt kylskåp.
29
Rio, Emmanuelle. "Gouttes, Flaques et Arches sèches : des lignes de contact en présence d'un écoulement." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010466.
Full textAbstract:
L'interaction entre des lignes de contact et un écoulement hydrodynamique intervient dans de nombreuses situations industrielles ou fondamentales. Nous etudions la dynamique de gouttes ruisselantes, tout d'abord le long de leur axe de symétrie (Partie I) puis a trois dimensions (Partie II) en mesurant la distribution d'angle de contact autour de cette goutte par réfraction d'une nappe laser et le champ de vitesse a la surface. Nous montrons que la situation est localement à deux dimensions, dans la direction perpendiculaire à la ligne de contact. L'angle de contact ne dépend que de la vitesse de la ligne de contact mesurée perpendiculairement a elle-même, vitesse qui coïncide avec la vitesse locale du liquide, dont la composante tangentielle s'annule a la ligne de contact. Dans le cas de lignes singulières (en coin), ou deux normales coexistent en un point, nous montrons que le champ de vitesse est autosimilaire a l'approche de ce point. Nous abordons également (Partie III) la question des lignes de contact statiques dans un ecoulement à travers l' etude de la stabilité et de la forme de zones sèches dans un film liquide en écoulement. Nous montrons en particulier l'influence du mouillage sur ces objets et nous mesurons l'angle de contact tout autour de ces zones sèches. Nous montrons que la distribution d'angle de contact est, suivant l'histoire de la zone sèche, uniforme et bloquée a l'angle d'avancée (ce qui permet de construire des modèles simples) ou au contraire relativement désordonnée. Enfin nous mettons en évidence un phénomène encore non reconnu de stick-slip de la ligne de contact lorsqu'une goutte de suspension colloïdale en cours de séchage avance (interaction entre dépôt et hydrodynamique).
30
Salunke, Namrata. "Self-Assembly of Functional Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymer Thin Films." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1533137379044442.
Full text
31
Hercules, Laura Carvalho. "Sob o domínio da cor: análise dos filmes Pierrot le fou e Le bonheur." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27161/tde-06052014-105814/.
Full textAbstract:
O estudo da cor no cinema tem alcançado relevantes dimensões de pesquisa ao longo da primeira década dos anos 2000. Diversas publicações mapearam os mais amplos temas em que a cor é posta na análise fílmica. Desta maneira, é possível revisitar algumas obras do passado e partir para novas interpretações e olhares. Sob o domínio da cor é que proponho a análise dos filmes Pierrot le fou (Jean-Luc Godard) e Le bonheur (Agnès Varda). Na investigação do sistema cromático desses cineastas, é possível avaliar questões interdisciplinares como a representação da França dos anos 60 e as relações de gênero.The study of color in the cinema has reached relevant research dimensions throughout the first decade of the 00\'s. Several publications have mapped the broadest theme in which color is put in film analysis. Therefore, it is possible to revisit some past works and move on to new looks and interpretations. Under the domain of the color, I propose the film analysis of Pierrot le fou (Jean-Luc Godard) and Le bonheur (Agnès Varda). In the investigation of the chromatic system of these moviemakers, it is possible to evaluate interdisciplinary questions like the representation of France in the 60\'s and gender relations.
32
Quintal, Shanda. "Fair to Middlin’: How the Mediocre White Male Trope as the Exemplar of Human Experience and Universal Truth Fails to Adequately Prepare the Diverse Field of Contemporary Actors and Audiences in Film, Television and Theatre Today." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2678.
Full textAbstract:
Non-traditional casting has been a controversial practice in film, television and theatre that was implemented to offer people of color and women opportunities which had previously been available to white or male performers. The following is a case study documenting the process by which I have discovered that non-traditional casting as a practice contributes to the oppression of people of color as well as supports the status quo of the white patriarchy. This case study is analyzed from the historical, sociological, psychological and philosophical theories and ideologies relevant to the unsuccessful attempt of a female actor of African-American descent at portraying a white, Evangelical, male minister. It concludes with an invitation and an approach to making better people.
33
Gunalan, Shanmuganathan. "Structural behaviour and design of cold-formed steel wall systems under fire conditions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/49799/1/Shanmuganathan_Gunalan_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In recent times, light gauge steel framed (LSF) structures, such as cold-formed steel wall systems, are increasingly used, but without a full understanding of their fire performance. Traditionally the fire resistance rating of these load-bearing LSF wall systems is based on approximate prescriptive methods developed based on limited fire tests. Very often they are limited to standard wall configurations used by the industry. Increased fire rating is provided simply by adding more plasterboards to these walls. This is not an acceptable situation as it not only inhibits innovation and structural and cost efficiencies but also casts doubt over the fire safety of these wall systems. Hence a detailed fire research study into the performance of LSF wall systems was undertaken using full scale fire tests and extensive numerical studies. A new composite wall panel developed at QUT was also considered in this study, where the insulation was used externally between the plasterboards on both sides of the steel wall frame instead of locating it in the cavity. Three full scale fire tests of LSF wall systems built using the new composite panel system were undertaken at a higher load ratio using a gas furnace designed to deliver heat in accordance with the standard time temperature curve in AS 1530.4 (SA, 2005). Fire tests included the measurements of load-deformation characteristics of LSF walls until failure as well as associated time-temperature measurements across the thickness and along the length of all the specimens. Tests of LSF walls under axial compression load have shown the improvement to their fire performance and fire resistance rating when the new composite panel was used. Hence this research recommends the use of the new composite panel system for cold-formed LSF walls. The numerical study was undertaken using a finite element program ABAQUS. The finite element analyses were conducted under both steady state and transient state conditions using the measured hot and cold flange temperature distributions from the fire tests. The elevated temperature reduction factors for mechanical properties were based on the equations proposed by Dolamune Kankanamge and Mahendran (2011). These finite element models were first validated by comparing their results with experimental test results from this study and Kolarkar (2010). The developed finite element models were able to predict the failure times within 5 minutes. The validated model was then used in a detailed numerical study into the strength of cold-formed thin-walled steel channels used in both the conventional and the new composite panel systems to increase the understanding of their behaviour under nonuniform elevated temperature conditions and to develop fire design rules. The measured time-temperature distributions obtained from the fire tests were used. Since the fire tests showed that the plasterboards provided sufficient lateral restraint until the failure of LSF wall panels, this assumption was also used in the analyses and was further validated by comparison with experimental results. Hence in this study of LSF wall studs, only the flexural buckling about the major axis and local buckling were considered. A new fire design method was proposed using AS/NZS 4600 (SA, 2005), NAS (AISI, 2007) and Eurocode 3 Part 1.3 (ECS, 2006). The importance of considering thermal bowing, magnified thermal bowing and neutral axis shift in the fire design was also investigated. A spread sheet based design tool was developed based on the above design codes to predict the failure load ratio versus time and temperature for varying LSF wall configurations including insulations. Idealised time-temperature profiles were developed based on the measured temperature values of the studs. This was used in a detailed numerical study to fully understand the structural behaviour of LSF wall panels. Appropriate equations were proposed to find the critical temperatures for different composite panels, varying in steel thickness, steel grade and screw spacing for any load ratio. Hence useful and simple design rules were proposed based on the current cold-formed steel structures and fire design standards, and their accuracy and advantages were discussed. The results were also used to validate the fire design rules developed based on AS/NZS 4600 (SA, 2005) and Eurocode Part 1.3 (ECS, 2006). This demonstrated the significant improvements to the design method when compared to the currently used prescriptive design methods for LSF wall systems under fire conditions. In summary, this research has developed comprehensive experimental and numerical thermal and structural performance data for both the conventional and the proposed new load bearing LSF wall systems under standard fire conditions. Finite element models were developed to predict the failure times of LSF walls accurately. Idealized hot flange temperature profiles were developed for non-insulated, cavity and externally insulated load bearing wall systems. Suitable fire design rules and spread sheet based design tools were developed based on the existing standards to predict the ultimate failure load, failure times and failure temperatures of LSF wall studs. Simplified equations were proposed to find the critical temperatures for varying wall panel configurations and load ratios. The results from this research are useful to both structural and fire engineers and researchers. Most importantly, this research has significantly improved the knowledge and understanding of cold-formed LSF loadbearing walls under standard fire conditions.
34
Lehoťák, Roman. "Návrh betonové konstrukce s ohledem na požární odolnost." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444631.
Full textAbstract:
The diploma thesis deals with the analysis of internal forces and the design of the reinforcement of a reinforced concrete monolithic slab, a reinforcing wall and a column in the 1st floor of a dairy hall building. The fire resistance of selected structures was taken into account during dimensioning. The calculation of the internal forces was performed by the finite element method in Dlubal RFEM 5.24.
35
Carlsson, Gunilla. "Latex Colloid Dynamics in Complex Dispersions : Fluorescence Microscopy Applied to Coating Color Model Systems." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för kemi, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2621.
Full textAbstract:
Coating colors are applied to the base paper in order to maximize the performance of the end product. Coating colors are complex colloidal systems, mainly consisting of water, binders, and pigments. To understand the behavior of colloidal suspensions, an understanding of the interactions between its components is essential.
36
Velarde, Jorge Saúl Suaznábar. "Análise dos efeitos das interações entre pilares e vigas de estruturas de concreto armado em situação de incêndio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3144/tde-03102018-144124/.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tese de doutorado estuda os pilares de pórtico de concreto armado submetidos à flexão composta oblíqua em situação de incêndio, levando em conta sua interação com o resto da estrutura. Nas análises, são considerados os fenômenos da não linearidade geométrica, a fissuração do concreto, a não linearidade física do material, a variação das propriedades mecânicas do concreto e do aço em função à temperatura, por exemplo, a diminuição da resistência, e do módulo de elasticidade, e a variação do diagrama tensão - deformação do concreto e do aço. Além disso, é considerada a variação das propriedades térmicas dos materiais concreto e aço, como calor específico, condutividade térmica e dilatação térmica. Inicialmente, são realizadas análises na seção transversal de pilares de concreto armado em situação de incêndio, submetidos à flexão composta obliqua, utilizando um código ou programa desenvolvido pelo autor desta tese. Nessas análises são consideradas a não linearidade física do material e a variação das propriedades mecânicas e térmicas do concreto e do aço. São analisados pilares em diversas situações, com foco nas tensões, deformações e os efeitos decorrentes às suas restrições. Posteriormente, são realizadas análises termomecânicas ou termestruturais de pórticos bidimensionais e tridimensionais de concreto armado utilizando o programa DIANA Displacement Analyzer. Nessas análises são consideradas a não linearidade geométrica, a não linearidade física do material e a variação das propriedades mecânicas e térmicas do concreto e do aço. É realizado um estudo detalhado com ênfase nos efeitos das restrições axiais e rotacionais às deformações térmicas, avaliando suas consequências na capacidade resistente e no comportamento dos pilares de concreto armado em situação de incêndio. São analisadas diversas estruturas considerando incêndios localizados em compartimentos delas e são avaliados os esforços decorrentes da interação entre os pilares e o resto da estrutura. Finalmente, dos resultados obtidos nas análises realizadas no DIANA Displacement Analyzer, são calculados os valores das forças solicitantes, forças resistentes e são apresentadas algumas relações importantes entre elas.This doctoral thesis studies columns in reinforced concrete frames in fire situation subjected to combined axial and flexural loads, considering their interaction with the structure. In the analyzes, geometric non-linearity, material non-linearity, concrete cracking, and mechanical properties of concrete and steel, are considered varying with temperature, e.g. strength and young\'s module loss and the stress-strain curves. In addition, variations of the thermal properties are considered, e.g. specific heat, thermal conductivity, and thermal elongation. Initially, cross-sectional analysis of reinforced concrete columns in fire situation, submitted to combined axial and flexural loading are performed. The performance is done, using a code or program developed by the author of this thesis. In these analyzes the physical non-linearity of the material and the variation of the mechanical and thermal properties of the concrete and the steel are considered. Columns are analyzed in different situations, with focus on stresses, strains and the effects of the restrains. Subsequently, thermomechanical analyzes of two-dimensional and three-dimensional reinforced concrete frames are performed using the DIANA Displacement Analyzer program. In these analyzes the geometric non-linearity, the physical non-linearity of the material and the variation of the mechanical and thermal properties of the concrete and steel are considered. A detailed study is conducted with emphasis on the effects of axial and rotational restraints, evaluating its consequences on the resistance and the behavior of the reinforced concrete columns in fire situation. Several structures are analyzed considering fires located in compartments of them and are evaluated the forces resulting from the interaction between the columns and the rest of the structure. Finally, from the results obtained in the analyzes carried out in DIANA Displacement Analyzer, the values of the loading forces, resistant forces, and some important relations between them are calculated.
37
Snoyman, Natalie. ""In to Stay" : Selling Three-Strip Technicolor and Fashion in the 1930s and 1940s." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för mediestudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-146279.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the relationship between the fashion and film industries during the classical era between the early 1930s and mid-1940s. It focuses on the three-strip Technicolor process as the binding force upon which these two industries relied in collaborations during that time and looks at technical challenges the new process presented to productions in terms of wardrobe design. Another issue explored is fashion’s role in the actual development of the three-strip process, allowing the Technicolor laboratory to improve the technology through a popular, marketable, and readily available product. Using Technicolor as a point of focus and continuity, this dissertation explores different types of productions filmed in the three-strip process, including shorts and newsreels, industrial and sponsored films, as well as feature-length films. Drawing from a wide range of archival material and a highly interdisciplinary approach, the study delves into the relationship between the fashion and film industries. While the ties between them have been strong since the advent of cinema, previous research has approached their relationship almost exclusively from a promotional perspective. Technicolor’s multifaceted affiliation with the fashion industry, however, warrants a more thorough investigation and this dissertation takes steps towards expanding that research area through a series of case studies. The first chapter provides an overview of color film methods that preceded three-strip Technicolor and outlines some of the key discourses involving color and realism. Chapter 2 addresses the intertwined relationship between the fashion and film industries through a study of fashion department in the popular fan magazine Photoplay and also examines the use of color in that publication. Chapter 3 investigates the fashion short as a vehicle for demonstrating the commercial potential of the three-strip process. It does this by examining the making and promotion of Vyvyan Donner’s Fashion Forecast series. This chapter also looks at the specific work carried out by Technicolor’s Color Control Department. Chapter 4 explores industrial and sponsored films in three-strip Technicolor for the fashion industry with an emphasis on those made to promote rayon. The second half of this chapter examines the 1930/1940 seasons of the New York World’s Fair, focusing on the presence there of Technicolor and the American rayon industry. Lastly, Chapter 5 looks at three-strip Technicolor in feature-length films by considering its collaborations with the fashion industry that took place in the classical era. This chapter also examines design considerations made regarding wardrobe in those films. The study concludes that color’s versatility made it incredibly influential on consumer culture and was key to ventures between the fashion and film industries in this era and beyond. It also ultimately demonstrates the ways in which color, fashion, and film intersected and complemented one another in terms of their aesthetic and commercial commonalities.
38
Dorr, Jonas Benedett. "Modelos numéricos de pilares de aço em situação de incêndio considerando a influência da restrição axial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-23122010-090847/.
Full textAbstract:
Dentro do conjunto de aspectos relacionados à elaboração de projetos em estruturas de aço e mistas de aço e concreto, destaca-se como de grande importância e interesse, para fins de dimensionamento, a consideração de elementos estruturais submetidos a temperaturas elevadas. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal propor a construção de modelos numéricos tridimensionais de pilares de aço pertencentes a sistemas estruturais correntes da construção civil, para análise em situação de incêndio, com vistas a simular numericamente a evolução dos níveis de temperatura ao longo do tempo com posterior acoplamento termoestrutural. Considera-se uma análise paramétrica com vista a variar as restrições axiais totais e parciais da barra, no referente aos deslocamentos axiais, contemplando desde a situação de extremidade livre até a restrição completa em resposta à consideração de apoio do tipo fixo, por exemplo. Os resultados numéricos são comparados a ensaios experimentais de outros autores, bem como com outros trabalhos numéricos já publicados. São obtidas respostas de deslocamentos axiais e laterais do modelo termoestrutural para diversas disposições de paredes em relação ao perfil, bem como gráficos do acréscimo de força axial introduzido no sistema pela restrição axial. Os estudos aqui realizados poderão servir como base para novas pesquisas tanto no campo numérico quanto experimental, assim como para futuras revisões da ABNT NBR 14323:1999, buscando contemplar situações de interesse não abordadas neste documento normativo. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que a consideração do campo térmico com a inclusão da alvenaria no modelo termoestrutural pode melhorar consideravelmente o desempenho do elemento estrutural em situação de incêndio.Within the set of aspects related to the development of researches in steel and composite steel and concrete structures, stands out with great importance and interest, aiming to dimension, the consideration of structural elements subjected to high temperatures. In this way, the present work has as main objective to propose the construction of three-dimensional numerical models of steel columns that belong to current structural systems of civil construction, for examination in fire situation, aiming to simulate numerically the evolution of temperature levels throughout of time with later termoestrutural coupling. It will be considered a parametric analysis in order to vary the total and partial axial restraint in respect to the axial displacements, since the free end situation until the complete restriction in response to the consideration of support for the fixed type, for example. The numerical results are compared to experimental tests made by other authors, as well as with others numerical works already published. Answers are obtained from axial and lateral displacements of the thermo structural model to many displacement of wall related to the profile, also charts of adding axial force introduced into the system by the axial restraint. The results of the current research could serve as a basis for further research in both the numerical field or experimental, also for future revisions of ABNT NBR 14323:1999, aiming to see situations of interest not studied in the same normative document. The results of this work show that consideration of thermal field with the inclusion of masonry in the thermo structural model can, significantly, improve the performance of the structural element in a fire situation.
39
Masters, Chase M. "An Analysis of the Shift from Black and White to Color Photography in Higher Education Introductory Photography Courses." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1225313825.
Full text
40
Britez, Carlos Amado. "Avaliação de pilares de concreto armado colorido de alta resistência, submetidos a elevadas temperaturas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-31052011-170216/.
Full textAbstract:
Apesar da quantidade de variáveis envolvidas, ainda persiste uma dúvida na comunidade acadêmica sobre o comportamento do concreto de alta resistência em situação de incêndio, considerando-o como mais ou menos suscetível à ocorrência do fenômeno de desplacamento (spalling) tipo explosivo. Em parte, essa dúvida decorre do fato de que, muitas vezes, os programas experimentais são conduzidos em amostras envolvendo corpos-de-prova padronizados, cilíndricos ou cúbicos, que não levam em consideração a influência de parâmetros relacionados com as dimensões dos elementos estruturais nem com a taxa e configuração das armaduras. Outros aspectos relevantes, como o tipo de agregado utilizado na mistura de concreto, bem como a idade e umidade interna do elemento ensaiado, dificilmente são abordados nas pesquisas e, muitas vezes, simplesmente são omitidos, o que dificulta a visão ampla e real do comportamento térmico do concreto de alta resistência. Esta pesquisa apresenta um programa experimental pioneiro realizado no Brasil em um pilar de concreto de alta resistência, armado, colorido, com idade de oito anos, fc,8anos de 140MPa, agregado graúdo basáltico, agregado miúdo quartzoso, seção transversal de 70cm x 70cm, 200cm de altura, ensaiado sem carregamento e com exposição de três faces pelo período de 180 minutos (3h), sob as temperaturas da curva-padrão de incêndio ISO 834. O pilar protótipo ensaiado é réplica dos pilares reais do edifício e-Tower, construído em 2002, na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que, neste caso, o concreto colorido de alta resistência comportou-se de forma íntegra frente ao fogo e que a utilização de pigmento à base de óxido de ferro, pode atuar também como um excelente termômetro natural, auxiliando na avaliação da condição da estrutura pósincêndio.In spite of the several factors that influence the behavior of concrete columns under fire conditions, there is a belief among the research community, that the high-strength concrete is more susceptible to explosive spalling than normal-strength concrete. This doubt, in part, is attributed to the small unreinforced concrete samples (specimens) used in experimental programs, to evaluate the fire resistance of structural concrete. On the other hand, relevant aspects as the coarse aggregate type used in the concrete mixture, as well as the age and content moisture (relative humidity) are not considered in the researches and sometimes simply omitted. This research presents a pioneer experimental program, carried out in Brazil on a high strength colored reinforced concrete column (HSCC) with 200cm high, eight yearsold, fc,8years of 140MPa, basalt coarse aggregate, cross section of 700mm x 700mm, tested under no load and with three faces exposed to a standard fire curve ISO 834 for a period of 180min (3h). The column prototype is a replica of the actual columns of the e-Tower Building, constructed in 2002 in São Paulo city, Brazil. The results demonstrated concrete column integrity under experimental fire and that the iron oxide pigments can work as an excellent natural thermometer, contributing in the evaluation of the structure post-fire.
41
Bernsmeier, Jordan. "From Haunting the Code to Queer Ambiguity: Historical Shifts in Adapting Lesbian Narratives from Paper to Film." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1386011853.
Full text
42
Tseng, Kuan-Hua, and 曾冠華. "Behavior of Fire Resistance Steel Box Column under Fire Load." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45986039546923814944.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
93
The object of this research work is aimed at examining the basic material properties of fire resistant steel and its application on the welded box column. Experimental studies included the creep test, axial compression test and fire duration test of box columns. The effect of the slenderness of box column and the effect of restraining force during fire event were examined in the experimental program. Nonlinear finite element studies were carried out to study the behavior of box column under fire load and good correlations were obtained between analytical and experimental studies. Based on these experimental and analytical studies, suggestions are made to account for the behavior of box column under fire load.
43
Lin, Cun-Qi, and 林村棋. "Local Buckling of Fire Resistance Steel Box Column under Fire Load." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13077521942182844770.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
91
With the advancement of metal production, a new type of steel plate, Fire Resistant Steel (FRS), has been developed to conquer inherent weakness of conventional steel. FRS possesses good mechanical properties at high temperature. Using FRS can also reduce the demand of fire proofing material. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the structural behavior of steel structure mode of FRS steel. This research work is aimed at examining the fundamental behavior FRS as well as structural behavior of welded steel box column under axial load. Blind Hole Method was adopted to determine residual stresses of FRS box column. Based on the experimental and analytical studies, recommendations were made for the design and fabrication of welded steel box column utilizing the FRS.
44
Mao, Chang-Jen, and 毛昶人. "Fire Response of Steel Beam-Column Panel Zone." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51522640660344297695.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立成功大學
土木工程學系碩博士班
97
The sensitiveness to temperature of steel becomes a weakness for steel structures. Since the mechanical properties of steel decay significantly at high temperatures, the loading capacity of steel structures in fires will reduce intensively. The failure of beam-column joints frequently induces the collapse of steel structures. However, the behavior of steel beam-column connection at elevated temperatures is very complicated and it has not been fully studied. This study investigates the fire response of steel semi-rigid beam-column moment connections made with H-shape beam and H-shape column. The general purpose finite element software ANSYS was adopted. The numerical model was verified by the full-scale fire tests implemented in the building fire laboratory center of the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI) in Taiwan, and its results were found to agree well with experimental results. The formula to estimate the behavior of steel semi-rigid beam-column moment connections at constant temperature was established from a series of ANSYS numerical analyses and was proved to be suitable for using in the increasing four-side-heated cases. Further, the estimating formula of the connection rotation caused by thermal expansion was established for the increasing three-side-heated cases. The method that considers the influences of thermal expansion and loading (including self weight) conditions separately proposed by this study can provide for follow-up studying the behavior of steel structure in fire.
45
Chen, Kuan-Wei, and 陳冠瑋. "Ant Colony Optimization for the Film Production Scheduling Problem." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/t6452s.
Full textAbstract:
碩士元智大學
工業工程與管理學系
106
In film production, the cost of actors is one of the most important budgeting issues. In this study, we determine the sequence of the scenes of shooting days so that the total holding cost of actors’ and the total operating cost of the shooting days can be minimized. We also consider the daily working hours as the decision variable, which is defined as the total duration of scenes distributed in a single day. In this research, we develop a mixed integer programming model. Since the problem is NP-hard, we propose an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm to solve the film production scheduling problem. A randomized variable neighborhood decent (RVND) is used as the local search approach to improve the solution. To access the effectiveness of the proposed ACO algorithm, we test three sets of benchmark instances from the literature. The first set includes 8 small sized instances. Our ACO can obtain all the optimal solutions. The second set has 240 instances. We can improve the best found solutions by up to 4.93%. The third set includes 1000 instances. We can found all best known solutions. The computational results indicate that of our ACO algorithm are able to provide good solutions within short computational times.
46
Yu, Tz Rong, and 余姿蓉. "An Application of Ant Colony Optimization in Film Production Scheduling." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12300223128970770981.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
資訊管理研究所
100
In film production, budgeting is one of the most important issues. In this study, we present the cost minimization issue in talent scheduling and scene scheduling. We determine the sequence of the scenes of shooting days so that the total hold cost of actors can be minimized. We also concern about the daily working capacity, which defines the total duration of scenes allocated in a single day. Our objective function is the total hold cost of all actors’ hold cost and the total operating cost of the active shootings days. This problem is already known to be strongly NP-hard and computationally challenging. In this thesis, we propose an algorithm based upon Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to solve the scheduling problem. We examine the computational results of our ACO algorithm by using different parameter settings. The computational experiments reveal that the ACO algorithm is more effective and more efficient in obtaining near-optimal solutions.
47
Hsu, Jui-Chia, and 許睿佳. "Structural Behavior of Welded SN490 H Column under fire load." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94546342956543802162.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
營建工程所
95
The study examines the fire performance of welded SN490 H columns experimentally and analytically. Two series of steel columns, stub columns and columns with longer length, were centrally loaded at specified temperature to examine their structural behavior exposure to fire. The aspects considered in this study include width-to-thickness ratio (b/t), slenderness ratio (L/r), ultimate strength, ductility, temperature and failure modes etc. Results of this study indicates that ultimate strength of steel columns decrease with the increasing of the width-to-thickness ratios, slenderness ratio and temperature. The residual stress is released at elevated temperature and its effect on column strength can be neglect. Current design criteria developed at ambient temperature is able to prevent premature failure of local buckling of SN490 steel columns subjected to axial compression either at ambient temperature or at elevated temperature. Inelastic steel columns retain more than 60% of their ambient temperature strength at 500oC. And, column strengths drop to approximately 50% and 40% of the ambient temperature strength as temperature reach 550oC and 600oC, respectively. Finally, the strength reduction factors of SN490 welded of steel column at elevated temperature are proposed based on the results of this study.
48
Santiago, Aldina Maria da Cruz. "Behaviour of beam-to-column steel joints under natural fire." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/7543.
Full text
49
hsu, Chin-wei, and 許晉瑋. "Numerical Modeling of Steel Beam-Column Joints in Fire Environment." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94122465239921856906.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
土木工程學系碩博士班
95
According to the test of the full-scale joints of the steel beam-column in fire environment, the composed beam-column frame is analyzed by the general purpose finite element software ANSYS. The material properties of steel in high temperature proposed by EUROCODE3 was use in this study. The numerical modeling of steel beam-column joints in fire environment has been proven by simulating the ABRI fire experiment. This thesis used different stress-strain curve in high temperature environment, and compared the result of analysis with experiment.
50
Fan, Kang-Lun, and 范綱倫. "Multiphonon resonant Raman scattering of nano-column ZnO thin film." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29369180053894866599.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
電子工程研究所
101
ZnO nano-column thin films were deposited on the Si (111) substrates by reactive RF magnetron sputtering at room temperature in four different concentrations of O2.(20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). The crystal structure after annealing and optical properties by PL measurements of different excitation angle (90o and 45o) of ZnO thin films are discussed. The crystal structure of all samples by XRD measurements are the (002) preferred orientation. The ZnO thin films are nano-column structure by SEM measurements. But the structure of 80% ZnO thin film after annealing was changed to the bluk structure. In PL measurements of 90o excitation angle, for 20% and 60% ZnO thin films, their luminescence emission sgnals are not intrinsic results of ZnO thin films and the emission intensity is very weak. But the luminescence emission intensity of 80% ZnO thin films is normal, so we use PL measurement system of 90o excitation angle to analyze 80% ZnO thin films. In PL measurements of 45o excitation angle, we can find the emission results of 60% ZnO thin film with multi-phonon resonant Raman scattering (MRRS) signals, because the intrinsic luminescence emission signal of 60% ZnO thin film is very weak. Finally, using interference signals from defect emission of 20%, 40%, 60% ZnO thin films to calculate the thin films thickness and refractive index, then the results are compared with thin films thickness of SEM measurement and refractive index of ZnO bulk.