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1
Lang, G. "Mueller's theories on colour preferences." British Homoeopathic journal 83, no. 2 (April 1994): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-0785(94)80052-9.
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Matthen, Mohan. "Our Knowledge of Colour." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 27 (2001): 215–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2001.10716003.
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Scientists are often bemused by the efforts of philosophers essaying a theory of colour: colour science sports a huge array of facts and theories, and it is unclear to its practitioners what philosophy can or is trying to contribute. Equally, philosophers tend to be puzzled about how they can fit colour science into their investigations without compromising their own disciplinary identity: philosophy is supposed to be an a priori investigation; philosophers do not work in psychophysics labs – not in their professional capacity, anyway.These inter-disciplinary barriers arise out of misunderstanding. Philosophers should not so much attempt to contribute to empirical theories of colour, as to formulate philosophical theories of colour. Philosophy is concerned with appearance and reality, object and property, function and representation, and other such fundamental categories of ontology and epistemology. Philosophical theories attempt to fit colour into these categories; such theories do not compete with colour science. However, fitting colour into philosophical theories means dealing with colour as it really is – and one cannot know what it is without consulting the psychologists. That is why philosophers need an up-to-date understanding of psychological theories of colour.
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Stanikūnas, Rytis, Laimonas Puišys, Aldona Radzevičienė, and Henrikas Vaitkevičius. "Colour Preference for Two-Colour Combinations." Psichologija 61 (July 7, 2020): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2020.12.
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What determines which colour combinations will be attractive to a person and which will not? Is colour attractiveness only a subjective human experience, or can we predict it based on physical colour parameters? One of the pioneers of the attraction of colour theories was Michel Eugène Chevreul (1786–1889). He distinguished two types of colour harmony – analog colour and contrast – and tried to describe what harmonics are based on physical colour parameters. This was later done by other scientists. Later, semantic evaluation of colours was introduced and factor analysis attempted to identify emotions caused by colours or combinations of colours. The aim of this research is to test whether there is a consistent pattern of judgments of colour combinations under controlled conditions and, if so, to what extent they are influenced by the objective physical characteristics of those combinations. Subjects. The study involved 40 students (20 men, 20 women). All subjects had normal colour vision and were not related to fine art. Research tools. The study used 8 colours: 4 opponent (green, red, yellow and blue) and 4 additional (orange, lettuce, blue and purple). The 28 colour combinations (made up of two different colours) were composed of those 8 colours and printed onto cardboard card where each colour had area of 80 mm x 80 mm. Questionnaire of 40 adjectives consisting of 20 pairs of antonyms were used for semantic colour assessment. Procedure. The investigation was conducted in a dark room. Initially, all 28 cards with colour combinations were placed randomly on a desk lit by a 40 cm high fluorescent lamp (4000K correlated colour temperature). The subject was asked to select one of the cards with the most preferable colour combination, to write its code on the questionnaire and to mark all the epithets in the questionnaire which suits this colour combination. The same procedure was applied to the all other cards. One experiment lasted 35–50 minutes. Results and conclusions. Independent component analysis distinguished 4 dimensions describing colours: pleasure, energy, purple color and strength. Logistic regression analysis was run on colour factor loadings to discriminate colour combinations into two groups: liked and disliked colour combinations. It shows that that colour combination could be predicted as being liked or disliked with 85% probability. Adding physical colour parameters to the regression increases prognostic probability to 92 %. Also a relationship between subjective factors and physical characteristics of colour combinations was found. Pleasure correlates with hue contrast and strength with saturation contrast. It can be argued that the reliability of colour combinations is determined by both subjective and physical factors.
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Kilijańska, Barbara. "Wpływ koloru przekazu na jego percepcję." Dziennikarstwo i Media 8 (May 24, 2018): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2082-8322.8.13.
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An impact of colour of the content on the perceptionThe main idea behind the paper is to find an answer to the question about an impact of colours in advertisements on their reception. This article focused on colour wheel schemes and rules for colour selection in design. Theories of Sir Isaak Newton’s and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s are mentioned here. An important part of the article is Colour emotions guide with particular reference to cultural differences in colour connotations. The last subsection of the paper refers to rules for combining colours.
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Jagnow, René. "Colour Discrimination And Monitoring Theories of Consciousness." Australasian Journal of Philosophy 90, no. 1 (March 2012): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048402.2011.553626.
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Mausfeld, Rainer, and Reinhard Niederée. "An Inquiry into Relational Concepts of Colour, Based on Incremental Principles of Colour Coding for Minimal Relational Stimuli." Perception 22, no. 4 (April 1993): 427–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p220427.
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Centre – surround stimuli evoke colour appearances (resembling surface colours) which cannot be produced by a single homogeneous spot of light alone (eg brown or grey). Although this seems of great impact to a general theory of colour (including ‘colour constancy’), the psychophysics of these ‘minimal relational stimuli’ is still less well understood than often assumed. On the basis of empirical as well as theoretical observations concerning centre– surround-type stimuli we introduce a relational model of colour coding. At the core of this model is the concept of a three-dimensional linear incremental colour code which behaves differently for increments and decrements. This model takes into account results on ‘discounting the background’ mechanisms and it is closely related to ratio-based relational concepts and to certain opponent-colour theories. In addition, it provides an analogue to the classical distinction between light and object colours, and covers colour appearances related to object colours as well. Within the conceptual framework offered, problems of complex colour perception (eg ‘colour constancy’) and judgmental modes are discussed. Conclusions regarding general limitations of three-dimensional modelling in colour perception are derived and corresponding refinements of the relational perspective are briefly outlined.
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Finn, Geraldine. "White Noise: Composition, Colonization, and Colour." Canadian University Music Review 18, no. 1 (March 15, 2013): 66–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1014821ar.
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This paper examines the links between Western music, Western metaphysics, and Western imperialism. Taking Derrida's reading of "White Mythology" and "Violence and Metaphysics" as its point of departure, the paper explores the relationship between the theories and practices of musical composition formalized in Europe in the eighteenth and finalized in the nineteenth century, and the theories and practices of race, racial differentiation, and empire that coincide(d) with it.
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Archetti, Marco. "Colour preference as evidence for the theories on the evolution of autumn colours." Journal of Theoretical Biology 245, no. 3 (April 2007): 595–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.11.003.
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Ward, Jamie, Clare Jonas, Zoltan Dienes, and Anil Seth. "Grapheme-colour synaesthesia improves detection of embedded shapes, but without pre-attentive ‘pop-out’ of synaesthetic colour." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1684 (December 9, 2009): 1021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1765.
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For people with synaesthesia letters and numbers may evoke experiences of colour. It has been previously demonstrated that these synaesthetes may be better at detecting a triangle made of 2s among a background of 5s if they perceive 5 and 2 as having different synaesthetic colours. However, other studies using this task (or tasks based on the same principle) have failed to replicate the effect or have suggested alternative explanations of the effect. In this study, we repeat the original study on a larger group of synaesthetes ( n = 36) and include, for the first time, an assessment of their self-reported colour experiences. We show that synaesthetes do have a general advantage over controls on this task. However, many synaesthetes report no colour experiences at all during the task. Synaesthetes who do report colour typically experience around one third of the graphemes in the display as coloured. This is more consistent with theories of synaesthesia in which spatial attention needs to be deployed to graphemes for conscious colour experiences to emerge than the interpretation based on ‘pop-out’.
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Amano, Kinjiro, David H. Foster, and Sérgio M. C. Nascimento. "Minimalist Surface-Colour Matching." Perception 34, no. 8 (August 2005): 1009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5185.
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Some theories of surface-colour perception assume that observers estimate the illuminant on a scene so that its effects can be discounted. A critical test of this interpretation of colour constancy is whether surface-colour matching is worse when the number of surfaces in a scene is so small that any illuminant estimate is unreliable. In the experiment reported here, observers made asymmetric colour matches between pairs of simultaneously presented Mondrian-like patterns under different daylights. The patterns had either 49 surfaces or a minimal 2 surfaces. No significant effect of number was found, suggesting that illuminant estimates are unnecessary for surface-colour matching.
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Oliva, A., and P. G. Schyns. "Diagnostic Colours Influence Speeded Scene Recognition." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l1007.
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A critical aspect of early visual processes is to extract shape data for matching against memory representations for recognition. Many theories of recognition assume that this is achieved by luminance information. However, psychophysical studies have revealed that colour is being used by low-level visual modules such as motion, stereopsis, texture, and 2-D shapes. Should colour really be discarded from theories of recognition? Here we present two studies which seek to throw light on the role of chromatic information for the recognition of real scene pictures. We used three versions of scene pictures (gray levels, normally coloured and abnormally coloured) coming from two broad categories. In the first category, colour was diagnostic of the category (eg beach, forest, and valley). In the second category colour was not diagnostic (eg city, road, and room). In the second category colour was not diagnostic (eg city, road, and room). Results revealed that chromatic information is being registered and facilitates recognition even after a 30 ms exposure to the scene stimuli. However, influences of colour on speeded categorisations were only observed with the colour-diagnostic categories. No influence of colour was observed with the other categories. A similar pattern of results was observed with 120 ms exposure. However, there was an interference of the wrong colour on recognition in colour-diagnostic categories. In sum, colour, when it is diagnostic of the category, influences speeded scene recognition.
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Ward, Tara. "Pure Painting and Mottled Colour." Excursions Journal 4, no. 2 (January 24, 2020): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/exs.4.2013.196.
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On the eve of World War I, Guillaume Apollinaire announced the birth of ‘pure painting’. Scholars have typically understood this as an early version of mid-century theories of abstract art; however, that interpretation ignores the poet’s close association with Robert and Sonia Delaunay. Those artists were deeply influenced by M. E. Chevreul, a nineteenth-century colour theorist who showed that complementary hues appear more pure when seen simultaneously. Most often discussed in relation to the phenomenological changes that occur when red and green are viewed side-by-side, simultaneous contrast suggests an alternative view of purity. For the Delaunays, pure painting was not a retreat from the world, but a way of making its dichotomies and conflicts more visible.
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Dwyer, Philip. "Stroud, Colour, and Metaphysical Satisfaction." Dialogue 41, no. 3 (2002): 569–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300005278.
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In The Quest for Reality, Subjectivism and the Metaphysics of Colour, Barry Stroud appraises various subjectivist theories of colour as they occur in the context of a philosophical project which he characterizes as the quest for reality. “It is meant to be a quest whose goal is the nature of reality—what the world is really like. And it involves distinguishing what is really so from what only appears to be so, or separating reality as it is independently of us from what is in one way or another dependent on us and so misleads us as to what is really there” (pp. 3–4). In a long metaphysical tradition, now more alive than ever, the systematic pursuit of the distinction finds colour on the misleading appearance and not-really-so side of things.
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Rakhmanova, O. "Artistic and creative synaesthesia of junior schoolchildren in “colour music”." Musical art in the educological discourse, no. 3 (2018): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2518-766x.2018.3.121124.
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This article deals with theories that determine the objective causes of interperception synthesis in the individual’s psyche. The concept of synesthesia, in particular the combination of «colour-sound», is analysed from the point of view of psychophysiological phenomenon as the basis of the perception of music. Synesthesia is determined by the connection between the vegetative state of the organism, the sound nature of music and the form of expression of synesthesia in the artistically-creative activity of junior pupils. Particular attention is paid to the disclosure of the idea of an artistic or musical composition using a colour scheme. It is concluded that synesthesia in the sound and colour occurs accidentally at different levels of human nervous activity (from instinct to intellectual actions), and sound and color affect the functions of the organism. An important creative process is the coloured musical perception, which is considered as the ability to correlate the emotional content of music with the emotional expressiveness of the colour, which manifests itself in a special artistic activity, and with use of which occurs formation of the emotionally valuable attitude of junior pupils to art as the basis of artistic culture.
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Hands, S. J., J. B. Kogut, S. E. Morrison, and D. K. Sinclair. "Two-colour QCD at finite fundamental quark-number density and related theories." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 94, no. 1-3 (March 2001): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(01)01006-4.
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Agarwal, A., S. Dinakar, NK Tripathy, V. Sharma, S. Joshi, and SD Lagisetti. "Colour vision standards: Past, present, and future." Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine 64 (December 14, 2020): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijasm_44_2020.
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Historically, signal lights (red-green-amber) were used in shipping, rail, and road transportation. This colour schema continued in the aviation industry too. However, automation has taken over aviation sector with electronic maps and colour-coded multifunction displays. Despite sweeping changes seen in the use of colour coding in aviation, there is little change in colour vision standards and in the way colour vision testing is done for the aircrew, military and civil. The changing needs of aviation dictate that renewing the standards is necessary. Furthermore, the new standards will dictate aircraft design, and hence, it is mandatory that they remain current for the next 50 years or so. It becomes necessary to understand the role colour vision plays in the modern cockpit and suggest the colour vision standards accordingly. In the same breath, it is important to understand the evolution of colour vision testing and colour theories, so as to develop or adopt a more suitable test for the changing aviation scenario.
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Wendling, Karen. "A Classification of Feminist Theories." Les ateliers de l'éthique 3, no. 2 (April 12, 2018): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1044593ar.
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In this paper I criticize Alison Jaggar’s descriptions of feminist political theories. I propose an alternative classification of feminist theories that I think more accurately reflects the multiplication of feminist theories and philosophies. There are two main categories, “street theory” and academic theories, each with two sub-divisions, political spectrum and “differences” under street theory, and directly and indirectly political analyses under academic theories. My view explains why there are no radical feminists outside of North America and why there are so few socialist feminists inside North America. I argue, controversially, that radical feminism is a radical version of liberalism. I argue that “difference” feminist theories – theory by and about feminists of colour, queer feminists, feminists with disabilities and so on – belong in a separate sub-category of street theory, because they’ve had profound effects on feminist activism not tracked by traditional left-to-right classifications. Finally, I argue that, while academic feminist theories such as feminist existentialism or feminist sociological theory are generally unconnected to movement activism, they provide important feminist insights that may become important to activists later. I conclude by showing the advantages of my classification over Jaggar’s views.
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Biggam, C. P. "Sociolinguistic aspects of Old English colour lexemes." Anglo-Saxon England 24 (December 1995): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100004658.
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This paper presents an experimental attempt to investigate the social contexts of certain Old English vocabulary belonging to a particular semantic field, namely that of colour. Sociolinguistic studies are concerned with language variations between social classes, age groups, the sexes and other social groupings, so it is obvious from the outset that this sort of evidence will be difficult to retrieve from a dead language. However, in the case of this particular semantic field, textual information can often be augmented by comparative evidence from the colour semantics of living languages, and by the theories about colour term acquisition and usage developed by linguists and anthropologists.
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Hamilton-Fletcher, Giles, and Jamie Ward. "Representing Colour Through Hearing and Touch in Sensory Substitution Devices." Multisensory Research 26, no. 6 (2013): 503–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002434.
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Visual sensory substitution devices (SSDs) allow visually-deprived individuals to navigate and recognise the ‘visual world’; SSDs also provide opportunities for psychologists to study modality-independent theories of perception. At present most research has focused on encoding greyscale vision. However at the low spatial resolutions received by SSD users, colour information enhances object-ground segmentation, and provides more stable cues for scene and object recognition. Many attempts have been made to encode colour information in tactile or auditory modalities, but many of these studies exist in isolation. This review brings together a wide variety of tactile and auditory approaches to representing colour. We examine how each device constructs ‘colour’ relative to veridical human colour perception and report previous experiments using these devices. Theoretical approaches to encoding and transferring colour information through sound or touch are discussed for future devices, covering alternative stimulation approaches, perceptually distinct dimensions and intuitive cross-modal correspondences.
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Gómez, M. E. "Proton decay in general SU(S) models." HNPS Proceedings 9 (February 11, 2020): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2778.
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We discuss proton decay induced by dimension-5 operators in supersymmetric models containing extra hypercharge-1/3 colour-triplets. We derive a general formula relating dimension-5 operator to the colour-triplet mass matrix. We show that certain zeros in the triplet mass-matrix together with some triplet coupling selection rules can lead to elimination of dimension-5 operators. We apply this mechanism to SU(5) and flipped 517(5) theories with extended Higgs sectors.
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d’Emilio, E. "Gauge-invariant coloured fields and exactness of global colour in Yang-Mills theories." Il Nuovo Cimento A 101, no. 5 (May 1989): 757–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02844867.
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Lipatov, L. N. "High energy asymptotics of multi-colour QCD and two-dimensional conformal field theories." Physics Letters B 309, no. 3-4 (July 1993): 394–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(93)90951-d.
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O'Connor, Zena. "Colour, contrast and gestalt theories of perception: The impact in contemporary visual communications design." Color Research & Application 40, no. 1 (December 3, 2013): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.21858.
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Lewicka, Ewa. "The studies of granitoids from the Sobótka region in light of theories of the origin of colour in minerals." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2016-0001.
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AbstractThe article presents the results of the studies of 19 feldspar-quartz raw materials samples, coming from deposits located in the Sobótka region, in light of four distinct physical theories explaining mechanisms for creating the colour of minerals. This is a successive stage of research carried out by the author on reasons for colour variation of samples after firing at 1200°C. This step encompassed a detailed chemical analysis for main and trace elements contents of all the investigated samples as well as Mössbauer studies of two of them. The chemical analysis reveals that the darkest samples are characterised by the highest contents of the following colouring compounds and elements: Fe2O3, MnO, Th, U, Ce, Nd, and V, accompanied by a relatively low amount of TiO2. The Mössbauer studies demonstrated the quantitative predominance of Fe2+over Fe3+in the sample of a relatively darker hue with a high Fe2O3content, while its spectra parameters suggest that Fe2+is located in octahedral coordination that can result in a cold blue tint. Cations Fe3+(located probably in the tetrahedral position) prevail in the other analysed sample that contain less Fe2O3and a relatively high content of TiO2, Ce, and Nd. This probably causes a warm, reddish shade of the sample. The above-mentioned observations and examinations lead to the finding that, at this stage of the investigations, the crystal field theory could be the best suited for the interpretation of colour of the studied samples. This formalism associates the colour origin with ions of the transition elements, some REE and actinides located in the structure of minerals, and their ability to selectively absorb visible light.
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Loman, Jon, and Thomas Madsen. "On the Role of Colour Display in the Social and Spatial." Amphibia-Reptilia 8, no. 4 (1987): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853887x00135.
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AbstractA population of rainbow lizards (Agama agama) was studied in central Kenya. Rainbow lizards are able to rapidly change their colours. Dominant territorial males usually exhibited intensive bright colours. Dominant males were less intensively coloured when close to their territory border than in its center. Dominant males tolerated subordinate adult males in their territories. The colours of subordinate adult males were less intensive when these males were close to dominant males than when far from them. We interpret our findings in light of theories of sexual selection.
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Afthinos, Yanni D., and Dimitris P. Gargalianos. "Promoting Water Polo in Greece: Applying Marketing Theories and Techniques to Sport." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 5, no. 4 (March 1, 2004): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-05-04-2004-b003.
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The purpose of this paper is to present the theoretical conceptualisation that led to the communication improvements needed for water polo in Greece. The paper also studies the implementation process. The proposed improvements were: (a) arrangement of symbols on the Players' caps; (b) addition of team logo and name on players' caps; (c) redesign of players' caps; (d) addition of colour to players' caps; and (e) introduction of a full-body swimsuit. The result was that all but one (e) of the proposed modifications was implemented and adopted during the 1996-2000 National League periods of the Greek men's water polo Division A1.
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Wigerfelt, Berit, Anders S. Wigerfelt, and Jenny Kiiskinen. "When Colour Matters: Policing and Hate Crime." Social Inclusion 2, no. 1 (April 21, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v2i1.31.
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Contrary to the image of Sweden as a tolerant, colour-blind and non-racial country, which is based on the narrative of a country for instance associated with solidarity with the so-called Third World; in this article we argue that racial attributes, e.g. visible differences, account for people’s different life possibilities and circumstances in Swedish society. This article explores and discusses whether, and if so why, people who belong to the group that is categorised as “non-white”, with an emphasis on Afroswedes, and depicted as racially different, experience being targets of diverse variations of bias-based policing, harassment and hate crime. Theories relating to colonial stereotypes, racism, doing difference, the geography of hate, race/ethnicity profiling and intersectionality are used to analyse our material. Based on individual and focus group interviews with “non-whites”, this article discusses how visible differences are highlighted in different kinds of social contexts. The interview results show that people with dark skin are often targets of different kinds of private and public policing based on race- and ethnicity profiling that often occurs on or near borders/boundaries. When those who are targets of racial harassment and exclusion resist such treatment, e.g. by crossing borders/boundaries, they are at risk of becoming victims of hate crime.
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Jadhav, D. B., and A. D. Tillu. "Variations in the Fraunhofer filling-in for the visible region of day-sky spectra." Canadian Journal of Physics 63, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 1345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p85-223.
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Observations of Fraunhofer filling-in (FFI) reported by various observers are critically reviewed in light of sky spectra obtained by us using grating monochromators of different resolutions under different sky conditions. A new parameter, colour gradient, was defined and measured simultaneously with Fraunhofer depths. A negative correlation for the red region and a positive correlation for the violet region were usually noticed between FFI and colour gradients. A maximum value of 30% was noticed for FFI. The above analysis and interpretation in light of existing theories indicate that about 90% of FFI is due to aerosol fluorescence and only about 10% is possibly due to rotational Raman scattering.
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Irtel, H. "Surface Colour Matching under Conditions of Multiple Illuminants." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970327.
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Most theories of colour constancy assume a flat coloured surface and a single homogenous light source. Natural situations, however, are 3-dimensional (3-D), are hardly ever restricted to a single light source, and object illumination is never homogenous. Here, two special cases of secondary light sources with sharp boundaries were simulated on a computer screen: a house-like 3-D object with colour patches in sunlight and shadow, and a Mondrian-type pattern with a coloured transparency covering some of the colour patches. Subjects made ‘paper’-matches between colour patches in light and shadow and between patches under the transparency and without the transparency. Matching did not depend on whether the simulated lighting condition was natural (yellow light, blue shadow) or artificial (green light, magenta shadow). Patches under a coloured transparency produced lightness constancy but subjects could not discount chromaticity shifts induced by the transparency. The number of context patches (2 vs 6) made no difference, and it made no difference whether the transparency covered the Mondrian completely or only partially. These results indicate that subjects were not able to use local contrast cues at sharp illumination boundaries to discount for the illuminant.
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Gibson, Brad K., Yeshe Fenner, Agostino Renda, Daisuke Kawata, and Hyun-chul Lee. "Galactic Chemical Evolution." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 20, no. 4 (2003): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as03052.
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AbstractThe primary present-day observables upon which theories of galaxy evolution are based are a system’s morphology, dynamics, colour, and chemistry. Individually, each provides an important constraint to any given model; in concert, the four represent a fundamental (intractable) boundary condition for chemodynamical simulations. We review the current state-of-the-art semi-analytical and chemodynamical models for the Milky Way, emphasising the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches.
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Barry, Karen L., and Craig W. Hawryshyn. "Effects of incident light and background conditions on potential conspicuousness of Hawaiian coral reef fish." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, no. 3 (June 1999): 495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315498000629.
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Many coral reef fish are assumed to be conspicuous in their natural environment due to their bold and distinct colour patterns. However there have been few attempts to quantify the conspicuousness of coral reef fish under natural photic conditions. In this study, the effects of incident light and background conditions on the potential conspicuousness of four species of Hawaiian reef fish (Chaetodon auriga, Labroides phthirophagus, Thalassoma duperrey, Zebrasoma flavescens) were examined. The optical properties of water, coral and fish colour patterns were measured with an underwater spectroradiometer. Potential conspicuousness was quantified by calculating luminance (brightness) contrast and spectral (colour) contrast within fish colour patterns, and between patterns and natural backgrounds, i.e. water and coral. Under different illuminating and background conditions, the contrast from these fishes was highly variable. Different incident light conditions resulted in significant differences in inherent spectral contrast for L. phthirophagus. All fish had significantly different luminance contrast when the optical properties of the water backgrounds varied. Against coral backgrounds, T. duperrey and Z. flavescens had significantly different luminance contrast and L. phthirophagus and T. duperrey had significantly different spectral contrast. These results have important implications for theories on the adaptive significance of reef fish coloration since the conspicuousness of reef fish appears to be highly dependant on local photic conditions and therefore, some colour patterns may not be conspicuous in the wild as is often presumed.
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Bloch, Natasha I. "Evolution of opsin expression in birds driven by sexual selection and habitat." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1798 (January 7, 2015): 20142321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2321.
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Theories of sexual and natural selection predict coevolution of visual perception with conspecific colour and/or the light environment animals occupy. One way to test these theories is to focus on the visual system, which can be achieved by studying the opsin-based visual pigments that mediate vision. Birds vary greatly in colour, but opsin gene coding sequences and associated visual pigment spectral sensitivities are known to be rather invariant across birds. Here, I studied expression of the four cone opsin genes ( Lws, Rh2, Sws2 and Sws1 ) in 16 species of New World warblers (Parulidae). I found levels of opsin expression vary both across species and between the sexes. Across species, female, but not male Sws2 expression is associated with an index of sexual selection, plumage dichromatism. This fits predictions of classic sexual selection models, in which the sensory system changes in females, presumably impacting female preference, and co-evolves with male plumage. Expression of the opsins at the extremes of the light spectrum, Lws and Uvs, correlates with the inferred light environment occupied by the different species. Unlike opsin spectral tuning, regulation of opsin gene expression allows for fast adaptive evolution of the visual system in response to natural and sexual selection, and in particular, sex-specific selection pressures.
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Tamás, Pál. "Hungarian Social Research of the 1990s: Continuity and Discontinuity." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 6, no. 3 (September 1992): 336–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325492006003008.
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In France my attitude as a philosopher is necessarily anomalous, because the unfitness of the upper class obliges me habitually to appeal to the lower, a course which gives a revolutionary colour to the best counsels. In Eastern Europe alone can enlightened theories now find chiefs disposed to appreciate and be able to utilize them. This contrast is a natural result of Western anarchy. Auguste Comte's letter to the czar of Russia
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Turner, Sebastian, Malgorzata Siudek, Samir Salim, Ivan K. Baldry, Agnieszka Pollo, Steven N. Longmore, Katarzyna Malek, et al. "Synergies between low- and intermediate-redshift galaxy populations revealed with unsupervised machine learning." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 503, no. 2 (March 8, 2021): 3010–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab653.
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ABSTRACT The colour bimodality of galaxies provides an empirical basis for theories of galaxy evolution. However, the balance of processes that begets this bimodality has not yet been constrained. A more detailed view of the galaxy population is needed, which we achieve in this paper by using unsupervised machine learning to combine multidimensional data at two different epochs. We aim to understand the cosmic evolution of galaxy subpopulations by uncovering substructures within the colour bimodality. We choose a clustering algorithm that models clusters using only the most discriminative data available, and apply it to two galaxy samples: one from the second edition of the GALEX-SDSS-WISE Legacy Catalogue (GSWLC-2; z ∼ 0.06), and the other from the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS; z ∼ 0.65). We cluster within a nine-dimensional feature space defined purely by rest-frame ultraviolet-through-near-infrared colours. Both samples are similarly partitioned into seven clusters, breaking down into four of mostly star-forming galaxies (including the vast majority of green valley galaxies) and three of mostly passive galaxies. The separation between these two families of clusters suggests differences in the evolution of their galaxies, and that these differences are strongly expressed in their colours alone. The samples are closely related, with star-forming/green-valley clusters at both epochs forming morphological sequences, capturing the gradual internally driven growth of galaxy bulges. At high stellar masses, this growth is linked with quenching. However, it is only in our low-redshift sample that additional, environmental processes appear to be involved in the evolution of low-mass passive galaxies.
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Lugg, Andrew. "Wittgenstein and Scientific Representation." Wittgenstein-Studien 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/witt-2019-0013.
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AbstractScience figured in no small way in Wittgenstein’s philosophy, not least in his remarks about representation. Early and late he regarded theories like Newtonian mechanics as means of representing the world rather than as representations. While the notion of a form of representation looms largest in his early writings, it also informs his later remarks. His appropriation of the mathematical physicist’s conception of representation is as fundamental to Remarks on Colour (1950) as to the Tractatus (1918/1922).
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Flanagan, Victoria. "Skin Colour, Surveillance and Subjectivity: Deconstructing Race in Jan Mark's Useful Idiots." International Research in Children's Literature 4, no. 2 (December 2011): 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2011.0024.
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Although discussions of race in children's literature tend to focus on realist narrative fictions, fantasy has rich potential for critically examining the concept of racial difference. Useful Idiots (2004), a young adult novel by British author Jan Mark, acts as the focus of my analysis because it is a fantasy novel that offers readers a highly innovative and unconventional exploration of the social discourses that construct and perpetuate racial hierarchies. Using David Lyon's theories about modern surveillance, whiteness studies and Bakhtin's concept of grotesque realism as a theoretical framework, this article argues that Mark inventively interrogates numerous assumptions that underpin race in modern society by depicting a character who, throughout the course of the narrative, gradually becomes a racialised subject. The portrayal of this process constitutes a highly effective and original representation of what it means to be considered ‘the other’.
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Comaroff, Jean, and John L. Comaroff. "Beasts, banknotes and the colour of money in colonial South Africa." Archaeological Dialogues 12, no. 2 (December 2005): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203806211863.
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This essay explores the role of commensuration – the mechanisms that render equitable and negotiable different orders of value – in the production of society and history. While equilibration, standardization and conversion are implicated in most theories of money and commodification, their nature as social processes has not been adequately specified, above all in the construction of universalizing ideologies and modernist political and economic regimes. We pursue these processes in relation to one African theatre, examining the ways in which different regimes of value, brought up against one another in the encounter between the southern Tswana peoples and European colonizers, became the subject of both conflict and complex mediation. Cows, coin and contracts – which had the capacity to construct and negate difference – soon were invested here with magical qualities. But colonized peoples were also sensitive to the capacity of such currencies to enable or impede convertibility and the forms of abstraction and incorporation they permit. Which is why, in South Africa and elsewhere, those currencies often became metonymic of the contestations of value on which colonial struggles, tout court, were played out.
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Stephenson, Andrew. "Relationalism about Perception vs. Relationalism about Perceptuals." Kantian Review 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136941541600008x.
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AbstractThere is a tension at the heart of Lucy Allais’s new account of Kant’s transcendental idealism. The problem arises from her use of two incompatible theories in contemporary philosophy – relationalism about perception, or naïve realism, and relationalism about colour, or more generally relationalism about any such perceptual property. The problem is that the former requires a more robust form of realism about the properties of the objects of perception than can be accommodated in the partially idealistic framework of the latter. On Allais’s interpretation, Kant’s notorious attempt to balance realism and idealism remains unstable.
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HAN, NGUYEN SUAN, and V. N. PERVUSHIN. "ON OPERATOR CONSTRUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL INTEGRAL IN NON-ABELIAN GAUGE THEORY." Modern Physics Letters A 02, no. 06 (June 1987): 367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732387000483.
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Here we suggest a gauge-invariant and relativistic-covariant operator canonical construction of the path integral that is useful for considering the problems whose solutions in conventional approaches depend on the gauge choice. We consider the fermionic Green function, gauge ambiguities and infrared behaviour of non-Abelian theories. We show that the “constructive” approach not only solves such an old problem as a correct definition of analytical properties of the fermionic Green functions but also leads to a new picture of colour confinement based on the phenomenon of destructive interference of phase factors arising in the construction of physical variables.
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Ierodiakonou, Katerina. "Theophrastus on Plato’s Theory of Vision." Rhizomata 7, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rhiz-2019-0011.
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AbstractIn paragraphs 5 and 86 of the De sensibus Theophrastus gives a brief report of Plato’s views on the sense of vision and its object, i. e. colour, based on the Timaeus. Interestingly enough, he presents the Platonic doctrine as a third alternative to the extramission and intromission theories put forward by other ancient philosophers. In this article I examine whether or not Theophrastus’ account is impartial. I argue that at least some of his distortive departures from the Platonic dialogue are due to his Aristotelian inheritance, even though they do not always represent Aristotle’s expressed views.
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Burkitt, Esther, and Dawn Watling. "The impact of audience age and familiarity on children’s drawings of themselves in contrasting affective states." International Journal of Behavioral Development 37, no. 3 (March 28, 2013): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025413478257.
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The present study was designed to investigate the impact of familiarity and audience age on children’s self-presentation in self-drawings of happy, sad and neutral figures. Two hundred children (100 girls and 100 boys) with the average age of 8 years 2 months, ranging from 6 years 3 months to 10 years 1 month, formed two age groups and five conditions ( n = 20). All children completed two counterbalanced sessions. Session 1 consisted of drawing a neutral figure followed by a sad and happy figure in counterbalanced order. The drawing instructions specified the age of the audience (adult vs. child) and familiarity (familiar vs. unfamiliar) differently for each condition. Measures of colour preference were taken in session 2. Certain drawing strategies, such as waving and smiling, varied as a function of audience age and familiarity whilst others, such as colour use, did not. The results are discussed in terms of cue dependency and framework theories of children’s drawings and the need to be aware of specific characteristics of who children are drawing for.
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Eplényi, Anna, and Brigitta Oláh-Christian. "Postmodern landscape architecture: theoretical, compositional characteristics and design elements with the analysis of 25 projects." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausae-2015-0006.
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Abstract This paper endeavours to highlight three aspects of postmodern landscape design: theoretical basis, composition and design elements. Postmodern theories, philosophy influenced the language of the postmodern landscape architecture and got materialized in the use of narratives, eclecticism, the Rhizome-principle. Postmodern landscape composition can be associated with anti-hierarchy, unusual structures, landforms, and playful moods. Postmodern design elements consist of the strong graphical use of colour and pavements, bizarre water features, unusual structures and buildings, postmodern sculptures and thematic garden details. 25 analysed projects try to capture the essence of postmodernism in landscape architecture as well as to reveal points of intersection within these projects.
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Sorge, Arndt, and Arjen van Witteloostuijn. "The (Non)Sense of Organizational Change: An Essai about Universal Management Hypes, Sick Consultancy Metaphors, and Healthy Organization Theories." Organization Studies 25, no. 7 (September 2004): 1205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840604046360.
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The global business world is infected by a virus that induces a permanent need for organizational change, which is fed by the management consultancy industry. The nature of the organizational change hype changes colour frequently, through the emergence of new universal management fashions. An urge to change is understandable from the perspectives of the consultant and the manager, but often organizational changes are ineffective or counter-productive when implemented. In this context, this article’s purpose is threefold. First, on the basis of an interpretation of different literatures, we .esh out an argument about the nonsense of organizational change that is driven by sick consultancy metaphors. Second, we argue that the application of healthy organization theories offers ample guidelines for organizational change initiatives that make more sense than prominent management consultancy rhetoric. Third, pulling both strings together, we plead for the development of an evidence-based (change) consultancy practice.
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Towns, Andrew. "Colour Design: Theories and Applications, by JBest (Woodhead Publishing Ltd, 2012) pp 648 £185 ISBN 978-1-84569-972-7 (HB)." Coloration Technology 129, no. 4 (April 30, 2013): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cote.12034.
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Ster, Anda Maria, Radu Anghel Popp, Felicia Maria Petrisor, Cristina Stan, and Victor Ioan Pop. "Glaucoma Pathophysyology and Therapeutic Implication." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 87, no. 3 (September 19, 2014): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-295.
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Primary Open Angle Glaucoma(POAG) is a chronic, irreversible optic neuropathy leading to the progressive death of retinal ganglion cells, clinically observed as silent visual field loss along with a decrease in colour and contrast sensitivity. Multiple pathogenic theories have been issued and some of them have proven their involvement in disease development: mechanical damage due to increased intraocular pressure, variable susceptibility of the optic nerve, mutation in specific nuclear genes, increased glutamate levels, alteration in nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, changes in the mitochondrial genome, vascular dysregulation, and toxic effects and oxidative damage cause by reactive oxygen species1.The aim of this article is to highlight the pathogenic role of vascular dysregulation and reactive oxygen species in POAG with the further possibilities for prevention and gene therapy.
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Lipatov, L. N. "DGLAP and BFKL Equations now." International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, supp01 (February 2003): 68–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03016598.
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The s and t-channel approaches to the high energy hadron scattering are reviewed. The parton model is applied to describe the high energy and deep-inelastic processes. In QCD the parton picture leads to the DGLAP evolution equations for the parton distributions. The gluon and quark are shown to lie on their Regge trajectories. The integrability properties of the effective theory for the high energy QCD in the multi-colour limit are outlined. The Baxter - Sklyanin representation for the wave function of the composite colourless states is formulated. Next-to-leading corrections to the BFKL equation in QCD and supersymmetric gauge theories are discussed. The effective action for the gluon and quark integrations local in the parton rapidities is presented.
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Rudwick, Stephanie, and Sinfree Makoni. "Southernizing and decolonizing the Sociology of Language: African scholarship matters." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2021, no. 267-268 (March 1, 2021): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2020-0060.
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Abstract In this short article we call for decolonization strategies in the Sociology of Language through a focus shift towards the global South, in particular Africa and a heightened attention to “race” as a significant category. We highlight three primary points that require critical attention in a decolonized Sociology of Language: (i) the identification of northern sociolinguistic theories which have been masked as universal and a critical shift towards theoretical frameworks emerging from the South; (ii) the acknowledgement of “white” privilege and “white fragility” in language studies and its related problem of ignoring “race” as a significant category, in scholarship as well as among authors/editors; and (iii) the under-representation of (especially female) scholars of colour in sociolinguistic research.
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Coyne, Jerry A. "Genetic studies of three sibling species of Drosophila with relationship to theories of speciation." Genetical Research 46, no. 2 (October 1985): 169–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300022643.
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SUMMARYDrosophila melanogaster, D. simulans and D. mauritiana are closely related species, the first two cosmopolitan and the last restricted to the oceanic island of Mauritius. D. simulans and D. mauritiana are the most closely related pair, with the latter species probably resulting from a founder event. The relatedness of the three species and their ability to hybridize allow tests of recent theories of speciation. Genetic analysis of two characters differing between D. simulans and D. mauritiana (sex comb tooth number and testis colour) show that the differences are due to at least five and three loci respectively. Behavioural tests further demonstrate that sex combs are probably used by males at a crucial step in mating, and that the differences between the two species may be related to differences in their mating ability. These genetic studies and previous work indicate that differences among these species are polygenic and not (as proposed by recent theories) attributable to only one or two loci of large effect. Further studies of interspecific hybrids show that genetic divergence leading to developmental anomalies is more advanced in the older species pair D. simulans/D. melanogaeter than in the younger pair D. simulans/D. mauritiana. This supports the neo-Darwinian contention that reproductive isolation is one step in a continuous process of genetic change among isolated populations, and does not support current theories that such change occurs only during the evolution of reproductive isolation. Finally, investigations of the degree of gonadal atrophy and its sensitivity to temperature in D. simulans/D. mauritiana hybrids fail to support recent speculations that phenomena similar to hybrid dysgenesis (which causes such atrophy in D. melanogaster) play a role in speciation.
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To, M., P. G. Lovell, T. Troscianko, and D. J. Tolhurst. "Summation of perceptual cues in natural visual scenes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1649 (July 15, 2008): 2299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0692.
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Natural visual scenes are rich in information, and any neural system analysing them must piece together the many messages from large arrays of diverse feature detectors. It is known how threshold detection of compound visual stimuli (sinusoidal gratings) is determined by their components' thresholds. We investigate whether similar combination rules apply to the perception of the complex and suprathreshold visual elements in naturalistic visual images. Observers gave magnitude estimations (ratings) of the perceived differences between pairs of images made from photographs of natural scenes. Images in some pairs differed along one stimulus dimension such as object colour, location, size or blur. But, for other image pairs, there were composite differences along two dimensions (e.g. both colour and object-location might change). We examined whether the ratings for such composite pairs could be predicted from the two ratings for the respective pairs in which only one stimulus dimension had changed. We found a pooling relationship similar to that proposed for simple stimuli: Minkowski summation with exponent 2.84 yielded the best predictive power ( r =0.96), an exponent similar to that generally reported for compound grating detection. This suggests that theories based on detecting simple stimuli can encompass visual processing of complex, suprathreshold stimuli.
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Larsen, Søren S., Aaron J. Romanowsky, and Jean P. Brodie. "Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the extremely metal-poor globular cluster EXT8 in Messier 31." Astronomy & Astrophysics 651 (July 2021): A102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141046.
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We recently found the globular cluster (GC) EXT8 in M 31 to have an extremely low metallicity of [Fe/H] = −2.91 ± 0.04 using high-resolution spectroscopy. Here we present a colour–magnitude diagram (CMD) for EXT8, obtained with the Wide Field Camera 3 on board the Hubble Space Telescope. Compared with the CMDs of metal-poor Galactic GCs, we find that the upper red giant branch (RGB) of EXT8 is ∼0.03 mag bluer in MF606W − MF814W and slightly steeper, as expected from the low spectroscopic metallicity. The observed colour spread on the upper RGB is consistent with being caused entirely by the measurement uncertainties, and we place an upper limit of σF606W − F814W ≈ 0.015 mag on any intrinsic colour spread. The corresponding metallicity spread can be up to σ[Fe/H] ∼ 0.2 dex or > 0.7 dex, depending on the isochrone library adopted. The horizontal branch is located mostly on the blue side of the instability strip and has a tail extending to at least MF606W = +3, as in the Galactic GC M 15. We identify two candidate RR Lyrae variables and several ultraviolet-luminous post-horizontal-branch and/or post-asymptotic-giant-branch star candidates, including one very bright (MF300X ≈ −3.2) source near the centre of EXT8. The surface brightness of EXT8 out to a radius of 25″ is well fitted by a Wilson-type profile with an ellipticity of ϵ = 0.20, a semi-major axis core radius of 0.″25, and a central surface brightness of μF606W, 0 = 15.2 mag arcsec−2, with no evidence of extra-tidal structure. Overall, EXT8 has properties consistent with it being a ‘normal’, but very metal-poor, GC, and its combination of relatively high mass and very low metallicity thus remains challenging to explain in the context of GC formation theories operating within the hierarchical galaxy assembly paradigm.