Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Colour theories'

Decades of research has established that individuals and groups have reliable preferences for some colours over others. The aim of this thesis is to understand the biological and cognitive mechanisms of these colour preferences. Two recent theories of colour preference are tested, the biological components theory (Hurlbert and Ling, 2007) and the ecological valence theory (EVT; Palmer & Schloss, 2010). The former argues that colour preference is explained by weights on the two cone-opponent channels underlying human colour vision, whereas the latter argues that colour preference is explained by colour-object associations. A series of experiments test these theories by testing different cultures, sexes and ages, and by sampling stimuli throughout colour space. The findings identify serious constraints for both theories. The biological component theory only works well when summarising hue preference, not when colours vary in lightness and saturation. EVT is effective at explaining the colour preference of males, but not females. For both theories, previous claims of 'universal' patterns of preference across cultures are not supported. The thesis also investigates whether 'mere exposure' (brief, repeated exposure to stimuli) influences colour preference, as it does for other basic stimuli. A series of experiments indicate that mere exposure influences colour preference for males but not females. This suggests that, at least for some groups, there could be basic cognitive processes that affect colour preference that are domain general. Overall, it is concluded there are multiple routes to colour preference, and that further research should consider how the various underlying mechanisms of colour preference combine and interact for different types of observers. This thesis and the work to which it refers are the results of my own efforts. Any ideas, data, images or text resulting from the work of others (whether published or unpublished) are fully identified as such within the work and attributed to their originator in the text, bibliography or in footnotes. This thesis has not been submitted in whole or in part for any other academic degree or professional qualification. I agree that the University has the right to submit my' work to the plagiarism detection service Turnitin UK for originality checks. Whether or not drafts have been so-assessed, the University reserves the right to require an electronic version of the final document (as submitted) for assessment as above.

Tait showed in 1878 that the Four Color Theorem is equivalent to being able to three-color the edges of any planar, three-regular, two-edge connected graph. Not surprisingly, this equivalent problem proved to be equally difficult. We consider the problem of fractional colorings, which resemble ordinary colorings but allow for some degree of cheating. Happily, it is known that every planar three-regular, two-edge connected graph is fractionally three-edge colorable. Is there an analogue to Tait’s Theorem which would allow us to derive the Fractional Four Color Theorem from this edge-coloring result?

Thesis advisor: Lisa (Leigh) Patel
With the increasing racial diversity of the United States and the growing economic and health disparities among racial groups, there is a growing need for health professionals of color (Montoya, 2006). However, people of color are significantly underrepresented in the health professions and make up only 14% of those admitted to medical schools and only 6% of the physician workforce (US Department of Health and Human Services 2009). Much of this disparity can be linked to very high attrition rates for students of color in their first two years of undergraduate science programs (Cohen & Steinecke 2006; Smith 1993; Tobias 1990; US HHS 2009). To better understand the complexity of the disparity, this ethnographic case study used Critical Race Theory to examine the experiences of eight students of color during their first year in a pre-medical program at a predominantly white research university. Critical Race Theory as a framework facilitates the examination of the various iterations of systemic racism including the intersecting forms of oppression and the dominant narratives used to explain and justify the relative educational success or failure of one group over another (Ladson-Billings, 1998; Solorzano & Yosso, 2001). The major areas of analytic focus included: Assumptions and dominant narratives about students of color in science, pedagogical approaches employed by instructors in college science classes; the role and impact on students of the academic science language in course textbooks and exams; the ways that race, class, language, and immigration status impact students in the science classes and the larger university; the impact on students of various university structures and practices such as financial aid policies, science course structures, and grading practices. This analysis shows how these multiple factors function as interlocking systems of institutionalized oppression that disadvantage students of color in the science courses. In addition, the counterstories of these students show the valuable knowledge and experience these students can bring to the medical profession
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Teacher Education, Special Education, Curriculum and Instruction

My dissertation focuses on mathematical explanation found in proofs looked at from a historical point of view, while stressing the importance of mathematical practices. Current philosophical theories on explanatory proofs emphasize the structure and content of proofs without any regard to external factors that influence a proof’s explanatory power. As a result, the major philosophical views have been shown to be inadequate in capturing general aspects of explanation. I argue that, in addition to form and content, a proof’s explanatory power depends on its targeted audience. History is useful here, because from it, we are able to follow the transition from a first-generation proof, which is usually non-explanatory, into its explanatory version. By tracking the similarities and differences between these proofs, we are able to gain a better understanding of what makes a proof explanatory according to mathematicians who have the relevant background to evaluate it as so. My first chapter discusses why history is important for understanding mathematical practices. I describe two kinds of history: one that presents a narrative of events, which influenced developments in mathematics both directly and indirectly, and another, typically used in mathematical research, which concentrates only on technical developments. I contend that both versions of the past benefit the philosopher. History used in research gives us an idea of what mathematicians desire or find to be important, while history written by historians shows us what effects these have on mathematical practices. The next two chapters are about explanatory proofs. My second chapter examines the main theories of mathematical explanation. I argue that these theories are short-sighted as they only consider what appears in a proof without considering the proof’s purported audience or background knowledge necessary to understand the proof. In the third chapter, I propose an alternative way of analyzing explanatory proofs. Here, I suggest looking at a theorem’s history, which includes its successive proofs, as well as the mathematicians who wrote them. From this, we can better understand how and why mathematicians prove theorems in multiple ways, which depends on the purposes of these theorems. The last chapter is a case study on the computer proof of the Four Color Theorem by Appel and Haken. Here, I compare and contrast what philosophers and mathematicians have had to say about the proof. I argue that the main philosophical worry regarding the theorem—its unsurveyability—did not make a strong impact on the mathematical community and would have hindered mathematical development in computer-assisted proofs. By studying the history of the theorem, we learn that Appel and Haken relied on the strategy of Kempe’s flawed proof from the 1800s (which, obviously, did not involve a computer). Two later proofs, also aided by computer, were developed using similar methods. None of these proofs are explanatory, but not because of their massive lengths. Rather, the methods used in these proofs are a series of calculations that exhaust all possible configurations of maps.

Neste trabalho estudamos um pouco de Teoria dos Grafos, abordando diversas definições e teoremas interessantes. Apresentamos o Teorema das Quatro Cores, desde o surgimento do problema com Francis Guthrie. Analisamos a demonstração do teorema realizada por Alfred Bray Kempe e sua refutação através do contraexemplo de Percy John Heawood. Analisamos também a demonstração do Teorema das Cinco Cores de Percy John Heawood. Porém, apresentamos a primeira demonstração válida do Teorema das Quatro Cores, como sua particularidade de ter sido feita com o auxílio de um computador. O trabalho é concluído com uma análise sobre os benefícios que o conhecimento de Teoria dos Grafos pode render aos alunos do Ensino Básico, e como professor o pode trabalhar este assunto em sala de aula, inclusive abordando o problema de coloração de mapas.
In this paper we study Graph Theory, addressing various definitions and interesting theorems. We present the Four Color Theorem, since the origin of the problem with Francis Guthrie. We analyze the proof of the theorem presented by Alfred Bray Kempe, and its refutation by Percy John Heawood counter-example. We also analyze the Percy John Heawood demonstration of the Five Color Theorem. Finally, we present the first valid proof of the Four Colors Theorem, with its peculiarity of having been done with the aid of a computer. We conclude with an analysis of the beneficial that the knowledge of Graph Theory can render students of Basic Education, and how a teacher can work this topic in the classroom, including addressing the problem of map coloring.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
O advento do uso maciço de computadores em provas matemáticas, ocorrido ao final da década de setenta com a solução de um famoso problema matemático – a prova do Teorema das Quatro Cores – ocasionou disputas filosóficas que ainda hoje demandam esclarecimentos. O objetivo principal da tese consiste em elaborar alguns dos referidos esclarecimentos desde uma perspectiva motivada pela filosofia da matemática de Ludwig Wittgenstein, especialmente no que diz respeito à distinção continuamente manuseada e depurada pelo filósofo ao longo do desenvolvimento de seu pensamento entre provas e experimentos. Após apresentar as principais ideias da prova do Teorema das Quatro Cores em termos históricos, algumas distinções conceituais metodologicamente significativas são elaboradas. A seguir o trabalho analisa, a partir da concepção funcional de a priori de Arthur Pap, o argumento da introdução da experimentação nas matemáticas de Thomas Tymoczko. A leitura das controvérias filosóficas que se seguiram ao argumento de Tymoczko é então apresentada, aplicando-se as distinções conceituais anteriormente elaboradas. Por fim algumas ideias wittgensteinianas sobre da disitinção entre provas e experimentos são exploradas em conexão com a noção de sinopticidade de provas, considerando menos os papéis específicos de tais noções na filosofia da matemática de Wittgenstein, do que investigando as vantagens de suas possíveis aplicações no esclarecimento de tópicos críticos das referidas disputas.
The massive use of computers in mathematical proofs, which started in the end of the seventies trough the solution of one famous mathematical problem – the Four-Color Theorem – entailed philosophical disputes still in need of elucidation. The central aim of this thesis consists in elaborating some of these elucidations from a point of view motivated by Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophy of mathematics, mainly in what concerns the distinction between proofs and experiments, which was continuously used and elaborated by the philosopher in the course of the development of his thought. After the presentation of the main ideas involved in the proof of the Four-Color Theorem from a historical perspective, some methodological conceptual distinctions are elaborated. The thesis then shifts to an analysis of the introduction of experiment in mathematics argument, by Thomas Tymoczko, from the point of view of Arthur Pap’s conception of functional a priori. An interpretation of the controversies that followed that argument is developed trough the application of the conceptual distinctions previously elaborated. At last, some wittgensteinian ideas about the distinction between proofs and experiments are explored in connection with the notion of surveyability of proofs, concerned less with its specific roles in Wittgenstein’s philosophy of mathematics than with investigating the advantages of its possible applications in the elucidation of some critical points in the referred controversies.

Alors que l'influence des théories optiques de la couleur sur le développement des techniques picturales aux XIXe et XXe siècles a fait l'objet d'études nombreuses, le champ, tout aussi déterminant, de la psychologie de la couleur demande à être exploré plus en avant. Notre recherche porte sur les liens historiques et épistémologiques entre les approches psycho-physiologiques de la couleur - empruntées aux discours de la psychologie expérimentale, de la psychiatrie et des sciences psychiques - et les cultures visuelles, au tournant du XXe siècle. Ce travail explore le pouvoir de conditionnement mental de la couleur, ou «chromomentalisme» : comment la couleur influence l'esprit et plus largement le corps de l'individu en affectant sa capacité de concentration, sa santé ou son humeur. La thèse présente trois grands axes qui correspondent à des déclinaisons différentes des psychologies de la couleur : la couleur-attention, la couleur-énergie et la couleur-émotion. La première partie analyse les dispositifs d'emprise attentionnelle utilisés à la fois en laboratoire et sur scène, la dialectique entre attention et distraction dans les expériences urbaines, et l'essor des psychotechniques de la couleur. La deuxième partie explore les pratiques d'emprise énergétique (le mythe du corps sans fatigue, la neurasthénie) et l'interprétation bio-esthétique de la couleur qui émerge à fois du débat occultiste et expérimental. La troisième partie porte sur le pouvoir de gestion des affects, en mobilisant le débat sur l'empathie et l'éducation des sens, l'esthétique populaire des couleurs, les modes de relation entre harmonies chromatiques et sociales
Whilst the influence of color optical theories on the development of pictorial techniques in the Nineteenth and Twentieth centuries has been the subject of numerous studies, the field of color psychology needs to be explored further. Our research focuses on the historical and epistemological links between psycho-physiological approaches to color - derived from the discourse of experimental psychology, psychiatry and psychic sciences - and visual cultures at the turn of the Twentieth century. This dissertation explores the power of color as mental conditioning, or «chromomentalism» : how color influences the mind and more broadly the body of the individual by affecting its ability to concentrate, health or mood. The thesis presents three major axes that correspond to multiples aspects of color psychology : color-attention, color-energy and color-emotion. The first part analyzes the attention-grabbing devices used both in the laboratory and on stage, the dialectic between attention and distraction in urban experiences, and the rise of psychotechnics of color (art, cinema, advertising:). The second part explores the oractices of energetic control (the utopian goal of the "body without fatigue", neurasthenia, psychotechnics of energy) and the bio-aesthetic interpretation of color that emerges from occultism and experimental sciences. The third part focuses on the power of color to affect emotion, by questioning the debate on empathy and the education of the senses, the popular aesthetics of colors, the link between chromatic and social harmonies

In this thesis we study a mathematical model that describes task partitioning in a colony of ants. This process of self-organization is modeled by a nonlinear coupled system of rst order autonomous ordinary dierential equations. We discuss how this system of equations can be derived based on the behavior of ants in a colony. We use GNU Octave (a high-level programming language) to solve the system of equations numerically for dierent sets of parameters and show how the solutions respond to changes in the parameter values. Finally, we prove that the model is well-posed locally in time. We rewrite the system of ordinary dierential equations in terms of a system of coupled Volterra integral equations and look at the right-hand side of the system as a nonlinear operator on a Banach space. By doing so, we have transformed the problem of showing existence and uniqueness of solutions to a system of ordinary dierential equations into a problem of showing existence and uniqueness of a xed point to the corresponding integral operator. Additionally, we use Gronwall's inequality to prove the stability of solutions with respect to data and parameters.

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Infography has been characterized as a new representaíion of form the contemporary informative journalism genre, that synthesizes the information from the resources the graphic visual language, aiming quick and efficient reading the news. Among the visual language elements that characterize its configuration, the color becomes an important feature the infographics, can contribute to emphasize and organize complex visual information, for clarity, visual balance, and harmony. However, it can also have negative effects, if used improperly, making information difficult to understand. Within this context, the present study investigates the indicative, perceptive and representative functions of color in the journalism infographics, aiming to propose recommendations for its use in the design of infographics. Therefore, this research presents an exploratory, mixedmethod (qualitative and quantitative) approach, to be carried out in four stages: (i) characterization of color functions; (ii) analysis of a set of infographics; (iii) processing and interpretation of data; and (iv) recommendations for the use of color in the project of journalism infographics. Comparing the three categories was observed that perceptive and indicative function categories were the most recurrent, being the functions harmonize, organize, hierarchize and measure the most ones. However, these same categories were also those ones that presented a higher number of probiems in the use of color, with the functions maintaining readability and visibility and maintaining consistency the most problematic ones. Such analysis identified successful uses and highlighted some shortcomings, moreover contributing recommendations for directing the proper application of color in journalism infographics.

Die Arbeit prüft, inwieweit die Übersetzungstheorien von Otto Kade et al., Werner Koller und die Skopostheorie das Problem der kulturgebundenen Farbwortvielfalt bei der Übersetzung zu lösen versuchen. Im ersten Teil wird hierfür der Grundstein gelegt, indem interdisziplinäres Wissen auf die Bildung von Farbbezeichnungen, ihrer Herkunft und ihrer biologischen und physikalischen Grundsätze angewendet wird. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auch die Sapir-Whorf-Hypothese diskutiert. Die Etymologie bestehender Farbbezeichnungen verschiedenster Sprachen bildet dabei das Zentrum, sowohl für die Erklärung der Farbwahrnehmung und die Kulturgebundenheit ihrer Bezeichnungen als auch der Neuschöpfung von Farbbezeichnungen in den Übersetzungssituationen. Anhand fiktiver Übersetzungssituationen aus dem Alltag wird der Übersetzungsprozess für jede Übersetzungstheorie simuliert und aus ihrer Sicht verfolgt. Im Abschluss werden die Ergebnisse gegenübergestellt und diskutiert.

In this dissertation, a problem related to Hadwiger's conjecture has been studied. We first proved a conjecture of Jakobsen from 1983 which states that every simple graphs on $n$ vertices and at least (11n-35)/2 edges either has a minor isomorphic to K_8 with one edge deleted or is isomorphic to a graph obtained from disjoint copies of K_{1, 2, 2, 2, 2} and/or K_7 by identifying cliques of size five. We then studied the extremal functions for complete minors. We proved that every simple graph on nge9 vertices and at least 7n-27 edges either has a minor, or is isomorphic to K_{2, 2, 2, 3, 3}, or is isomorphic to a graph obtained from disjoint copies of K_{1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2} by identifying cliques of size six. This result extends Mader's theorem on the extremal function for K_p minors, where ple7. We discussed the possibilities of extending our methods to K_{10} and K_{11} minors. We have also found the extremal function for K_7 plus a vertex minor.

As computers become a more prevalent commodity in mathematical research and mathematical proof, the question of whether or not a computer assisted proof can be considered a mathematical proof has become an ongoing topic of discussion in the mathematics community. The use of the computer in mathematical research leads to several implications about mathematics in the present day including the notion that mathematical proof can be based on empirical evidence, and that some mathematical conclusions can be achieved a posteriori instead of a priori, as most mathematicians have done before. While some mathematicians are open to the idea of a computer-assisted proof, others are skeptical and would feel more comfortable if presented with a more traditional proof, as it is more surveyable. A surveyable proof enables mathematicians to see the validity of a proof, which is paramount for mathematical growth, and offer critique. In my thesis, I will present the role that the mathematical proof plays within the mathematical community, and thereby conclude that because of the dynamics of the mathematical community and the constant activity of proving, the risks that are associated with a mistake that stems from a computer-assisted proof can be caught by the scrupulous activity of peer review in the mathematics community. Eventually, as the following generations of mathematicians become more trained in using computers and in computer programming, they will be able to better use computers in producing evidence, and in turn, other mathematicians will be able to both understand and trust the resultant proof. Therefore, it remains that whether or not a proof was achieved by a priori or a posteriori, the validity of a proof will be determined by the correct logic behind it, as well as its ability to convince the members of the mathematical community—not on whether the result was reached a priori with a traditional proof, or a posteriori with a computer-assisted proof.

Le théorème de Carathéodory coloré, prouvé en 1982 par Bárány, énonce le résultat suivant. Etant donnés d Å1 ensembles de points S1,SdÅ1 dans Rd , si chaque Si contient 0 dans son enveloppe convexe, alors il existe un sous-ensemble arc-en-ciel T µ SdÅ1 iÆ1 Si contenant 0 dans son enveloppe convexe, i.e. un sous-ensemble T tel que jT \Si j • 1 pour tout i et tel que 0 2 conv(T ). Ce théorème a donné naissance à de nombreuses questions, certaines algorithmiques et d’autres plus combinatoires. Dans ce manuscrit, nous nous intéressons à ces deux aspects. En 1997, Bárány et Onn ont défini la programmation linéaire colorée comme l’ensemble des questions algorithmiques liées au théorème de Carathéodory coloré. Parmi ces questions, deux ont particulièrement retenu notre attention. La première concerne la complexité du calcul d’un sous-ensemble arc-en-ciel comme dans l’énoncé du théorème. La seconde, en un sens plus générale, concerne la complexité du problème de décision suivant. Etant donnés des ensembles de points dans Rd , correspondant aux couleurs, il s’agit de décider s’il existe un sous-ensemble arc-en-ciel contenant 0 dans son enveloppe convexe, et ce en dehors des conditions du théorème de Carathéodory coloré. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mieux délimiter les cas polynomiaux et les cas “difficiles” de la programmation linéaire colorée. Nous présentons de nouveaux résultats de complexités permettant effectivement de réduire l’ensemble des cas encore incertains. En particulier, des versions combinatoires du théorème de Carathéodory coloré sont présentées d’un point de vue algorithmique. D’autre part, nous montrons que le problème de calcul d’un équilibre de Nash dans un jeu bimatriciel peut être réduit polynomialement à la programmation linéaire coloré. En prouvant ce dernier résultat, nous montrons aussi comment l’appartenance des problèmes de complémentarité à la classe PPAD peut être obtenue à l’aide du lemme de Sperner. Enfin, nous proposons une variante de l’algorithme de Bárány et Onn, calculant un sous ensemble arc-en-ciel contenant 0 dans son enveloppe convexe sous les conditions du théorème de Carathéodory coloré. Notre algorithme est clairement relié à l’algorithme du simplexe. Après une légère modification, il coïncide également avec l’algorithme de Lemke, calculant un équilibre de Nash dans un jeu bimatriciel. La question combinatoire posée par le théorème de Carathéodory coloré concerne le nombre de sous-ensemble arc-en-ciel contenant 0 dans leurs enveloppes convexes. Deza, Huang, Stephen et Terlaky (Colourful simplicial depth, Discrete Comput. Geom., 35, 597–604 (2006)) ont formulé la conjecture suivante. Si jSi j Æ d Å1 pour tout i 2 {1, . . . ,d Å1}, alors il y a au moins d2Å1 sous-ensemble arc-en-ciel contenant 0 dans leurs enveloppes convexes. Nous prouvons cette conjecture à l’aide d’objets combinatoires, connus sous le nom de systèmes octaédriques, dont nous présentons une étude plus approfondie
The colorful Carathéodory theorem, proved by Bárány in 1982, states the following. Given d Å1 sets of points S1, . . . ,SdÅ1 µ Rd , each of them containing 0 in its convex hull, there exists a colorful set T containing 0 in its convex hull, i.e. a set T µ SdÅ1 iÆ1 Si such that jT \Si j • 1 for all i and such that 0 2 conv(T ). This result gave birth to several questions, some algorithmic and some more combinatorial. This thesis provides answers on both aspects. The algorithmic questions raised by the colorful Carathéodory theorem concern, among other things, the complexity of finding a colorful set under the condition of the theorem, and more generally of deciding whether there exists such a colorful set when the condition is not satisfied. In 1997, Bárány and Onn defined colorful linear programming as algorithmic questions related to the colorful Carathéodory theorem. The two questions we just mentioned come under colorful linear programming. This thesis aims at determining which are the polynomial cases of colorful linear programming and which are the harder ones. New complexity results are obtained, refining the sets of undetermined cases. In particular, we discuss some combinatorial versions of the colorful Carathéodory theorem from an algorithmic point of view. Furthermore, we show that computing a Nash equilibrium in a bimatrix game is polynomially reducible to a colorful linear programming problem. On our track, we found a new way to prove that a complementarity problem belongs to the PPAD class with the help of Sperner’s lemma. Finally, we present a variant of the “Bárány-Onn” algorithm, which is an algorithmcomputing a colorful set T containing 0 in its convex hull whose existence is ensured by the colorful Carathéodory theorem. Our algorithm makes a clear connection with the simplex algorithm. After a slight modification, it also coincides with the Lemke method, which computes a Nash equilibriumin a bimatrix game. The combinatorial question raised by the colorful Carathéodory theorem concerns the number of positively dependent colorful sets. Deza, Huang, Stephen, and Terlaky (Colourful simplicial depth, Discrete Comput. Geom., 35, 597–604 (2006)) conjectured that, when jSi j Æ d Å1 for all i 2 {1, . . . ,d Å1}, there are always at least d2Å1 colourful sets containing 0 in their convex hulls. We prove this conjecture with the help of combinatorial objects, known as the octahedral systems. Moreover, we provide a thorough study of these objects

Developpement d'une theorie des reseaux reguliers (qui permettent l'analyse directe des reseaux colores), fondee sur trois outils complementaires: la construction d'un graphe de marquages symboliques, le calcul des invariants lineaires et la definition de l'ensemble des reductions

The Four Color Theorem originated in 1850 and was not solved in its entirety until 1976. This report details the history of the proof for the Four Color Theorem and multiple contributions to the proof of the Four Color Theorem by several mathematicians. Ideas such as Kempe Chains, reducibility, unavoidable sets, the method of discharging, and the Petersen Graph are all covered in this report. There is also a brief discussion over the importance of a mathematical proof and how the definition of a proof has changed with the contributions of Computer Science to the mathematical community.
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碩士
國立清華大學
資訊系統與應用研究所
102
Due to the fast growth of information technology, we can get plenty of information over the Internet in time. However, some secret information cannot be released in public. Thus, information security plays an important role. A (k, n) threshold scheme for secret image sharing might be a useful method to protect a secret image. It distributes a secret image to n shadow images preserved by n participants. If we collect at least k shadow images, we can reveal the secret image. Fewer than k shadow images cannot reveal the secret image. In this thesis, based on Ulutas’s scheme [Ulut2009], we implement a useful image sharing and revealing system which uses color image as secret image and Chinese remainder theorem to reveal the secret image. The proposed method needs a necessary image to ensure that we can reveal the lossless secret image. However, if we do not use the necessary image, we can still reveal the distortion image with only the difference of the least significant bit. In the experimental results, we demonstrate the PSNR value between an original image and the revealed image is over 50 dB. It shows that the proposed approach is a simple but efficient secret image sharing approach.

Color, Hygiene, and Body Politics: French Neo-Impressionist Theories of Vision and Volition, 1870-1905, explores the little studied "pragmatic" dimension of Neo-Impressionist theory and practice to reveal the full social and political import of Divisionist technique. Specifically, it examines how Neo-Impressionist painters such as Georges Seurat (1859-1891), Paul Signac (1863-1935), and Camille Pissarro (1830-1903), as well as their anarchist allies, applied artistic and political tenets to their daily practices, including hygienic habits and medical treatments. Neo-Impressionist Divisionism was based on a physiological awareness that the balanced use of three optical nerves generated a sense of harmony. By examining the ethical aspects of neuro-psychological color theories in nineteenth-century Europe, this research demonstrates that this awareness was not merely a matter of optics, but a part of the prevalent socio-ethical discourse of energy efficiency.

The first chapter, "Color Perception and Mental Labor: Divisionism and the Ethic of Nineteenth-Century Neuro-psychology," examines the history of nineteenth-century neuro-psychology to address how, in the fields of art and science, color perception was identified as an action. The chapter focuses on widespread neuro-psychological notions of "reflex theory," "nervous fatigue," and "homeostasis," all of which regulated the Neo-Impressionist concept of color harmony. Illuminating the Neo-Impressionist neural ethic, this chapter focuses on the behavioral phase of the Neo-Impressionist aesthetics neglected by previous studies.

The second chapter, "Neuro-psychological Space in Color and Dynamism," explores how this behavioral discourse was visualized in Neo-Impressionist painterly space. Contrary to Kantian a priori space, prominent theorists, such as Taine, Spencer, and Ribot who influenced the Neo-Impressionists, upheld the idea of dynamic space. As the raison d'être for this new space resided in the dynamic interaction between the self and the world, action became fundamental to its formation. Color in such new spaces was the perceptual bedrock, since optical nerves defined external objects chiefly as color. This chapter underscores the connection between dynamism and color in painterly space, through which the viewer could voluntarily engage with the world.

The third chapter, "Therapeutic Color and the Neo-Impressionists' Daily Practices," delves into the Neo-Impressionists' health-related pursuits including their commitment to hydrotherapy, color therapy, and homeopathy, all associated with an ecological concern for the equilibrium between the self and the environment. This comprehensive examination reveals an overlooked behavioral aspect of Neo-Impressionist theory, which was a critical dimension of their world-view that sought to merge art and life. The first section examines the artists' commitment to bathing and hydrotherapy through an analysis of the art and writings of Camille Pissarro and his anarchist allies. The second part examines the theory of color therapy developed by Dr. Paul Ferdinand Gachet, and his impact on the Neo-Impressionists. In the final section, I consider the broader implications of the Neo-Impressionist embrace of homeopathic practices with reference to a theory of ecological equilibrium.

Dissertation

Die Arbeit prüft, inwieweit die Übersetzungstheorien von Otto Kade et al., Werner Koller und die Skopostheorie das Problem der kulturgebundenen Farbwortvielfalt bei der Übersetzung zu lösen versuchen. Im ersten Teil wird hierfür der Grundstein gelegt, indem interdisziplinäres Wissen auf die Bildung von Farbbezeichnungen, ihrer Herkunft und ihrer biologischen und physikalischen Grundsätze angewendet wird. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auch die Sapir-Whorf-Hypothese diskutiert. Die Etymologie bestehender Farbbezeichnungen verschiedenster Sprachen bildet dabei das Zentrum, sowohl für die Erklärung der Farbwahrnehmung und die Kulturgebundenheit ihrer Bezeichnungen als auch der Neuschöpfung von Farbbezeichnungen in den Übersetzungssituationen. Anhand fiktiver Übersetzungssituationen aus dem Alltag wird der Übersetzungsprozess für jede Übersetzungstheorie simuliert und aus ihrer Sicht verfolgt. Im Abschluss werden die Ergebnisse gegenübergestellt und diskutiert.:Inhaltsverzeichnis I Abkürzungsverzeichnis 4 1 Einleitung 5 2 Farben: Wahrnehmung und Benennung 8 2.1 Sinnesorgane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2 Auge und „Farbensehen“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.1 Warum Farbe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.2 Farbwahrnehmung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.3 Farbwahrnehmung versus Sprache und Denken . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3 Farbe und Kultur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.1 Grundfarbwörter – Berlin und Kay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3.2 Etymologie der Grundfarbbezeichnungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.3.3 Farbbezeichnungen als Metonymie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.3.4 Grundfarbwörter diachron betrachtet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.4 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3 Zur Übersetzung von Grundfarbwörtern 51 3.1 Einordnung und Begriffsklärung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.1.1 Übersetzbarkeit, Übersetzungsschwierigkeit oder Übersetzungsproblem? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.1.2 Übersetzungssituationen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.1.3 Übersetzungseinheit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.1.4 Zwei Übersetzungsfälle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.2 Leipziger Schule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.3 Äquivalenzkonzept nach Werner Koller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.4 Skopostheorie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.5 Vergleich und Diskussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4 Schluss 98 5 Literaturverzeichnis 100 A Abbildungen 106