Journal articles on the topic 'Colour terminology'
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Gostkowska, Kaja. "Apprivoiser la richesse des couleurs sur la palette du peintre, ou vers une liste terminologique des noms de couleurs." Romanica Wratislaviensia 63 (October 11, 2016): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0557-2665/63.4.
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HOW TO MASTER THE ABUNDANCE OF COLOURS ON THE PAINTER’S PALETTE, OR A STEP TOWARDS THE TERMINOLOGICAL LIST OFTERMS RELATED TO COLOURS Colour as a subject has led to numerous studies in various disciplines such as physics, psychology, chemistry or history of art, to name a few. In the field of linguistics, the names of colours have been analysed from different points of view but all those works concerned mostly the words related to colours used in the general language. The aim of the present paper is to focus on the terms related to colours used in history of art texts, and to show the unexpected complexity of such terminology. After presenting the definitions of colour we will describe two different aspects of French terminology related to colour: firstly, the forms of terms from the point of view of their morphological and semantic motivation, and secondly, the cultural and historical reasons of such linguistic abundance and complexity of the colours’ terminology.
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O'Connor, M., T. W. A. Whitfield, and T. J. Wiltshire. "Architects' colour terminology: Is there order?" Color Research & Application 14, no. 2 (April 1989): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.5080140208.
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Harutyunyan, Kristine. "Colour Terms in Advertisements." Armenian Folia Anglistika 11, no. 2 (14) (October 15, 2015): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2015.11.2.056.
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The present article focuses on the peculiarities of the usage of colour terminology in advertisements. We live in a colourful world and there are great many colour words to describe it. We also live in a world where advertisement has become an accompanying phenomenon of our everyday life. It is obvious that the language of advertising has its specific features and it seems worth trying to reveal the role and the meaning of the colours used in advertisements. Colour terms are known to be linguistic universals which have certain associations attached to each of them. We may suppose that the colours that are mostly used in the advertisements are the basic colour terms. The spheres where we expect to find wider usage of colour terms should be the ones connected with fashion industry.
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Louwrens, Louis J., and Elsabé Taljard. "Cattle and cattle colour terminology in South Africa." Anthropology Southern Africa 31, no. 3-4 (January 2008): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2008.11499968.
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Velikova, Galina. "Decoding Colour Words in English Maritime and Naval Terminology." Chuzhdoezikovo Obuchenie-Foreign Language Teaching 48, no. 6 (December 17, 2021): 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/for21.610deko.
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The present paper attempts to investigate colour words and phrases which give a special flavour to Maritime and Naval Terminology in English. It is based on a list of the most common words and phrases excerpted from specialized dictionaries and strives to systematize them using the lexico-semantic method. Bearing in mind their particular status in language it is found that colour words abound with figurative meanings and give rise to both metonymy and metaphor. The findings in this study can be applicable when teaching English maritime and naval terminology.
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Bowker, Lynne. "You say "flatbed colour scanner", I say "colour flatbed scanner"." Terminology 4, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 275–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.4.2.04bow.
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It has often been suggested that terms are not prone to variation. Moreover, many standardizing organizations and terminology textbooks take a prescriptive approach to term formation and use in which they disparage variation. However, we believe that variation is not due to arbitrariness or carelessness, but rather that it is well-motivated and useful in expert discourse. We hypothesize that multidimensional classification is one of the determining factors behind term choice and we present an empirical study of the influence of multidimensional classification on term use in which we examine variant terms in context in a one-million word corpus in the specialized subject field of optical scanning technology.
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Taljard, Elsabé. "Cattle and their colours: A synchronic investigation of cattle colour terminology in Northern Sotho." South African Journal of African Languages 35, no. 2 (July 3, 2015): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2015.1113006.
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Volkova, Marina Gennadievna, Svetlana Leonidovna Vasilyeva, and Anastasiya Anatolyevna Abramova. "Ways of Denoting Colour and Light in the Latin Medical Terminology (by the Material of Anatomical Terminology)." Filologičeskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, no. 10 (September 2020): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2020.10.43.
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Rosyanova, Tatiana S. "Colorative Challenges in English Economic Terminology." Research in Language 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.18.3.06.
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The paper focuses on multicompound English economic terms with colorative components that constitute a large lexis group, creating constant challenges for translators of economic literature. The introductory part briefly outlines the cognitive aspects of terminology research and discusses advantages of descriptive approach toward economic terminology. Then, it is demonstrated that terminology displays emotive and expressive content by means of connotations as well as such tools as colour-related metaphors. The general trend within this terminological group is the diversity of metaphorical associations that influenced term-formation and the diversity of translating keys that can give the right semantic insight to the translator. Finally, colorative term compounds in economic terminology are regarded as a challenge posed in the context of translation.
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Jakovljev, Ivana, and Suncica Zdravkovic. "The colour lexicon of the Serbian language - a study of dark blue and dark red colour categories Part 1: Colour-term elicitation task." Psihologija 51, no. 2 (2018): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi160521002j.
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In this study, we linguistically investigated Serbian colour terminology. We administrated colourterm elicitation task aiming to establish the inventory of basic colour terms (BCTs) in the Serbian language and, in particular, to investigate the salience and the status of colour terms teget ?dark blue? and bordo ?dark red?. Native speakers of Serbian (N = 83) participated in a list task (Morgan & Corbett, 1989), in which they had to list as many Serbian colour terms as possible during five minutes. Based on the collected data, we calculated frequency of each term, its mean position and two indexes of salience. Results showed that 11 Serbian most salient colour terms correspond to the eleven BCTs found by Berlin and Kay (1969), namely, plavo ?blue?, crveno ?red?, zuto ?yellow?, zeleno ?green?, crno ?black?, belo ?white?, ljubicasto ?purple?, narandzasto ?orange?, sivo ?grey?, roze ?pink?, and braon ?brown?, but that basic status of braon needs to be further examined. Teget ?dark blue? and bordo ?dark red?, along with tirkizno ?turquoise? and oker ?ochre? were frequently used, with higher salience indices than other non-BCTs. Further research is needed to find out whether teget and bordo meet criteria of BCTs in the Serbian language.
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Pryshchenko, Svitlana, Yevhen Antonovych, and Tetyana Senchuk. "Media Design: the Research of Terminology Base and Visual Stylistics." Demiurge: Ideas, Technologies, Perspectives of Design 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31866/2617-7951.5.2.2022.266910.
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Technological changes of the late 20th and early 21st century dramatically influenced the development of the global communication space – all communication channels are rapidly changing to a digital format. The topicality of the article lies in the growing role of visual communications of various formats and computer technologies in modern society. There is an active movement toward digital presentations of the world’s cultural and artistic heritage, multimedia art museums, virtual exhibitions, and virtual tours are appearing, which also require advertising. Main objective of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the existing terminology and visual stylistics of the media. Methods. The research methodology is based on a multimodal approach. A number of scientific methods were used to achieve the set goal: system-structural, art historical, and comparative. The scientific novelty of this work consists in expanding and deepening ideas about the development of media as a component of design activity. The authors of the article emphasize that a fundamentally new type of communication – multi media – has acquired its own meanings, meanings and visual images. Modern visual advertising appeals should have a clear communicative structure, aesthetic level and stimulate the intellectual activity of the consumer. It is proposed to define colour graphics as a basic means of media design, and aesthetic dimensions (parameters) as cultural-aesthetic ones. Colour semantics and regional imagery are distinguished to provide the aesthetic evaluation of objects in ethnic style. Postmodernism has its own typological features: the use of any ready forms from art to utility, widespread of photography and computer special effects, deliberate violation of commensurable quantities of visual elements, borrowing the ideas from other types of art, remake, interpretation, combination, fragmentation, epatage, installation, collageness and replicability of the projects. Conclusions. The results of our comparative analysis of terminology and stylistic aspects of media resources are presented. It has been proven that visual media is not a constant, but rather a dynamic process aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of those ideas, products, services, companies, or individuals that are being promoted. Media design is defined as the design of a visual info space, an innovative stage of designing for the virtual world, and a qualitatively new stage of its development. In summary, we note that research materials allow its continuation and expansion in order to prepare a course of lectures for Masters in the specialties "Design", "Management of sociocultural activities", "Advertising and PR", "Tourism", etc.
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Misra, B. K., and B. D. Singh. "Fluorescing inertinite macerals in Indian Gondwana coals with remarks on their genesis, terminology and coking potentiality." Journal of Palaeosciences 43, no. 1-3 (December 31, 1994): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1994.1190.
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The communication documents the presence of fluorescing structured inertinite macerals in the Indian Permian Lower Gondwana coals of Raniganj, Rajmahal and Singrauli Coalfields. However, quantitative assessment of the maceral has been carried out on the coals of Turra seam from Singrauli coalfield. It was observed that some of the semifusinite and fusinite fluoresced with dull reddish-brown to dark brown colour with almost identical intensity and colour as that of the associated perhydrous vitrinite. It seems that gymnospermous plants, chiefly responsible for the formation of Gondwana coals, were highly resinous and the tissues were also selectively impregnated with resins. The resin has an inherent tendency to get readily oxidized on aerial exposure and when such resin impregnated tissues were only partially oxidized, they produce the fluorescing inertinite maceral with well-preserved cellular structure. A critical analysis of published literatures on the reactivities of vitrinite and inertinite macerals in the Indian Gondwana coals during carbonization revealed that there are certain misconceptions not only about their identification but also coking behaviour. These aspects have also been discussed. The study of coals under fluorescence mode seems to hold promise for the proper assessment of reactive inertinite macerals in Indian Permian coals.
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Bende, Attila, Angéla Király, and Richárd lászló. "Leucistic Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola L.) occurrences in Hungary from the second half of the 19th century to the present day." Ornis Hungarica 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2019-0019.
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Abstract Publications about curiosities are known in the Hungarian and international ornithological literature since the 1800s. Although studies explaining the processes of pigmentation dysfunctions have been known since the mid-nineteenth century, these specimens still appear only as curiosities in the professional press and the terminology used to specify them is generally incorrect. The analysed genetic abnormalities causing white colour varieties in Woodcock (albinism, leucism, Ino) are due to mutations. By briefly describing the biological background of the defects, this work helps detect colour changes. In this article, we provide a broad overview of partially or completely white Woodcocks (n = 23 expl.) found in international (8 countries) and Hungarian literature. We have supplemented the literature background with our own studies. The large-scale analysis of the variability of colours and patterns was made possible by the countrywide wing sample collection within the biometric module of Woodcock Monitoring, which has been running under the coordination of the Hungarian Hunting Conservation Association since 2010. Within this framework, 12,078 samples were analysed between 2010–2018. We found that pigment deficiency occurred in the sample set only with a proportion of 0.01%. Based on the Hungarian literature and our own samples, we presented the known occurrences on maps of the state territory with boundaries before and after 1921, indicating the causes of patterns of occurrence by migration and frequencies of occurrence.
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Lind, Stephanie. "Interpreting Gesture as Motive: A Transformational Perspective on Replication in R. Murray Schafer’s Seventh String Quartet1." Articles 28, no. 2 (May 15, 2009): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/029955ar.
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Abstract While the text, instrumentation, and performance details of Schafer’s Seventh String Quartet (which include an obligato soprano, colour and costume motifs, and texts based on the writings of a schizophrenic woman) seem to distract from the work’s pitch structure, seemingly disparate motives can instead be considered closely related because they repeat a particular transpositional gesture. This article uses transformational network analysis, a recently developed theoretical approach incorporating elements of mathematical and musical set theory, to illustrate similarities between these pitch motives. A brief introduction to transformational network analysis is included for those not familiar with its terminology.
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Radetsky, L. C. "Amber is not yet the white knight for sustainable outdoor light." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1099, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1099/1/012045.
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Abstract Non-white light (NWL), and specifically yellow-orange or amber light sources, are often posed as a solution for environmentally sensitive areas and for astronomical sky glow. Lighting requirements published by various institutions ranging from public advocacy groups to governmental regulators demonstrate little agreement on NWL spectral thresholds and metrics. A recent market and performance analysis of NWL policies and products found that current international guidelines are not aligned, the terminology currently used by the lighting industry is inconsistent, and NWL LED products would likely not meet performance requirements for luminaire efficacy or colour rendition set by existing certification bodies.
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Czapińska-Bambara, Marta, and Zbigniew Danek. "Redness as Perceived through the Eyes of the Romans." Collectanea Philologica, no. 24 (December 28, 2021): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-0319.24.05.
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The article is an attempt to revise the long-established belief in the alabaster-white exterior shape of Roman antiquity, which in fact turns out to be full of colours that bring life to its image. The authors implement this intention by indicating how intensely the colour red was present in the reality described by classical Latin authors – contrary to the accusation that one of the participants of the discussion on this subject in Aulus Gellius’ Attic Nights (Gell. Noc. Att. 2.26) makes of the alleged poverty regarding various shades of red in Latin terminology. The material presented contradicts the opinion expressed in Gellius’ text, and at the same time makes us realise how colourful and lively the world that emerges from the literary works of the classical Roman period was. In comparison with it, the reality witnessed by the literature of the Christian era – this parallel is what the authors of the article focus on, concluding their deliberations – in which red becomes almost exclusively a sign of shame, turns out to be ascetically sterile and depressingly colourless.
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Roháček, Jindřich, and Rui Andrade. "Periscelis fugax sp. nov., an overlooked European species of Periscelididae (Diptera), with notes on the morphology and terminology of terminalia." Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 57, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aemnp-2017-0071.
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Abstract Periscelis (Periscelis) fugax sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on series of specimens from Portugal and the Czech Republic. It is probably widespread in Europe but has not been previously recognized from the closely related and externally very similar P. (P.) winnertzii Egger, 1862. The new species differs from P. winnertzii not only in structures of the male and female terminalia (illustrated) but also in colour pattern of pedicel and mesonotum. Morphology of the male and female terminalia is studied in detail in both these species and terminology of their structures is discussed and redefined. A new modern key to Palaearctic species of Periscelis (s. str.) species is constructed.
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Kamandulytė, Aušra. "Green Colour-based Metaphorical Terms: Translating EU Documents from English into Lithuanian and Italian." Vertimo studijos 12 (December 20, 2019): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vertstud.2019.4.
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The object of this article is metaphorical terms in EU legal discourse. It discusses the concept of a metaphorical term, the usage of such terms in EU legal acts and their role in modern LSP texts, with a focus on their translation. The study analyses metaphorical terms with the lexeme “green” as used in secondary legislation, published between 2016 and 2017, and the motivation of term formation in the source language and translation strategies of rendering these terms into Lithuanian and Italian. The results suggest that in most cases word-for-word translation is used when translating colour-based metaphorical terms, thereby preserving the colour lexeme of the source language in the target language and, thus, the metaphorical character of the term itself. Although the study covers a relatively short period, it confirms the idea that has already been raised in some papers on terminology about an increasing trend of using metaphorical terms in Lithuanian legal texts, even though this is less persistent than in Italian, the language chosen for comparison.
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Nguyễn, Jacqueline Hoàng. "Re-processing archival images: artists as darkroom technicians." Journal of Visual Culture 21, no. 1 (April 2022): 90–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14704129221088302.
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This article argues for the need to reflect on how contemporary artists use archival documents as a form of visual reparation. Artists Deanna Bowen, Krista Belle Stewart and Jacqueline Hoàng Nguyễn developed strategies for critically casting the past into the present in their own video work by relying on state-sanctioned archival images, specifically documents produced by and kept by the Canadian Broadcasting Company (CBC), once intended for a white audience. The author argues that these artists rely on their corporeal knowledge as, in photographic terminology, developer baths for re-processing latent historical images. The nexus of production labour and artistic research by self-identified BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People(s) of Colour) artists becomes a site for creative reparations and for a future world-making.
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MacEwen, Martin. "Racial Grounds: a Definition of Identity?" International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 3, no. 1 (March 1998): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135822919800300104.
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This paper examines the meaning of ‘Racial Grounds’ in terms of legal definition and also the social implications which may stem from this. The UK legislation against racial discrimination shares some terminology with international and regional conventions and treaties but a broader definition is frequently extended to the latter. The UK definition of racial discrimination includes ‘race, colour, nationality and ethnic or national origin’. These terms are examined and some practical difficulties identified. Recent cases have suggested that to discriminate against someone on the grounds of his or her being English, Welsh or Scottish may not offend the Race Relations Act 1976. Such exclusion is against the spirit of the protection of human rights by international law and, the author suggests, is contrary to the commonsense interpretation of the legislation which has previously been followed.
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Buchan, Bruce, and Linda Andersson Burnett. "Knowing savagery: Australia and the anatomy of race." History of the Human Sciences 32, no. 4 (July 28, 2019): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119836587.
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When Australia was circumnavigated by Europeans in 1801–02, French and British natural historians were unsure how to describe the Indigenous peoples who inhabited the land they charted and catalogued. Ideas of race and of savagery were freely deployed by both British and French, but a discursive shift was underway. While the concept of savagery had long been understood to apply to categories of human populations deemed to be in want of more historically advanced ‘civilisation’, the application of this term in the late 18th and early 19th centuries was increasingly being correlated with the emerging terminology of racial characteristics. The terminology of race was still remarkably fluid, and did not always imply fixed physical or mental endowments or racial hierarchies. Nonetheless, by means of this concept, natural historians began to conceptualise humanity as subject not only to historical gradations, but also to the environmental and climatic variations thought to determine race. This in turn meant that the degree of savagery or civilisation of different peoples could be understood through new criteria that enabled physical classification, in particular by reference to skin colour, hair, facial characteristics, skull morphology, or physical stature: the archetypal criteria of race. While race did not replace the language of savagery, in the early years of the 19th century savagery was re-inscribed by race.
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Kutasi, Orsolya, K. Vörös, I. Biksi, O. Szenci, and P. Sótonyi. "Common atrioventricular canal in a newborn foal — Case report and review of the literature." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.55.2007.1.6.
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This paper presents the embryological and pathological features as well as the terminology and classification of common atrioventricular canal, a type of endocardial cushion defect. The authors give a complete description of an extremely rare congenital cardiac malformation in an equine neonate. The diagnosis of a complete, balanced common atrioventricular canal of type C in Rastelli’s classification scheme was based on two-dimensional, contrast and colour Doppler echocardiography and subsequent postmortem gross pathology. To support our diagnosis and study the pathophysiological effect of the alteration, physical examination, blood gas analysis and other laboratory tests, electrocardiography and thoracic radiography were also performed. Our search of the literature suggests that this type of developmental anomaly might account for a higher percentage of equine congenital cardiac defects than was thought earlier. We suppose that some previously described congenital heart abnormalities were misinterpreted: these anomalies could have actually represented some type of atrioventricular canal defect, resulting from the failure of the endocardial cushions to undergo complete and proper fusion.
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Rusda, Muhammad, and Muhammad Rafi Junior Adnani. "Uterine Evaluation Using Morphological Uterus Sonographic Assessment Diagnostic Protocol: A Literature Review." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, T7 (August 5, 2022): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9294.
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Background: Myometrial lesion is one of the major causes of the need for gynecologic surgeries. Ultrasonography (USG) is the primary modality in myometrial radiological examination. Thus a consistent procedure for reporting evaluation findings is needed.
Method: We reviewed literature from textbooks and journals from 2000 to 2019 containing information about myometrial sonographic evaluation.
Results: MUSA (Morphological Uterus Sonographic Assessment) is a consensus statement on terms, definitions, and measurements that may be used to describe findings and report the sonographic features of the myometrium using gray-scale sonography, colour/power Doppler and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging. The procedure consists of reports on the sonographic features of the uterine corpus, myometrium, and myometrial lesion.
Conclusion: The need for a standardized terminology to describe sonographic findings of the myometrium, both normal and pathological, has given this protocol an advantage to show its benefit, that is not only just for a clinical background but also research purposes. We suggest researchers and clinicians continue to develop further and study the relevance and use of the consensus, especially the correlation of sonographic findings with clinical and histological features.
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Baines, John. "Color Terminology and Color Classification: Ancient Egyptian Color Terminology and Polychromy." American Anthropologist 87, no. 2 (June 1985): 282–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1985.87.2.02a00030.
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Cooper, Barry J., Brian R. Marker, and Ian A. Thomas. "Towards International Designation of a Heritage Dimension Stone." Key Engineering Materials 548 (April 2013): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.548.329.
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The Global Heritage Stone Resource (GHSR) designation has been proposed to recognise dimension stone types that have achieved important utilisation in human culture. Within internationally recognised rules, a GHSR will be determined on the basis of significant use in human history, wide geographic range of utilisation, and the benefits that would accrue from designation. Nominations will include a detailed description that allows professionals to introduce new scientific terminology, define geotechnical properties, identify the specific geographic/geological occurrence, and also the characteristic texture, colour and variability that contribute to aesthetic suitability for use. GHSR designation will have significant value for all professional groups that work with stone. The necessary GHSR delineation, including current and former quarry sources, will help to facilitate the safeguarding of resources for future use. Specific GHSR geotechnical characteristics associated with a formal name could also aid the development of specific geographical designations for stone, similar to those being currently applied in the European Union for foodstuffs. The international rules will provide a succinct pathway for GHSR designation with the assistance of a governing Board. A draft check list of essential GHSR properties has been prepared and tested using trial citations for “Portland Stone” and “Welsh Slate” from the United Kingdom.
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Cunha, Carlo M., and Luiz Ricardo L. Simone. "Morphological re-description of Aplysia depilans (Gastropoda: Anaspidea): new insights into the anatomy of the anaspideans." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315418000528.
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Although Aplysia depilans is a widely known European species and the type species of the genus, the distinctions that separate it from other related congeners are not entirely clear. Aimed at improving this scenario, a detailed morphological description is performed herein, showing some unprecedented and useful features. Based on our anatomical examination, this study has found the opaline gland to be dark in colour, as well as a metapodium with an indistinctly delimited pedal sucker, a crop divided into two equal chambers of similar volume by a circular muscle, gizzard plates arranged in groups, and a peculiar penial sheath structure. All of these characters appear to be significantly different from the other species, based on a review of the anatomical literature and several examined samples of ongoing studies. Our central objective is to provide new data on the anatomy of the type species of Aplysiidae; and, based on topological evidence, to propose a new terminology and possible homologies to some important characters, such as parapodia lobation, cephalic tentacles, crop, penial sheath, gizzard plates and visceral ganglion in anaspideans, for future phylogenetic analysis. The subgenus Subaplysia Medina, Collins & Walsh, 2005 is regarded as a junior synonym of subgenus Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767.
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Fejsa, Mihajlo P. "Hromatska terminologija u rusinskom i srpskom jeziku." Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 64, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/060.2019.64205.
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In this paper, the author compares chromatic terms in Ruthenian and Serbian. He focuses on the basic colour terms according to Berlin and Kay: white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, purple, pink, orange, and grey. They have equivalents in both languages: Ruthenian bila – Serbian bela, čarna – crna, červena – crvena, željena – zelena, žovta / žolta – žuta, belava – plava, braon – braon, lilova – ljubičasta, celova – roze, pomarančecova /poma- randžecova – narandžasta, šiva – siva. The criterion of one-morpheme word is not appli- cable to the terms lilova, celova, and pomarančecova /pomarandžecova in Ruthenian, and ljubičasta and narandžasta in Serbian. It is applicable to the terms bila, čarna, červena, željena, žovta / žolta, belava, braon, and šiva. With the exception of braon, all these terms are derived from the Proto-Slavic language (*bеlъ, *čьrnъ, *čьrvenъ, *zelenъ, *žltъ, *polvь, and *sivъ). As far as the Berlin–Kay’s universal of seven phases of colour formation is con- cerned, our study of chromatic terminology confirms it. In accordance with the supposed first stage of development, the Ruthenian language has bila and čarna; according to the second stage, Ruthenian has červena; in accordance with the third stage, Ruthenian has že- ljena or žovta / žolta; according to the fourth stage, Ruthenian has žovta / žolta or željena; in accordance with the fifth stage, Ruthenian has belava; according to the sixth stage, it has braon; and in accordance with the seventh stage (even if we leave aside the multi-mor- pheme terms lilova, celova, and pomarančecova /pomarandžecova), it has šiva. Generally speaking, the usage of the terms is identical in both investigated languages but there are several differences (e.g. cibulja – beli luk, željena pasulja – boranija). The most frequent suffixes are -asta and -ista in Ruthenian, and -asta in Serbian.Most of the chromatic terms are of Slavic origin but there are several borrowings used for nuance purposes in recent decades, e.g. azurna, teget, akvamarin, tirkizna, and others. Some borrowings remain unchanged, e.g. in both languages blond, braon, drap, krem, bež, and oker, and only in Serbian lila and roze. Hungarian was the official language until the first decades of the 20th century (until the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918), during which Ruthenian–Hungarian bilingualism reigned. That is the reason why several Hungarian colour names are found, e.g. in surnames (the Ruthenian surname Barna comes from Hungarian barna ‘brown’, Fekete/Feketa is from fekete ‘black’, and Vereš is from vörös ‘red’) and in the names of domestic animals (the Ruthenian horse name pejka [Serbian riđan] comes from Hungarian pej ‘brown’ and šarga [Serbian žutalj] is from sár- ga ‘yellow’). The general name for ‘colour’ comes from the German language (Ruthenian farba is from German Farbe).
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Razduev, Aleksey V., and Eugenia G. Sharanova. "Semantic structure of the term and semantic oppositions in musical terminology (drawing on the English and Russian language material)." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 4(2020) (December 25, 2020): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2020-4-146-157.
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The analysis of the semantics and semantic oppositions of terminological units is one of the most productive ways to understand the systemic nature of terminological phenomena. The article is devoted to the study of semantic features of English- and Russian-language musical terminological units, namely, to the identification of the semantic structure of terms and semantic oppositions that arise between them. Within the semantic structure of musical terms, in the aggregate of their connections and relationships that form the musical terminological system, the core, semantic periphery and additional semantic area are distinguished and classified according to the presence of these components into uninuclear proper, uninuclear with the periphery and uninuclear with the periphery and additional semantic area. At the first stage, a selection of musical terms in modern English and Russian has been compiled, at the second stage, the semantic structure of terminological units has been analyzed, and at the third stage, the key aspects of nomination have been identified, according to which explicit and implicit oppositions are being formed. The material for the study comprises a selection of the English- and Russian-language musical terminological units with the total volume of 1000 units (500 units of each language), selected by the method of continuous selection from electronic and printed sources, including dictionaries and glossaries, musical notations, monographs, textbooks and manuals, web portals on music topics. The research methods of the English- and Russian-language musical terminological units include the method of continuous selection, methods of component and definition analysis, the method of linguacognitive modelling, as well as techniques of quantitative analysis. Within the framework of the study, three groups of musical terms have been identified depending on their semantic structure: the first group includes uninuclear terminological units with the semantic periphery, the second group includes uninuclear terms proper, and the third group is formed by uninuclear terms with the periphery and additional area of semantics. The first group is predominant in terms of quantity, the number of terms in which is almost 2.5 times more than in the second one, and the third group is represented by a small number of terminological units. There are at least 6 frequent and 12 less frequent key aspects of nomination within the musical terminology. The frequent key aspects of nomination with the help of which explicit oppositions are formed are: «Minor / major», «Volume / pitch», «Direction», «Location (locus)», «Singularity / Multiplicity», «Quantity». Less frequent aspects of nomination are: «Weakness / strength», «Perfection / imperfection», «Colour», «Presence / absence of sound», «Structure», «Quantity / Completeness / Size», «Genre of music», «Material», «Recommendations for performing a piece of music», «Role», «Style of playing an instrument», «Type of musical instrument».
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Moodie, Crawford, Janet Hoek, Janne Scheffels, Karine Gallopel-Morvan, and Kylie Lindorff. "Plain packaging: legislative differences in Australia, France, the UK, New Zealand and Norway, and options for strengthening regulations." Tobacco Control 28, no. 5 (August 1, 2018): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054483.
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By July 2018, five countries (Australia, France, the UK, New Zealand and Norway) had fully implemented plain (standardised) packaging. Using government documents, we reviewed the key legislative differences between these five countries to identify best practice measures and potential lacuna. We then discuss how governments planning to introduce plain packaging could strengthen their legislation. Differences between countries include the terminology used (either ‘plain’, ‘standardised’ or ‘plain and standardised’), products covered and transition times (ranging from 2 to 12 months). Myriad differences exist with respect to the packaging, including the dimensions (explicitly stated for height, width and depth vs minimum dimensions for the health warnings only), structure (straight-edged flip-top packs vs straight, rounded and bevelled-edged flip-top packs and shoulder boxes) and size (minimum number of cigarettes and weight of tobacco vs fixed amounts) and warning content (eg, inclusion of a stop-smoking web address and/or quitline displayed on warnings on one or both principal display areas). Future options that merit further analysis include banning colour descriptors in brand and variant names, allowing pack inserts promoting cessation and permitting cigarettes that are designed to be dissuasive. Plain packaging legislation and regulations are divergent. Countries moving towards plain packaging should consider incorporating the strengths of existing policies and review opportunities for extending these. While plain packaging represents a milestone in tobacco-control policy, future legislation need not simply reflect the past but could set new benchmarks to maximise the potential benefits of this policy.
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Didun, Liliia. "Term intensity in linguistic studies." Terminological Bulletin, no. 5 (2019): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2019-5-9.
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The article deals with the term intensity in linguistic research. The universality of the term emphasizes the fact that it is used in many fields of science and technology, when they talk about the intensity of the process, colour, light, sound. It is fixed in many special dictionaries. The term intensity is actively used in the field of linguistics. The study of intensity is an important aspect of linguistic research. This indicates the relevance of considering this term in linguistics. A circle of terms is outlined, which denotes the concept of intensity in linguistics. The terms intensity, amplification, intensity, intensifier, category of intensity is considered. The peculiarities of studying the studied terms in works on linguistics are shown. Interest in the notion of intensity in linguistics has been observed since the early 60’s of the XX century. But the term began to be actively used since the late 70’s of XX century. Intensity is interpreted as a component of semantics, in particular phraseological units. The category of intensity is general, open, and anthropocentric. It does not belong to a particular functional style. Scientists emphasize the ambiguous interpretation of this term. Researchers determine intensity as a category that represents the quantitative indicator of a qualitative attribute. Intensifiers are explicit means of amplification. Scientists call a large number of intensifiers. The intensities implicitly contain, in their significance, this amplification. Researchers also use the term intensive. A further study of terminology, which outlines the specificity of the identification of intensity at all levels of the language system, is promising.
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Fitzpatrick, R. W., J. W. Cox, B. Munday, and J. F. Bourne. "Development of soil-landscape and vegetation indicators for managing waterlogged and saline catchments." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 3 (2003): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00198.
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The objectives of this study were to develop a systematic approach to identify important soil morphological and vegetation field indicators to better target land management in degraded landscapes in a specific region. The authors were able to link the soil-landscape features to the main soil and water processes operating within the landscape. This information was used to develop a set of field indicators (e.g. soil colour) within a user-friendly soil classification key that is linked to land use options to form the basis of a manual. It was shown that information written in this format helped farmers and regional advisers to identify options for remediation of waterlogged and saline areas and to improve planning at property and catchment scales. The authors identified a series of steps to be taken in producing the manual. Steps 1–5 describe the soil layers and construct them in toposequences, which are then used to map soil types in key surrounding areas. Steps 6–9 involve the local community in developing the manual.The paper provides an account of how manuals have been produced for 2 badly degraded areas in southern Australia (Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia; and western Victoria) and promotes the methodologies for other regions. Descriptive soil information is pictorially integrated along toposequences and applied to identify key soil features. Complex scientific processes and terminology are more simply communicated to local groups using coloured cross-sectional diagrams and photographs of soil and vegetation to overcome some of the perceived barriers to adoption of best management practices. We consider the approach should have generic application.
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Considine, Julie, Anastasia F. Hutchison, Helen Rawson, Alison M. Hutchinson, Tracey Bucknall, Trisha Dunning, Mari Botti, Maxine M. Duke, and Maryann Street. "Comparison of policies for recognising and responding to clinical deterioration across five Victorian health services." Australian Health Review 42, no. 4 (2018): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16265.
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Objectives The aim of the present study was to describe and compare organisational guidance documents related to recognising and responding to clinical deterioration across five health services in Victoria, Australia. Methods Guidance documents were obtained from five health services, comprising 13 acute care hospitals, eight subacute care hospitals and approximately 5500 beds. Analysis was guided by a specific policy analysis framework and a priori themes. Results In all, 22 guidance documents and five graphic observation and response charts were reviewed. Variation was observed in terminology, content and recommendations between the health services. Most health services’ definitions of physiological observations fulfilled national standards in terms of minimum parameters and frequency of assessment. All health services had three-tier rapid response systems (RRS) in place at both acute and subacute care sites, consisting of activation criteria and an expected response. RRS activation criteria varied between sites, with all sites requiring modifications to RRS activation criteria to be made by medical staff. All sites had processes for patient and family escalation of care. Conclusions Current guidance documents related to the frequency of observations and escalation of care omit the vital role of nurses in these processes. Inconsistencies between health services may lead to confusion in a mobile workforce and may reduce system dependability. What is known about the topic? Recognising and responding to clinical deterioration is a major patient safety priority. To comply with national standards, health services must have systems in place for recognising and responding to clinical deterioration. What does this paper add? There is some variability in terminology, definitions and specifications of physiological observations and medical emergency team (MET) activation criteria between health services. Although nurses are largely responsible for physiological observations and escalation of care, they have little authority to direct frequency of observations and triggers for care escalation or tailor assessment to individual patient needs. Failure to identify nurses’ role in policy is concerning and contrary to the evidence regarding nurses and MET activations in practice. What are the implications for practitioners? Inconsistencies in recommendations regarding physiological observations and escalation of care criteria may create patient safety issues when students and staff work across organisations or move from one organisation to another. The validity of other parameters, such as appearance, pain, skin colour and cognition, warrant further consideration as early indicators of deterioration that may be used by nurses to identify clinical deterioration earlier. A better understanding of the relationship between the sensitivity, specificity and frequency of monitoring of particular physiological observations and patient outcomes is needed to improve the predictive validity for identification of clinical deterioration.
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Santana, Ligia Regina Radomille de, Benedito Carlos Benedetti, and José Maria Monteiro Sigrist. "Sensory characteristics of 'Douradão' peaches submitted to modified atmosphere packaging." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 32, no. 3 (October 8, 2010): 700–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452010005000108.
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The sensory, physical and chemical characteristics of 'Douradão' peaches cold stored in different modified atmosphere packaging (LDPE bags of 30, 50, 60, 75µm thickness) were studied. After 14, 21 and 28 days of cold storage (1 ± 1 ºC and 90 ± 5% RH), samples were withdrawn from MAP and kept during 4 days in ambient air for ripening. Descriptive terminology and sensory profile of the peaches were developed by methodology based on the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). The assessors consensually defined the sensory descriptors, their respective reference materials and the descriptive evaluation ballot. Fourteen individuals were selected as judges based on their discrimination capacity and reproducibility. Seven descriptors were generated showing similarities and differences among the samples. The data were analysed by ANOVA, Tukey test and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The atmospheres that developed inside the different packaging materials during cold storage differed significantly. The PCA showed that MA50 and MA60 treatments were more characterized by the fresh peach flavour, fresh appearance, juiciness and flesh firmness, and were effective for keeping good quality of 'Douradão' peaches during 28 d of cold storage. The Control and MA30 treatments were characterized by the mealiness, the MA75 treatment showed lower intensity for all attributes evaluated and they were ineffective to maintain good quality of the fruits during cold storage. Higher correlation coefficients (positive) were found between fresh appearance and flesh firmness (0.95), fresh appearance and juiciness (0.97), ratio and intensity of fresh peach smell (0.81), as well as higher correlation coefficients (negative) between Hue angle and intensity of yellow colour (-0.91), fresh appearance and mealiness (-0.92), juiciness and mealiness (-0.95), firmness and mealiness (-0.94).
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Sigaudi, Valeria, Micol Zannetti, Eleonora Ferrara, Irene Manfredda, Eleonora Mones, Gianfranco Loi, Marco Krengli, and Pierfrancesco Franco. "Ultra-Hypofractionation for Whole-Breast Irradiation in Early Breast Cancer: Interim Analysis of a Prospective Study." Biomedicines 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102568.
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We report on the early clinical outcomes of a prospective series of early breast cancer (EBC) patients treated with ultra-hypofractionated post-operative whole-breast irradiation (WBI) after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and axillary management. Primary endpoints were patient’s compliance and acute toxicity. Secondary endpoints included physician-rated cosmesis and ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence (IBTR). Acute toxicity was evaluated at the end of WBI, 3 weeks and 6 months thereafter, according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (v. 5.0). Patients were treated between September 2021 and May 2022. The treatment schedule for WBI consisted of either 26 Gy in 5 fractions over one week (standard approach) or 28.5 Gy in 5 fractions over 5 weeks (reserved to elders). Inverse planned intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) was used employing a static technique. A total of 70 patients were treated. Fifty-nine were treated with the 26 Gy/5 fr/1 w and 11 with the 28.5 Gy/5 fr/5 ws schedule. Median age was 67 and 70 in the two groups. Most of the patients had left-sided tumours (53.2%) in the 26 Gy/5 fr/1 w or right-sided lesions (63.6%) in the 28.5 Gy/5 fr/5 ws group. Most of the patients had a clinical T1N0 disease and a pathological pT1pN0(sn) after surgery. Ductal invasive carcinoma was the most frequent histology. Luminal A intrinsic subtyping was most frequent. Most of the patients underwent BCS and sentinel lymph node biopsy and adjuvant endocrine therapy. All patients completed the treatment program as planned. Maximum detected acute skin toxicities were grade 2 erythema (6.7%), grade 2 induration (4.4%), and grade 2 skin colour changes. No early IBTR was observed. Ultra-hypofractionated WBI provides favourable compliance and early clinical outcomes in EBC after BCS in a real-world setting.
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BAIDASHEVA, E. M. "THEMATIC GROUP COLORVIEW IN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY." HUMANITARIAN RESEARCHES 76, no. 4 (2020): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-4936-2020-76-4-164-171.
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It is proved that there is an increased interest in the study of color in various aspects of science. The relevance of the research is determined by the interest in the problems associated with the theoretical and practical study of terminological word formation of color in medicine. The aim of the present study is to investigate colorview in medical terminology. It is revealed that medical dictionaries contain terms that contain a word that denotes colora coloronym, which is used to clarify and specify the symptom, sign designated by the term. Consequently, a thematic range of chemical elements is considered, indicating the name of color shades, types of medicinal plants and their colors. It is analyzed that medical terms with a coloronym have a number of features, such as the duration of functioning, participation in the creation of new terms. It is revealed that the thematic group of coloronyms in folk names of medicinal plants indicate the color, appearance (white spots on prickly green leaves) and the valuable medicinal properties of this plant. It is considered that in modern linguistics, the dynamics of the surrounding world is also manifested in the emergence of new associations associated with a certain term of color, which leaves an imprint on its meaning. Thematic groups of chemical elements, substances, minerals and acids with coloronyms indicating the name of color shades are analyzed. It was found that each coloronym denotes its own thematic series and has a number of features in medical terminology. Thematic group colorview has characteristic symptoms and signs of disease. As a result of the analysis of the content of coloristic names, the following thematic groups were identified, differentiated on the basis of the spheres of functioning of the term: names of internal diseases; names of skin diseases; names of plants; names and colors of chemical elements; blood analysis.
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Kasumović, Ahmet, and Senaid Feta. "DICTIONARY OF ISLAMIC FUNERAL TERMINOLOGY." Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation 5, no. 2 (September 2015): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21554/hrr.091502.
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In September 2015, The Institute of Human Rehabilitation, published a book entitled Dictionary of Islamic Funeral Terminology. In the absence of lexicographical material on the otherwise very rich Bosnian language, this dictionary presents only about 3500 burial terms. This dictionary is monolingual, words are accented and very well explained, which is why this book has the characteristics of the lexicon (it interprets customs, habits, obligations, prohibitions, etc.). For a better understanding of the book, it contains color photographs, frequent and numerous comparisons with other religions, and detailed interpretations of particular words or phrases.
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Shaklein, Victor, Maria Belova, and Svetlana Mikova. "Creolised Text in Mass Media: Principles of Effective Decoding." Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2019.8(1).147-163.
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Arising and active development of innovative information channels, forming net thinking, require non-standard forms of presenting material in mass media. One of the solutions to this problem is increasing the number of creolised texts not only in electronic, but in printed media as well. Such texts containing verbal (heading, subscript, text comprising of more than one sentence) and non-verbal (image, scheme, table, font, colour) parts are widely spread in mass media because they allow the reader to precisely understand the author’s intention and the intention can be expressed in an implicit way. Such texts correspond to mass communication general trends towards information visualization, raising the effectiveness of the text impact on audience thanks to double coding, compact presentation of the material. These are the reasons of growing scientific interest in creolized texts in psychology, literature studies, linguistics, journalism. However, the terminology of the scientific sphere is not conventional: different terms “creolized text”, “semantically complicated text”, “polycode text”, etc. are all used in similar meanings in scientific papers. The authors of the article characterize terms used in Russian and foreign articles and monographs, assess their frequency and semantic scope. The specific features of creolized texts are pointed out, different types of such texts depending on metagraphic and iconic sign systems included in them are described. We distinguish three phases in reading such texts (preliminary stage, organised perception, final stage) and the role of visual and verbal components in the process. By the example of caricatures we show the importance of background knowledge for adequate decoding of creolized texts. Linguistic and cultural universals are an optimal source of objects whose meaning is evident to the representative of a certain culture. This makes the creolized text decoding easier in linguistic culture of its origin. On the other hand, texts based on linguistic and cultural universalia (realia, idioms, homophones, homographs, etc.) present extra difficulties for non-natives. The material of the research is caricatures of the late 20th — early 21st centuries by A.Merinov. Each of the caricatures is based on a certain linguistic and cultural universal.
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Kaplan, Judith R. H. "Color terminology, sensory stimuli, and the semantics of the questionnaire." Intellectual History Review 32, no. 3 (July 3, 2022): 575–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17496977.2022.2096768.
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Thierry, G., P. Athanasopoulos, A. Wiggett, B. Dering, and J. R. Kuipers. "Unconscious effects of language-specific terminology on preattentive color perception." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 11 (February 24, 2009): 4567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811155106.
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Gasser, Emily. "Borrowed Color and Flora/Fauna Terminology in Northwest New Guinea." Journal of Language Contact 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 609–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01203003.
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The northwestern part of the island of New Guinea has been the site of intense contact between a hugely diverse set of languages. Languages from at least nine non-Austronesian families (plus several isolates) are spoken alongside Austronesian languages from the South Halmahera-West New Guinea branch, which arrived in the region roughly 3500 years ago. This paper looks at lexical items in the semantic areas of flora, fauna, and color terms and catalogues apparent loans between 52 of these languages, some relatively widespread (‘crocodile’, ‘chicken’, ‘dog’) and some much more limited in their scope. So far as the direction of borrowing can be established, the patterns of shared forms indicate ongoing lexical transfer across the region with a strong preference for Austronesian-to-Papuan borrowing, suggesting a historical pattern of Austronesian cultural influence in the region.
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Buckley, Christine, Michael S. Molloy, Alexander Hart, Amalia Voskanyan, Ritu Sarin, and Gregory Ciottone. "Hospital C.O.D.E (Clinical, Operational, Disaster, and Emergency) Terminology." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s135—s136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19002978.
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Introduction:Healthcare facilities frequently use disaster codes as a way to communicate with employees that an emergency or incident is occurring. As increasing numbers of providers work at multiple facilities, and healthcare systems continue to build disaster response teams and protocols covering multiple facilities, standardization of disaster code terminology is critical. A lack of consistency in terminology can potentially have a devastating impact on the understanding and response of visiting or relief staff.Aim:To evaluate the level of standardization in terminology of disaster codes in healthcare facilities.Methods:A convenience sample was taken from a private Facebook™ group consisting of emergency department nurses from a wide range of facilities. The Facebook™ group was asked to share their hospital disaster codes. Of the 40,179 total members, 78 commented, including 55 photos of quick reference badges, and the rest were descriptions/lists of codes. One badge was excluded due to a blurry photograph. Results were collated and analyzed for trends and standardization.Results:The most common codes were, “Code Red” for fire (72.7%), “Code Blue” for cardiac arrest (44.9%), “Code Silver” for active shooter/weapons event (37.7%) and “Code Orange” for hazardous materials (33.8%). There were 168 instances of a code term being associated with a particular event by five or fewer facilities. Two facilities used numeric systems, with 11 using plain language descriptions.Discussion:Disaster code language is inconsistent. Few of the codes were consistently assigned to the same meaning, and none were universal. Color coding was the most common method, but there was little consistency even within color code systems. Additionally, some facilities used a combination of colors, numbers, terms, and plain language. Healthcare facilities should embrace standard terminology and create a consistent language for disaster codes to enhance response capabilities and medical security.
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Jacobsen Koepke, Deanna, David Thomas, and Alexis Manning. "Fatal Encounters." Research in Social Sciences and Technology 4, no. 1 (May 6, 2019): 30–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46303/ressat.04.01.2.
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Research has been conducted for several decades on the framing of stories in the media. This article looks at the way newspaper articles report on and frame the deaths of unarmed people of color at the hands of law enforcement and security personnel from 1999-2017 to determine if local and national print media frame these stories using similar terminology and concepts. Tabular, graphical, and statistical analysis all demonstrate that local and national newspapers do not use similar terminology and concepts.
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Paliga, Solin. "Metals, words and gods. Early knowledge of metallurgical skills in Europe, and reflections in terminology." Linguistica 33, no. 1 (December 1, 1993): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.33.1.157-176.
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How can metallurgical terminology - specifically names of metals - support ar chaeological investigation? Can comparative linguistics and archaeology co-operate in order to identify the emergence and development of metallurgical skills? How did Neolithic and Bronze Age man imagine the taming of nature in order to achieve metal artifacts? Such questions -and many others -may arise whenever we try to investigate the beginnings and making of civilization. It is clear that the various aspects connected to archaeometallurgy cannot be analyzed separately from other aspects of human life, like agriculture, trade, urbanization, religious beliefs, early writing systems, pottery techniques, a.o. The earliest known (or identifiable) names of metals do reflect a cer tain ideology and a certain way of 'seeing' metals as imbued with magic powers. It is certain that colours and reflections - specific to metals - made early man interpret them as divine (Biek and Bayley 1979; Muşu 1981, chapter Symphony of colours, a first attempt in reconstructing pre-Greek names of colours).
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Stanlaw, James. "Making light of keeping color categories in the dark: Some arguments against Saunders and van Brakel's notions of trivial constraints in color nomenclature." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 2 (June 1997): 208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x97481426.
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Saunders & van Brakel prematurely reject the idea of nontrivial constraints in color nomenclature. Their claim that the universality of color naming is caused by Western contact and cultural dominance is inadequate because of the great variety of terminology systems still found in the world. The complex interactions of hue, brightness, and saturation can be studied rigorously. If we discard the standard models of color nomenclature because of some discrepancies and anomalies, we will not be able to explain the vast array of remaining data that is consistent with current theories.
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Dean Bidgood, W. "The SNOMED DICOM Microglossary: Controlled Terminology Resource for Data Interchange in Biomedical Imaging." Methods of Information in Medicine 37, no. 04/05 (October 1998): 404–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634557.
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AbstractThis paper describes an authoritative, non-proprietary information resource that provides an efficient mechanism for embedding specialized clinical knowledge into the design of healthcare telecommunications systems. The resource marries two types of data interchange standards, a message/electronic-document standard and a terminology standard. In technical terms, it is part protocol and part database. Industry, academia, professional specialty societies, and the federal government participated in its development. The development of mUlti-specialty content has broadly engaged biomedical domain experts to an unprecedented degree in voluntary, non-proprietary message/document-standards development. The resource is the SNOMED DICOM Microglossary (SDM) [1], a message-terminology (or document-content) mapping resource. The message/electronicdocument standard is DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) [2]. The terminology standard is SNOMED, (Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine) [31. The SDM specifies the mapping of multi-specialty imaging terminology from SNOMED to DICOM data elements. DICOM provides semantic constraints and a framework for discou rse that are lacking in SNOMED. Thus the message standard and the computerbased terminology both depend upon and complete each other. The combination is synergistic. By substitution of different templates of specialty terminology from the SDM, a generic message template, such as the DICOM Visible Light (Color Diagnostic) Image or the DICOM Structured Reporting specification can be reconfigured for diverse applications. Professional societies, with technical assistance from the College of American Pathologists, contribute and maintain their portions of the terminology, and can use SDM templates and term lists in clinical practice guidelines for the structure and content of computer-based patient records.
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Moore, David M., and Francis M. Dwyer. "Effect of Cognitive Style on Test Type (Visual or Verbal) and Color Coding." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 3_suppl (December 1994): 1532–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.3f.1532.
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66 field-independent undergraduates achieved significantly higher scores than 43 field-dependent students on drawing, terminology, and comprehension. Color coding was an inconclusive instructional variable, but unexpectedly, subjects who received the verbal tests scored significantly better than those who received the visual test format.
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Stanlaw, James. "Robert E. MacLaury, Color and cognition in Mesoamerica: Constructing categories as vantages. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997. Pp. xxviii, 616. Hb $85.00." Language in Society 28, no. 3 (July 1999): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404599233064.
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Simply put, MacLaury's new book on color terminology systems in a hundred Mexican and Central American languages is a groundbreaking study on how the human mind apprehends the physical universe; it is by far the most important work on color nomenclature theory to appear in the past thirty years. M's insights, which are the culmination of some two decades of fieldwork and analysis, will be of tremendous value to linguists, anthropologists, psychologists, and cognitive scientists of many different backgrounds and interests.
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Gijn, Rik van, Vincent Hirtzel, and Sonja Gipper. "Updating and loss of color terminology in Yurakaré: An interdisciplinary point of view." Language & Communication 30, no. 4 (October 2010): 240–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2010.02.002.
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McCabe, Katherine T. "Person-positivity bias, social category labels, and attitudes toward gays and lesbians." Research & Politics 6, no. 3 (July 2019): 205316801985885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168019858850.
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This study assesses how social category labels influence public opinion toward gay and lesbian attitude objects. The results provide some support for the existence of person-positivity bias whereby people express more positive attitudes toward attitude objects that are personalized. In a survey experiment, respondents rated attitude objects where the question wording was manipulated to include either person descriptors or sexuality construct descriptors and either colloquial or clinical terminology. In particular, the findings show that respondents express significantly colder feeling thermometer scores toward the clinical construct “homosexuality” than the person descriptor “gays and lesbians.” The results suggest, first, that survey researchers should be mindful of these terminology effects in question wording, and that the strategic choice of using more or less personalized terminology in elite rhetoric has the potential to marginally influence public opinion. However, the effects of terminology should not be overstated. The effects of using person descriptors or sexuality construct descriptors are not significant in all cases and are generally smaller than differences in attitudes between respondents of different social and political backgrounds.
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McMahan, Brian, and Matthew Stone. "A Bayesian Model of Grounded Color Semantics." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 3 (December 2015): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00126.
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Natural language meanings allow speakers to encode important real-world distinctions, but corpora of grounded language use also reveal that speakers categorize the world in different ways and describe situations with different terminology. To learn meanings from data, we therefore need to link underlying representations of meaning to models of speaker judgment and speaker choice. This paper describes a new approach to this problem: we model variability through uncertainty in categorization boundaries and distributions over preferred vocabulary. We apply the approach to a large data set of color descriptions, where statistical evaluation documents its accuracy. The results are available as a Lexicon of Uncertain Color Standards (LUX), which supports future efforts in grounded language understanding and generation by probabilistically mapping 829 English color descriptions to potentially context-sensitive regions in HSV color space.